EP2537052A1 - Optical component for protection against thermal radiation - Google Patents
Optical component for protection against thermal radiationInfo
- Publication number
- EP2537052A1 EP2537052A1 EP11712928A EP11712928A EP2537052A1 EP 2537052 A1 EP2537052 A1 EP 2537052A1 EP 11712928 A EP11712928 A EP 11712928A EP 11712928 A EP11712928 A EP 11712928A EP 2537052 A1 EP2537052 A1 EP 2537052A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- optical component
- radiation
- optical
- visible
- window
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 101
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 91
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 32
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002470 thermal conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910004261 CaF 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002026 crystalline silica Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- SBIBMFFZSBJNJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N selenium;zinc Chemical compound [Se]=[Zn] SBIBMFFZSBJNJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012800 visualization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000005457 Black-body radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- JYMITAMFTJDTAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum zinc oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Al+3].[Zn+2] JYMITAMFTJDTAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006117 anti-reflective coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003667 anti-reflective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/20—Filters
- G02B5/208—Filters for use with infrared or ultraviolet radiation, e.g. for separating visible light from infrared and/or ultraviolet radiation
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to an optical component for heat shield, this optical component allowing the passage of optical radiation while providing effective protection against thermal radiation. More specifically, the invention relates to an optical component capable of transmitting an optical beam without introducing disturbances or optical aberrations and providing good thermal radiation insulation, while having a low temperature rise.
- window refers to a transparent optical component and to a window the assembly formed by a window and its mechanical mount for fixing to the frame of a heat shield.
- window refers to a transparent optical component and to a window the assembly formed by a window and its mechanical mount for fixing to the frame of a heat shield.
- FIG. 1 schematically represents a cryogenic device comprising a target (1) surrounded by a heat shield (2) provided with windows (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d).
- the target (1) is cooled to a cryogenic temperature by unrepresented cooling means.
- the target is cooled by a target holder whose temperature is maintained at 17 K.
- the device is placed in a vacuum chamber and is exposed to one or more sources (5) of thermal radiation, for example the ambient radiation at a temperature of about 300 Kelvin.
- the alignment of the target (1) relative to the convergence point of the laser beams requires a micrometric positioning accuracy.
- a vision system in the visible range makes it possible to perform the optical alignment of the target before exposing the target to the firing of laser beams.
- the temperature of the cryogenic target must be stabilized to a few milli-Kelvin to avoid damage to the target.
- the target (1) being placed in a vacuum chamber, convective heat exchange is non-existent. However, the target (1) is likely to receive thermal radiation from the surrounding enclosure at a temperature of about 300 K.
- the target is placed inside a thermal shield (2) which limits the contribution of ambient thermal radiation to the target. In the example considered, the temperature of the heat shield is maintained between 17K and 50K.
- the heat shield is equipped with portholes to allow the vision system to view the sample during alignment.
- the heat shield (2) is removed to laser fire directly at the target.
- the windows (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) of the heat shield which are present during the alignment and absent during the laser firing, must therefore be not only transparent to optical radiation but also ideally induce neither offset beam or optical aberration in the path of the optical beams.
- the windows (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) participate in protecting the target of the surrounding 300K radiation (5).
- FIG. 2 diagrammatically represents a sectional view of a window (3), here a plane-parallel plate of thickness e, traversed by an optical beam (4) forming an angle of incidence ⁇ with one of the faces of the blade. Because of the refraction, an optical beam is axially offset c / as the slanted blade passes through, the offset d being a function of the optical thickness traversed and the angle of incidence. Even for a low angle of inclination ⁇ , it can result from the insertion or removal of a window an offset of the optical axis of the beam.
- the alignment tolerance on the target is less than 15 ⁇ rms, which results in a maximum disturbance due to the portholes of 3 ⁇ rms. In this case, one seeks to obtain with and without windows, the same optical alignment to better than three microns.
- the windows must limit as much as possible the passage of thermal radiation, while being transparent on the visible or near-infrared domain.
- Heat screens with glass windows are known, in single or double glazing.
- a glass whose thickness is greater than 1 mm induces a beam shift greater than the alignment constraints indicated above.
- a window of glass subjected to continuous radiation at 300K eventually warms up in the center beyond the tolerable limits.
- the glass is both transparent and absorbent in the infrared, so that a glass window is not suitable to protect from heat radiation.
- Double-glazed windows are also not suitable because they deflect optical beams even more than single glazing and also absorb infrared radiation.
- portholes are generally used comprising a sapphire window (Al 2 O 3 ) 1 to 2 millimeters thick and one face of which is optionally covered with an anti-reflection treatment with visible radiation.
- the sapphire material allows on the one hand to filter the infrared radiation for wavelengths greater than 5-6 ⁇ and on the other hand to conduct the heat, which allows the evacuation of heat by conduction via the walls of the heat shield and thus prevents heating of the window.
- a 2 mm thick sapphire window it is necessary to align the portholes to better than a few milliradians, which is extremely restrictive.
- a sapphire window In order to minimize the disturbances (beam shift, optical aberrations) induced by the portholes on the optical alignment, one approach is to use portholes as fine as possible.
- the thickness of a sapphire window must be reduced to about 500 ⁇ .
- a reduction in thickness degrades the performance of the heat shield.
- a sapphire window 500 ⁇ thick transmits 5% of the ambient thermal radiation at 300K and absorbs 45%.
- the transmitted radiation and the absorbed radiation constitute a significant thermal load for the cryogenic target door and for the heat shield. Such a thermal load can jeopardize the conformation of the target which receives more than 5% of the ambient thermal radiation.
- the MgF 2 transmits infrared radiation up to 10 ⁇ , this transmission being all the more important that the porthole is thin.
- the residual transmission of ambient infrared radiation from a thin window can represent from 5% to 22% of the thermal radiation received by the window (respectively 5% for an Al 2 O 3 window and 22% for a MgF 2 window), which represents a considerable thermal load at the level of the cryogenic target.
- the object of the present invention is to remedy these drawbacks and to propose an optical component for a heat shield which is both reflective of infrared radiation, good thermal conductor and transparent in the visible and / or near infrared range.
- the present invention relates more particularly to an optical component for a heat shield intended to be placed between a cold medium and a hot medium, said optical component being reflective to medium and far infrared radiation, good thermal conductor and transparent to visible optical radiation and / or near infrared, said optical component comprising:
- a substrate having a first face intended to be disposed towards the cold medium and a second face intended to be disposed towards the hot medium, said substrate being made of material transparent to optical radiation in the wavelength range of the visible and / or or near infrared and said material having a crystalline or polycrystalline structure so as to have good thermal conductivity, and
- a thin layer deposited on said second face of the substrate, said thin layer being electrically conductive and said thin layer being transparent to visible and / or near infrared optical radiation and reflecting to medium and far infrared thermal radiation.
- the material of the substrate is chosen from among the following materials: MgF 2 , crystalline silica (or quartz), Al 2 O 3 , crystalline or polycrystalline silicon, CaF 2 and ZnSe;
- the thermal conductivity of the substrate is between 5 W m -1 K -1 and 6000 W m -1 K -1 ;
- the conductive thin film comprises an indium tin oxide (ITO) layer, or a zinc oxide (ZnO) layer, or an aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) layer, or a layer tin oxide (SnO 2 );
- ITO indium tin oxide
- ZnO zinc oxide
- AZO aluminum doped zinc oxide
- SnO 2 layer tin oxide
- the thickness of the conductive thin film is between 100 nm and 1 micron;
- said first face comprises anti-reflective treatment with optical radiation in the visible and / or near-infrared wavelength range so as to increase the transmission coefficient of the component in the visible and / or near-infrared range;
- said optical component has an average transmission coefficient greater than 70% and / or a transmission peak greater than 90% in the visible and / or near-infrared range;
- said optical component has an average reflection coefficient of greater than 80% over the medium and far infrared range
- the thickness of the component is less than 2 mm; said optical component is chosen from among the following components: a plate with flat and parallel faces, a prism, a lens, a microlens cake and a lens prism.
- the invention also relates to a heat shield comprising an optical component according to any one of the embodiments described.
- the invention will find a particularly advantageous application in a heat shield window for cryogenic target.
- FIG. 1 shows schematically a cryogenic target and a heat shield exposed to optical and thermal radiation
- FIG. 2 schematically represents a sectional view of a blade with flat and parallel faces and the deflection of an optical beam during the crossing of the blade.
- FIG. 3 shows a sectional view of a heat shield window placed between a cold medium and a hot medium and schematically shows the different exchanges of thermal and optical radiation through the window;
- FIG. 4 represents the spectrum of a black body at 294 K and the transmission, reflection and absorption curves of a thin MgF 2 window relative to black body radiation on the spectral range extending from the mean infrared far infrared;
- FIG. 5 represents the spectrum of a black body at 294 K and the transmission, reflection and absorption curves relative to the radiation of the black body, of a window according to one embodiment of the invention on the spectral domain; extending from mid-infrared to far-infrared;
- FIG. 6 represents the transmission and optical reflection curves in the near-infrared visible range for a window according to one embodiment of the invention.
- optical radiation visible electromagnetic radiation monochromatic or not, whose wavelength is between 380 nm and 780 nm;
- NIR Near Infrared Radiation
- far-infrared radiation a radiation whose wavelength is between 25 microns and 1 mm;
- cut-off wavelength c of a material a wavelength separating the imaginary small-imaginary domain from the complex refractive index of the material (usually in the visible or near-infrared) of the domain where the imaginary part of the its complex refractive index starts to increase strongly with the wavelength.
- the thermal radiation consists essentially of medium and / or far infrared radiation.
- Figure 3 schematically shows a sectional view of a heat shield portion (2) mounted between a cold source (10) and a hot source (1 1).
- the cold source (10) may for example represent a sample at a cryogenic temperature.
- the hot source (1 1) can for example come from the ambient heat radiation.
- the heat shield (2) comprises a window (6) for the passage of an optical beam (4) and is at a temperature intermediate between the hot source and the cold source.
- FIG. 3 shows the different exchanges of optical and thermal radiation with arrows whose respective thicknesses give an indication of their relative intensity.
- the arrow (4) represents an optical radiation incident on the window (6) and the arrow (14) represents the optical radiation transmitted by the window (6).
- the optical radiation (4, 14) may include wavelengths in the visible and / or near-infrared range.
- the arrow (5) represents an infrared heat radiation (medium and / or far) incident on the window (6)
- the arrow (15) represents the average and / or far infrared radiation transmitted by the window (6)
- the arrow (25) represents the average and / or far infrared radiation reflected by the window (6).
- the own emission arrows of the window, related to its temperature, are not represented.
- the arrow (35) represents the average and / or far infrared radiation absorbed by the window and transmitted towards the walls of the heat shield (2) by thermal conductance.
- a conventional window for a heat shield in a cryogenic device consists of a 2 to 5 mm thick plate with untreated flat or parallel faces or anti-reflective coating to improve the transmission in the visible.
- FIG. 4 represents respectively the transmission curves (T, dotted line), absorption (A, dashed line) and reflection (R, dash line) lines of a MgF 2 window of reduced thickness at 500 ⁇ in the infrared range. medium and / or far with respect to the spectrum (CN294K solid curve) of thermal radiation of a black body having a temperature of 294 K.
- the thin MgF 2 window transmits 22%, reflects 23% and absorbs 55% of the blackbody's thermal radiation at 294K, the calculation being integrated on the spectral range of 2.5 to 100 ⁇ .
- the MgF 2 window transmits most of the thermal radiation over the wavelength range between about 2 and 10 microns.
- the MgF 2 window absorbs most of the thermal radiation over the spectral range of 10 to 15 microns and 22 to -35 ⁇ .
- the MgF 2 window reflects thermal radiation on wavelength ranges of 15 to 22 microns and 35 to 40 ⁇ .
- the thermal radiation absorbed by the MgF 2 window can be removed by conduction towards the walls of the heat shield.
- This optical component is more particularly intended for the heat shield for the cryogenic target chamber of the Megajoule laser.
- the optical component (6) is formed of a crystalline or polycrystalline substrate (7) (in MgF 2 , quartz or sapphire, etc.), one face (13) of which is covered with an electrically conductive layer (8) of which the properties and the thickness are chosen so as to transmit the visible and / or near-infrared radiation and to reflect the medium and far infrared radiation, the layer (8) being disposed on the side of the hot source (11).
- a substrate (7) transparent in the near-infrared wavelength range, for example crystalline silicon, which is not transparent in the visible, is used.
- An equally transparent layer (8) is then used in the near-infrared wavelength region, above the length corresponding to the gap of the crystalline silicon, which makes it possible to use an alignment or visualization optical beam in the near infrared domain.
- the optical component (6) is a plate having two planar and parallel faces (12, 13), the substrate (7) is made of MgF 2 crystal, one face (13) of which is covered with a layer of indium tin oxide (or ITO for indium Tin Oxide), the ITO layer having a thickness of about 240 nm.
- the face (13) covered with a layer of ITO is intended to be placed on the hot side, that is to say towards the outside of the heat shield, the other face (12) of the substrate being directed towards the cryogenic target.
- the second face (12) of the optical component (6) is covered with an anti-reflection layer in the visible range (target side).
- FIG. 5 represents respectively the transmission curves (T 'dashed line), absorption (A' dashed line) and reflection (R 'line dash-dash) in the infrared relative to the spectrum (curve CN294K solid line) of a black body having a temperature of 294 K, for a window (6) MgF 2 0.5 mm thick, one side is covered with a layer (8) of ITO 240 nm thick.
- the window (6) of the invention has an integrated infrared transmission T 'on the 2.5-100 ⁇ domain of 0.16% with respect to the blackbody spectrum, that is, that is one hundred times lower than the infrared transmission curve of FIG. 4, for a window in MgF 2 without ITO treatment.
- the thermal conductivity of the MgF 2 crystalline substrate (7) allows the absorbed heat to be removed by conduction towards the walls of the heat shield.
- the crystalline or polycrystalline substrate (7) has excellent thermal conductivity (generally 10 to 1000 times greater than that of an amorphous material such as glass) which allows a rapid evacuation of the heat load generated by the residual absorption of the radiation at 300 K and thus avoids heating of the window.
- the thermal conductivity of the substrate is between 5 W m -1 K -1 and 6000 W m -1 K -1 .
- the thickness of the substrate is 500 ⁇ .
- the good conductance of the substrate (product of the conductivity by the thickness of the substrate) makes it possible to reduce the temperature gradient between the center and the edges of the window to less than 5 K.
- the window (6) made of MgF 2 treated ITO thus simultaneously makes it possible to greatly reduce the transmitted and absorbed thermal radiation.
- the heat radiation transmitted through the window (6) is reduced by a factor of 100 which reduces the thermal load that can reach the cryogenic target.
- the thermal radiation absorbed by the window (6) is reduced by a factor of 5 compared to the same window without ITO treatment.
- a window according to the invention does not disturb the function of the heat shield which is to protect the target (1) against the ambient thermal radiation.
- An optical component known as "cold porthole”, effective for thermal protection, is obtained.
- the window remains cold because it reflects the infrared radiation better than a window of MgF 2 and conducts the residual heat absorbed to the support (2).
- the thickness of the ITO layer was chosen to match the position of this peak with the wavelength of the target alignment laser.
- the MgF 2 window reflects part of the visible radiation (less than 20%) and reflects more strongly near-infrared radiation (20-65% on the 760-2550 nm band).
- the substrate material is advantageously a low refractive index material in the visible so as to reduce the disturbances on the alignment optical beams and to maximize the transmission at 532 nm.
- the optical component (6) of the invention thus offers the advantages of having a high reflection and a low absorption with respect to the thermal radiation, while allowing the optical alignment alignment of the target at 532 nm to pass with a minimum of disturbances.
- the layer (8) electrically conductive is placed in front of the hot source (15), for example by being exposed to a temperature
- the thickness of the conductive layer (8) and its properties can be chosen to optimize the transmission in the visible or near infrared and maximize the reflection in the medium and far infrared.
- To decrease the IR signal transmitted by the window and increase the reflected IR signal it is necessary to increase the thickness of the ITO layer.
- To maximize overall transmission in the visible it is necessary to reduce the thickness of the ITO layer.
- Another way of optimizing the transmission at a particular wavelength of the visible (532 nm for example) is to choose the thickness of the ITO layer so as to produce an anti-reflection layer at the wavelength in question. .
- the window of the invention thus simultaneously makes it possible to block the transmission of the average and far infrared signal by very efficiently reflecting the infrared radiation and to limit the absorption of the infrared signal by the substrate, which limits the heating of the window.
- the window further comprises an anti-reflection treatment in the visible deposited on the face (12) of the window disposed on the side of the cryogenic target to further optimize the transmission in the visible.
- the invention is not limited to the embodiments described above. Depending on the wavelength of the visible or near infrared optical beams, it is possible to choose different combinations of material types and thicknesses that are suitable for the crystalline substrate and for the conductive layer.
- the material of the substrate (7) can be chosen from the following materials: MgF 2 , CaF 2, ZnSe, quartz (or crystalline silica), crystalline or polycrystalline silicon, Al 2 O 3 and the material of the layer (8 ) conductive from ITO, ZnO, AZO (doped zinc oxide aluminum) or SnO 2 doped or not.
- the optical component (6) is a blade with flat and parallel faces.
- the invention is not limited to this embodiment.
- the optical component may be for example a lens made from a crystalline material and one face, intended to be exposed to the hot medium, is covered with a layer (8) conductive.
- the optical component (6) may for example be a plano-convex lens, one of whose faces is covered with an electrically conductive layer (8) according to the invention.
- the optical component (6) is a microlens cake.
- the optical component (6) is a prism, or a lens prism.
- the window of the invention transmits a minimum of heat radiation and reflects the maximum ambient heat radiation which reduces the heat load deposited on the heat shield, with a gain of the order of a factor of five compared to a classic window. Furthermore, the window of the invention being cut in a good thermal conductor crystal, it can be maintained at a very low temperature (less than 50K in our application) while being very fine.
- the window of the invention has a high transmission at the wavelength of the laser alignment beams (transmission greater than 90% at 532 nm) and causes an alignment error of less than a few microns.
- the alignment is at 532nm. So in the visible domain. However, the same portholes can also be used during a phase of optical characterization of the target based on the use of visible radiation at 532 nm and near-IR radiation at 1330 nm. However, less transmission of the door in the near IR is tolerated.
- the invention makes it possible to obtain a cold porthole that is transparent to visible optical radiation, which induces limited optical disturbances (beam shift, optical aberrations) and remains cold because it reflects the infrared radiation and conducts the residual heat absorbed.
- the invention makes it possible to obtain a cold window of small thickness which has excellent performance in terms of heat shield.
- a window according to the invention can even offer a thermal protection greater than that of a thicker conventional window.
- the window of the invention is lighter than a conventional window.
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Abstract
The present invention relates to an optical component for a thermal screen intended to be placed between a cold medium and a hot medium. According to the invention, the optical component (6) includes a substrate (7) having a first surface designed to be arranged toward the hot medium, said substrate being made of a material transparent to optical radiation in the visible and/or near infrared range of wavelengths and said material having a crystalline or polycrystalline structure. According to the invention, the optical component (6) also includes a thin layer (8) deposited on said second surface of the substrate (7), said thin layer (8) being electrically conductive, transparent to optical radiation of visible and/or near infrared wavelength and reflecting thermal radiation of medium and far infrared wavelength.
Description
Composant optique de protection au rayonnement thermique Optical component for protection against thermal radiation
La présente invention se rapporte de manière générale à un composant optique pour écran thermique, ce composant optique permettant le passage d'un rayonnement optique tout en assurant une protection efficace contre le rayonnement thermique. Plus précisément, l'invention concerne un composant optique apte à transmettre un faisceau optique sans introduire de perturbations ni d'aberrations optiques et fournissant une bonne isolation au rayonnement thermique, tout en présentant un faible échauffement. The present invention relates generally to an optical component for heat shield, this optical component allowing the passage of optical radiation while providing effective protection against thermal radiation. More specifically, the invention relates to an optical component capable of transmitting an optical beam without introducing disturbances or optical aberrations and providing good thermal radiation insulation, while having a low temperature rise.
Dans le présent document, on entend par fenêtre un composant optique transparent et par hublot l'ensemble formé par une fenêtre et sa monture mécanique de fixation au bâti d'un écran thermique. Nous nous intéressons essentiellement à la fenêtre d'un hublot d'écran thermique. In the present document, the term "window" refers to a transparent optical component and to a window the assembly formed by a window and its mechanical mount for fixing to the frame of a heat shield. We are mainly interested in the window of a heat shield window.
Un écran thermique muni de fenêtres permet de réduire les échanges thermiques entre deux milieux tout en autorisant un contrôle par des moyens de visualisation. En particulier, on utilise un écran thermique lors de l'alignement optique d'un échantillon cryogénique destiné à servir de cible à un ensemble de faisceaux lasers dans une expérience d'observation des interactions laser-matière. La figure 1 représente schématiquement un dispositif cryogénique comprenant une cible (1 ) entourée d'un écran thermique (2) muni de fenêtres (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d). La cible (1 ) est refroidie à une température cryogénique par des moyens de refroidissement non représentés. Dans un exemple, la cible est refroidie par un porte-cible dont la température est maintenue à 17 K. Le dispositif est placé dans une enceinte à vide et se trouve exposé à une ou plusieurs sources (5) de rayonnement thermique, par exemple le rayonnement ambiant à une température d'environ 300 Kelvin. A thermal screen provided with windows makes it possible to reduce heat exchange between two media while allowing control by visualization means. In particular, a heat shield is used in the optical alignment of a cryogenic sample to serve as a target for a set of laser beams in an observation experiment of laser-matter interactions. FIG. 1 schematically represents a cryogenic device comprising a target (1) surrounded by a heat shield (2) provided with windows (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d). The target (1) is cooled to a cryogenic temperature by unrepresented cooling means. In one example, the target is cooled by a target holder whose temperature is maintained at 17 K. The device is placed in a vacuum chamber and is exposed to one or more sources (5) of thermal radiation, for example the ambient radiation at a temperature of about 300 Kelvin.
L'alignement de la cible (1 ) relativement au point de convergence des faisceaux lasers requiert une précision de positionnement micrométrique. Un système de vision dans le domaine visible permet d'effectuer l'alignement optique de la cible avant d'exposer la cible au tir de faisceaux laser. Pendant la phase d'alignement, la température de la cible cryogénique doit être stabilisée à quelques milli-Kelvin pour éviter toute détérioration de la cible. La cible (1 ) étant placée dans une enceinte sous vide, les échanges thermiques par convection sont inexistants. Cependant, la cible (1 ) est susceptible de recevoir du rayonnement thermique provenant de l'entourage de l'enceinte à une température d'environ 300 K. Pendant l'alignement optique, la cible est donc placée à l'intérieur d'un écran thermique (2) qui permet de limiter l'apport de rayonnement thermique ambiant vers la cible. Dans l'exemple considéré, la température de l'écran thermique est maintenue entre 17K et 50K. L'écran thermique est muni de hublots pour permettre au système de vision de visualiser l'échantillon pendant l'alignement. Lorsque l'alignement optique est terminé, on retire l'écran thermique (2) pour procéder au tir laser directement sur la cible.
Les fenêtres (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) de l'écran thermique, qui sont présentes lors de l'alignement et absentes lors du tir laser, doivent donc être non seulement transparentes à un rayonnement optique mais aussi idéalement n'induire ni décalage de faisceau ni aberration optique sur le trajet des faisceaux optiques. D'autre part, les fenêtres (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) participent à protéger la cible du rayonnement 300K environnant (5). The alignment of the target (1) relative to the convergence point of the laser beams requires a micrometric positioning accuracy. A vision system in the visible range makes it possible to perform the optical alignment of the target before exposing the target to the firing of laser beams. During the alignment phase, the temperature of the cryogenic target must be stabilized to a few milli-Kelvin to avoid damage to the target. The target (1) being placed in a vacuum chamber, convective heat exchange is non-existent. However, the target (1) is likely to receive thermal radiation from the surrounding enclosure at a temperature of about 300 K. During the optical alignment, the target is placed inside a thermal shield (2) which limits the contribution of ambient thermal radiation to the target. In the example considered, the temperature of the heat shield is maintained between 17K and 50K. The heat shield is equipped with portholes to allow the vision system to view the sample during alignment. When the optical alignment is complete, the heat shield (2) is removed to laser fire directly at the target. The windows (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) of the heat shield, which are present during the alignment and absent during the laser firing, must therefore be not only transparent to optical radiation but also ideally induce neither offset beam or optical aberration in the path of the optical beams. On the other hand, the windows (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) participate in protecting the target of the surrounding 300K radiation (5).
En pratique, les fenêtres (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) perturbent néanmoins l'alignement optique des faisceaux (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) sur la cible (1 ). La figure 2 représente schématiquement une vue en coupe d'une fenêtre (3), ici une lame à faces planes et parallèles, d'épaisseur e, traversée par un faisceau optique (4) formant un angle d'incidence Θ avec une des faces de la lame. Du fait de la réfraction, un faisceau optique subit un décalage axial c/ lors de la traversée de la lame inclinée, le décalage d étant fonction de l'épaisseur optique traversée et de l'angle d'incidence. Même pour un faible angle d'inclinaison Θ, il peut résulter de l'insertion ou du retrait d'une fenêtre un décalage de l'axe optique du faisceau. La perturbation induite par les hublots est d'autant plus grande que l'épaisseur et/ou l'indice de réfraction des fenêtres de hublot sont importants. Ainsi, dans une expérience particulière, la tolérance d'alignement sur la cible est inférieure à 15μιτι rms, ce qui se traduit par une perturbation maximum due aux hublots de 3 μιτι rms. Dans ce cas, on cherche à obtenir avec et sans fenêtres, un même alignement optique à mieux que trois microns. In practice, the windows (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) nevertheless disturb the optical alignment of the beams (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) on the target (1). FIG. 2 diagrammatically represents a sectional view of a window (3), here a plane-parallel plate of thickness e, traversed by an optical beam (4) forming an angle of incidence Θ with one of the faces of the blade. Because of the refraction, an optical beam is axially offset c / as the slanted blade passes through, the offset d being a function of the optical thickness traversed and the angle of incidence. Even for a low angle of inclination Θ, it can result from the insertion or removal of a window an offset of the optical axis of the beam. The disturbance induced by the portholes is even greater than the thickness and / or the refractive index of the window windows are important. Thus, in a particular experiment, the alignment tolerance on the target is less than 15μιτι rms, which results in a maximum disturbance due to the portholes of 3 μιτι rms. In this case, one seeks to obtain with and without windows, the same optical alignment to better than three microns.
D'autre part, les fenêtres doivent limiter au maximum le passage de rayonnement thermique, tout en étant transparentes sur le domaine visible ou proche infrarouge. On the other hand, the windows must limit as much as possible the passage of thermal radiation, while being transparent on the visible or near-infrared domain.
On connaît des écrans thermiques à fenêtres de verre, en simple ou double vitrage. Cependant un verre dont l'épaisseur est supérieure à 1 mm induit un décalage de faisceau supérieur aux contraintes d'alignement indiquées plus haut. Certes, il existe des verres très minces, d'épaisseur inférieure au millimètre, mais on observe qu'une fenêtre en verre soumise au rayonnement continu à 300K finit par s'échauffer en son centre au-delà des limites tolérables. De plus, le verre est à la fois transparent et absorbant dans l'infrarouge, si bien qu'une fenêtre en verre ne convient pas pour protéger du rayonnement thermique. Les fenêtres de type double vitrage ne conviennent pas non plus car elles dévient encore plus les faisceaux optiques qu'un simple vitrage et absorbent également le rayonnement infrarouge. Heat screens with glass windows are known, in single or double glazing. However, a glass whose thickness is greater than 1 mm induces a beam shift greater than the alignment constraints indicated above. Although there are very thin glasses with a thickness of less than one millimeter, it is observed that a window of glass subjected to continuous radiation at 300K eventually warms up in the center beyond the tolerable limits. In addition, the glass is both transparent and absorbent in the infrared, so that a glass window is not suitable to protect from heat radiation. Double-glazed windows are also not suitable because they deflect optical beams even more than single glazing and also absorb infrared radiation.
Il existe également des fenêtres de verre traitées ITO qui limitent la transmission du signal infrarouge à travers la fenêtre et limitent l'absorption du rayonnement thermique, cependant l'absorption résiduelle conduit à une augmentation de la température au centre du hublot et produit un gradient de température excessif du centre vers les bords.
Dans les dispositifs cryogéniques, on utilise généralement des hublots comprenant une fenêtre en saphir (Al203) de 1 à 2 millimètres d'épaisseur et dont une face est éventuellement recouverte d'un traitement anti-reflet à un rayonnement visible. Le matériau saphir permet d'une part de filtrer le rayonnement infrarouge pour des longueurs d'onde supérieures à 5-6 μιτι et d'autre part de conduire la chaleur, ce qui permet l'évacuation de la chaleur par conduction via les parois de l'écran thermique et évite ainsi échauffement du hublot. Cependant, pour une fenêtre en Saphir de 2 mm d'épaisseur, il est nécessaire d'aligner les hublots à mieux que quelques milliradians, ce qui est extrêmement contraignant. There are also ITO treated glass windows that limit the transmission of the infrared signal through the window and limit the absorption of thermal radiation, however the residual absorption leads to an increase in the temperature at the center of the window and produces a gradient of excessive temperature from the center to the edges. In cryogenic devices, portholes are generally used comprising a sapphire window (Al 2 O 3 ) 1 to 2 millimeters thick and one face of which is optionally covered with an anti-reflection treatment with visible radiation. The sapphire material allows on the one hand to filter the infrared radiation for wavelengths greater than 5-6 μιτι and on the other hand to conduct the heat, which allows the evacuation of heat by conduction via the walls of the heat shield and thus prevents heating of the window. However, for a 2 mm thick sapphire window, it is necessary to align the portholes to better than a few milliradians, which is extremely restrictive.
Afin de minimiser les perturbations (décalage de faisceau, aberrations optiques) induites par les hublots sur l'alignement optique, une approche consiste à utiliser des hublots aussi fins que possible. Pour atteindre une précision d'alignement de 3μιτι, l'épaisseur d'une fenêtre en saphir doit être réduite à environ 500 μιτι. Cependant, une telle réduction d'épaisseur dégrade les performances de l'écran thermique. En effet, une fenêtre en saphir de 500 μιτι d'épaisseur transmet 5 % du rayonnement thermique ambiant à 300K et en absorbe 45%. Le rayonnement transmis et le rayonnement absorbé constituent une charge thermique non négligeable pour le porte cible cryogénique et pour l'écran thermique. Une telle charge thermique peut mettre en péril la conformation de la cible qui reçoit plus de 5% du rayonnement thermique ambiant. In order to minimize the disturbances (beam shift, optical aberrations) induced by the portholes on the optical alignment, one approach is to use portholes as fine as possible. To achieve an alignment accuracy of 3μιτι, the thickness of a sapphire window must be reduced to about 500 μιτι. However, such a reduction in thickness degrades the performance of the heat shield. Indeed, a sapphire window 500 μιτι thick transmits 5% of the ambient thermal radiation at 300K and absorbs 45%. The transmitted radiation and the absorbed radiation constitute a significant thermal load for the cryogenic target door and for the heat shield. Such a thermal load can jeopardize the conformation of the target which receives more than 5% of the ambient thermal radiation.
Une première alternative consiste à utiliser une fenêtre de hublot dans un matériau bon conducteur thermique mais d'indice de réfraction et/ou d'épaisseur plus faible que le saphir, par exemple une fenêtre en cristal de MgF2 (d'indice de réfraction n=1 .38) de 500μιτι d'épaisseur. Une telle fenêtre permet de réduire d'un facteur six certaines perturbations optiques impactant l'alignement de la cible par comparaison avec une fenêtre de saphir de 2 mm d'épaisseur (l'indice de réfraction du saphir est égal à 1 .77). Cependant, le MgF2 transmet les rayonnements infrarouges jusqu'à 10μιτι, cette transmission étant d'autant plus importante que le hublot est fin. La transmission résiduelle de rayonnement infrarouge ambiant d'une fenêtre mince peut représenter de 5% à 22% du rayonnement thermique reçu par la fenêtre (respectivement 5% pour une fenêtre en Al203 et 22% pour une fenêtre en MgF2), ce qui représente une charge thermique considérable au niveau de la cible cryogénique. A first alternative is to use a window porthole in a good thermal conductive material but refractive index and / or lower thickness than the sapphire, for example a crystal window of MgF 2 (refractive index n = 1 .38) 500μιτι thick. Such a window makes it possible to reduce, by a factor of six, certain optical disturbances impacting the alignment of the target by comparison with a sapphire window of 2 mm thickness (the refractive index of the sapphire is equal to 1.77). However, the MgF 2 transmits infrared radiation up to 10μιτι, this transmission being all the more important that the porthole is thin. The residual transmission of ambient infrared radiation from a thin window can represent from 5% to 22% of the thermal radiation received by the window (respectively 5% for an Al 2 O 3 window and 22% for a MgF 2 window), which represents a considerable thermal load at the level of the cryogenic target.
Les propriétés d'écran thermique des matériaux étant généralement meilleures à épaisseur croissante, il semble a priori difficile de trouver une fenêtre pour écran thermique présentant une protection efficace contre les rayonnements thermiques et une faible épaisseur optique, pour ne pas perturber l'alignement optique. As the heat shield properties of the materials are generally better at increasing thickness, it seems a priori difficult to find a window for heat shield having an effective protection against thermal radiation and a small optical thickness, so as not to disturb the optical alignment.
La présente invention a pour but de remédier à ces inconvénients et de proposer un composant optique pour écran thermique qui soit à la fois réfléchissant aux
rayonnements infrarouges, bon conducteur thermique et transparent dans le domaine du visible et/ou proche infrarouge. The object of the present invention is to remedy these drawbacks and to propose an optical component for a heat shield which is both reflective of infrared radiation, good thermal conductor and transparent in the visible and / or near infrared range.
La présente invention concerne plus particulièrement un composant optique pour écran thermique destiné à être placé entre un milieu froid et un milieu chaud, ledit composant optique étant réfléchissant au rayonnement infrarouge moyen et lointain, bon conducteur thermique et transparent à un rayonnement optique visible et/ou proche infrarouge, ledit composant optique comprenant : The present invention relates more particularly to an optical component for a heat shield intended to be placed between a cold medium and a hot medium, said optical component being reflective to medium and far infrared radiation, good thermal conductor and transparent to visible optical radiation and / or near infrared, said optical component comprising:
- un substrat ayant une première face destinée à être disposée vers le milieu froid et une seconde face destinée à être disposée vers le milieu chaud, ledit substrat étant en matériau transparent à un rayonnement optique dans le domaine de longueurs d'onde du visible et/ou proche infrarouge et ledit matériau ayant une structure cristalline ou polycristalline de manière à avoir une bonne conductivité thermique, et a substrate having a first face intended to be disposed towards the cold medium and a second face intended to be disposed towards the hot medium, said substrate being made of material transparent to optical radiation in the wavelength range of the visible and / or or near infrared and said material having a crystalline or polycrystalline structure so as to have good thermal conductivity, and
- une couche mince déposée sur ladite seconde face du substrat, ladite couche mince étant électriquement conductrice et ladite couche mince étant transparente à un rayonnement optique visible et/ou proche infrarouge et réfléchissante au rayonnement thermique infrarouge moyen et lointain. a thin layer deposited on said second face of the substrate, said thin layer being electrically conductive and said thin layer being transparent to visible and / or near infrared optical radiation and reflecting to medium and far infrared thermal radiation.
Selon différents aspects de modes de réalisation particuliers de l'invention : According to various aspects of particular embodiments of the invention:
- le matériau du substrat est choisi parmi les matériaux suivants : MgF2, silice cristalline (ou quartz), Al203, silicium cristallin ou polycristallin, CaF2 et ZnSe ;the material of the substrate is chosen from among the following materials: MgF 2 , crystalline silica (or quartz), Al 2 O 3 , crystalline or polycrystalline silicon, CaF 2 and ZnSe;
- la conductivité thermique du substrat est comprise entre 5 W m"1 K"1 et 6000 W m"1 K"1 ; the thermal conductivity of the substrate is between 5 W m -1 K -1 and 6000 W m -1 K -1 ;
- la couche mince conductrice comprend une couche d'oxyde d'indium et d'étain (ITO), ou une couche d'oxyde de zinc (ZnO), ou une couche d'oxyde de zinc dopée aluminium (AZO) ou une couche d'oxyde d'étain (Sn02) ; the conductive thin film comprises an indium tin oxide (ITO) layer, or a zinc oxide (ZnO) layer, or an aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) layer, or a layer tin oxide (SnO 2 );
- l'épaisseur de la couche mince conductrice est comprise entre 100 nm et 1 micron ; the thickness of the conductive thin film is between 100 nm and 1 micron;
- ladite première face comprend un traitement anti-reflet au rayonnement optique dans le domaine de longueurs d'onde visible et/ou proche infrarouge de manière à augmenter le coefficient de transmission du composant dans le domaine visible et/ou proche infrarouge ; said first face comprises anti-reflective treatment with optical radiation in the visible and / or near-infrared wavelength range so as to increase the transmission coefficient of the component in the visible and / or near-infrared range;
- ledit composant optique présente un coefficient de transmission moyen supérieur à 70% et/ou un pic de transmission supérieur à 90% dans le domaine visible et/ou proche infrarouge ; said optical component has an average transmission coefficient greater than 70% and / or a transmission peak greater than 90% in the visible and / or near-infrared range;
- ledit composant optique présente un coefficient de réflexion moyen supérieur à 80% sur le domaine infrarouge moyen et lointain ; said optical component has an average reflection coefficient of greater than 80% over the medium and far infrared range;
- l'épaisseur du composant est inférieure à 2 mm ;
- ledit composant optique est choisi parmi les composants suivants : une lame à faces planes et parallèles, un prisme, une lentille, une galette de microlentilles et un prisme de lentilles. L'invention concerne également un écran thermique comprenant un composant optique selon l'un quelconque des modes de réalisation décrits. the thickness of the component is less than 2 mm; said optical component is chosen from among the following components: a plate with flat and parallel faces, a prism, a lens, a microlens cake and a lens prism. The invention also relates to a heat shield comprising an optical component according to any one of the embodiments described.
L'invention trouvera une application particulièrement avantageuse dans une fenêtre d'écran thermique pour cible cryogénique. The invention will find a particularly advantageous application in a heat shield window for cryogenic target.
La présente invention concerne également les caractéristiques qui ressortiront au cours de la description qui va suivre et qui devront être considérées isolément ou selon toutes leurs combinaisons techniquement possibles. Cette description, donnée à titre d'exemple non limitatif, fera mieux comprendre comment l'invention peut être réalisée en référence aux dessins annexés sur lesquels : The present invention also relates to the features which will emerge in the course of the description which follows and which will have to be considered individually or in all their technically possible combinations. This description, given by way of non-limiting example, will better understand how the invention can be made with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
- la figure 1 représente schématiquement une cible cryogénique et un écran thermique exposés à des rayonnements optiques et thermiques ; - Figure 1 shows schematically a cryogenic target and a heat shield exposed to optical and thermal radiation;
- la figure 2 représente schématiquement une vue en coupe d'une lame à faces planes et parallèles et la déviation d'un faisceau optique lors de la traversée de la lame FIG. 2 schematically represents a sectional view of a blade with flat and parallel faces and the deflection of an optical beam during the crossing of the blade.
- la figure 3 représente une vue en coupe d'une fenêtre d'écran thermique placée entre un milieu froid et un milieu chaud et représente schématiquement les différents échanges de rayonnements thermiques et optiques à travers la fenêtre ; - Figure 3 shows a sectional view of a heat shield window placed between a cold medium and a hot medium and schematically shows the different exchanges of thermal and optical radiation through the window;
- la figure 4 représente le spectre d'un corps noir à 294 K et les courbes de transmission, réflexion et absorption d'une fenêtre mince en MgF2 relativement au rayonnement du corps noir sur le domaine spectral s'étendant de l'infrarouge moyen à l'infrarouge lointain ; FIG. 4 represents the spectrum of a black body at 294 K and the transmission, reflection and absorption curves of a thin MgF 2 window relative to black body radiation on the spectral range extending from the mean infrared far infrared;
- la figure 5 représente le spectre d'un corps noir à 294 K et les courbes de transmission, réflexion et absorption relativement au rayonnement du corps noir, d'une fenêtre selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention sur le domaine spectral s'étendant de l'infrarouge moyen à l'infrarouge lointain ; FIG. 5 represents the spectrum of a black body at 294 K and the transmission, reflection and absorption curves relative to the radiation of the black body, of a window according to one embodiment of the invention on the spectral domain; extending from mid-infrared to far-infrared;
- la figure 6 représente les courbes de transmission et réflexion optique dans le domaine visible proche infrarouge pour une fenêtre selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention. FIG. 6 represents the transmission and optical reflection curves in the near-infrared visible range for a window according to one embodiment of the invention.
Dans le présent document, on entend par
rayonnement optique visible un rayonnement électro-magnétique, monochromatique ou non, dont la longueur d'onde est comprise entre 380 nm et 780 nm ; In this document, we mean optical radiation visible electromagnetic radiation, monochromatic or not, whose wavelength is between 380 nm and 780 nm;
rayonnement proche infrarouge (NIR), un rayonnement dont la longueur d'onde est comprise entre 780 nm et 1 .6 microns ; Near Infrared Radiation (NIR), a radiation whose wavelength is between 780 nm and 1 .6 microns;
rayonnement infrarouge moyen, un rayonnement dont la longueur d'onde est comprise entre 2.5 microns et 25 microns et average infrared radiation, a radiation whose wavelength is between 2.5 microns and 25 microns and
rayonnement infrarouge lointain, un rayonnement dont la longueur d'onde est comprise entre 25 microns et 1 mm ; far-infrared radiation, a radiation whose wavelength is between 25 microns and 1 mm;
matériau ou composant réfléchissant sur un domaine spectral considéré, un matériau ou composant dont le coefficient de réflexion moyen sur le domaine spectral considéré est supérieur à 80%, material or component reflecting on a considered spectral domain, a material or component whose average reflection coefficient on the considered spectral domain is greater than 80%,
matériau ou composant transparent sur un domaine spectral considéré, un matériau ou composant dont le coefficient de transmission moyen sur le domaine spectral considéré est supérieur à 70% et/ou présentant un pic de transmission supérieur à 90% sur le domaine spectral considéré, transparent material or component over a considered spectral range, a material or component whose average transmission coefficient over the spectral range in question is greater than 70% and / or has a transmission peak greater than 90% over the spectral range considered,
longueur d'onde de coupure c d'un matériau, une longueur d'onde séparant le domaine de faible partie imaginaire de l'indice de réfraction complexe du matériau (généralement dans le visible ou le proche infrarouge) du domaine où la partie imaginaire de son indice de réfraction complexe se met à augmenter fortement avec la longueur d'onde. cut-off wavelength c of a material, a wavelength separating the imaginary small-imaginary domain from the complex refractive index of the material (usually in the visible or near-infrared) of the domain where the imaginary part of the its complex refractive index starts to increase strongly with the wavelength.
Le rayonnement thermique est essentiellement constitué par du rayonnement infrarouge moyen et/ou lointain. The thermal radiation consists essentially of medium and / or far infrared radiation.
La figure 3 représente schématiquement une vue en coupe d'une portion d'écran thermique (2) monté entre une source froide (10) et une source chaude (1 1 ). La source froide (10) peut par exemple représenter un échantillon à une température cryogénique. La source chaude (1 1 ) peut par exemple provenir du rayonnement thermique ambiant. L'écran thermique (2) comprend une fenêtre (6) pour le passage d'un faisceau optique (4) et est à une température intermédiaire entre la source chaude et la source froide. Figure 3 schematically shows a sectional view of a heat shield portion (2) mounted between a cold source (10) and a hot source (1 1). The cold source (10) may for example represent a sample at a cryogenic temperature. The hot source (1 1) can for example come from the ambient heat radiation. The heat shield (2) comprises a window (6) for the passage of an optical beam (4) and is at a temperature intermediate between the hot source and the cold source.
Sur la figure 3, on a représenté les différents échanges de rayonnements optiques et thermiques par des flèches dont les épaisseurs respectives donnent une indication sur leur intensité relative. Ainsi, la flèche (4) représente un rayonnement optique incident sur la fenêtre (6) et la flèche (14) représente le rayonnement optique transmis par la fenêtre (6). Le rayonnement optique (4, 14) peut comprendre des longueurs d'onde dans le domaine visible et/ou proche infrarouge. La flèche (5) représente un rayonnement thermique infrarouge (moyen et/ou lointain) incident sur la fenêtre (6), la flèche (15) représente le rayonnement infrarouge moyen et/ou lointain
transmis par la fenêtre (6) et la flèche (25) représente le rayonnement infrarouge moyen et/ou lointain réfléchi par la fenêtre (6). Les flèches d'émission propre de la fenêtre, liées à sa température, ne sont pas représentées. La flèche (35) représente le rayonnement infrarouge moyen et/ou lointain absorbé par la fenêtre et transmis en direction des parois de l'écran thermique (2) par conductance thermique. FIG. 3 shows the different exchanges of optical and thermal radiation with arrows whose respective thicknesses give an indication of their relative intensity. Thus, the arrow (4) represents an optical radiation incident on the window (6) and the arrow (14) represents the optical radiation transmitted by the window (6). The optical radiation (4, 14) may include wavelengths in the visible and / or near-infrared range. The arrow (5) represents an infrared heat radiation (medium and / or far) incident on the window (6), the arrow (15) represents the average and / or far infrared radiation transmitted by the window (6) and the arrow (25) represents the average and / or far infrared radiation reflected by the window (6). The own emission arrows of the window, related to its temperature, are not represented. The arrow (35) represents the average and / or far infrared radiation absorbed by the window and transmitted towards the walls of the heat shield (2) by thermal conductance.
Une fenêtre classique pour écran thermique dans un dispositif cryogénique est constituée d'une lame de 2 à 5 mm d'épaisseur à faces planes et parallèles non traité ou traité anti-reflet pour améliorer la transmission dans le visible. A conventional window for a heat shield in a cryogenic device consists of a 2 to 5 mm thick plate with untreated flat or parallel faces or anti-reflective coating to improve the transmission in the visible.
La figure 4 représente respectivement les courbes de transmission (T, ligne pointillée), absorption (A, ligne tiretée) et réflexion (R, ligne trait-tiret) d'une fenêtre en MgF2 d'épaisseur réduite à 500μιτι dans le domaine infrarouge moyen et/ou lointain par rapport au spectre (courbe CN294K en trait plein) de rayonnement thermique d'un corps noir ayant une température de 294 K. FIG. 4 represents respectively the transmission curves (T, dotted line), absorption (A, dashed line) and reflection (R, dash line) lines of a MgF 2 window of reduced thickness at 500 μιτι in the infrared range. medium and / or far with respect to the spectrum (CN294K solid curve) of thermal radiation of a black body having a temperature of 294 K.
Une des constatations faisant partie de l'invention est que globalement, la fenêtre mince en MgF2 transmet 22%, réfléchit 23 % et absorbe 55 % du rayonnement thermique du corps noir à 294K, le calcul étant intégré sur le domaine spectral de 2.5 à 100 μιτι. De manière plus détaillée, on observe sur la figure 4 que la fenêtre en MgF2 transmet la plus grande partie du rayonnement thermique sur le domaine de longueurs d'onde compris entre environ 2 et 10 microns. La fenêtre MgF2 absorbe la majeure partie du rayonnement thermique sur le domaine spectral allant de 10 à 15 microns et de 22 à -35 μιτι. Enfin, la fenêtre MgF2 réfléchit le rayonnement thermique sur les domaines de longueurs d'onde de 15 à 22 microns et de 35 à 40 μιτι. Le rayonnement thermique absorbé par la fenêtre MgF2 peut être évacué par conduction vers les parois de l'écran thermique. One of the observations forming part of the invention is that, overall, the thin MgF 2 window transmits 22%, reflects 23% and absorbs 55% of the blackbody's thermal radiation at 294K, the calculation being integrated on the spectral range of 2.5 to 100 μιτι. In more detail, it is observed in FIG. 4 that the MgF 2 window transmits most of the thermal radiation over the wavelength range between about 2 and 10 microns. The MgF 2 window absorbs most of the thermal radiation over the spectral range of 10 to 15 microns and 22 to -35 μιτι. Finally, the MgF 2 window reflects thermal radiation on wavelength ranges of 15 to 22 microns and 35 to 40 μιτι. The thermal radiation absorbed by the MgF 2 window can be removed by conduction towards the walls of the heat shield.
II ressort de ce bilan qu'une fenêtre mince en MgF2 transmet (22%) et absorbeIt emerges from this assessment that a thin window of MgF 2 transmits (22%) and absorbs
(55%) la majorité du signal infrarouge ce qui dégrade les performances de l'écran thermique. (55%) the majority of the infrared signal which degrades the performance of the heat shield.
Nous décrivons maintenant en détail un composant optique conforme à un mode de réalisation de l'invention. Ce composant optique est plus particulièrement destiné à l'écran thermique pour l'enceinte cryogénique de cible du laser Mégajoule. We now describe in detail an optical component according to an embodiment of the invention. This optical component is more particularly intended for the heat shield for the cryogenic target chamber of the Megajoule laser.
Le composant optique (6) est formé d'un substrat (7) cristallin ou poly cristallin (en MgF2, quartz ou saphir...), dont une face (13) est recouverte d'une couche (8) électriquement conductrice dont les propriétés et l'épaisseur sont choisis de manière à transmettre le rayonnement visible et/ou proche infrarouge et à réfléchir le rayonnement infrarouge moyen et lointain, la couche (8) étant disposée du côté de la source chaude (1 1 ). The optical component (6) is formed of a crystalline or polycrystalline substrate (7) (in MgF 2 , quartz or sapphire, etc.), one face (13) of which is covered with an electrically conductive layer (8) of which the properties and the thickness are chosen so as to transmit the visible and / or near-infrared radiation and to reflect the medium and far infrared radiation, the layer (8) being disposed on the side of the hot source (11).
De préférence, on utilise un substrat (7) transparent dans le domaine du visible et une couche (8) également transparente dans le domaine de longueurs d'onde du
visible, ce qui permet d'utiliser un faisceau optique d'alignement ou de visualisation dans le visible. Preferably, a substrate (7) transparent in the visible range and a layer (8) also transparent in the wavelength region of the visible, which allows to use an optical beam alignment or visualization in the visible.
Dans un autre mode de réalisation particulier, on utilise un substrat (7) transparent dans le domaine de longueurs d'onde proche infrarouge, comme par exemple du silicium cristallin, qui n'est pas transparent dans le visible. On utilise alors une couche (8) également transparente dans le domaine de longueurs d'onde proche infrarouge, au-dessus de la longueur correspondant au gap du silicium cristallin, ce qui permet d'utiliser un faisceau optique d'alignement ou de visualisation dans le domaine du proche infrarouge. In another particular embodiment, a substrate (7) transparent in the near-infrared wavelength range, for example crystalline silicon, which is not transparent in the visible, is used. An equally transparent layer (8) is then used in the near-infrared wavelength region, above the length corresponding to the gap of the crystalline silicon, which makes it possible to use an alignment or visualization optical beam in the near infrared domain.
Selon le mode de réalisation préféré, le composant optique (6) est une lame ayant deux faces (12, 13) planes et parallèles, le substrat (7) est en cristal de MgF2, dont une face (13) est recouverte d'une couche en oxyde d'indium et d'étain (ou ITO pour indium Tin Oxide), la couche d'ITO ayant une épaisseur d'environ 240 nm. La face (13) recouverte d'une couche d'ITO est destinée à être placée côté chaud, c'est-à-dire vers l'extérieur de l'écran thermique, l'autre face (12) du substrat étant dirigée vers la cible cryogénique. According to the preferred embodiment, the optical component (6) is a plate having two planar and parallel faces (12, 13), the substrate (7) is made of MgF 2 crystal, one face (13) of which is covered with a layer of indium tin oxide (or ITO for indium Tin Oxide), the ITO layer having a thickness of about 240 nm. The face (13) covered with a layer of ITO is intended to be placed on the hot side, that is to say towards the outside of the heat shield, the other face (12) of the substrate being directed towards the cryogenic target.
Selon un mode de réalisation particulier, la seconde face (12) du composant optique (6) est recouverte d'une couche anti-reflet dans le domaine du visible (coté cible). According to a particular embodiment, the second face (12) of the optical component (6) is covered with an anti-reflection layer in the visible range (target side).
La figure 5 représente respectivement les courbes de transmission (T' ligne pointillée), absorption (A' ligne tiretée) et réflexion (R' ligne trait-tiret) dans l'infrarouge relativement au spectre (courbe CN294K en trait plein) d'un corps noir ayant une température de 294 K, pour une fenêtre (6) en MgF2 de 0.5 mm d'épaisseur dont une face est recouverte d'une couche (8) d'ITO de 240 nm d'épaisseur. FIG. 5 represents respectively the transmission curves (T 'dashed line), absorption (A' dashed line) and reflection (R 'line dash-dash) in the infrared relative to the spectrum (curve CN294K solid line) of a black body having a temperature of 294 K, for a window (6) MgF 2 0.5 mm thick, one side is covered with a layer (8) of ITO 240 nm thick.
Premièrement, on observe sur la figure 5, que la fenêtre (6) de l'invention présente une transmission infrarouge T' intégrée sur le domaine 2.5-100 μιτι de 0,16% par rapport au spectre du corps noir, c'est-à-dire cent fois plus faible que la courbe de transmission infrarouge de la figure 4, pour une fenêtre en MgF2 sans traitement ITO. First, it is observed in FIG. 5 that the window (6) of the invention has an integrated infrared transmission T 'on the 2.5-100 μιτι domain of 0.16% with respect to the blackbody spectrum, that is, that is one hundred times lower than the infrared transmission curve of FIG. 4, for a window in MgF 2 without ITO treatment.
Sur la figure 5, on observe également que la majeure partie (88%) du rayonnement infrarouge est réfléchi sur tout le domaine infrarouge moyen et lointain (de ~3 à 50 microns). Une partie relativement faible (1 1 .9%) du rayonnement thermique est absorbée par le composant optique (6) sur le spectre du corps noir. Au total, le rayonnement infrarouge absorbé par le composant optique (6) est diminué d'un facteur cinq comparé à la fenêtre simple en MgF2 (cf Figures 4 et 5). In FIG. 5, it is also observed that the majority (88%) of the infrared radiation is reflected over the entire medium and far infrared range (from ~ 3 to 50 microns). A relatively small portion (11.9%) of the heat radiation is absorbed by the optical component (6) on the blackbody spectrum. In total, the infrared radiation absorbed by the optical component (6) is decreased by a factor of five compared to the single MgF 2 window (see FIGS. 4 and 5).
Même si une partie du rayonnement thermique est absorbée par le composant optique (6), la conductivité thermique du substrat (7) cristallin de MgF2 permet d'évacuer par conduction la chaleur absorbée vers les parois de l'écran thermique. Le substrat (7) cristallin ou poly cristallin présente une excellente conductivité thermique (généralement de 10 à 1000 fois supérieure à celle d'un matériau amorphe tel que le
verre) ce qui permet une évacuation rapide de la charge calorique engendrée par l'absorption résiduelle du rayonnement à 300 K et évite ainsi échauffement de la fenêtre. Selon le type de matériau cristallin ou polycristallin choisi pour le substrat (7) et la température, la conductivité thermique du substrat est comprise entre 5 W m"1 K"1 et 6000 W m"1 K"1. Even if a part of the thermal radiation is absorbed by the optical component (6), the thermal conductivity of the MgF 2 crystalline substrate (7) allows the absorbed heat to be removed by conduction towards the walls of the heat shield. The crystalline or polycrystalline substrate (7) has excellent thermal conductivity (generally 10 to 1000 times greater than that of an amorphous material such as glass) which allows a rapid evacuation of the heat load generated by the residual absorption of the radiation at 300 K and thus avoids heating of the window. According to the type of crystalline or polycrystalline material chosen for the substrate (7) and the temperature, the thermal conductivity of the substrate is between 5 W m -1 K -1 and 6000 W m -1 K -1 .
Dans le mode de réalisation détaillé ci-dessus, l'épaisseur du substrat est de 500 μιτι. La bonne conductance du substrat (produit de la conductivité par l'épaisseur du substrat) permet de réduire le gradient de température entre le centre et les bords de la fenêtre à moins de 5 K. In the embodiment detailed above, the thickness of the substrate is 500 μιτι. The good conductance of the substrate (product of the conductivity by the thickness of the substrate) makes it possible to reduce the temperature gradient between the center and the edges of the window to less than 5 K.
La fenêtre (6) en MgF2 traitée ITO permet donc simultanément de réduire fortement les rayonnements thermiques transmis et absorbés. D'une part, le rayonnement thermique transmis à travers la fenêtre (6) est réduit d'un facteur 100 ce qui permet de réduire d'autant la charge thermique susceptible d'atteindre la cible cryogénique. D'autre part, le rayonnement thermique absorbé par la fenêtre (6) est réduit d'un facteur 5 par rapport à une même fenêtre sans traitement ITO. The window (6) made of MgF 2 treated ITO thus simultaneously makes it possible to greatly reduce the transmitted and absorbed thermal radiation. On the one hand, the heat radiation transmitted through the window (6) is reduced by a factor of 100 which reduces the thermal load that can reach the cryogenic target. On the other hand, the thermal radiation absorbed by the window (6) is reduced by a factor of 5 compared to the same window without ITO treatment.
Ainsi, la présence d'une fenêtre conforme à l'invention ne perturbe pas la fonction de l'écran thermique qui est de protéger la cible (1 ) face au rayonnement thermique ambiant. On obtient un composant optique dit « hublot froid », efficace pour la protection thermique. Le hublot reste froid car il réfléchit mieux le rayonnement infrarouge qu'une fenêtre de MgF2 et conduit bien la chaleur résiduelle absorbée vers le support (2). Thus, the presence of a window according to the invention does not disturb the function of the heat shield which is to protect the target (1) against the ambient thermal radiation. An optical component known as "cold porthole", effective for thermal protection, is obtained. The window remains cold because it reflects the infrared radiation better than a window of MgF 2 and conducts the residual heat absorbed to the support (2).
La figure 6 représente les courbes de transmission et réflexion optique dans le domaine visible et proche infrarouge de la fenêtre en MgF2 traitée ITO décrite en lien avec la figure 5. On observe que la courbe de transmission optique est maximum (=95%) à une longueur d'onde visible de 532 nanomètres. L'épaisseur de la couche d'ITO a été choisie pour faire coïncider la position de ce pic avec la longueur d'onde du laser d'alignement de la cible. La fenêtre MgF2 réfléchit une partie du rayonnement visible (moins de 20%) et réfléchit plus fortement le rayonnement proche infrarouge (20-65% sur la bande 760- 2550 nm). FIG. 6 represents the transmission and optical reflection curves in the visible and near infrared range of the ITO-treated MgF 2 window described with reference to FIG. 5. It can be seen that the optical transmission curve is maximum (= 95%) at a visible wavelength of 532 nanometers. The thickness of the ITO layer was chosen to match the position of this peak with the wavelength of the target alignment laser. The MgF 2 window reflects part of the visible radiation (less than 20%) and reflects more strongly near-infrared radiation (20-65% on the 760-2550 nm band).
Le matériau du substrat est avantageusement un matériau bas indice de réfraction dans le visible de manière à diminuer les perturbations sur les faisceaux optiques d'alignement et à maximiser la transmission à 532 nm. The substrate material is advantageously a low refractive index material in the visible so as to reduce the disturbances on the alignment optical beams and to maximize the transmission at 532 nm.
Le composant optique (6) de l'invention offre donc les avantages de présenter une forte réflexion et une faible absorption face au rayonnement thermique, tout en laissant passer avec un minimum de perturbations le faisceau optique d'alignement de la cible à 532 nm. The optical component (6) of the invention thus offers the advantages of having a high reflection and a low absorption with respect to the thermal radiation, while allowing the optical alignment alignment of the target at 532 nm to pass with a minimum of disturbances.
Comme indiqué plus haut, la couche (8) électriquement conductrice est placée en face de la source chaude (15), par exemple en étant exposée à une température
ambiante de -300 K. L'épaisseur de la couche (8) conductrice ainsi que ses propriétés peuvent être choisies pour optimiser la transmission dans le visible ou proche infrarouge et maximiser la réflexion dans l'infrarouge moyen et lointain. Ainsi, pour diminuer le signal IR transmis par la fenêtre et augmenter le signal IR réfléchi, il faut augmenter l'épaisseur de la couche d'ITO. Au contraire, pour maximiser globalement la transmission dans le visible il faut réduire l'épaisseur de la couche d'ITO. Une autre manière d'optimiser la transmission à une longueur d'onde particulière du visible (532 nm par exemple) est de choisir l'épaisseur de la couche ITO de manière à réaliser une couche anti-reflet à la longueur d'onde en question. As indicated above, the layer (8) electrically conductive is placed in front of the hot source (15), for example by being exposed to a temperature The thickness of the conductive layer (8) and its properties can be chosen to optimize the transmission in the visible or near infrared and maximize the reflection in the medium and far infrared. Thus, to decrease the IR signal transmitted by the window and increase the reflected IR signal, it is necessary to increase the thickness of the ITO layer. On the contrary, to maximize overall transmission in the visible it is necessary to reduce the thickness of the ITO layer. Another way of optimizing the transmission at a particular wavelength of the visible (532 nm for example) is to choose the thickness of the ITO layer so as to produce an anti-reflection layer at the wavelength in question. .
En optimisant l'épaisseur (=240 nm) et la stœchiométrie (par exemple 92,5% ln2O3 et 7,5% SnO2 pour l'exemple cité plus haut) de la couche d'ITO, la couche (8) ayant une conductivité électrique de surface de l'ordre de 10Ω/ , on peut obtenir une fenêtre ayant une transmission à 532 nm supérieure à 90%, une réflexion infrarouge supérieure à 85% et une transmission quasi nulle dans l'infrarouge. La fenêtre de l'invention permet donc simultanément de bloquer la transmission du signal infrarouge moyen et lointain en réfléchissant très efficacement le rayonnement infrarouge et de limiter l'absorption du signal infrarouge par le substrat, ce qui limite échauffement de la fenêtre. By optimizing the thickness (= 240 nm) and the stoichiometry (for example 92.5% In 2 O 3 and 7.5% SnO 2 for the example cited above) of the ITO layer, the layer (8 ) having a surface electrical conductivity of the order of 10Ω /, one can obtain a window having a transmission at 532 nm greater than 90%, an infrared reflection greater than 85% and a near-zero transmission in the infrared. The window of the invention thus simultaneously makes it possible to block the transmission of the average and far infrared signal by very efficiently reflecting the infrared radiation and to limit the absorption of the infrared signal by the substrate, which limits the heating of the window.
Selon un mode de réalisation particulier, la fenêtre comprend en outre un traitement anti-reflet dans le visible déposé sur la face (12) du hublot disposée du côté de la cible cryogénique afin d'optimiser encore la transmission dans le visible. According to a particular embodiment, the window further comprises an anti-reflection treatment in the visible deposited on the face (12) of the window disposed on the side of the cryogenic target to further optimize the transmission in the visible.
L'invention n'est pas limitée aux modes de réalisation décrit ci-dessus. Selon la longueur d'onde des faisceaux optiques visible ou proche infrarouge, il est possible de choisir différentes combinaisons de types de matériaux et d'épaisseurs qui conviennent pour le substrat cristallin et pour la couche conductrice. The invention is not limited to the embodiments described above. Depending on the wavelength of the visible or near infrared optical beams, it is possible to choose different combinations of material types and thicknesses that are suitable for the crystalline substrate and for the conductive layer.
Par exemple, on peut choisir le matériau du substrat (7) parmi les matériaux suivants : MgF2, CaF2, ZnSe, quartz (ou silice cristalline), silicium cristallin ou polycristallin, AI2O3 et le matériau de la couche (8) conductrice parmi ITO, ZnO, AZO (oxyde de zinc dopé aluminium) ou SnO2 dopé ou non. For example, the material of the substrate (7) can be chosen from the following materials: MgF 2 , CaF 2, ZnSe, quartz (or crystalline silica), crystalline or polycrystalline silicon, Al 2 O 3 and the material of the layer (8 ) conductive from ITO, ZnO, AZO (doped zinc oxide aluminum) or SnO 2 doped or not.
Dans le mode de réalisation préféré, le composant optique (6) est une lame à faces planes et parallèles. Toutefois, l'invention ne se limite pas à ce mode de réalisation. In the preferred embodiment, the optical component (6) is a blade with flat and parallel faces. However, the invention is not limited to this embodiment.
Selon d'autres modes de réalisation, le composant optique peut être par exemple une lentille fabriquée à partir d'un matériau cristallin et dont une face, destinée à être exposée au milieu chaud, est recouverte d'une couche (8) conductrice. Le composant optique (6) peut par exemple être une lentille plan-convexe, dont l'une des faces est recouverte d'une couche électriquement conductrice (8) conformément à l'invention. Selon un autre mode de réalisation, le composant optique (6) est une
galette de microlentilles. Dans un autre mode de réalisation, le composant optique (6) est un prisme, ou encore un prisme de lentilles. According to other embodiments, the optical component may be for example a lens made from a crystalline material and one face, intended to be exposed to the hot medium, is covered with a layer (8) conductive. The optical component (6) may for example be a plano-convex lens, one of whose faces is covered with an electrically conductive layer (8) according to the invention. According to another embodiment, the optical component (6) is a microlens cake. In another embodiment, the optical component (6) is a prism, or a lens prism.
En conclusion, la fenêtre de l'invention transmet un minimum de rayonnement thermique et réfléchit au maximum le rayonnement thermique ambiant ce qui permet de réduire la charge thermique déposée sur l'écran thermique, avec un gain de l'ordre d'un facteur cinq par rapport à une fenêtre classique. Par ailleurs, la fenêtre de l'invention étant taillée dans un cristal bon conducteur thermique, elle peut être maintenue à une température très basse (inférieure à 50K dans notre application) tout en étant très fine. In conclusion, the window of the invention transmits a minimum of heat radiation and reflects the maximum ambient heat radiation which reduces the heat load deposited on the heat shield, with a gain of the order of a factor of five compared to a classic window. Furthermore, the window of the invention being cut in a good thermal conductor crystal, it can be maintained at a very low temperature (less than 50K in our application) while being very fine.
De plus, la fenêtre de l'invention a une transmission élevée à la longueur d'onde des faisceaux d'alignement laser (transmission supérieure à 90% à 532 nm) et engendre une erreur d'alignement inférieure à quelques microns. In addition, the window of the invention has a high transmission at the wavelength of the laser alignment beams (transmission greater than 90% at 532 nm) and causes an alignment error of less than a few microns.
Dans l'application préférée, l'alignement se fait à 532nm. Donc dans le domaine visible. Cependant les mêmes hublots peuvent également être utilisés pendant une phase de caractérisation optique de la cible basée sur l'utilisation de rayonnement visible à 532 nm et de rayonnement proche IR à 1330 nm. On tolère cependant une transmission du hublot moindre dans le proche IR. In the preferred application, the alignment is at 532nm. So in the visible domain. However, the same portholes can also be used during a phase of optical characterization of the target based on the use of visible radiation at 532 nm and near-IR radiation at 1330 nm. However, less transmission of the door in the near IR is tolerated.
L'invention permet d'obtenir un hublot froid transparent à un rayonnement optique visible, qui induit des perturbations optiques limitées (décalage faisceau, aberrations optiques) et qui reste froid car il réfléchit le rayonnement infrarouge et conduit bien la chaleur résiduelle absorbée. The invention makes it possible to obtain a cold porthole that is transparent to visible optical radiation, which induces limited optical disturbances (beam shift, optical aberrations) and remains cold because it reflects the infrared radiation and conducts the residual heat absorbed.
L'invention permet d'obtenir un hublot froid de faible épaisseur qui présente d'excellentes performances en terme d'écran thermique. Une fenêtre selon l'invention peut même offrir une protection thermique supérieure à celle d'une fenêtre classique plus épaisse. Par ailleurs, la fenêtre de l'invention est plus légère qu'une fenêtre classique.
The invention makes it possible to obtain a cold window of small thickness which has excellent performance in terms of heat shield. A window according to the invention can even offer a thermal protection greater than that of a thicker conventional window. Moreover, the window of the invention is lighter than a conventional window.
Claims
1 . Composant optique (6) pour écran thermique (2) destiné à être placé entre un milieu froid (10) et un milieu chaud (1 1 ), ledit composant optique (6) étant réfléchissant au rayonnement infrarouge moyen et lointain, bon conducteur thermique et transparent à un rayonnement optique visible et/ou proche infrarouge (4, 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d), ledit composant optique (6) comprenant : 1. An optical component (6) for a heat shield (2) to be placed between a cold medium (10) and a hot medium (1 1), said optical component (6) being reflective to the medium and far infrared radiation, a good thermal conductor and transparent to visible and / or near-infrared optical radiation (4, 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d), said optical component (6) comprising:
- un substrat (7) ayant une première face (12) destinée à être disposée vers le milieu froid (10) et une seconde face (13) destinée à être disposée vers le milieu chaud (1 1 ), ledit substrat étant en matériau transparent à un rayonnement optique (4, 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) dans le domaine de longueurs d'onde du visible et/ou proche infrarouge et ledit matériau ayant une structure cristalline ou polycristalline de manière à avoir une bonne conductivité thermique, et a substrate (7) having a first face (12) intended to be disposed towards the cold medium (10) and a second face (13) intended to be disposed towards the hot medium (1 1), said substrate being made of transparent material optical radiation (4, 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) in the wavelength range of the visible and / or near infrared and said material having a crystalline or polycrystalline structure so as to have good thermal conductivity, and
- une couche mince (8) déposée sur ladite seconde face (13) du substrat (7), ladite couche mince (8) étant électriquement conductrice et ladite couche mince (8) étant transparente à un rayonnement optique (4, 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) visible et/ou proche infrarouge et réfléchissante au rayonnement thermique infrarouge moyen et lointain. a thin film deposited on said second face of the substrate, said thin film being electrically conductive and said thin film being transparent to optical radiation; 4c, 4d) visible and / or near infrared and reflective to medium and far infrared thermal radiation.
2. Composant optique (6) selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que la conductivité thermique du substrat (7) est comprise entre 5 W m"1 K"1 et 6000 W m"1 K"1. 2. Optical component (6) according to claim 1 characterized in that the thermal conductivity of the substrate (7) is between 5 W m "1 K " 1 and 6000 W m "1 K " 1 .
3. Composant optique selon la revendication 1 ou 2 caractérisé en ce que le matériau du substrat (7) est choisi parmi les matériaux suivants : MgF2, silice cristalline, AI2O3, silicium cristallin ou polycristallin, CaF2 et ZnSe. 3. Optical component according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the material of the substrate (7) is selected from the following materials: MgF 2 , crystalline silica, Al 2 O 3 , crystalline silicon or polycrystalline, CaF 2 and ZnSe.
4. Composant optique (6) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3 caractérisé en ce que la couche mince (8) conductrice comprend une couche d'oxyde d'indium et d'étain (ITO), une couche d'oxyde de zinc (ZnO), une couche d'oxyde de zinc dopée aluminium (AZO) ou une couche d'oxyde d'étain (SnO2). 4. Optical component (6) according to one of claims 1 to 3 characterized in that the thin layer (8) conductive comprises a layer of indium oxide and tin (ITO), a layer of oxide of zinc (ZnO), an aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) layer or a tin oxide (SnO 2 ) layer.
5. Composant optique (6) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4 caractérisé en ce que l'épaisseur de la couche mince (8) conductrice est comprise entre 100 nm et 1 micron. 5. Optical component (6) according to one of claims 1 to 4 characterized in that the thickness of the thin layer (8) conductive is between 100 nm and 1 micron.
6. Composant optique (6) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5 caractérisé en ce que ladite première face (12) comprend un traitement anti-reflet au rayonnement optique dans le domaine de longueurs d'onde visible et/ou proche infrarouge de manière à augmenter le coefficient de transmission du composant dans le domaine visible et/ou proche infrarouge. 6. Optical component (6) according to one of claims 1 to 5 characterized in that said first face (12) comprises an antireflection treatment with optical radiation in the visible wavelength range and / or near infrared of in order to increase the transmission coefficient of the component in the visible and / or near-infrared range.
7. Composant optique (6) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6 caractérisé en ce que ledit composant optique présente un coefficient de transmission moyen supérieur à 70% et/ou un pic de transmission supérieur à 90% dans le domaine visible et/ou proche infrarouge. 7. Optical component (6) according to one of claims 1 to 6 characterized in that said optical component has an average transmission coefficient greater than 70% and / or a transmission peak greater than 90% in the visible range and / or near infrared.
8. Composant optique (6) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7 caractérisé en ce que ledit composant optique présente un coefficient de réflexion moyen supérieur à 80% sur le domaine infrarouge moyen et lointain. 8. Optical component (6) according to one of claims 1 to 7 characterized in that said optical component has an average reflection coefficient greater than 80% over the medium and far infrared range.
9. Composant optique (6) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8 caractérisé en ce que l'épaisseur du composant (6) est inférieure à 2 mm. 9. Optical component (6) according to one of claims 1 to 8 characterized in that the thickness of the component (6) is less than 2 mm.
10. Composant optique (6) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 9 caractérisé en ce que ledit composant optique est choisi parmi les composants suivants : une lame à faces planes et parallèles, un prisme, une lentille, une galette de microlentilles et un prisme de lentilles. 10. Optical component (6) according to one of claims 1 to 9 characterized in that said optical component is selected from the following components: a plate with flat and parallel faces, a prism, a lens, a slice of microlenses and a lens prism.
1 1 . Écran thermique comprenant un composant optique (6) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10. 1 1. Thermal screen comprising an optical component (6) according to one of claims 1 to 10.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1051221A FR2956748B1 (en) | 2010-02-19 | 2010-02-19 | OPTICAL COMPONENT FOR PROTECTING THERMAL RADIATION |
PCT/FR2011/050339 WO2011101601A1 (en) | 2010-02-19 | 2011-02-17 | Optical component for protection against thermal radiation |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2537052A1 true EP2537052A1 (en) | 2012-12-26 |
Family
ID=43017197
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP11712928A Withdrawn EP2537052A1 (en) | 2010-02-19 | 2011-02-17 | Optical component for protection against thermal radiation |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20120314280A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2537052A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2956748B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2011101601A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9329647B2 (en) * | 2014-05-19 | 2016-05-03 | Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc | Computing device having a spectrally selective radiation emission device |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3039821A1 (en) * | 1980-10-22 | 1982-06-03 | Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart | MULTI-LAYER SYSTEM FOR HEAT PROTECTION APPLICATION |
JPS58209549A (en) * | 1982-06-01 | 1983-12-06 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | Heat-wave shielding laminate |
JPS597043A (en) * | 1982-07-06 | 1984-01-14 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | Heat-wave shielding laminate |
US6190776B1 (en) * | 1999-07-07 | 2001-02-20 | Turkiye Sise Cam | Heat treatable coated glass |
US20030049464A1 (en) * | 2001-09-04 | 2003-03-13 | Afg Industries, Inc. | Double silver low-emissivity and solar control coatings |
EP1524247A1 (en) * | 2003-10-15 | 2005-04-20 | Asahi Glass Company, Limited | Infrared shielding film-coated glass and process for its production |
FR2877090B1 (en) * | 2004-10-22 | 2007-05-11 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | CRYOSTAT FOR THE STUDY OF VACUUM SAMPLES |
EP1870386A4 (en) * | 2005-04-15 | 2009-01-28 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | Glass plate with infrared shielding layer and process for producing the same |
US20080292820A1 (en) * | 2007-05-23 | 2008-11-27 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Light diffusing solar control film |
-
2010
- 2010-02-19 FR FR1051221A patent/FR2956748B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2011
- 2011-02-17 EP EP11712928A patent/EP2537052A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-02-17 WO PCT/FR2011/050339 patent/WO2011101601A1/en active Application Filing
- 2011-02-17 US US13/579,947 patent/US20120314280A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2011101601A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20120314280A1 (en) | 2012-12-13 |
FR2956748A1 (en) | 2011-08-26 |
WO2011101601A1 (en) | 2011-08-25 |
FR2956748B1 (en) | 2012-08-10 |
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