EP2526531B1 - Method for securing an object and corresponding object - Google Patents

Method for securing an object and corresponding object Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2526531B1
EP2526531B1 EP10809300.6A EP10809300A EP2526531B1 EP 2526531 B1 EP2526531 B1 EP 2526531B1 EP 10809300 A EP10809300 A EP 10809300A EP 2526531 B1 EP2526531 B1 EP 2526531B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
graphic
layer
signature
graphic element
identifier
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP10809300.6A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2526531A1 (en
Inventor
Hugues Souparis
Kristen Le Liboux
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Surys SA
Original Assignee
Hologram Industries SAS
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Publication date
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Priority to PL10809300T priority Critical patent/PL2526531T3/en
Publication of EP2526531A1 publication Critical patent/EP2526531A1/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/20—Testing patterns thereon
    • G07D7/202—Testing patterns thereon using pattern matching
    • G07D7/2033—Matching unique patterns, i.e. patterns that are unique to each individual paper
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/004—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using digital security elements, e.g. information coded on a magnetic thread or strip
    • G07D7/0047—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using digital security elements, e.g. information coded on a magnetic thread or strip using checkcodes, e.g. coded numbers derived from serial number and denomination
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
    • G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
    • G07F7/12—Card verification
    • G07F7/125—Offline card verification

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of securing objects, possibly including the verification, the authentication thereof.
  • the present invention aims to increase the total number of unique signatures that can be generated from the superposition of graphic elements.
  • the graphic signature is unique.
  • the creation of the multilayer graphic signature further comprises the superposition in partial or total transparency of a third graphic element on a third layer, distinct from the first and second layers, the relative position of said third graphic element and said first graphic element. and / or said second graphic element being random, said third graphic element possibly comprising a random graphic element.
  • the storage step comprises a step of affixing said multilayer graphic signature on said object, or integrating said multilayer graphic signature to said object.
  • said object is a multilayer object, the integration of said multilayer graphic signature to said object being carried out in at least one of said object's layers.
  • each layer of the signature is a respective layer of said object.
  • the numeric or alpha-numeric identifier may be dependent or independent of the object or signature.
  • the numerical or alpha-numerical identifier makes it possible to index the digital signature. For this purpose it can be an index, a sequential registration number, or correspond to at least one distinctive or nominative element of the object.
  • the production of the first shot of the multilayer graphic signature is performed during the manufacture of the object, for example by means of a CCD sensor, so that the reference digital signature is created from the first one. shooting before putting the object on the market.
  • the graphic identifier is a datamatrix.
  • said graphic identifier is printed on one of the layers of said multilayer signature.
  • the second digital image of the multilayer graphic signature is made after the manufacture of the object, so that the second digital signature is created after the object is put on the market.
  • the method further comprises a step of determining the type of signature / object.
  • the invention also relates to a computer program, comprising program code instructions for performing the steps of a method as defined above when said program is run on a computer.
  • the object is essentially characterized in that the relative position of the first graphic element and the second graphic element is random.
  • the object further comprises a third graphic element that may comprise a random graphic element on a third layer, distinct from the first and second layers, and wherein the relative position of said third graphic element and said first graphic element and / or said second graphical element is random.
  • a third graphic element may comprise a random graphic element on a third layer, distinct from the first and second layers, and wherein the relative position of said third graphic element and said first graphic element and / or said second graphical element is random.
  • the object further comprises a graphical identifier, optionally multilayer, from a shooting of the superimposed set of said first and second graphic elements, and said third graphic element when it exists; and / or from said at least one distinctive or nominative element of the object.
  • the graphic identifier makes it possible to unequivocally designate the secure object in a database by means of its corresponding numerical identifier, for the purpose of authenticating said object.
  • said graphic identifier is printed on one of said multilayer signature layers, preferably in the form of datamatrix.
  • said object is a multilayer object, one of which supports or contains the first graphic element, another layer supports or contains the second graphic element, and possibly another layer still supports or contains, when there is the third graphic element.
  • the object and the graphic signature comprise the same number of layers, so that each layer of the signature is a respective layer of said object.
  • the object further comprises a package, wherein one or one of the layers is the first, second, or third layer when it exists.
  • the invention ensures the uniqueness and non-reproducibility of the signature, therefore the security of the object. Indeed, if it is theoretically possible to regenerate the same code (same graphic element (s)) by computer and to reprint it on an object, because of the mechanical tolerances of the processes implemented, this ( s) graphic element (s) will never be located in exactly the same place, which makes practically impossible the reproduction of the signature.
  • the invention also has the advantage that the association of the signature with the object may not require the use of exogenous materials to said object. Its longevity is therefore the same as an object to which no such signature is associated.
  • the object 10 to be secured is a multilayer object, in this case a document, official document (card) of identity for example, in which the object to be secured, will be described essentially.
  • Multilayer signature 23 according to the invention is integrated.
  • Partial layer means a layer whose surface is smaller than the surface of the object on which it is superimposed, for example a label.
  • the object 10 typically comprises a first layer 11, called the base layer, on which is printed a first graphic, for example in the form of guilloches ( figure 1 ).
  • a first graphic for example in the form of guilloches ( figure 1 ).
  • the card consists of an assembly of several layers produced independently.
  • the first layer is generally printed in offset, screen printing or other printing techniques used for the realization of security graphics.
  • the independent layers are assembled by boards comprising for example 24 or 48 cards and each card is then cut individually.
  • a second layer 12 for example polycarbonate, for example customizable by laser marking, in which is printed a second graphic, different from the first graphic.
  • the second graphic is printed during the personalization step of the card, once the card is assembled.
  • optically variable we mean an element whose at least one of its aspects changes when it is subject to a relative movement with respect to the line of sight of an observer (human being, camera).
  • the relative movement may be a translational movement, and / or a rotational movement, about a horizontal axis (X axis), a vertical axis (Y axis), and / or rotation in the plane of the X the secure object (Z axis).
  • the graphic signature 23 is multilayer.
  • Each graphic element 20, 21, 22 of the multilayer graphic signature is included in a respective graphic window F1, F2, F3, the shapes and dimensions of the windows F1, F2, F3 preferably being identical to each other.
  • the graphic signature in the sense of the present invention is the graphic result of the superposition of said windows, by partial or total transparency of a set of graphic elements distributed over a plurality of layers, as illustrated. figure 2 .
  • the graphic windows correspond for example to all or part of a face of the object 10.
  • each layer comprises a respective single graphic element
  • first graphic signature element 20 on a first layer 11 and at least one second graphic signature element 21 on a second layer 12.
  • the first graphic signature element 20 may be a predetermined graphic element (image, logo or other) or a random graphic element.
  • the population of unique elements generated by the algorithm used for the creation of the random graphic element is preferably greater than one million.
  • the object analyzed for verification / authentication of the signature is the global pattern obtained by superimposing the layers.
  • the overall pattern is itself printed with a positioning tolerance with respect to the print medium (s) represented by the layers, at least one of which preferably comprises at least one fixed element (non-random ) analysable.
  • the combination of the graphic randomness generated by the algorithm and the positioning randomness of the graphic windows F1, F2, F3 ensures a real random source in the global pattern to be analyzed. in the graphic signature 23.
  • X max is the horizontal size of the discrete array.
  • Y max the vertical size.
  • Each random pattern Mi is therefore characterized in particular by its abscissa (Mi (xi)), its ordinate (Mi (yi)) on the grid, its size, and its orientation.
  • Another parameter may be the color of the pattern which can also be randomly determined in a predefined color palette.
  • the first graphic signature element 20 is an extract from the first graphic of the first layer 11 of the object, in this case an extract of guilloches, printed on the object to be secured / authenticated.
  • the second signature graphic element 21 on the second layer may also be a predetermined graphic element (image, logo or other) or a random graphic element as described above.
  • the second layer 12 of the object comprises distinctive or nominative elements of the object, in this case personal information about the wearer of the object, for example the surname, first name, date of birth, etc.
  • the object is equipped with an electronic chip, it is provided with a serial number that can serve as a distinctive or nominative element of the object, the chip being generally inserted into another layer (no illustrated) of object 10.
  • the object further comprises a graphical identifier 30, optionally multilayer, from a shooting of the graphic signature 23; and / or from said at least one distinguishing or nominative element of the object, for example the graphic identifier is generated by an algorithmic engine notably from the personal information and / or the chip number.
  • the graphic identifier 30 is created during the personalization or the serialization of the object.
  • the relative position error between windows F1, F2, F3 be as small as possible, that is to say to say less than a threshold, for example to give uniformity of appearance to all the objects produced.
  • the invention advantageously uses instead the random error of relative position.
  • the signature is unique.
  • graphic element and / or said second graphic element is random, for the same reasons.
  • the third graphic element 22 is a hologram carried by a laminate (laminar layer), and applied after personalization of the object 10.
  • the multilayer signature 23 therefore comprises, in total or partial superposition, the first 20, second 21 and optionally third 22 graphic element ( Figure 2A ).
  • This shooting is for example recorded in a database. From this shooting, a digital signature is calculated, and this digital signature is recorded in a (possibly the same) database, so as to constitute at least a part of a reference digital signature.
  • a digital signature is calculated, and this digital signature is recorded in a (possibly the same) database, so as to constitute at least a part of a reference digital signature.
  • two databases are used: one that contains the image of the shot, and one that contains the calculated signature, for reasons of space and security.
  • the digital signature is computed from the shooting of the graphic signature preferably by a specific algorithm making particular use of the field of image processing.
  • the digital shot is pretreated to eliminate noise, rectified from a preset landmark that must be included on one of the layers to correct any distortion or distortion effects. of rotation due to shooting, and then analyzed to produce descriptors that will constitute said signature, or digital fingerprint.
  • a numerical identifier is then associated with said digital signature record, so as to facilitate subsequent searches by indexing.
  • the numerical identifier can be an index, or correspond to at least one distinctive or nominative element of the object, for example a serial number, the name and / or first name of the bearer of the object 10, etc.
  • the digital identifier is stored remotely on the same server (database) as the reference signature, preferably accessible securely, possibly via the Internet.
  • the numerical identifier makes it possible to index the graphic signature.
  • the digital identifier is a function, for example of hashing, of the digital image of the graphic signature 23.
  • MRZ Machine Readable Zone
  • the graphic identifier 30 is printable and coded as a two-dimensional barcode symbol.
  • the numerical identifier 30 is a Datamatrix ( Figures 2B, 2C ).
  • the graphic identifier 30 is further stored locally on the object, by apposition, printing, gluing, insertion or the like.
  • the Datamatrix is printed on the card 10 after the lamination of at least one of the first 11, second 12 and optionally third layer 13 of the card if the graphic identifier is an index; and after lamination of all layers otherwise.
  • the verification / authentication of the signature can be implemented in the following manner.
  • a digital shooting of the multilayer graphic signature 23 is carried out, for example by a camera or any equipment provided with a CCD sensor and a memory.
  • the digital shooting of the multilayer graphic signature 23 is then compared to the reference digital signature.
  • a 1: 1 comparison is made between the object to be analyzed and the reference digital signature (of the object or original document) bearing the same number or the same identifier, rather than a search 1 of N which could be disrupted by the presence of several similar motives in a base of several million.
  • the comparison can be implemented by studying similarities or by studying differences between a signature to be analyzed, called “suspicious” stored on or in a “suspect” object, and a reference signature, called “authentic”.
  • the comparison is carried out in a manner known per se, in particular in image analysis, by the characterization of shapes (detection of salient points, extraction of contours, etc.), texture (matrices of cooccurrences, etc. ...) and colors, combined. Numerically, it can consist, for example, in calculating a bit error rate (BER) between the two signatures, and in returning "True” when this rate is lower than a given threshold, "False” in the opposite case.
  • BER bit error rate
  • the threshold is preferably chosen so that the statistical probability that the response is erroneous is negligible.
  • the predetermined criteria for comparing two digital signatures preferably depend on the nature of the information stored therein.
  • a criterion can be based on the calculation of a distance between two paired descriptors (that is to say computed with the same coordinates or on the same graphical elements of the shooting of the graphic signature of the suspect of one part, and that of the reference on the other hand) according to a formula adapted to the nature of the descriptor.
  • the use of a threshold then makes it possible to accept or reject the criterion depending on whether the distance is below or above it.
  • the decision process is preferably chosen so that the probability of a false answer is negligible.
  • a step of determining the type of signature / object can also be provided to increase the search speed of the reference signature.
  • This step includes the location of the graphic identifier (DataMatrix for example) and the determination of its orientation and its scale in the digital image.
  • reading the image of the graphic identifier 30 may make it possible to determine that the object is of the type of identity card, of the passport type, of the manufactured object type, etc. Of this type, it is possible to search for the corresponding reference signature only on the part of the database in which this type of signature is stored, and not on the whole of the database. It is also possible to provide several databases, one for each type of object, in order to increase the security of the process.
  • the image extracted in the previous step may have certain characteristics that are common with the type of object.
  • the graphic signature comprises a constant background printed with a specific graphic (for example guilloches)
  • this step may consist in making sure that the background in question is present on the image, by means of any printing technique. known image analysis.
  • the program may terminate by returning an appropriate message to the user.
  • the object 10 may comprise a package, a layer of said package constituting in this case the first 11 and / or second layer 12 of the object 10.
  • the object 10 comprises a substrate provided with a background printing and possibly personalization information may comprise random elements.
  • the position of the packaging with respect to the background printing, or even the personalization information is given with a certain tolerance, and therefore with a hazard, for the mechanical reasons mentioned above. before.
  • This embodiment is particularly advantageous for securing sensitive products, for example for pharmaceutical products, for example drugs, packaged in a preprinted box, then personalized with a lot number and a date (of manufacture, expiry, consumption etc); a box on which a hologram can then be applied in the form of a transparent self-adhesive label before digitally acquiring the graphic signature at the end of the packaging line.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Credit Cards Or The Like (AREA)
  • Image Generation (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)

Description

La présente invention concerne le domaine de la sécurisation d'objets, incluant éventuellement la vérification, l'authentification de ceux-ci.The present invention relates to the field of securing objects, possibly including the verification, the authentication thereof.

Plus précisément, l'invention concerne selon un premier de ses objets, un procédé de sécurisation d'un objet comprenant des étapes consistant à :

  • créer une signature graphique multicouche, par superposition en transparence partielle ou totale d'un premier élément graphique sur une première couche et d'un deuxième élément graphique sur une deuxième couche, dont au moins élément graphique comprend un élément graphique aléatoire, et
  • stocker ladite signature graphique sur ou dans l'objet.
More specifically, the invention relates, according to a first of its objects, to a method of securing an object comprising the steps of:
  • creating a multilayer graphic signature, by superimposing partial or total transparency of a first graphic element on a first layer and a second graphic element on a second layer, of which at least one graphic element comprises a random graphic element, and
  • store said graphic signature on or in the object.

Un tel procédé est connu de WO2004/089649 . Dans ce contexte, la présente invention vise à augmenter le nombre total de signatures uniques susceptibles d'être générées à partir de la superposition d'éléments graphiques.Such a method is known to WO2004 / 089649 . In this context, the present invention aims to increase the total number of unique signatures that can be generated from the superposition of graphic elements.

Selon l'invention, le procédé est essentiellement caractérisé en ce que :

  • la position relative du premier élément graphique et du deuxième élément graphique est aléatoire.
According to the invention, the method is essentially characterized in that:
  • the relative position of the first graphical element and the second graphical element is random.

Grâce à cette caractéristique, la signature graphique est unique.Thanks to this characteristic, the graphic signature is unique.

De préférence, la création de la signature graphique multicouches comprend en outre la superposition en transparence partielle ou totale d'un troisième élément graphique sur une troisième couche, distincte des première et deuxième couche, la position relative dudit troisième élément graphique et dudit premier élément graphique et/ou dudit deuxième élément graphique étant aléatoire, ledit troisième élément graphique pouvant comprendre un élément graphique aléatoire.Preferably, the creation of the multilayer graphic signature further comprises the superposition in partial or total transparency of a third graphic element on a third layer, distinct from the first and second layers, the relative position of said third graphic element and said first graphic element. and / or said second graphic element being random, said third graphic element possibly comprising a random graphic element.

Grâce à cette caractéristique, l'objet portant la signature graphique est très sécurisé.With this feature, the object bearing the graphic signature is very secure.

La signature graphique multicouche selon l'invention comprend donc par superposition au moins deux éléments graphiques. Chaque élément graphique comprend par exemple au moins l'un des éléments suivants :

  • un ensemble de lignes ou points,
  • un ensemble de dessins, armoiries, logos,
  • un ensemble d'images en couleurs / niveaux de gris,
  • un ensemble d'effets holographiques,
  • un ensemble d'effets de dé-métallisation.
The multilayer graphic signature according to the invention thus comprises by superposition at least two graphic elements. Each graphic element comprises for example at least one of the following elements:
  • a set of lines or points,
  • a set of drawings, coats of arms, logos,
  • a set of color / greyscale images,
  • a set of holographic effects,
  • a set of de-metallization effects.

Dans un mode de réalisation, l'étape de stockage comprend une étape consistant à apposer ladite signature graphique multicouche sur ledit objet, ou à intégrer ladite signature graphique multicouche audit objet. Ceci permet de sécuriser l'objet : dans la masse de celui-ci lors de sa fabrication, par apposition par exemple sous forme d'étiquette, ou encore en utilisant également son emballage.In one embodiment, the storage step comprises a step of affixing said multilayer graphic signature on said object, or integrating said multilayer graphic signature to said object. This makes it possible to secure the object: in the mass of the latter during its manufacture, by apposition for example in the form of a label, or also by using its packaging.

Par exemple dans un mode de réalisation, ledit objet est un objet multicouches, l'intégration de ladite signature graphique multicouches audit objet étant effectuée dans l'une au moins des couches dudit objet.For example, in one embodiment, said object is a multilayer object, the integration of said multilayer graphic signature to said object being carried out in at least one of said object's layers.

Dans un mode de réalisation, chaque couche de la signature est une couche respective dudit objet.In one embodiment, each layer of the signature is a respective layer of said object.

De préférence, le procédé comprend en outre des étapes consistant à :

  • réaliser une première prise de vue de la signature graphique multicouche,
  • calculer une première signature numérique de ladite prise de vue et enregistrer ladite signature numérique dans une base de données, de sorte à constituer une partie au moins d'une signature numérique de référence, et
  • enregistrer dans ladite base de données un identifiant numérique ou alpha-numérique, associé à ladite première signature numérique.
Preferably, the method further comprises the steps of:
  • make a first shot of the multilayer graphic signature,
  • calculate a first digital signature of said shot and record said digital signature in a database, so as to constitute at least part of a reference digital signature, and
  • registering in said database a numerical or alphanumeric identifier associated with said first digital signature.

L'identifiant numérique ou alpha-numérique peut être dépendant ou indépendant de l'objet ou de la signature. L'identifiant numérique ou alpha-numérique permet d'indexer la signature numérique. A cet effet il peut être un index, un numéro d'enregistrement séquentiel, ou correspondre à au moins un élément distinctif ou nominatif de l'objet.The numeric or alpha-numeric identifier may be dependent or independent of the object or signature. The numerical or alpha-numerical identifier makes it possible to index the digital signature. For this purpose it can be an index, a sequential registration number, or correspond to at least one distinctive or nominative element of the object.

Ceci permet la vérification ultérieure de l'authenticité de l'objet.This allows the subsequent verification of the authenticity of the object.

De préférence, la réalisation de la première prise de vue de la signature graphique multicouche est effectuée lors de la fabrication de l'objet, par exemple grâce à un capteur CCD, de sorte que la signature numérique de référence soit créée à partir de la première prise de vue avant la mise dans le commerce de l'objet.Preferably, the production of the first shot of the multilayer graphic signature is performed during the manufacture of the object, for example by means of a CCD sensor, so that the reference digital signature is created from the first one. shooting before putting the object on the market.

De préférence, le procédé comprend en outre des étapes consistant à :

  • créer un identifiant graphique, optionnellement multicouche, à partir d'une prise de vue de l'ensemble superposé desdits premier et deuxième éléments graphiques, et dudit troisième élément graphique lorsqu'il existe ; et/ou à partir dudit au moins un élément distinctif ou nominatif de l'objet, et
  • stocker ledit identifiant graphique sur ou dans l'objet, optionnellement sur l'une des couches de ladite signature multicouche.
Preferably, the method further comprises the steps of:
  • creating a graphical identifier, optionally multilayer, from a shot of the superimposed set of said first and second graphic elements, and said third graphic element when it exists; and / or from said at least one distinctive or nominative element of the object, and
  • storing said graphic identifier on or in the object, optionally on one of the layers of said multilayer signature.

Ceci permet de sécuriser à nouveau l'objet, et de faciliter le traitement de sa vérification. Par exemple l'identifiant graphique est un datamatrix.This makes it possible to secure the object again, and to facilitate the processing of its verification. For example, the graphic identifier is a datamatrix.

Dans un mode de réalisation, ledit identifiant graphique est imprimé sur l'une des couches de ladite signature multicouche.In one embodiment, said graphic identifier is printed on one of the layers of said multilayer signature.

De préférence, le procédé comprend en outre des étapes consistant à :

  • réaliser une deuxième prise de vue numérique de la signature graphique multicouche de l'objet,
  • calculer une deuxième signature numérique de ladite prise de vue,
  • comparer la première et la deuxième signature numérique, et
  • authentifier ou non la signature graphique en fonction du résultat de la comparaison.
Preferably, the method further comprises the steps of:
  • make a second digital shot of the multilayer graphic signature of the object,
  • calculate a second digital signature of said shot,
  • compare the first and the second digital signature, and
  • to authenticate or not the graphic signature according to the result of the comparison.

De préférence, la deuxième prise de vue numérique de la signature graphique multicouche est réalisée après la fabrication de l'objet, de sorte que la deuxième signature numérique est créée après la mise dans le commerce de l'objet.Preferably, the second digital image of the multilayer graphic signature is made after the manufacture of the object, so that the second digital signature is created after the object is put on the market.

De préférence, la comparaison de la première et de la deuxième signature numérique comprend des étapes consistant à :

  • lire l'identifiant graphique,
  • en extraire l'identifiant numérique correspondant, et
  • sélectionner la signature numérique de référence associée.
Preferably, comparing the first and second digital signatures comprises the steps of:
  • read the graphic identifier,
  • extract the corresponding numerical identifier, and
  • select the associated reference digital signature.

Ceci permet d'augmenter la vitesse de traitement, donc de faciliter la vérification de l'authenticité de l'objet.This makes it possible to increase the processing speed, thus facilitating the verification of the authenticity of the object.

Avantageusement, le procédé comprend en outre une étape de détermination du type de signature/d'objet.Advantageously, the method further comprises a step of determining the type of signature / object.

L'invention concerne également un programme d'ordinateur, comprenant des instructions de code de programme pour l'exécution des étapes d'un procédé tel que défini ci-avant lorsque ledit programme est exécuté sur un ordinateur.The invention also relates to a computer program, comprising program code instructions for performing the steps of a method as defined above when said program is run on a computer.

Selon un autre de ses objets, l'invention concerne un objet sécurisé, comprenant :

  • une signature graphique multicouche, par superposition en transparence partielle ou totale d'un premier élément graphique aléatoire sur une première couche et d'un deuxième élément graphique sur une deuxième couche, stockée sur ou dans ledit objet, de préférence dont au moins élément graphique comprend un élément graphique aléatoire.
According to another of its objects, the invention relates to a secure object, comprising:
  • a multilayer graphic signature, by superposition in partial or total transparency of a first random graphic element on a first layer and a second graphic element on a second layer, stored on or in said object, preferably of which at least one graphic element comprises a random graphic element.

Selon l'invention, l'objet est essentiellement caractérisé en ce que la position relative du premier élément graphique et du deuxième élément graphique est aléatoire.According to the invention, the object is essentially characterized in that the relative position of the first graphic element and the second graphic element is random.

De préférence, l'objet comprend en outre un troisième élément graphique pouvant comprendre un élément graphique aléatoire sur une troisième couche, distincte des première et deuxième couche, et dans lequel la position relative dudit troisième élément graphique et dudit premier élément graphique et/ou dudit deuxième élément graphique est aléatoire.Preferably, the object further comprises a third graphic element that may comprise a random graphic element on a third layer, distinct from the first and second layers, and wherein the relative position of said third graphic element and said first graphic element and / or said second graphical element is random.

Dans un mode de réalisation, l'objet comprend en outre un identifiant graphique, optionnellement multicouche, à partir d'une prise de vue de l'ensemble superposé desdits premier et deuxième éléments graphiques, et dudit troisième élément graphique lorsqu'il existe ; et/ou à partir dudit au moins un élément distinctif ou nominatif de l'objet. L'identifiant graphique permet de désigner de manière univoque l'objet sécurisé dans une base de données grâce à son identifiant numérique correspondant, en vue de l'authentification dudit objet.In one embodiment, the object further comprises a graphical identifier, optionally multilayer, from a shooting of the superimposed set of said first and second graphic elements, and said third graphic element when it exists; and / or from said at least one distinctive or nominative element of the object. The graphic identifier makes it possible to unequivocally designate the secure object in a database by means of its corresponding numerical identifier, for the purpose of authenticating said object.

Avantageusement, ledit identifiant graphique est imprimé sur l'une des couches de ladite de signature multicouche, de préférence sous forme de datamatrix.Advantageously, said graphic identifier is printed on one of said multilayer signature layers, preferably in the form of datamatrix.

Dans un mode de réalisation, ledit objet est un objet multicouches, dont l'une des couches supporte ou contient le premier élément graphique, une autre couche supporte ou contient le deuxième élément graphique, et éventuellement une autre couche encore supporte ou contient, lorsqu'il existe, le troisième élément graphique.In one embodiment, said object is a multilayer object, one of which supports or contains the first graphic element, another layer supports or contains the second graphic element, and possibly another layer still supports or contains, when there is the third graphic element.

Dans un mode de réalisation, l'objet et la signature graphique comprennent le même nombre de couches, de sorte que chaque couche de la signature est une couche respective dudit objet.In one embodiment, the object and the graphic signature comprise the same number of layers, so that each layer of the signature is a respective layer of said object.

Dans un mode de réalisation, l'objet comprend en outre un emballage, dont la ou l'une des couches est la première, deuxième, ou troisième couche lorsqu'elle existe.In one embodiment, the object further comprises a package, wherein one or one of the layers is the first, second, or third layer when it exists.

L'invention assure l'unicité et la non reproductibilité de la signature, donc de la sécurité de l'objet. En effet, s'il est théoriquement possible de régénérer informatiquement le même code (méme(s) élément(s) graphique(s)) et de le réimprimer sur un objet, à cause des tolérances mécaniques des processus mis en oeuvre, cet(s) élément(s) graphique(s) ne sera(ont) jamais situé(s) exactement à la même place, ce qui rend en pratique la reproduction de la signature quasiment impossible.The invention ensures the uniqueness and non-reproducibility of the signature, therefore the security of the object. Indeed, if it is theoretically possible to regenerate the same code (same graphic element (s)) by computer and to reprint it on an object, because of the mechanical tolerances of the processes implemented, this ( s) graphic element (s) will never be located in exactly the same place, which makes practically impossible the reproduction of the signature.

L'invention présente également l'avantage que l'association de la signature à l'objet peut ne pas nécessiter l'emploi de matériaux exogènes audit objet. Sa longévité est donc la même qu'un objet auquel n'est pas associé de telle signature.The invention also has the advantage that the association of the signature with the object may not require the use of exogenous materials to said object. Its longevity is therefore the same as an object to which no such signature is associated.

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de la présente invention apparaîtront plus clairement à la lecture de la description suivante donnée à titre d'exemple illustratif et non limitatif et faite en référence aux figures annexées dans lesquelles :

  • la figure 1 illustre une vue éclatée d'un mode de réalisation d'un objet de type carte d'identité selon l'invention,
  • la figure 2A illustre un mode de réalisation d'une signature graphique selon l'invention,
  • la figure 2B illustre un mode de réalisation d'un objet comprenant une signature graphique et un identifiant graphique selon l'invention,
  • la figure 2C illustre en gros plan un mode de réalisation d'une signature graphique et d'un identifiant graphique selon l'invention,
  • les figures 3A à 3H illustrent des modes de réalisation d'éléments graphiques aléatoires selon l'invention,
  • la figure 4 illustre un mode de réalisation du procédé selon l'invention, et
  • la figure 5 illustre un mode de réalisation d'une signature graphique selon l'invention, en vue de l'authentification de l'objet.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will appear more clearly on reading the following description given by way of illustrative and nonlimiting example and with reference to the appended figures in which:
  • the figure 1 illustrates an exploded view of an embodiment of an object of the identity card type according to the invention,
  • the Figure 2A illustrates an embodiment of a graphic signature according to the invention,
  • the Figure 2B illustrates an embodiment of an object comprising a graphic signature and a graphic identifier according to the invention,
  • the Figure 2C illustrates in close-up an embodiment of a graphic signature and a graphic identifier according to the invention,
  • the Figures 3A to 3H illustrate embodiments of random graphic elements according to the invention,
  • the figure 4 illustrates an embodiment of the method according to the invention, and
  • the figure 5 illustrates an embodiment of a graphic signature according to the invention, for the purpose of authenticating the object.

Pour plus de clarté de la présente description, on décrira essentiellement le mode de réalisation dans lequel l'objet 10 à sécuriser est un objet multicouche, en l'espèce un document, document officiel (carte) d'identité par exemple, dans lequel la signature multicouche 23 selon l'invention est intégrée.For the sake of clarity of the present description, the embodiment in which the object 10 to be secured is a multilayer object, in this case a document, official document (card) of identity for example, in which the object to be secured, will be described essentially. Multilayer signature 23 according to the invention is integrated.

L'homme du métier transposera ce mode de réalisation à d'autres objets multicouche à couches partielles, dans lesquels la signature graphique multicouche selon l'invention est réalisée sur au moins l'une des couches partielles ; et/ou encore à des objets comprenant un emballage dans lesquels l'emballage constitue l'une au moins des couches.Those skilled in the art will transpose this embodiment to other multilayer partial layer objects, in which the multilayer graphic signature according to the invention is made on at least one of the partial layers; and / or to objects comprising a package in which the package constitutes at least one of the layers.

Par couche partielle on entend une couche dont la surface est inférieure à la surface de l'objet sur laquelle celle-ci est superposée, par exemple une étiquette.Partial layer means a layer whose surface is smaller than the surface of the object on which it is superimposed, for example a label.

Dans le cas d'un document ou d'une carte multicouche, l'objet 10 comprend typiquement une première couche 11, dite couche de base, sur laquelle est imprimée un premier graphisme, par exemple sous forme de guilloches (figure 1). Pour une carte d'identité par exemple, la carte consiste en un assemblage de plusieurs couches produites de manière indépendantes. La première couche est en général imprimée en offset, en sérigraphie ou autres techniques d'impression utilisées pour la réalisation de graphismes de sécurité. Lors de la fabrication, les couches indépendantes sont assemblées par planches comportant par exemple 24 ou 48 cartes et chaque carte est ensuite découpée individuellement.In the case of a document or a multilayer card, the object 10 typically comprises a first layer 11, called the base layer, on which is printed a first graphic, for example in the form of guilloches ( figure 1 ). For an identity card for example, the card consists of an assembly of several layers produced independently. The first layer is generally printed in offset, screen printing or other printing techniques used for the realization of security graphics. During manufacture, the independent layers are assembled by boards comprising for example 24 or 48 cards and each card is then cut individually.

Sur la première couche 11 est apposée une deuxième couche 12, par exemple en polycarbonate, par exemple personnalisable par marquage laser, dans laquelle est imprimé un deuxième graphisme, différent du premier graphisme. Dans le cas de carte d'identité, le deuxième graphisme est imprimé lors de l'étape de personnalisation de la carte, une fois la carte assemblée.On the first layer 11 is affixed a second layer 12, for example polycarbonate, for example customizable by laser marking, in which is printed a second graphic, different from the first graphic. In the case of an identity card, the second graphic is printed during the personalization step of the card, once the card is assembled.

Dans un mode de réalisation, sur cette deuxième couche est apposée une troisième couche 13, servant éventuellement de protection, sur laquelle peut être inscrit ou imprimé un troisième graphisme, en l'espèce un élément optiquement variable. Par optiquement variable, on entend un élément dont au moins un des ses aspects change lorsqu'il est soumis à un mouvement relatif par rapport à la ligne de visée d'un observateur (être humain, caméra).In one embodiment, on this second layer is affixed a third layer 13, possibly serving as protection, on which may be written or printed a third graphic, in this case an optically variable element. By optically variable, we mean an element whose at least one of its aspects changes when it is subject to a relative movement with respect to the line of sight of an observer (human being, camera).

Le mouvement relatif peut être un mouvement de translation, et/ou un mouvement de rotation, autour d'un axe horizontal (axe des X), d'un axe vertical (axe des Y), et/ou de rotation dans le plan de l'objet sécurisé (axe des Z).The relative movement may be a translational movement, and / or a rotational movement, about a horizontal axis (X axis), a vertical axis (Y axis), and / or rotation in the plane of the X the secure object (Z axis).

Les changements d'aspects peuvent porter notamment sur tout ou partie des éléments suivants :

  • changement de couleur en fonction de l'orientation,
  • changement d'angles de vues d'un hologramme 3D
  • déplacement d'un élément d'image
  • changement d'aspect de l'image
  • effacement d'une image et remplacement par une autre
  • etc...
Changes in aspects may include all or some of the following:
  • color change depending on the orientation,
  • change of view angles of a 3D hologram
  • moving a picture element
  • change of appearance of the image
  • erasing an image and replacing it with another
  • etc ...

Selon l'invention, la signature graphique 23 est multicouche. Chaque élément graphique 20, 21, 22 de la signature graphique multicouche est compris dans une fenêtre graphique F1, F2, F3 respective, les formes et dimensions des fenêtres F1, F2, F3 étant de préférence identiques entre elles. Ainsi, la signature graphique au sens de la présente invention est la résultante graphique de la superposition desdites fenêtres, par transparence partielle ou totale d'un ensemble d'éléments graphiques répartis sur une pluralité de couches, comme illustré figure 2. Les fenêtres graphiques correspondent par exemple à tout ou partie d'une face de l'objet 10.According to the invention, the graphic signature 23 is multilayer. Each graphic element 20, 21, 22 of the multilayer graphic signature is included in a respective graphic window F1, F2, F3, the shapes and dimensions of the windows F1, F2, F3 preferably being identical to each other. Thus, the graphic signature in the sense of the present invention is the graphic result of the superposition of said windows, by partial or total transparency of a set of graphic elements distributed over a plurality of layers, as illustrated. figure 2 . The graphic windows correspond for example to all or part of a face of the object 10.

Pour simplifier la présente description, on ne décrira que le mode de réalisation dans lequel chaque couche comprend un élément graphique unique respectif.To simplify the present description, only the embodiment in which each layer comprises a respective single graphic element will be described.

On a donc au moins un premier élément 20 de signature graphique sur une première couche 11 et au moins un deuxième élément 21 de signature graphique sur une deuxième couche 12.There is therefore at least one first graphic signature element 20 on a first layer 11 and at least one second graphic signature element 21 on a second layer 12.

Le premier élément 20 de signature graphique peut être un élément de graphisme prédéterminé (image, logo ou autre) ou un élément graphique aléatoire.The first graphic signature element 20 may be a predetermined graphic element (image, logo or other) or a random graphic element.

Par élément graphique aléatoire, on entend, dans une fenêtre graphique donnée, un graphisme comprenant un ensemble d'au moins un élément, dont au moins l'une des caractéristiques suivantes de chaque élément est aléatoire :

  • la forme,
  • le motif,
  • la(les) couleur(s), ou les niveaux de gris,
  • la position dans la fenêtre graphique,
  • la taille.
Random graphical element means, in a given graphical window, a graphic comprising a set of at least one element, of which at least one of the following characteristics of each element is random:
  • the form,
  • the reason,
  • the color (s), or the gray levels,
  • the position in the graphic window,
  • size.

La population d'éléments uniques générés par l'algorithme utilisé pour la création de l'élément graphique aléatoire est de préférence supérieure au million.The population of unique elements generated by the algorithm used for the creation of the random graphic element is preferably greater than one million.

L'objet analysé pour la vérification / authentification de la signature est le motif global obtenu par superposition des couches.The object analyzed for verification / authentication of the signature is the global pattern obtained by superimposing the layers.

Or, le motif global est lui-même imprimé avec une tolérance de positionnement par rapport au(x) support(s) d'impression que représentant les couches, dont l'une au moins de préférence comporte au moins un élément fixe (non aléatoire) analysable.However, the overall pattern is itself printed with a positioning tolerance with respect to the print medium (s) represented by the layers, at least one of which preferably comprises at least one fixed element (non-random ) analysable.

Ainsi, la combinaison de l'aléa graphique généré par l'algorithme et de l'aléa de positionnement des fenêtres graphiques F1, F2, F3 (voir ci-après) assure une réelle source aléatoire dans le motif global à analyser, c'est-à-dire dans la signature graphique 23.Thus, the combination of the graphic randomness generated by the algorithm and the positioning randomness of the graphic windows F1, F2, F3 (see below) ensures a real random source in the global pattern to be analyzed. in the graphic signature 23.

L'algorithme ci-dessous est un exemple basique de génération aléatoire, en l'espèce pseudo aléatoire.

  1. 1. Création d'une matrice radiale (figure 3A, 3B), circulaire (figure 3C, 3D), carrée ou rectangulaire (figure 3E, 3F), en nid d'abeille (figure 3G, 3H), ou de forme quelconque, maillée par une grille de forme prédéterminée : carrée, triangulaire, radiale, ou autre.
  2. 2. Détermination d'un nombre aléatoire N de motifs que comporte la signature graphique (par exemple généré par une fonction RAND() rapportée à un domaine allant typiquement de 10 à 30). A titre d'exemple purement illustratif, les motifs sont des polygones (figures 3B, 3D, 3F, 3H).
  3. 3. Détermination des emplacements des N motifs sur la grille définie par la matrice choisie la coordonnée de chaque motif Mi est donné par la formule :
    • (XMi ;YMi)= (RAND (1 ; Xmax) ;RAND(1 ; Ymax))
The algorithm below is a basic example of random generation, in this case pseudo random.
  1. 1. Creating a radial matrix ( Figure 3A, 3B ), circular ( figure 3C, 3D ), square or rectangular ( figure 3E, 3F ), honeycomb ( figure 3G, 3H ), or of any shape, meshed with a grid of predetermined shape: square, triangular, radial, or other.
  2. 2. Determination of a random number N of patterns included in the graphic signature (for example generated by a RAND function () relative to a domain typically ranging from 10 to 30). As a purely illustrative example, the patterns are polygons ( Figures 3B, 3D, 3F, 3H ).
  3. 3. Determination of the locations of N patterns on the grid defined by the chosen matrix the coordinate of each pattern M i is given by the formula:
    • (XM i ; YM i ) = (RAND (1; X max ); RAND (1; Y max ))

Où Xmax est la taille horizontale du tableau discret. Ymax la taille verticale.Where X max is the horizontal size of the discrete array. Y max the vertical size.

Pour chaque motif Mi on peut déterminer une taille aléatoire comprise entre des bornes prédéfinies (tmin<ti<tmax) et une orientation α sur la plage [0, 360°] ou sur une plage plus restreinte (αmin<αi<αmax).For each pattern Mi it is possible to determine a random size between predefined terminals (t min <t i <t max ) and an orientation α on the range [0, 360 °] or on a smaller range (α min <α i <α max ).

Chaque motif aléatoire Mi est donc caractérisé notamment par son abscisse (Mi(xi)), son ordonnée (Mi(yi)) sur la grille, sa taille, et son orientation.Each random pattern Mi is therefore characterized in particular by its abscissa (Mi (xi)), its ordinate (Mi (yi)) on the grid, its size, and its orientation.

Un autre paramètre peut être la couleur du motif qui peut aussi être déterminée de façon aléatoire dans une palette de couleurs prédéfinies.Another parameter may be the color of the pattern which can also be randomly determined in a predefined color palette.

L'utilisation de cette diversité de paramètres permet d'augmenter le caractère aléatoire d'une fonction RAND() appliquée à un seul paramètre.Using this diversity of parameters increases the randomness of a RAND () function applied to a single parameter.

Dans le mode de réalisation illustré figure 1 ou figure 2, le premier élément 20 de signature graphique est un extrait du premier graphisme de la première couche 11 de l'objet, en l'espèce un extrait de guilloches, imprimé sur l'objet à sécuriser / authentifier.In the illustrated embodiment Figure 1 or Figure 2 , the first graphic signature element 20 is an extract from the first graphic of the first layer 11 of the object, in this case an extract of guilloches, printed on the object to be secured / authenticated.

Le deuxième élément graphique 21 de signature sur la deuxième couche peut également être un élément de graphisme prédéterminé (image, logo ou autre) ou un élément graphique aléatoire tel que décrit ci-dessus.The second signature graphic element 21 on the second layer may also be a predetermined graphic element (image, logo or other) or a random graphic element as described above.

Pour des objets tels que les documents officiels (carte d'identité par exemple), il est classique que la deuxième couche 12 de l'objet comprenne des éléments distinctifs ou nominatifs de l'objet, en l'espèce des informations personnelles relatives au porteur de l'objet, par exemple le nom, prénom, date de naissance, etc.For objects such as official documents (identity card for example), it is conventional that the second layer 12 of the object comprises distinctive or nominative elements of the object, in this case personal information about the wearer of the object, for example the surname, first name, date of birth, etc.

Dans les cas où l'objet est équipé d'une puce électronique, celle-ci est munie d'un numéro de série pouvant servir d'élément distinctif ou nominatif de l'objet, la puce étant généralement insérée dans une autre couche (non illustrée) de l'objet 10.In cases where the object is equipped with an electronic chip, it is provided with a serial number that can serve as a distinctive or nominative element of the object, the chip being generally inserted into another layer (no illustrated) of object 10.

Dans un mode de réalisation, l'objet comprend en outre un identifiant graphique 30, optionnellement multicouche, à partir d'une prise de vue de la signature graphique 23 ; et/ou à partir dudit au moins un élément distinctif ou nominatif de l'objet, par exemple l'identifiant graphique est généré par un moteur algorithmique à partir notamment des informations personnelles et/ou du numéro de puce.In one embodiment, the object further comprises a graphical identifier 30, optionally multilayer, from a shooting of the graphic signature 23; and / or from said at least one distinguishing or nominative element of the object, for example the graphic identifier is generated by an algorithmic engine notably from the personal information and / or the chip number.

De préférence, l'identifiant graphique 30 est créé lors de la personnalisation ou de la sérialisation de l'objet.Preferably, the graphic identifier 30 is created during the personalization or the serialization of the object.

Pour des raisons de qualité notamment, lors de la réalisation de la signature par la superposition desdites fenêtres graphiques, il est souhaitable que l'erreur de position relative entre les fenêtres F1, F2, F3 soit la plus petite possible, c'est-à-dire inférieure à un seuil, par exemple pour donner une uniformité d'aspect à l'ensemble des objets produits.For reasons of quality in particular, when carrying out the signature by superimposing said graphic windows, it is desirable that the relative position error between windows F1, F2, F3 be as small as possible, that is to say to say less than a threshold, for example to give uniformity of appearance to all the objects produced.

Toutefois, les procédés de fabrication et/ou d'assemblage (superposition) desdites fenêtres impliquent des tolérances mécaniques inévitables dont il résulte une erreur aléatoire de position relative desdites fenêtres.However, the methods of manufacture and / or assembly (superposition) of said windows involve unavoidable mechanical tolerances resulting in a random error of relative position of said windows.

Contrairement à un a priori consistant à chercher à minimiser l'erreur, soit la valeur du seuil, l'invention utilise au contraire avantageusement l'erreur aléatoire de position relative.Contrary to a priori of seeking to minimize the error, ie the value of the threshold, the invention advantageously uses instead the random error of relative position.

En effet, la position relative du premier élément graphique 20 (par la première couche 11) et du deuxième élément graphique 21 (par la deuxième couche 12) étant aléatoire, la signature est donc unique.Indeed, the relative position of the first graphic element 20 (by the first layer 11) and the second graphic element 21 (by the second layer 12) being random, the signature is unique.

De préférence, dans un mode de réalisation on prévoit en outre la superposition en transparence partielle ou totale d'un troisième élément graphique 22 sur une troisième couche 13, distincte des première et deuxième couche, où la position relative dudit troisième élément graphique et dudit premier élément graphique et/ou dudit deuxième élément graphique est aléatoire, pour les mêmes raisons.Preferably, in one embodiment, the partial or total transparency superposition of a third graphic element 22 on a third layer 13, distinct from the first and second layers, where the relative position of said third graphic element and said first one is provided. graphic element and / or said second graphic element is random, for the same reasons.

Par exemple, le troisième élément graphique 22 est un hologramme porté par un laminat (couche laminaire), et appliqué après personnalisation de l'objet 10.For example, the third graphic element 22 is a hologram carried by a laminate (laminar layer), and applied after personalization of the object 10.

La signature multicouche 23 comprend donc en superposition totale ou partielle le premier 20, deuxième 21 et optionnellement troisième 22 élément graphique (figure 2A).The multilayer signature 23 therefore comprises, in total or partial superposition, the first 20, second 21 and optionally third 22 graphic element ( Figure 2A ).

Pour la sécurisation de l'objet 10, on prévoit avantageusement de réaliser, de préférence à la création de l'objet 10 ou peu après celle-ci, une prise de vue de la signature graphique multicouche 23.For the securing of the object 10, it is advantageous to realize, preferably at the creation of the object 10 or shortly after it, a shooting of the multilayer graphic signature 23.

Cette prise de vue est par exemple enregistrée dans une base de données. A partir de cette prise de vue, on calcule une signature numérique, et on enregistre cette signature numérique dans une (éventuellement la même) base de données, de sorte à constituer une partie au moins d'une signature numérique de référence. De préférence, on utilise deux bases de données : une qui contient l'image de la prise de vue, et une qui contient la signature calculée, pour des raisons de place et de sécurité.This shooting is for example recorded in a database. From this shooting, a digital signature is calculated, and this digital signature is recorded in a (possibly the same) database, so as to constitute at least a part of a reference digital signature. Preferably, two databases are used: one that contains the image of the shot, and one that contains the calculated signature, for reasons of space and security.

La signature numérique est calculée à partir de la prise de vue de la signature graphique de préférence par un algorithme spécifique faisant notamment appel au domaine du traitement d'images.The digital signature is computed from the shooting of the graphic signature preferably by a specific algorithm making particular use of the field of image processing.

Dans un mode de réalisation, la prise de vue numérique est prétraitée afin d'en éliminer les bruits, redressée à partir d'un point de repère préétabli devant obligatoirement figurer sur l'une des couches de façon à corriger les effets éventuels de distorsion ou de rotation dus à la prise de vue, puis analysée pour produire des descripteurs qui constitueront ladite signature, ou empreinte numérique.In one embodiment, the digital shot is pretreated to eliminate noise, rectified from a preset landmark that must be included on one of the layers to correct any distortion or distortion effects. of rotation due to shooting, and then analyzed to produce descriptors that will constitute said signature, or digital fingerprint.

Par exemple, les descripteurs peuvent consister en tout ou partie des éléments suivants :

  • les coordonnées exactes de certains éléments graphiques attendus sur l'image prétraitée,
  • les moments mathématiques locaux ou globaux :
    • de l'image prétraitée (décrite en niveaux de gris ou en couleurs dans un espace de représentation particulier, par exemple tel que RGB ou HSV), ou
    • de l'image obtenue après extraction des contours de celle-ci, tels que les moments statistiques classiques (moyenne, variance, etc), les moments de Zernike, etc...
  • d'autres descripteurs de forme calculés à partir de points stables de l'image tels que décrits dans la littérature scientifique (SURF - Speeded Up Robust Features par exemple)
  • d'autres descripteurs de couleurs ou de textures calculés localement ou globalement sur l'image prétraitée, tels que des histogrammes de couleurs ou des descripteurs dérivés de l'utilisation des filtres de Gabor,
  • etc...
For example, the descriptors may consist of all or some of the following:
  • the exact coordinates of some graphic elements expected on the pretreated image,
  • local or global mathematical moments:
    • the pretreated image (described in grayscale or colors in a particular representation space, for example such as RGB or HSV), or
    • of the image obtained after extraction of the contours of this one, such as the classical statistical moments (mean, variance, etc.), the Zernike moments, etc ...
  • other shape descriptors calculated from stable points of the image as described in the literature scientist (SURF - Speeded Up Robust Features for example)
  • other color or texture descriptors calculated locally or globally on the pretreated image, such as color histograms or descriptors derived from the use of Gabor filters,
  • etc ...

Une fois la signature calculée, on associe alors un identifiant numérique audit enregistrement de la signature numérique, de sorte à faciliter les recherches ultérieures, par indexation.Once the signature has been calculated, a numerical identifier is then associated with said digital signature record, so as to facilitate subsequent searches by indexing.

L'identifiant numérique peut être un index, ou correspondre à au moins un élément distinctif ou nominatif de l'objet, par exemple un numéro de série, le nom et/ou prénom du porteur de l'objet 10, etc.The numerical identifier can be an index, or correspond to at least one distinctive or nominative element of the object, for example a serial number, the name and / or first name of the bearer of the object 10, etc.

L'identifiant numérique est stocké à distance sur le même serveur (base) de données que la signature de référence, accessible de préférence de manière sécurisée, éventuellement via l'Internet.The digital identifier is stored remotely on the same server (database) as the reference signature, preferably accessible securely, possibly via the Internet.

L'identifiant numérique permet d'indexer la signature graphique. Dans un mode de réalisation, l'identifiant numérique est une fonction, par exemple de hachage, de l'image numérique de la signature graphique 23.The numerical identifier makes it possible to index the graphic signature. In one embodiment, the digital identifier is a function, for example of hashing, of the digital image of the graphic signature 23.

L'identifiant graphique 30, quant à lui, est un code graphique unique, généré par logiciel. Il correspond typiquement à un numéro de série unique. Généralement il s'agit du numéro du document, ce numéro servant à nommer et indexer le fichier de signature correspondant a posteriori. Il peut en outre porter des informations relatives à la biographie du titulaire de l'objet : par exemple les lignes de la zone dite MRZ (Machine Readable Zone) pour une carte d'identité ou un passeport, située au verso de l'objet.The graphic identifier 30, meanwhile, is a unique graphical code generated by software. It typically corresponds to a unique serial number. Usually it is the number of the document, this number being used to name and index the corresponding signature file a posteriori. It can also carry information relating to the biography of the holder of the object: for example the lines of the zone known as MRZ (Machine Readable Zone) for an identity card or passport, located on the back of the object.

On peut ainsi coder sur le recto d'un objet des informations situées sur le verso (ou une autre face pour des objets non plans), ce qui permet de ne pas avoir à manipuler l'objet ultérieurement pour des phases de vérification / authentification notamment, donc faciliter le traitement et d'augmenter grandement la vitesse de traitement de l'objet.It is thus possible to code on the front of an object information located on the back (or another face for non-planar objects), which makes it possible not to have to manipulate the object subsequently for verification / authentication phases in particular , thus facilitate the treatment and greatly increase the speed of treatment of the object.

De préférence, l'identifiant graphique 30 est imprimable et codé sous forme de symbole code-barres bidimensionnel. En l'espèce, l'identifiant numérique 30 est un Datamatrix (figures 2B, 2C).Preferably, the graphic identifier 30 is printable and coded as a two-dimensional barcode symbol. In this case, the numerical identifier 30 is a Datamatrix ( Figures 2B, 2C ).

Dans un mode de réalisation, l'identifiant graphique 30 est en outre stocké en local sur l'objet, par apposition, impression, collage, insertion ou autre. Par exemple, le Datamatrix est imprimé sur la carte 10 après la lamination de l'une au moins des première 11, deuxième 12 et optionnellement troisième 13 couche de la carte si l'identifiant graphique est un index ; et après la lamination de toutes les couches sinon.In one embodiment, the graphic identifier 30 is further stored locally on the object, by apposition, printing, gluing, insertion or the like. For example, the Datamatrix is printed on the card 10 after the lamination of at least one of the first 11, second 12 and optionally third layer 13 of the card if the graphic identifier is an index; and after lamination of all layers otherwise.

La sécurisation de l'objet 10 est assurée car il est ainsi possible d'authentifier ledit objet 10 porteur de la signature graphique 23 y associée.Securing the object 10 is ensured because it is thus possible to authenticate said object bearing the associated graphic signature 23.

A cet effet, la vérification / authentification de la signature peut être mise en oeuvre de la manière suivante.For this purpose, the verification / authentication of the signature can be implemented in the following manner.

Une prise de vue numérique de la signature graphique multicouche 23 est réalisée, par exemple par un appareil photo ou tout équipement muni d'un capteur CCD et d'une mémoire.A digital shooting of the multilayer graphic signature 23 is carried out, for example by a camera or any equipment provided with a CCD sensor and a memory.

La prise de vue numérique de la signature graphique multicouche 23 est alors comparée à la signature numérique de référence.The digital shooting of the multilayer graphic signature 23 is then compared to the reference digital signature.

De préférence, on effectue une comparaison 1:1 entre l'objet 10 à analyser et la signature numérique de référence (de l'objet ou document original) portant un même numéro ou un même identifiant, plutôt qu'une recherche 1 parmi N qui pourrait être perturbée par la présence de plusieurs motifs semblables dans une base de plusieurs millions.Preferably, a 1: 1 comparison is made between the object to be analyzed and the reference digital signature (of the object or original document) bearing the same number or the same identifier, rather than a search 1 of N which could be disrupted by the presence of several similar motives in a base of several million.

La comparaison peut être mise en oeuvre par étude de ressemblances ou par étude de différences entre une signature à analyser, dite « suspecte » stockée sur ou dans un objet « suspect », et une signature de référence, dite « authentique ».The comparison can be implemented by studying similarities or by studying differences between a signature to be analyzed, called "suspicious" stored on or in a "suspect" object, and a reference signature, called "authentic".

Dans un mode de réalisation, la comparaison est effectuée de manière connue en soi, notamment en analyse d'images, par la caractérisation de formes (détection de points saillants, extraction de contours...), de texture (matrices de cooccurrences, etc...) et de couleurs, combinées. Numériquement, elle peut consister par exemple à calculer un taux d'erreur bit à bit (BER, bit error-rate) entre les deux signatures, et à renvoyer "Vrai" lorsque ce taux est inférieur à un seuil donné, "Faux" dans le cas contraire. Le seuil est choisi de préférence de telle sorte que la probabilité statistique que la réponse est erronée soit négligeable.In one embodiment, the comparison is carried out in a manner known per se, in particular in image analysis, by the characterization of shapes (detection of salient points, extraction of contours, etc.), texture (matrices of cooccurrences, etc. ...) and colors, combined. Numerically, it can consist, for example, in calculating a bit error rate (BER) between the two signatures, and in returning "True" when this rate is lower than a given threshold, "False" in the opposite case. The threshold is preferably chosen so that the statistical probability that the response is erroneous is negligible.

A cet effet, on prévoit de préférence d'extraire par lecture optique l'identifiant graphique 30 de l'objet, par exemple par la réalisation d'une prise de vue numérique dudit au moins un élément distinctif ou nominatif de l'objet 10.For this purpose, it is preferably provided to extract by optical reading the graphic identifier 30 of the object, for example by performing a digital shooting of said at least one distinctive or nominative element of the object 10.

Il suffit alors de sélectionner dans la base de données la signature de référence associée à l'identifiant extrait et de comparer l'image de la signature de référence et l'image de la signature graphique 23 de l'objet 10.It then suffices to select in the database the reference signature associated with the extracted identifier and to compare the image of the reference signature and the image of the graphic signature 23 of the object 10.

Dans un autre mode de réalisation, la comparaison des signatures graphiques se ramène à la comparaison des signatures numériques par un algorithme connu en soi, faisant notamment appel au domaine du traitement d'images. Selon l'algorithme choisi pour le calcul de la signature numérique, la comparaison peut comprendre par exemple les étapes suivantes :

  • la signature numérique suspecte est calculée exactement comme si il s'agissait de la signature de référence,
  • la signature numérique de référence correspondante est recherchée dans la base de données, grâce à l'index numérique ou alphanumérique déduit du suspect,
  • les deux signatures numériques sont comparées selon un ou plusieurs critères prédéterminés,
  • si tous les critères sont validés, l'algorithme renvoie "vrai", sinon "faux".
In another embodiment, the comparison of the graphic signatures is reduced to the comparison of the digital signatures by an algorithm known per se, making particular use of the field of image processing. According to the algorithm chosen for the calculation of the digital signature, the comparison may comprise, for example, the following steps:
  • the suspect digital signature is calculated exactly as if it were the reference signature,
  • the corresponding reference digital signature is searched in the database, by means of the numerical or alphanumeric index deduced from the suspect,
  • the two digital signatures are compared according to one or more predetermined criteria,
  • if all the criteria are validated, the algorithm returns "true", otherwise "false".

Les critères prédéterminés pour la comparaison de deux signatures numériques dépendent de préférence de la nature des informations stockées dans celles-ci. Par exemple, un critère peut se baser sur le calcul d'une distance entre deux descripteurs appariés (c'est-à-dire calculés aux mêmes coordonnées ou sur les mêmes éléments graphiques de la prise de vue de la signature graphique du suspect d'une part, et de celle de la référence d'autre part) selon une formule adaptée à la nature du descripteur. L'utilisation d'un seuil permet alors d'accepter ou de rejeter le critère selon que la distance se trouve en dessous ou au dessus de celui-ci.The predetermined criteria for comparing two digital signatures preferably depend on the nature of the information stored therein. For example, a criterion can be based on the calculation of a distance between two paired descriptors (that is to say computed with the same coordinates or on the same graphical elements of the shooting of the graphic signature of the suspect of one part, and that of the reference on the other hand) according to a formula adapted to the nature of the descriptor. The use of a threshold then makes it possible to accept or reject the criterion depending on whether the distance is below or above it.

Le processus de décision est choisi de préférence de telle sorte que la probabilité d'une fausse réponse soit négligeable.The decision process is preferably chosen so that the probability of a false answer is negligible.

On peut également prévoir en outre, et de préférence au préalable, une étape de détermination du type de signature/d'objet, pour augmenter la vitesse de recherche de la signature de référence.In addition, and preferably beforehand, a step of determining the type of signature / object can also be provided to increase the search speed of the reference signature.

Cette étape comprend la localisation de l'identifiant graphique 30 (DataMatrix par exemple) et la détermination de son orientation et de son échelle dans l'image numérique.This step includes the location of the graphic identifier (DataMatrix for example) and the determination of its orientation and its scale in the digital image.

Par exemple, la lecture de l'image de l'identifiant graphique 30 peut permettre de déterminer que l'objet est du type carte d'identité, du type passeport, du type objet manufacturé, etc. De ce type, on peut effectuer la recherche de la signature de référence correspondante uniquement sur la partie de la base de données dans laquelle sont stockées ce type de signatures, et non sur l'ensemble de la base. On peut également prévoir plusieurs bases de données, une par type d'objet, afin d'augmenter la sécurité du procédé.For example, reading the image of the graphic identifier 30 may make it possible to determine that the object is of the type of identity card, of the passport type, of the manufactured object type, etc. Of this type, it is possible to search for the corresponding reference signature only on the part of the database in which this type of signature is stored, and not on the whole of the database. It is also possible to provide several databases, one for each type of object, in order to increase the security of the process.

On peut utiliser aussi les coordonnées de l'identifiant graphique 30 et le facteur d'échelle obtenus pour extraire l'image de la signature graphique 23, dont l'emplacement est de préférence relatif à celui-ci de façon prédéfinie. L'image est alors redressée de façon à annuler les effets éventuels de rotation dus à d'éventuelles manipulations, et normalisée à une résolution d'image standard pré-établie suffisante pour les étapes d'analyse suivantes.It is also possible to use the coordinates of the graphic identifier 30 and the scale factor obtained to extract the image from the graphic signature 23, the location of which is preferably relative to it in a predefined manner. The image is then straightened so as to cancel the possible rotation effects due to possible manipulations, and normalized to a pre-established standard image resolution sufficient for the following analysis steps.

Par exemple, on peut prévoir une étape de vérification dite bas niveau qui consiste à s'assurer que l'image extraite à l'étape précédente présente certaines caractéristiques communes avec le type d'objet. Par exemple, si la signature graphique comprend un imprimé sur fond constant présentant un graphisme spécifique (guilloches par exemple), cette étape peut consister à s'assurer que le fond en question est bien présent sur l'image, au moyen de toute technique d'analyse d'image connue.For example, there may be a so-called low level verification step which consists in ensuring that the image extracted in the previous step has certain characteristics that are common with the type of object. For example, if the graphic signature comprises a constant background printed with a specific graphic (for example guilloches), this step may consist in making sure that the background in question is present on the image, by means of any printing technique. known image analysis.

Si tel n'est pas le cas, le programme peut se terminer en renvoyant un message adéquat à l'utilisateur.If this is not the case, the program may terminate by returning an appropriate message to the user.

La présente description n'est pas limitée aux modes de réalisation précédemment décrits.The present description is not limited to the previously described embodiments.

Par exemple, l'objet 10 peut comprendre un emballage, une couche dudit emballage constituant en l'espèce la première 11 et/ou deuxième couche 12 de l'objet 10.For example, the object 10 may comprise a package, a layer of said package constituting in this case the first 11 and / or second layer 12 of the object 10.

On peut ainsi prévoir que l'objet 10 comprenne un substrat muni d'une impression de fond et éventuellement une information de personnalisation pouvant comporter des éléments aléatoires.It can thus be provided that the object 10 comprises a substrate provided with a background printing and possibly personalization information may comprise random elements.

Au moment de l'emballage du substrat, la position de l'emballage par rapport à l'impression de fond, voire à l'information de personnalisation est donnée avec une certaine tolérance, donc avec un aléa, pour les raisons mécaniques évoquées ci-avant.At the time of packaging of the substrate, the position of the packaging with respect to the background printing, or even the personalization information is given with a certain tolerance, and therefore with a hazard, for the mechanical reasons mentioned above. before.

Sur l'emballage, on peut alors prévoir d'apposer par exemple un hologramme au moins partiellement transparent, de manière à chevaucher au moins partiellement l'information de personnalisation.On the packaging, it is then possible to affix for example an at least partially transparent hologram, so as to at least partially overlap the personalization information.

Ce mode de réalisation est particulièrement avantageux pour la sécurisation de produit sensibles, par exemple pour des produits pharmaceutiques, par exemple des médicaments, emballés dans une boîte pré-imprimée, puis personnalisés avec un numéro de lot et une date (de fabrication, péremption, consommation etc) ; boîte sur laquelle on peut ensuite appliquer un hologramme sous forme d'étiquette auto-adhésive transparente avant de faire l'acquisition numérique de la signature graphique en fin de chaîne d'emballage.This embodiment is particularly advantageous for securing sensitive products, for example for pharmaceutical products, for example drugs, packaged in a preprinted box, then personalized with a lot number and a date (of manufacture, expiry, consumption etc); a box on which a hologram can then be applied in the form of a transparent self-adhesive label before digitally acquiring the graphic signature at the end of the packaging line.

Claims (15)

  1. Method for making an object (10) secure, comprising steps consisting in:
    - creating a multi-layer graphic signature (23) by superposing, in partial or total transparency, a first graphic element (20) on a first layer (11) and a second graphic element (21) on a second layer (12), of which at least one graphic element (20, 21) comprises a random graphic element, and
    - storing the said graphic signature on or in the object (10),
    characterized in that
    - the relative position of the first graphic element (20) and of the second graphic element (21) is random.
  2. Method according to Claim 1, in which the creation of the multi-layer graphic signature (23) also comprises the superposition in partial or total transparency of a third graphic element (22) on a third layer (13) distinct from the first layer (11) and second layer (12), and in which the relative position of the said third graphic element (22) and of the said first graphic element (20) and/or of the said second graphic element (21) is random, the said third graphic element (22) being able to comprise a random graphic element.
  3. Method according to either one of the preceding claims, in which the storage step comprises a step consisting in affixing the said multi-layer graphic signature (23) on the said object (10), or in incorporating the said multi-layer graphic signature in at least one portion of the said object.
  4. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, also comprising steps consisting in:
    - taking a first photograph of the multi-layer graphic signature (23),
    - computing a first digital signature of the said photograph and saving the said digital signature in a database so as to constitute at least one portion of a reference digital signature, and
    - saving in the said database a digital or alphanumeric identifier associated with the said first digital signature.
  5. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, also comprising steps consisting in:
    - creating a graphic identifier (30), optionally a multi-layer identifier, from a photograph of the superposed assembly of the said first graphic element (20) and second graphic element (21), and of the said third graphic element (22) when it exists; and/or from at least one distinctive or nominative element of the object, and
    - storing the said graphic identifier (30) on or in the object (10), optionally on one of the layers of the said multi-layer signature.
  6. Method according to either one of Claims 4 and 5, also comprising steps consisting in:
    - producing a second digital photograph of the multi-layer graphic signature (23),
    - computing a second digital signature of the said photograph,
    - comparing the first and the second digital signatures, and
    - authenticating or not the graphic signature depending on the result of the comparison.
  7. Method according to Claims 5 and 6, in which, for the comparison step, the method also comprises steps consisting in:
    - reading the graphic identifier,
    - extracting therefrom the corresponding digital identifier, and
    - selecting the associated reference digital signature.
  8. Computer program comprising program-code instructions for the execution of the steps of the method according to any one of the preceding claims, when the said program is run on a computer.
  9. Secured object (10), comprising:
    - a multi-layer graphic signature (23) stored on or in the said object (10), made by superposition in partial or total transparency of a first graphic element (20) on a first layer (11) and of a second graphic element (21) on a second layer (12), of which at least one graphic element (20, 21) comprises a random graphic element, characterized in that
    - the relative position of the first graphic element (20) and of the second graphic element (21) is random.
  10. Secured object according to Claim 9, also comprising a third graphic element (22), which may comprise a random graphic element, on a third layer (13) distinct from the first layer (11) and second layer (12), and in which the relative position of the said third graphic element (22) and of the said first graphic element (20) and/or of the said second graphic element (22) is random.
  11. Secured object according to either one of Claims 9 and 10, also comprising a graphic identifier (30), optionally a multi-layer graphic identifier, from a photograph of the superposed assembly of the said first graphic element (20) and second graphic element (21), and of the said third graphic element (22) when it exists; and/or from the said at least one distinctive or nominative element of the object.
  12. Secured object according to Claim 11, in which the said graphic identifier (30) is printed on one of the layers of the said multi-layer signature (23), preferably in the form of a data matrix.
  13. Secured object according to any one of Claims 9 to 12, in which the said object (10) is a multi-layer object of which one of the layers supports the first graphic element, another layer supports the second graphic element, and optionally yet another layer, when it exists, supports the third graphic element.
  14. Secured object according to Claim 13, in which each layer (20, 21, 22) of the signature (23) is a respective layer (11, 12, 13) of the said object (10).
  15. Secured object according to any one of Claims 9 to 12, also comprising a packaging of which the layer or one of the layers is the first layer (11), second layer (12), or third layer (13) when it exists.
EP10809300.6A 2010-01-18 2010-12-20 Method for securing an object and corresponding object Active EP2526531B1 (en)

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ES2548328T3 (en) 2015-10-15
FR2955288A1 (en) 2011-07-22
US20130002713A1 (en) 2013-01-03
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EA025707B1 (en) 2017-01-30
WO2011086275A1 (en) 2011-07-21

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