EP2571804A1 - Dispositif et procédé d'extraction d'hydrogène - Google Patents

Dispositif et procédé d'extraction d'hydrogène

Info

Publication number
EP2571804A1
EP2571804A1 EP11721237A EP11721237A EP2571804A1 EP 2571804 A1 EP2571804 A1 EP 2571804A1 EP 11721237 A EP11721237 A EP 11721237A EP 11721237 A EP11721237 A EP 11721237A EP 2571804 A1 EP2571804 A1 EP 2571804A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrode
hydrogen
shape
rounded
electrodes
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP11721237A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2571804B1 (fr
Inventor
Thomas Betz
Timo Betz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hochschule Darmstadt
Original Assignee
Hochschule Darmstadt
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hochschule Darmstadt filed Critical Hochschule Darmstadt
Publication of EP2571804A1 publication Critical patent/EP2571804A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2571804B1 publication Critical patent/EP2571804B1/fr
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/04—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
    • C01B3/042—Decomposition of water
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

  • the present invention is in the field of hydrogen recovery from a hydrogen-containing medium such as water.
  • Hydrogen is considered one of the most important energy carriers of the future.
  • fuel contains more energy per unit weight than any other chemical fuel and avoids the generation of greenhouse gases when burned.
  • reaction energy of hydrogen in a fuel cell can be converted into electrical energy in a known manner.
  • steam reforming which is used on an industrial scale.
  • steam reforming is an established and economical process, it is generally associated with a high process outlay and can only be usefully carried out on an industrial scale. However, it is not suitable for the decentralized production of hydrogen in smaller quantities or even as needed.
  • Another established process is partial oxidation, in which the raw material, such as natural gas or heavy oil, is substoichiometrically converted in an exothermic process.
  • the reaction products are then primarily hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
  • Another approach consists of obtaining hydrogen from biomass, in particular by steam reforming or pyrolysis and biomass gasification.
  • Another promising approach is the fermentation of biomass, where hydrogen can be extracted directly from the biomass using anaerobic microorganisms.
  • this method has not reached a practicable efficiency.
  • the invention has for its object to provide an alternative method for the recovery of hydrogen from a hydrogen-containing medium.
  • the method should be such that it can be carried out with relatively low equipment and procedural effort and thus can be implemented in small, decentralized or even mobile units.
  • a device for obtaining hydrogen from a hydrogen-containing medium comprises a first and a second electrode arrangement, between which a gap is formed through which a hydrogen-containing medium can be passed, and a voltage source for generating a high voltage between the first and the second electrode arrangement in order to generate an electric field in said space, which is suitable for separating hydrogen from molecules of the hydrogenous medium.
  • the device and method of the invention are based on the direct separation of hydrogen ions from the hydrogen-containing molecules, for example, water molecules due to a strong electric field.
  • the molecule is split into H + and OH ' ions in a very strong electric field and the hydrogen thus obtained can then be transported away.
  • a high voltage for separating hydrogen can also be realized while avoiding breakdowns when a special electrode arrangement is selected which comprises at least one electrode having a rounded, in particular spherical, shape or a section having such a shape .
  • a special electrode arrangement which comprises at least one electrode having a rounded, in particular spherical, shape or a section having such a shape .
  • the aforementioned rounded shape may be, in particular, the following shapes:
  • the gap between the first and second electrode assemblies is narrowed at at least one location to a gap that is at most 3 mm, preferably at most 2 mm wide.
  • the electric field strength may be sufficiently high to separate the hydrogen from the molecule. Note that to Separation of hydrogen only a locally increased field strength is needed, as occurs in such a gap. After the hydrogen is separated from the molecule, lower field strengths are sufficient to prevent recombination and separate the hydrogen.
  • electrode arrangements with said rounded electrodes or electrode sections are also suitable for generating a suitable field distribution.
  • embodiments of the invention include further measures that promote the generation of high local field strengths while avoiding discharge and which can further develop the invention in various combinations.
  • the voltage source is adapted to generate voltage pulses with a duration of less than 1. Behind this is the realization that a spark discharge always requires a certain amount of time to build up the charge. However, if the voltage pulse is selected to be shorter than the time required for the spark discharge, sparking can be avoided even if the voltage pulse has an amplitude that would certainly lead to breakdown if the voltage is applied longer. To avoid breakdown, the duration of the voltage pulse should be set lower than 1 as mentioned above. The short-term increased electric field strength corresponding to the voltage pulse is sufficient to separate the hydrogen from the molecule. In order to remove the hydrogen and to avoid recombination, a lower, for example, constant electric field strength, which is below the breakdown limit, is then sufficient.
  • the voltage source is adapted to generate a DC voltage modulated by said voltage pulses.
  • the voltage pulses have an amplitude of at least 50 kV, preferably at least 100 kV, particularly preferably at least 500 kV.
  • the amplitude of the voltage pulses is up to a few MV.
  • the voltage source, the radius of curvature of the electrode or the electrode portion and the gap width are selected so that at maximum Voltage amplitude field strengths of at least 100 kV / mm, preferably at least 500 kV / mm can be generated up to a few MV / mm.
  • At least a part of the electrode which has a rounded shape or a section with such a shape, is coated with an insulating layer.
  • the electrode arrangement comprises a plurality of rounded electrodes or electrode sections whose respective surfaces have different radii of curvature. If the "rounded electrodes" are spherical electrodes or electrode sections, this simply means that balls or ball sections with different diameters are used. The smaller the diameter of a ball electrode, the higher - with the same applied potential - the electric field strength In other words, by means of an arrangement of balls with different diameters, a suitable field distribution can be generated or the field strength can be controlled.
  • the field strength no longer depends on the diameter, but on the local radius of curvature of the electrode. If, for the sake of simplicity, reference is made in the following to primarily spherical electrodes, it is understood that everything that has been said is also to apply mutatis mutandis to other rounded bodies in which the radius of curvature of the surface corresponds, mutatis mutandis, to the radius of a ball electrode.
  • the radius of curvature decreases in at least a portion of the electrodes or electrode portions of said plurality of electrode or electrode portions along the flow direction of the hydrogen-containing medium in the intermediate space.
  • the curvature of the electrodes or electrode sections in an upstream region of the intermediate space is stronger and thus the field strength is higher than in a downstream region.
  • only lower field strengths are needed to prevent recombination and remove the hydrogen.
  • This arrangement is an example of the above-mentioned control of the field by arranging ball-shaped or rounded electrodes due to their radius of curvature.
  • the radii of curvature may increase with increasing distance from the gap. Behind this is the consideration that the separated hydrogen during its transport from the gap does not require as strong electrical fields as when it is separated in the space.
  • the electrode comprises at least one electrode body with a rounded, in particular spherical shape whose surface has a first minimum radius of curvature and on the surface of which a plurality of smaller rounded electrodes are arranged whose surface has a second minimum radius of curvature which is less than the first radius of curvature is.
  • Such an electrode can be formed, for example, by a spherical electrode body, on whose surface further spherical or partially spherical electrodes are arranged with a smaller radius, and thus have a smaller radius of curvature.
  • the above formulation also includes a generalization of this concept to non-spherical electrodes.
  • a further development of the invention provides for measures to reduce the field strengths required for the separation of hydrogen itself.
  • a device is preferably provided, through which the hydrogen-containing medium can be passed before entering the gap and which provides an electric or magnetic field for aligning the hydrogen-containing molecules, such that the H atom of the molecule to be separated on entering the molecule electric field between the first and the second electrode arrangement is preferably on the negative electrode side facing the molecule.
  • Such a pre-alignment of the hydrogen-containing molecules facilitates the separation in the strong electric field between the first and the second electrode arrangement. tert, so that a separation of the hydrogen can be done even at a lower field strength.
  • a device for heating the hydrogen-containing medium before entry into the intermediate space between the first and the second electrode assembly and / or means for adding a catalyst may be provided in the hydrogen-containing medium. By heating the medium or adding a suitable catalyst, the separation of the hydrogen by the strong electric field can also be facilitated.
  • a control is provided for controlling the supply of the hydrogen-containing medium into the intermediate space as a function of the current demand of a consumer of hydrogen, which is coupled to the device for obtaining hydrogen in order to receive the generated hydrogen.
  • the hydrogen can be generated and to the extent required by a customer, so that there is no need for intermediate storage.
  • the storage of hydrogen is known to be difficult and energy-consuming.
  • the device of the invention is extremely simple in construction, can be switched on and off at short notice and can be adjusted in terms of throughput, it is ideally suited for the demand-oriented generation of hydrogen without intermediate storage. In fact, due to its construction, it is even suitable for a mobile design, for example in a vehicle.
  • the first and the second electrode arrangement each comprise at least one electrode which has a rounded, in particular spherical, shape or a section with such a shape, and at least one elongated, in particular rod or needle-shaped section is formed on one of the two electrodes which extends from this electrode towards the other electrode.
  • a well-defined basic electric field can be generated by means of the rounded, for example spherical electrodes. Between the distal end of the elongated portion and the opposite other electrode, the basic electric field is locally increased, whereby the separation of hydrogen can be achieved.
  • the inventors have confirmed in simulations as well as in experiments that this can achieve local strengths of 1 MV / mm producible producible and yet at a sufficiently short pulsed voltage a breakdown can be avoided.
  • the at least one elongated portion has a tip at its distal end.
  • the geometry is particularly well suited when the length of the elongate section is between 8 mm and 20 mm. Further, the distance between the distal end of the elongate portion and the other electrode is preferably 2 mm to 20 mm.
  • the other of the two electrodes i. that at which the elongate portion is not formed has a diameter of 10 mm to 30 mm.
  • This other electrode is preferably spherical or partially spherical.
  • the one electrode, i. the electrode on which the at least one elongated distance is formed preferably has a larger diameter than the other electrode.
  • elongate sections can also be arranged on the one electrode, which are preferably aligned parallel to one another.
  • the distance between adjacent elongated sections is preferably 10 mm to 50 mm.
  • the field elevation can be achieved at several adjacent locations and thus the throughput of hydrogen production can be increased.
  • the plurality of elongate portions are each disposed opposite and extending to different electrodes of the other electrode assembly.
  • a large-spherical electrode could be provided with a plurality of elongated sections, each associated with an associated small, for example, also spherical electrode of the other electrode arrangement.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of a device for obtaining
  • FIG. 2 shows a development of the device of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 shows a further development of the device of FIG. 1
  • Figs. 4 to 6 show advantageous embodiments of electrodes.
  • Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing schematically and in no way to scale a means for recovering hydrogen from a hydrogenous medium, in the example shown water (H 2 O).
  • the device 10 includes a water supply 12 which is connected to a device 14 which controls or regulates the water supply, in particular water speed or water volume corresponding to a currently required amount of hydrogen.
  • the device 10 furthermore comprises a first electrode arrangement 16 and a second electrode arrangement 18. Between the first and the second electrode arrangement 16, 18 there is a gap, through which the water discharged by the device 14 can be conducted.
  • the first and second electrode assemblies 16, 18 each comprise a smaller spherical electrode 22 and a larger spherical one in the schematic illustration of FIG Electrode 24.
  • the ball electrodes are coated in the preferred embodiment with an insulator layer.
  • the smaller ball electrode 22 in this case preferably has a diameter of less than 2 - 3 cm, the larger ball electrode 24 has a diameter of 3 - 5 cm. Other dimensions are also possible.
  • the thickness of the Isolierstoffüberzuges the ball electrode for example, be 10% of the diameter thereof.
  • a high voltage generator 26 is provided which applies a high voltage between the first and second electrode assemblies 16, 18. Further, in Fig. 1, an optional hydrogen storage 28 and an optional oxygen storage 30 are provided.
  • first and second electrode assemblies 16, 18 may comprise a plurality of spherical electrodes, which may, for example, be arranged in the form of a two-dimensional grid.
  • a sufficiently strong electric field is generated locally in the gap 20, which generates a splitting of water into H + and OH.
  • this very strong electric field is more than 1 MV / mm 1
  • this strong electric field is formed in a narrow gap between the small ball electrodes 22 of the first and second electrode assemblies 16, 18, which in the preferred embodiment is less than 2 mm wide Diameter is suitable for generating the particularly high field strength, since the field strength increases at the same potential with decreasing spherical radius.
  • Fig. 1 the elimination of hydrogen in the region of the spherical electrodes 22 with a smaller radius is shown schematically by the crossed arrows 32.
  • the removal of the already separated hydrogen in the region of the spherical electrode 24 with a larger radius is shown symbolically by the separated arrows 34.
  • the removal of light hydrogen is favored by the vertical spacing of the electrode assemblies 16, 18. It may also be provided an insulating gas which binds the resulting OH ' ions.
  • the spherical structure of the electrodes 22, 24 has a dual function. Due to the rounded surface of the electrodes tips and edges are avoided, which avoid unwanted local field strength increase, which in turn can lead to discharges and breakdowns. Such discharges must be avoided because, for example, in the presence of oxygen, they could lead to an oxyhydrogen reaction.
  • Another function of the ball electrodes to be basically recognized in the schematic illustration of FIG. 1 is that the local field strength can be controlled via the radius of the balls. This makes it possible to generate a field distribution which is suitable for the separation of hydrogen and the removal of hydrogen by means of a suitable distribution of spherical electrodes with suitable radii, without each of the electrodes requiring separate activation with a specially determined potential.
  • spherical electrodes 22 and 24 are shown in the embodiment of Fig. 1, it will be understood that this concept can be applied to other electrode shapes that avoid peaks and edges. Instead of the spherical radius in the explanation of FIG. 1, the local radius of curvature then occurs in the corresponding section of the electrode.
  • FIG. 2 shows a development of the device 10, which is based on the concept presented in FIG. 1. Identical or corresponding components in FIGS. 1 and 2 are designated by the same reference numerals.
  • the first and the second electrode arrangement 16, 18 comprise an electrode 36 consisting of a spherical electrode body 38, on whose surface smaller spherical or partially spherical electrodes 40 are arranged. Furthermore, the first and the second electrode arrangement 16, 18 of FIG. 2 comprise an electrode 42, consisting of a cylindrical basic body 44 with hemispherical rounded end faces, on the jacket of which smaller ball electrodes 46 are formed. Such electrodes are of particular advantage for the desired control of field strength.
  • the electrodes 36 and 42 are also coated with an insulator material. For this purpose, preferably solid insulations with a high dielectric constant ⁇ ⁇ > 100 can be used, for example ferroelectrics (eg barium titanate or the like).
  • the high-voltage generator 26 in this development comprises a DC voltage source 48 and a pulse generator 50 for generating short voltage pulses.
  • the high voltage generator 26 is capable of generating a high DC voltage superimposed with short voltage pulses.
  • the voltage pulses generated by the pulse generator 50 are extremely short, in particular shorter than 1 ⁇ 8. However, their amplitude is at least 50 kV, preferably at least 100 kV up to a few MV. Thus, during the pulse in the gap between the first and the second electrode arrangement 16, 18, electric field strengths of more than 1 MV / mm can be achieved for a short time, with which hydrogen can be split off from the water.
  • Fig. 2 shows a device 52 through which the water is passed before entering the gap 20 and in which the position of the water molecules is pre-aligned to promote a separation of the hydrogen.
  • the hydrogen molecules are aligned in a static electric or magnetic field, which is symbolically represented by field line 54 in FIG. 2, such that the H atoms of the water molecules are preferred when entering the electric field between the first and second electrode assemblies 16, 18 lie on the first electrode assembly 16 facing side of the water molecule.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 the concept of field control in the direction of flow of the water in the intermediate space 20 has been explained with the help of the radii of curvature of the electrodes. Similar control of the field strengths may also be made in the direction away from the gap 20, as will be explained with reference to FIG.
  • Fig. 3 is a block diagram in which the ball electrodes are not shown in detail.
  • the first electrode arrangement 16 in this embodiment consists of three layers 60, 62, 64 of ball electrodes, which are arranged one above another in the illustration of FIG.
  • the second electrode 18 consists of a layer of spherical electrodes which are at a positive constant potential.
  • the lowermost layer 60 of ball electrodes of the first electrode assembly 16 is connected to a pulse generator 50. With this pulse generator 50, very strong electric fields can be generated during the pulses between the lowermost layer 60 of the first electrode assembly 16 and the second electrode assembly 18, which are suitable for separating the hydrogen.
  • the second layer of ball electrodes 62 is at a negative potential, so that between this layer 62 and the second electrode 18 is continuously applied a high DC voltage.
  • the third layer 64 of ball electrodes is at a still more negative potential than the second layer 62, but the DC voltage between these layers is less than the voltage between the second layer 62 and the second electrode 18.
  • the extremely high voltage is generated only where needed for separating the hydrogen.
  • the field strength decreases in the region of the first electrode arrangement 18 with increasing distance from the intermediate space 20 and only serves to remove the positive hydrogen ions.
  • FIG. 4 shows an alternative electrode geometry having a first electrode 66 that is part of a first electrode assembly and a second electrode 68 that may be part of a second electrode assembly.
  • the electrodes 66, 68 are shown in the schematic representation of FIG. 4 in the form of a partial sphere, they can also be represented as entire spheres or other spheres. be formed rounded body.
  • the first and second electrodes 66, 68 thus have a rounded, particularly spherical, shape or at least a portion of such shape, with the same advantages described above.
  • a defined electric field can be generated. This field is called a basic field and is not strong enough in itself to split off hydrogen.
  • an elongated portion 70 extending from the first electrode 66 toward the second electrode 68 is formed on the first electrode 66.
  • the elongate portion 70 is in the embodiment shown, a rod or needle-shaped and has at its distal end a tip 72.
  • the elongated portion 70 creates a local field increase between the tip 72 and the second electrode 68, with field strengths sufficient to dissipate hydrogen.
  • the inventors were able to produce field strengths of 1 MV / mm with such a geometry.
  • the voltage pulses were short enough that it nevertheless did not lead to discharges or breakdowns.
  • Preferred durations of voltage pulses are between 10 and 300 ns.
  • the length a of the rod-shaped portion 70 is between 8 mm and 20 mm.
  • the distance b between the distal end of the elongated portion 70 and that on the second electrode 68 is preferably 2 mm to 20 mm.
  • the first electrode 66 i. the electrode having the elongate portion 70 is preferably larger in diameter than the second electrode 68.
  • Particularly suitable configurations have a diameter c of the second electrode 68 of 10 mm to 30 mm.
  • FIG. 5 shows a related geometry with a first electrode 66, but in this example has two elongate portions 70. Measurements and simulations have shown that the distance e between adjacent elongated sections 70 is preferably 10 mm to 50 mm. Further, in Fig. 5, a length d is drawn, which corresponds to the sum of the lengths a and b and thus is preferably between 10 mm and 40 mm.
  • the two elongated portions 70 are each disposed opposite and extending opposite different electrodes 68 of the second electrode assembly on this.
  • the preferred dimensions of these second electrodes 68 are the same as in FIG. 4, ie the diameter of the second electrodes 68 is preferably between 10 mm and 30 mm.
  • FIG. 6 shows a further variant in which four elongate sections 70 are arranged on the first electrode 66, which extend in each case onto an associated second electrode 68 of the second electrode arrangement.
  • the tips 72 are omitted for the sake of simplicity.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif et un procédé d'extraction d'hydrogène d'un milieu contenant de l'hydrogène. Le dispositif 10 comprend un premier et un second agencement d'électrodes 16, 18, entre lesquels est ménagé un espace intermédiaire 20 permettant le passage d'un milieu contenant de l'hydrogène. Une source de tension 26 produit une haute tension entre le premier et le second agencement d'électrodes 16, 18, pour produire dans ledit espace intermédiaire un champ électrique qui est approprié pour séparer l'hydrogène des molécules du milieu contenant de l'hydrogène. Le premier et/ou le second agencement d'électrodes 16, 18 comprennent au moins une électrode 22, 24 qui présente une forme arrondie, en particulier une forme sphérique, ou une section ayant une telle forme.
EP11721237.3A 2010-05-21 2011-05-20 Dispositif et procédé d'extraction d'hydrogène Active EP2571804B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102010021124A DE102010021124A1 (de) 2010-05-21 2010-05-21 Einrichtung und Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Wasserstoff
PCT/EP2011/002537 WO2011144357A1 (fr) 2010-05-21 2011-05-20 Dispositif et procédé d'extraction d'hydrogène

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2571804A1 true EP2571804A1 (fr) 2013-03-27
EP2571804B1 EP2571804B1 (fr) 2016-07-27

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP11721237.3A Active EP2571804B1 (fr) 2010-05-21 2011-05-20 Dispositif et procédé d'extraction d'hydrogène

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EP (1) EP2571804B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102010021124A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2011144357A1 (fr)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT522538A1 (de) * 2019-04-30 2020-11-15 Gs Gruber Schmidt Gmbh Dissoziation von Wasser mit Hilfe von Elektronenanregung und Plasmolyse zur Erzeugung eines synthetischen Gases

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US8460409B2 (en) * 2006-05-08 2013-06-11 Ceramatec, Inc. Plasma-catalyzed fuel reformer
US7615138B2 (en) * 2006-06-09 2009-11-10 Nehemia Davidson Electrolysis apparatus with pulsed, dual voltage, multi-composition electrode assembly
AU2007351434A1 (en) * 2006-10-20 2008-10-23 Semgreen, L.P. Methods and systems of producing molecular hydrogen using a plasma system

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
See references of WO2011144357A1 *

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Publication number Publication date
WO2011144357A1 (fr) 2011-11-24
DE102010021124A1 (de) 2011-11-24
EP2571804B1 (fr) 2016-07-27

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