EP2523970A1 - Chimeric human beta defensins - Google Patents

Chimeric human beta defensins

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Publication number
EP2523970A1
EP2523970A1 EP10805676A EP10805676A EP2523970A1 EP 2523970 A1 EP2523970 A1 EP 2523970A1 EP 10805676 A EP10805676 A EP 10805676A EP 10805676 A EP10805676 A EP 10805676A EP 2523970 A1 EP2523970 A1 EP 2523970A1
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peptide
nucleic acid
acid molecule
seq
peptides
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German (de)
French (fr)
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Joachim GRÖTZINGER
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Christian Albrechts Universitaet Kiel
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Christian Albrechts Universitaet Kiel
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
    • C07K14/4723—Cationic antimicrobial peptides, e.g. defensins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K19/00—Hybrid peptides, i.e. peptides covalently bound to nucleic acids, or non-covalently bound protein-protein complexes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/62—DNA sequences coding for fusion proteins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide

Definitions

  • the invention relates to sequences coding for antimicrobial chimeric peptides from human beta-defensin-2 (HBD2) and human beta-defensin-3 (HBD3) with a novel antimicrobial activity spectrum, the antimicrobial peptides encoded by these sequences and their derivatives , as well as their use for the production of antimicrobial substances and their application.
  • HBD2 human beta-defensin-2
  • HBD3 human beta-defensin-3
  • Antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from a wide variety of organisms, including humans, in which they participate primarily in the first line of pathogen defense (1).
  • these peptides are the defensins, a family of antimicrobial peptides ranging in size from 3 to 6 kDa and possessing a high proportion of both cationic amino acid residues and cysteine residues (2-5).
  • Their abundance in humans and other vertebrates, along with their microbicidal activity, has made them important effector molecules of neutrophils, mucosal surfaces, skin and other epithelia (6).
  • the human defensins are classified into two subfamilies: alpha and beta defensins, which differ in the location and mating of 6 cysteine residues (7-9).
  • Human beta-defensins (HBD1-HBD4) are found mainly in different epithelial cells and tissues.
  • Two of the human beta-defensins, HBD2 and HBD3, were originally isolated from keratinocytes from patients with psoriasis (10, 11). Apart from the skin, HBD2 and HBD3 are also expressed in the epithelia of the trachea, lung, heart muscle and placenta (10, 12, 13). Both molecules are induced by bacterial influence or proinflammatory cytokines, for example TNF ⁇ , interferon- ⁇ and interleukin-l ⁇ (10, 12-16).
  • HBD1 has antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and protects against infections with adenovirus (17, 18).
  • HBD2 is active against many Gram-negative bacteria, among them Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but also against Candida albicans.
  • a bacteriostatic effect against Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria has been demonstrated (10).
  • HBD2 has been shown to be more potent against E. coli than HBD1 (16).
  • HBD1 and HBD2 depend on the availability of sodium chloride (16). Unlike them, HBD3 is much more positively charged and has antimicrobial activity not only against Gram-negative but also against Gram-positive bacteria, including S. aureus and Enterococcus faecium (11, 19). In addition, the bacteriocidal effect of HBD3 is insensitive to ion concentration (11).
  • Human beta-defensins show a characteristic folding that consists of three-stranded antiparallel ⁇ -sheets and a short N-terminal ⁇ -helix (20-23). Structural studies have shown that both HBD2 and HBD3 can form dimers in solution, with HBD2 only at high peptide concentrations (20, 23). HBD2 dimers have been postulated to form octamers, which, with their structural and electrostatic properties, do not appear to form a membrane-spanning pore. HBD2 has been proposed to destroy the bacterial membrane by electrostatic interactions (20).
  • HBD3 has been shown to produce ion channels in Xenopus laevis oocytes (19). Although the mechanism of action of the defensins is not fully understood, it is believed that their amphipathic character is the key to antimicrobial activity. Within the defensin family, the primary structures, with the exception of the cysteine residues, are poorly conserved. It is believed that the antimicrobial effect increases with the overall positive charge and the hydrophobicity of the molecule (24). The primary structures of HBDl-3 suggest that there are considerable differences in the total charge between these defensins. HBDl-3 show a positive total charge of +4, +6, and +11, respectively.
  • HBD3 shows the strongest activity and the highest positive charge.
  • the importance of the structure for the function has been extensively explored in studies in which the defensin primary structure has been altered. Single amino acid substitutions and N-terminal deletions that have no effect on the charge or do not massively alter the hydrophobicity maintain the antimicrobial effect. However, these changes can alter the susceptibility of the bacteria and the kill rate. It is discussed that an increase in total charge and hydrophobicity enhances antimicrobial activity.
  • HBD3 has been analyzed in several studies, with a detailed study of different regions of the peptide. Synthetic peptides with sequences from the N-terminus and the C-terminus were prepared. The N-terminal sequence of HBD3 consisting of 17 amino acids and a total charge of only +4 was synthesized. Despite its low charge, this peptide exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative organisms. N-terminal deletion mutants of HBD3 highlight the importance of the first seven residues for activity against Gram-positive organisms (24).
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to provide novel peptides which, starting from the natural substances HBD2 and HBD3, as medicaments with a combined and improved biological and therapeutic defensin activity can be used.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic structural representation of the HBD2 / HBD3 chimeras (Cl-C6) and a sequence comparison between HBD2 and HBD3;
  • the nucleic acid sequences indicated under SEQ ID: NO 3 to SEQ ID: NO 8 code for novel peptides, the HBD2 / HBD3 chimera HBDC1 to C6 (amino acid sequences: SEQ ID: NO 11 to SEQ ID: NO 16).
  • the peptides of the invention HBDC3 and C5 have a unique activity against E. coli and S. aureus (see Table 1): They are surprisingly at least as effective or even more effective against these pathogens than the naturally occurring defensins HBD2 and HBD3.
  • HBD2 and HBD3 The structural determinants responsible for the different activities of HBD2 and HBD3 against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were investigated by generating six chimeric molecules from HBD2 and HBD3 and determining their activity against E. coli and S. aureus starch.
  • HBD2 and HBD3 not only the beta-defensin-typical cysteine residues but also two glycine residues are conserved (see FIG. 1).
  • the three-dimensional structure of both defensins indicated that these glycine residues are located in loop regions (21, 23).
  • the sequences of HBD2 (nucleotide sequence SEQ ID: NO 1, protein sequence SEQ ID: NO 9) and HBD3 (nucleotide sequence SEQ ID: NO 2; protein sequence SEQ ID: NO 10) were divided into three domains, the conserved glycine residues (see arrows in FIG Fig. 1) served as an internal border between the various regions for the composition of the chimeric peptides of the invention. The following peptides thus resulted from the various possible combinations of the three regions (see FIG.
  • HBDCl nucleotide sequence SEQ ID: NO 3; Protein sequence SEQ ID: NO 11
  • HBDC2 nucleotide sequence SEQ ID: NO 4; Protein sequence SEQ ID: NO 12
  • HBDC3 nucleotide sequence SEQ ID: NO 5; Protein sequence SEQ ID: NO 13
  • HBDC4 nucleotide sequence SEQ ID: NO 6; Protein sequence SEQ ID: NO 14
  • HBDC5 nucleotide sequence SEQ ID: NO 7; Protein sequence SEQ ID: NO 15
  • HBDC6 nucleotide sequence SEQ ID: NO 8; Protein sequence SEQ ID: NO 16
  • the chimeras according to the invention were expressed as fusion proteins as described in the examples. After cleavage of the fusion proteins and purification by RP-HPLC ( Figure 2), the different fractions were analyzed by MALDI-TOF. The HPLC fractions corresponding to the expected masses of the peptides are indicated by * in FIG. The chimera HBDCl was detected in 7 different fractions, all with the same expected mass (peptides HBDC1.1 - 1.7).
  • HBDC2 The remaining chimeras, HBDC2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, were eluted as a single fraction with the expected mass. The different elution times are probably related to a different linkage of the cysteine side chains in the different molecules.
  • HBDC3 The higher activity of HBDC3 compared to the other peptides tested can not be explained by the total charge of the protein.
  • the theoretical value at pH 7 is 8.8 for HBDC3, which is the same as the value for the less active HBDC4, and lower than for the less active HBD3 and HBDC1 (Table 1).
  • HBDC3 the highest total chimeric peptide, HBDC5
  • HBD2 the highest total chimeric peptide
  • Biologically active means that the fragments have a maximum of 10-fold higher minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) than the underlying complete peptides according to the measuring method given in the examples.
  • MBC minimum bactericidal concentration
  • the invention furthermore relates to peptides in which individual amino acids are exchanged. Preferably, these are conservative substitutions, d. H. Amino acids with similar properties are substituted, for example alanine versus serine, leucine versus isoleucine, etc. Again, it is preferred that no more than 10% of the amino acids in the peptides be replaced.
  • individual amino acids can also be replaced by non-natural amino acids, ie by amino acids which carry further functional groups, for example hydroxyproline, methylthreonine, homocysteine, etc. Also in this case, preferably not more than 10% of the amino acids are modified accordingly.
  • the peptides Carry derivatives, for example amidated, glycosylated, acetylated, sulfated or phosphorylated.
  • the present invention further provides a production process for the peptides of the invention.
  • the constructive total synthesis of customary solid phases in the sense of Merrifield synthesis or a liquid phase synthesis is possible.
  • the synthetic strategy and the structure of the peptides and derivatives derived therefrom with the corresponding protected amino acids are known in the art.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of the peptides of the invention as medicaments for various therapeutic indications.
  • the peptides can be used as highly pure substances or - if sufficient for use - within a partially purified peptide mixture or as a mixture of several inventive peptides.
  • the peptides according to the invention are also suitable for the surface coating of materials which should be kept as sterile as possible and in particular should not be colonized by bacteria, e.g. medical instruments, catheters, medical implants or contact lenses.
  • the nucleotide sequences of the HBD2 / HBD3 chimeras were codon-optimized for bacterial expression (SEQ ID NOs: 3-8) and synthesized by GENEART. These nucleotide sequences were cloned into the expression vector pET / 30a (Novagen) using the Kspl and Xhol restriction sites to generate a fusion protein with an N-terminal (His) 6 tag and an enterokinase or a factor Xa restriction site. The sequences of the chimeric peptides fused with the (His) 6 tag and a Enterokinase or a factor Xa restriction site are shown below. The underlined sequences belong to the HBD2 / HBD3 chimeras.
  • Peptide 1 (contains HBDC1):
  • Peptide 2 (contains HBDC2):
  • Peptide 3 (contains HBDC3):
  • Peptide 6 (contains HBDC6):
  • the optimal protein expression was carried out in the following E. co / z 'strains: BL21 (DE3) pLys (peptide 1, peptide 2 and peptide 6), B121 (DE3) (peptide 4 and peptide 5) and BLR (DE3) (peptide 3). All strains were cultured in LB medium with 50 ⁇ kanamycin at 37 ° C. When the cell cultures reached an OD 6 oo value between 0.5 and 0.6, IPTG was added to the culture to a final concentration of 1 mM or 0.3 mM (peptide 2) to induce protein expression. The cells were then cultured for a further 3 hours, except for the peptide 2 culture, which was incubated for 12 hours.
  • the bacteria were harvested by centrifugation at 8000 g and taken up in 50 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl pH 7.5. The bacterial suspension was then sonified with a Sonopuls HD 2200 instrument (20 kHz, 200W) equipped with an MS-73 titanium microtip (Bandelin electronic GmbH) (60% duty cycle, 35% power, 1 - 1.5 min on ice) to unlock the cell membranes. After centrifuging the cell lysates for 30 min at 15,000 g, the peptides were obtained either in soluble form (peptides 1, 2 and 4) or as insoluble inclusion bodies (peptides 3, 5 and 6).
  • the soluble peptides (1, 2 and 4) in the supernatant were loaded on Ni 2+ -NTA agarose columns equilibrated with 50 mM sodium phosphate, 300 mM NaCl, 10 mM imidazole, pH 8. The columns were washed with 50 mM sodium phosphate, 300 mM NaCl, 40 mM imidazole, pH 8.0, to remove nonspecifically-bound proteins. The peptides were then eluted with 50 mM sodium phosphate, 300 mM NaCl, 250 mM imidazole, pH 8. The fractions containing the peptides were collected and concentrated with a 3000 MWCO Vivaspin 20 concentrator.
  • the insoluble inclusion bodies (peptides 3, 5, and 6) were taken up in 100 mM Tris-HCl, 6 M Gdn HCl, pH 8, and loaded on Ni-NT A agarose columns treated with 100 mM Tris-HCl, 6 M GdnHCl , pH 8, were equilibrated. The columns were washed with 100 mM Tris-HCl, 6 M GdnHCl, pH 8, and elution was carried out with 6 M GdnHCl, 50 mM sodium acetate, pH 4. The eluted fractions were collected and refolding of the peptides was performed by dilution of the Protein samples to a final concentration of 0.15 mg / ml at 1 M GdnHCl.
  • the peptides were loaded (in IM GdnHCl, pH 8.5) onto a NAP-10 column to replace the buffer with 50 mM sodium phosphate, 200 mM NaCl, pH 7.8 (cleavage buffer). The cleavage took place overnight at room temperature.
  • HBDC6 2 min. 80% A, 20 min. 36% A, 22 min. 0% A, 27 min. 0% A, 32 min. 100% A, 37 min. 100% A.
  • the average masses of derivatives from the purified peptides were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).
  • the samples were mixed with the matrix solution (8 mg / ml ⁇ -cyanocinnamic acid in 60% acetonitrile / 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) and applied to a stainless steel support.
  • a MALDI-TOF TOF mass spectrometer (4700 Proteomics Analyzer, Applied Biosystems, Framingham, MA) was used. Before each measurement, the internal device calibration was performed. The average masses of the proteins were compared to the theoretical average masses of the derivatives taking into account potential disulfide formation.
  • HBD2 / HBD3 chimeras were constructed using the structures of HBD2 (pdb accession code: le4q) and HBD3 (pdb accession code: lkj6) Template created. The position of the six cysteine residues in each molecule was used to superpose the two structures. The essential parts were taken from each structure and combined into chimeric molecules.
  • HBD2 pdb accession code: le4q
  • HBD3 pdb accession code: lkj6
  • the antimicrobial activity of the peptides was determined by means of an altered microdilution test as described previously (25). Briefly, after 2-3 h growth in "brain heart infusion broth" at 36 ⁇ 1 ° C, the bacterial suspensions were adjusted to 10 4 to 10 5 bacteria / ml in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) with 1 % "Tryptic soy broth” (TSB). Per 100 ⁇ M bacterial suspension were mixed with 10 ⁇ M solution of an antimicrobial peptide (final concentrations tested: 0.0125 - 100 ug / ml) and incubated at 36 ⁇ -1 ° C. CFUs ("colony forming units”) were determined after 2 h.
  • a negative control bacteria suspensions were used, which were mixed with 10 ⁇ phosphate buffer / 1% TSB or with 10 ml of 0.01% acetic acid instead of with peptide solution.
  • the antibacterial activities of the peptides are reported as LD90 ("90% lethal dose", concentrations which are lethal to 90% of the microorganisms) or as MBCs ("minimum bactericidal concentrations",> 99.9% kill).
  • a bacterial strain was arbitrarily defined as being susceptible to peptide at MBC ⁇ 12.5 ⁇ g / ml, mediocre at 25 ⁇ MBC ⁇ 100 ⁇ g / ml and resistant to MBC> 100 ⁇ g / ml.
  • Table 1 Antimicrobial activity and total charge at pH 7 of HBD2, HBD3 and HBD2 / HBD3 chimeras HBDC1-6.
  • MBC minimal bactericidal concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration (concentration at which more than 99.9% of the bacteria are killed).

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Abstract

The invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule selected from the group comprising a) a nucleic acid molecule having one of the nucleotide sequences presented in SEQ ID:NO 4 to SEQ ID:NO 8, b) a nucleic acid molecule that codes for a peptide having one of the amino acid sequences presented in SEQ ID:NO 12 to SEQ ID:NO 16, c) a nucleic acid molecule, the complementary strand of which hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule according to a) or b) and which codes for a peptide having antimicrobial activity, and d) a nucleic acid molecule, the nucleotide sequence of which deviates from the nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid molecule according to c) because of the degenerated genetic code.

Description

Chimäre humane beta-Defensine Die Erfindung betrifft für antimikrobielle chimäre Peptide aus humanem beta-Defensin-2 (HBD2) und humanem beta-Defensin-3 (HBD3) mit einem neuen antimikrobiellen Wirkungspektrum kodierende Sequenzen, die von diesen Sequenzen kodierten antimikrobiellen Peptide und deren Derivate, sowie deren Verwendung zur Herstellung antimikrobiell wirksamer Substanzen und ihre Anwendung.  The invention relates to sequences coding for antimicrobial chimeric peptides from human beta-defensin-2 (HBD2) and human beta-defensin-3 (HBD3) with a novel antimicrobial activity spectrum, the antimicrobial peptides encoded by these sequences and their derivatives , as well as their use for the production of antimicrobial substances and their application.
Antimikrobielle Peptide wurden von einer breiten Vielfalt von Organismen isoliert, einschließlich des Menschen, bei dem sie hauptsächlich an der ersten Linie der Pathogenabwehr teilnehmen (1). Unter diesen Peptiden finden sich die Defensine, eine Familie von antimikrobiellen Peptiden, die eine Größe von 3 bis 6 kDa besitzen und einen hohen Anteil sowohl an kationischen Aminosäureresten als auch an Cysteinresten besitzen (2- 5). Ihre Abundanz in Menschen und anderen Vertebraten, zusammen mit ihrer mikrobioziden Aktivität, machte sie zu wichtigen Effektor-Molekülen von Neutrophilen, mukosalen Oberflächen, Haut und anderen Epithelien (6). Die humanen Defensine werden in zwei Subfamilien klassifiziert: alpha- und beta-Defensine, die sich in der Lokalisation und der Paarung von 6 Cysteinresten unterscheiden (7-9). Menschliche beta-Defensine (HBD1-HBD4) finden sich hauptsächlich in verschiedenen epithelialen Zellen und Geweben. Zwei der humanen beta-Defensine, HBD2 und HBD3, wurden ursprünglich aus Keratinocyten von Patienten mit Psoriasis isoliert (10, 11) . Außer in der Haut werden HBD2 und HBD3 auch in den Epithelien der Trachea, Lunge, Herzmuskel und Plazenta exprimiert (10, 12, 13) . Beide Moleküle werden durch bakteriellen Einfluss oder proinflammatorische Cytokine, zum Beispiel TNFa, Interferon-γ und Interleukin-lß, induziert (10, 12-16). Antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from a wide variety of organisms, including humans, in which they participate primarily in the first line of pathogen defense (1). Among these peptides are the defensins, a family of antimicrobial peptides ranging in size from 3 to 6 kDa and possessing a high proportion of both cationic amino acid residues and cysteine residues (2-5). Their abundance in humans and other vertebrates, along with their microbicidal activity, has made them important effector molecules of neutrophils, mucosal surfaces, skin and other epithelia (6). The human defensins are classified into two subfamilies: alpha and beta defensins, which differ in the location and mating of 6 cysteine residues (7-9). Human beta-defensins (HBD1-HBD4) are found mainly in different epithelial cells and tissues. Two of the human beta-defensins, HBD2 and HBD3, were originally isolated from keratinocytes from patients with psoriasis (10, 11). Apart from the skin, HBD2 and HBD3 are also expressed in the epithelia of the trachea, lung, heart muscle and placenta (10, 12, 13). Both molecules are induced by bacterial influence or proinflammatory cytokines, for example TNFα, interferon-γ and interleukin-lβ (10, 12-16).
Die meisten Beweise für die antimikrobielle Aktivität der humanen beta-Defensine in vivo kommen aus Experimenten in denen gezeigt wurde, dass gereinigte Peptide auf eine große Anzahl von Mikroorganismen in vitro wirken. HBD1 hat eine antimikrobielle Wirkung gegen grampositive und gramnegative Bakterien und schützt gegen Infektionen mit Adenovirus (17, 18) . HBD2 ist gegen viele gramnegative Bakterien aktiv, unter ihnen Escherichia coli und Pseudomonas aeruginosa, aber auch gegen Candida albicans. Es wurde zudem eine bakteriostatische Wirkung gegen grampositive Staphylococcus aureus Bakterien nachgewiesen (10). Des Weiteren wurde nachgewiesen, dass HBD2 stärker gegen E. coli wirkt als HBD1 (16). Die antimikrobielle Wirkung von HBD1 und HBD2 hängt von der Verfügbarkeit von Natriumchlorid ab (16). Im Gegensatz zu ihnen ist HBD3 viel stärker positiv geladen und besitzt eine antimikrobielle Wirkung nicht nur gegen gramnegative sondern auch gegen grampositive Bakterien, einschließlich S. aureus und Enterococcus faecium (11, 19). Darüber hinaus ist die bakteriozide Wirkung von HBD3 unempfindlich gegenüber der Ionenkonzentration (11). Most evidence for the antimicrobial activity of the human beta-defensins in vivo has come from experiments which have shown that purified peptides act on a large number of microorganisms in vitro. HBD1 has antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and protects against infections with adenovirus (17, 18). HBD2 is active against many Gram-negative bacteria, among them Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but also against Candida albicans. In addition, a bacteriostatic effect against Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria has been demonstrated (10). Furthermore, HBD2 has been shown to be more potent against E. coli than HBD1 (16). The antimicrobial effect of HBD1 and HBD2 depends on the availability of sodium chloride (16). Unlike them, HBD3 is much more positively charged and has antimicrobial activity not only against Gram-negative but also against Gram-positive bacteria, including S. aureus and Enterococcus faecium (11, 19). In addition, the bacteriocidal effect of HBD3 is insensitive to ion concentration (11).
Obwohl die Tertiärstrukturen der humanen beta-Defensine bestimmt wurden, ist der Mechanismus der Permeabilisierung der bakteriellen Doppelmembranen nicht bestätigt. Humane beta-Defensine zeigen eine charakteristische Faltung die aus dreisträngigen antiparallelen ß-Faltblättern und einer kurzen N-terminalen α-Helix aufgebaut sind (20-23). Strukturuntersuchungen haben ergeben, dass sowohl HBD2 als auch HBD3 in Lösung Dimere bilden können, wobei dies für HBD2 nur bei hohen Peptidkonzentrationen gilt (20, 23). Für HBD2-Dimere wurde postuliert, dass sie Oktamere bilden, wobei diese mit ihren strukturellen und elektrostatischen Eigenschaften keine Membran-durchspannende Pore zu bilden scheinen. Für HBD2 wurde vorgeschlagen, dass es die Bakterienmembran durch elektrostatische Interaktionen zerstört (20). Darüber hinaus wurde für HBD3 gezeigt, dass es Ionenkanäle in Oozyten von Xenopus laevis erzeugt (19). Der Wirkungsmechanismus der Defensine ist zwar nicht vollständig aufgeklärt, es wird aber angenommen, dass ihr amphipatischer Charakter der Schlüssel zur antimikrobiellen Aktivität ist. Innerhalb der Defensinfamilie sind die Primärstrukturen, mit Ausnahme der Cysteinreste, wenig konserviert. Es wird vermutet, dass die antimikrobielle Wirkung mit der positiven Gesamtladung und der Hydrophobizität des Moleküls zunimmt (24). Die Primärstrukturen von HBDl-3 legen nahe, dass es beachtliche Unterschiede in der Gesamtladung zwischen diesen Defensinen gibt. HBDl-3 zeigen eine positive Gesamtladung von +4, +6 bzw. +11. Kationische Aminosäurereste treten hauptsächlich hinter dem dritten Cystein in HBD1 und HBD2 auf. In HBD3 liegen neun von dreizehn kationischen Aminosäureresten hinter diesem Cysteinrest. Die antimikrobielle Wirkung von diesen Peptiden variiert. HBD3 zeigt die stärkste Aktivität und die höchste positive Ladung. Die Bedeutung der Struktur für die Funktion wurde in Studien intensiv erforscht, in denen die Defensin Primärstruktur verändert wurde. Einzelne Aminosäurenaustausche und N-terminale Deletionen, die keinen Einfluss auf die Ladung haben oder die Hydrophobie nicht massiv verändern, erhalten die antimikrobielle Wirkung. Allerdings können diese Änderungen die Empfänglichkeit der Bakterien und die Tötungsrate verändern. Es wird diskutiert, dass eine Erhöhung der Gesamtladung und der Hydrophobie die antimikrobielle Aktivität verstärkt. Peptide mit einer geringeren Anzahl an kationischen Resten und moderater Hydrophobie sind nahezu inaktiv, während Peptide mit einer hohen Gesamtladung und mit signifikant hydrophobem Charakter aktiv sind. HBD3 wurde in mehreren Studien analysiert, wobei verschiedene Regionen des Peptides eingehend untersucht wurden. Synthetische Peptide mit Sequenzen aus dem N-Terminus und dem C-Terminus wurden hergestellt. Die N-terminale Sequenz von HBD3 bestehend aus 17 Aminosäuren und einer Gesamtladung von nur +4 wurde synthetisiert. Trotz seiner geringen Ladung zeigte dieses Peptid eine antimikrobielle Aktivität gegen grampositive und gramnegative Organismen. N-terminale Deletionsmutanten von HBD3 heben die Bedeutung der ersten sieben Reste für die Aktivität gegen grampositive Organismen hervor (24). Although the tertiary structures of the human beta-defensins were determined, the mechanism of permeabilization of the bacterial double membranes is not confirmed. Human beta-defensins show a characteristic folding that consists of three-stranded antiparallel β-sheets and a short N-terminal α-helix (20-23). Structural studies have shown that both HBD2 and HBD3 can form dimers in solution, with HBD2 only at high peptide concentrations (20, 23). HBD2 dimers have been postulated to form octamers, which, with their structural and electrostatic properties, do not appear to form a membrane-spanning pore. HBD2 has been proposed to destroy the bacterial membrane by electrostatic interactions (20). In addition, HBD3 has been shown to produce ion channels in Xenopus laevis oocytes (19). Although the mechanism of action of the defensins is not fully understood, it is believed that their amphipathic character is the key to antimicrobial activity. Within the defensin family, the primary structures, with the exception of the cysteine residues, are poorly conserved. It is believed that the antimicrobial effect increases with the overall positive charge and the hydrophobicity of the molecule (24). The primary structures of HBDl-3 suggest that there are considerable differences in the total charge between these defensins. HBDl-3 show a positive total charge of +4, +6, and +11, respectively. Cationic amino acid residues occur mainly behind the third cysteine in HBD1 and HBD2. In HBD3, nine out of the thirteen cationic amino acid residues are behind this cysteine residue. The antimicrobial effect of these peptides varies. HBD3 shows the strongest activity and the highest positive charge. The importance of the structure for the function has been extensively explored in studies in which the defensin primary structure has been altered. Single amino acid substitutions and N-terminal deletions that have no effect on the charge or do not massively alter the hydrophobicity maintain the antimicrobial effect. However, these changes can alter the susceptibility of the bacteria and the kill rate. It is discussed that an increase in total charge and hydrophobicity enhances antimicrobial activity. Peptides with a lower number of cationic residues and moderate hydrophobicity are nearly inactive, while peptides with a high total charge and with a significant hydrophobic character are active. HBD3 has been analyzed in several studies, with a detailed study of different regions of the peptide. Synthetic peptides with sequences from the N-terminus and the C-terminus were prepared. The N-terminal sequence of HBD3 consisting of 17 amino acids and a total charge of only +4 was synthesized. Despite its low charge, this peptide exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative organisms. N-terminal deletion mutants of HBD3 highlight the importance of the first seven residues for activity against Gram-positive organisms (24).
Es besteht dringender Bedarf an neuen Therapeutika, um pathogene Mikroorganismen erfolgreich zu bekämpfen. Die natürlich vorkommenden humanen beta-Defensine sind in diesem Zusammenhang eine Proteinfamilie mit sehr interessanten und unterschiedlichen antibiotischen Eigenschaften. Wie bereits oben erwähnt zeigen z. B. HBD2 und HBD3 bemerkenswerte Unterschiede in ihren Wirkungsspektra. Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt damit die Aufgabe zugrunde, neue Peptide bereitzustellen, die, ausgehend von den natürlichen Stoffen HBD2 und HBD3, als Arzneimittel mit einer kombinierten und verbesserten biologischen und therapeutischen Defensin-Aktivität verwendet werden können. There is an urgent need for new therapeutics to successfully fight pathogenic microorganisms. The naturally occurring human beta-defensins in this context are a protein family with very interesting and different antibiotic properties. As mentioned above, z. B. HBD2 and HBD3 remarkable differences in their Wirkungsspektra. The object of the present invention is therefore to provide novel peptides which, starting from the natural substances HBD2 and HBD3, as medicaments with a combined and improved biological and therapeutic defensin activity can be used.
Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe durch Chimäre aus HBD2 und HBD3 mit den Merkmalen des Anspruch 1 gelöst. Die Unteransprüche geben vorteilhafte Ausführungen der Erfindung wieder. According to the invention this object is achieved by chimera of HBD2 and HBD3 with the features of claim 1. The dependent claims give advantageous embodiments of the invention.
Die Erfindung wird in den Figuren näher veranschaulicht. Es zeigen: Fig. 1 eine schematische Strukturdarstellung der HBD2/HBD3-Chimären (Cl - C6) und einen Sequenzvergleich zwischen HBD2 und HBD3; und The invention is illustrated in more detail in the figures. 1 shows a schematic structural representation of the HBD2 / HBD3 chimeras (Cl-C6) and a sequence comparison between HBD2 and HBD3; and
Fig. 2 das Ergebnis der chromatographischen Aufreinigung der rekombinanten HBD2/HBD3-Chimären. 2 shows the result of the chromatographic purification of the recombinant HBD2 / HBD3 chimeras.
Die unter der SEQ ID:NO 3 bis SEQ ID:NO 8 angegebenen Nukleinsäuresequenzen codieren für neuartige Peptide, die HBD2/HBD3-Chimäre HBDC1 bis C6 (Aminosäuresequenzen: SEQ ID:NO 11 bis SEQ ID:NO 16). Die erfindungsgemäße Peptide HBDC3 und C5 weisen eine einzigartige Aktivität gegen E. coli und S. aureus auf (siehe Tabelle 1): Sie sind überraschenderweise mindestens genauso wirksam oder gar wirksamer gegen diese Erreger als die natürlich vorkommenden Defensine HBD2 und HBD3. The nucleic acid sequences indicated under SEQ ID: NO 3 to SEQ ID: NO 8 code for novel peptides, the HBD2 / HBD3 chimera HBDC1 to C6 (amino acid sequences: SEQ ID: NO 11 to SEQ ID: NO 16). The peptides of the invention HBDC3 and C5 have a unique activity against E. coli and S. aureus (see Table 1): They are surprisingly at least as effective or even more effective against these pathogens than the naturally occurring defensins HBD2 and HBD3.
Die strukturellen Bestimmungsfaktoren, die für die verschiedenen Aktivitäten von HBD2 und HBD3 gegen grampositive und gramnegative Bakterien verantwortlich sind, wurden untersucht durch die Generierung sechs chimärer Moleküle aus HBD2 und HBD3 und der Ermittlung ihrer Aktivität gegen E. coli- und S. aureus-Stärame. The structural determinants responsible for the different activities of HBD2 and HBD3 against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were investigated by generating six chimeric molecules from HBD2 and HBD3 and determining their activity against E. coli and S. aureus starch.
Bei HBD2 und HBD3 sind nicht nur die beta-Defensin-typischen Cysteinreste sondern auch zwei Glycinreste konserviert (siehe Fig. 1). Die dreidimensionale Struktur beider Defensine zeigte, dass diese Glycinreste sich in loop-Regionen (21, 23) befinden. Die Sequenzen von HBD2 (Nukleotidsequenz SEQ ID:NO 1; Proteinsequenz SEQ ID:NO 9) und HBD3 (Nukleotidsequenz SEQ ID:NO 2; Proteinsequenz SEQ ID:NO 10) wurden in drei Domänen aufgeteilt, wobei die konservierten Glycinreste (siehe Pfeile in Fig. 1) als interne Grenze zwischen den verschiedenen Regionen für die Zusammensetzung der erfindungsgemäßen chimären Peptide dienten. Aus den verschiedenen Kombinationsmöglichkeiten der drei Regionen entstanden somit folgende Peptide ( vgl. Fig. 1): In HBD2 and HBD3 not only the beta-defensin-typical cysteine residues but also two glycine residues are conserved (see FIG. 1). The three-dimensional structure of both defensins indicated that these glycine residues are located in loop regions (21, 23). The sequences of HBD2 (nucleotide sequence SEQ ID: NO 1, protein sequence SEQ ID: NO 9) and HBD3 (nucleotide sequence SEQ ID: NO 2; protein sequence SEQ ID: NO 10) were divided into three domains, the conserved glycine residues (see arrows in FIG Fig. 1) served as an internal border between the various regions for the composition of the chimeric peptides of the invention. The following peptides thus resulted from the various possible combinations of the three regions (see FIG.
HBDCl: Nukleotidsequenz SEQ ID:NO 3; Proteinsequenz SEQ ID:NO 11 HBDCl: nucleotide sequence SEQ ID: NO 3; Protein sequence SEQ ID: NO 11
HBDC2: Nukleotidsequenz SEQ ID:NO 4; Proteinsequenz SEQ ID:NO 12 HBDC2: nucleotide sequence SEQ ID: NO 4; Protein sequence SEQ ID: NO 12
HBDC3: Nukleotidsequenz SEQ ID:NO 5; Proteinsequenz SEQ ID:NO 13 HBDC3: nucleotide sequence SEQ ID: NO 5; Protein sequence SEQ ID: NO 13
HBDC4: Nukleotidsequenz SEQ ID:NO 6; Proteinsequenz SEQ ID:NO 14 HBDC4: nucleotide sequence SEQ ID: NO 6; Protein sequence SEQ ID: NO 14
HBDC5: Nukleotidsequenz SEQ ID:NO 7; Proteinsequenz SEQ ID:NO 15 HBDC5: nucleotide sequence SEQ ID: NO 7; Protein sequence SEQ ID: NO 15
HBDC6: Nukleotidsequenz SEQ ID:NO 8; Proteinsequenz SEQ ID:NO 16 HBDC6: nucleotide sequence SEQ ID: NO 8; Protein sequence SEQ ID: NO 16
Interessanterweise, bilden die drei Domänen, die durch die Aufteilung von HBD2 und HBD3 an den konservierten Glycinresten entstehen, ein einziges, eigenständiges Epitop auf der Moleküloberfläche. Die erfindungsgemäßen Chimären wurden wie in den Beispielen beschrieben als Fusionsproteine exprimiert. Nach der Spaltung der Fusionsproteine und der Aufreinigung durch RP-HPLC (Fig. 2) wurden die verschiedenen Fraktionen mittels MALDI-TOF analysiert. Die HPLC-Fraktionen, die den erwarteten Massen der Peptide entsprechen sind in Fig. 2 durch * gekennzeichnet. Die Chimäre HBDCl wurde in 7 verschiedenen Fraktionen detektiert, alle mit der gleichen erwarteten Masse (Peptide HBDC1.1 - 1.7). Die restlichen Chimären, HBDC2, 3, 4, 5 und 6, wurden als eine einzige Fraktion mit der erwarteten Masse eluiert. Die unterschiedlichen Elutionszeiten hängen wahrscheinlich mit einer unterschiedlichen Verknüpfung der Cysteinseitenketten in den verschiedenen Molekülen zusammen. Die antimikrobielle Aktivität der erfindungsgemäßen Chimären gegen E. coli (ATCC 35218) and S. aureus (ATCC 12600) wurde bestimmt und mit der Aktivität von HBD2 und HBD3 verglichen (Tabelle 1). Dabei stellt sich heraus, dass HBDC3 überraschenderweise eine höhere Aktivität gegen beide Stämme aufweist als HBD2, HBD3 und alle anderen erfindungsgemäßen Chimären (mit der Ausnahme der minimalen bakteriziden Konzentration von HBDC5 gegen S. aureus). Die höhere Aktivität von HBDC3 im Vergleich zu den anderen getesteten Peptiden kann nicht anhand der Gesamtladung des Proteins erklärt werden. Der theoretische Wert bei pH 7 liegt für HBDC3 bei 8,8, und ist somit genau so hoch wie der Wert für das weniger aktive HBDC4, und niedriger als der Wert für die ebenfalls weniger aktiven HBD3 und HBDC1 (Tabelle 1). Nach HBDC3 erweist sich das chimäre Peptid mit der höchsten Gesamtladung, HBDC5, als genau so effektiv wie HBD2 und sogar besser als HBD3 gegen E. coli sowie effektiver als beide natürliche Defensine gegen S. aureus. Interestingly, the three domains formed by the partitioning of HBD2 and HBD3 into the conserved glycine residues form a single, independent epitope on the molecular surface. The chimeras according to the invention were expressed as fusion proteins as described in the examples. After cleavage of the fusion proteins and purification by RP-HPLC (Figure 2), the different fractions were analyzed by MALDI-TOF. The HPLC fractions corresponding to the expected masses of the peptides are indicated by * in FIG. The chimera HBDCl was detected in 7 different fractions, all with the same expected mass (peptides HBDC1.1 - 1.7). The remaining chimeras, HBDC2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, were eluted as a single fraction with the expected mass. The different elution times are probably related to a different linkage of the cysteine side chains in the different molecules. The antimicrobial activity of the chimera according to the invention against E. coli (ATCC 35218) and S. aureus (ATCC 12600) was determined and compared with the activity of HBD2 and HBD3 (Table 1). It turns out that HBDC3 surprisingly has a higher activity against both strains than HBD2, HBD3 and all other chimeras according to the invention (with the exception of the minimal bactericidal concentration of HBDC5 against S. aureus). The higher activity of HBDC3 compared to the other peptides tested can not be explained by the total charge of the protein. The theoretical value at pH 7 is 8.8 for HBDC3, which is the same as the value for the less active HBDC4, and lower than for the less active HBD3 and HBDC1 (Table 1). According to HBDC3, the highest total chimeric peptide, HBDC5, is as effective as HBD2 and even better than HBD3 against E. coli and more effective than both S. aureus defensins.
Gegenstand der Erfindung sind neben den beschriebenen Peptiden auch deren biologisch aktive Fragmente. Biologisch aktiv bedeutet, dass die Fragmente gemäß dem in den Beispielen angegebenen Messverfahren eine maximal 10-fach höhere minimale bakterizide Konzentration (MBC) aufweisen als die zugrunde liegenden kompletten Peptide. Bevorzugt handelt es sich um Derivate, bei denen N- oder C-terminal eine oder mehrere Aminosäuren fehlen. Es können jedoch auch Aminosäuren aus der Sequenz deletiert sein. Solche Fragmente weisen bevorzugt nicht mehr als 30 % deletierte Aminosäuren auf. The invention, in addition to the described peptides and their biologically active fragments. Biologically active means that the fragments have a maximum of 10-fold higher minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) than the underlying complete peptides according to the measuring method given in the examples. Preference is given to derivatives in which one or more amino acids are absent N- or C-terminally. However, amino acids from the sequence may also be deleted. Such fragments preferably have not more than 30% deleted amino acids.
Gegenstand der Erfindung sind weiterhin solche Peptide, bei denen einzelne Aminosäuren ausgetauscht sind. Bevorzugt handelt es sich dabei um konservative Austausche, d. h. Aminosäuren mit ähnlichen Eigenschaften werden ersetzt, beispielsweise Alanin gegen Serin, Leucin gegen Isoleucin, etc. Auch hier wird bevorzugt, dass nicht mehr als 10 % der Aminosäuren in den Peptiden ersetzt werden. The invention furthermore relates to peptides in which individual amino acids are exchanged. Preferably, these are conservative substitutions, d. H. Amino acids with similar properties are substituted, for example alanine versus serine, leucine versus isoleucine, etc. Again, it is preferred that no more than 10% of the amino acids in the peptides be replaced.
Darüber hinaus können auch einzelne Aminosäuren durch nicht-natürliche Aminosäuren ersetzt sein, d.h. durch Aminosäuren, die weitere funktionelle Gruppen tragen, beispielsweise Hydroxyprolin, Methylthreonin, Homocystein, etc. Auch in diesem Fall sind bevorzugt nicht mehr als 10 % der Aminosäuren entsprechend modifiziert. Weiterhin können die Peptide Derivatisierungen tragen, beispielsweise amidiert, glycosiliert, acetyliert, sulfatiert oder phosphoryliert sein. In addition, individual amino acids can also be replaced by non-natural amino acids, ie by amino acids which carry further functional groups, for example hydroxyproline, methylthreonine, homocysteine, etc. Also in this case, preferably not more than 10% of the amino acids are modified accordingly. Furthermore, the peptides Carry derivatives, for example amidated, glycosylated, acetylated, sulfated or phosphorylated.
Die vorliegende Erfindung stellt des Weiteren ein Herstellungsverfahren für die erfindungsgemäßen Peptide bereit. Neben der gentechnischen Herstellung der Peptide ist auch die aufbauende Totalsynthese an üblichen Festphasen im Sinne der Merrifield-Synthese oder einer Flüssigphasensynthese möglich. Die Synthesestrategie und der Aufbau der Peptide und von ihnen abgeleiteter Derivate mit den entsprechend geschützten Aminosäuren sind dem Fachmann bekannt. The present invention further provides a production process for the peptides of the invention. In addition to the genetic engineering of the peptides, the constructive total synthesis of customary solid phases in the sense of Merrifield synthesis or a liquid phase synthesis is possible. The synthetic strategy and the structure of the peptides and derivatives derived therefrom with the corresponding protected amino acids are known in the art.
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft außerdem die Verwendung der erfindungsgemäßen Peptide als Arzneimittel für verschiedene therapeutische Indikationen. Dazu können die Peptide als hochreine Stoffe oder - wenn für die Verwendung ausreichend - innerhalb eines teilweise gereinigten Peptidgemisches oder als Gemisch mehrerer erfindungsgemäßer Peptide verwendet werden. The present invention also relates to the use of the peptides of the invention as medicaments for various therapeutic indications. For this purpose, the peptides can be used as highly pure substances or - if sufficient for use - within a partially purified peptide mixture or as a mixture of several inventive peptides.
Darüber hinaus eignen sich die erfindungsgemäßen Peptide auch zur Oberflächenbeschichtung von Materialien, die möglichst steril gehalten und insbesondere nicht von Bakterien besiedelt werden sollen, z.B. medizinische Instrumente, Katheter, medizinische Implantate oder Kontaktlinsen. In addition, the peptides according to the invention are also suitable for the surface coating of materials which should be kept as sterile as possible and in particular should not be colonized by bacteria, e.g. medical instruments, catheters, medical implants or contact lenses.
Die Erfindung wird anhand der folgenden Beispiele näher beschrieben. The invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples.
Beispiel 1: Example 1:
Generierung chimärer HBD2- und HBD3-Konstrukte Generation of chimeric HBD2 and HBD3 constructs
Die Nukleotidsequenzen der HBD2/HBD3-Chimären wurden für die bakterielle Expression Codon-optimiert (SEQ ID:NO 3 - 8) und von GENEART synthetisiert. Diese Nukleotidsequenzen wurden in den Expressionsvektor pET/30a (Novagen) unter Verwendung der Kspl und Xhol Restriktionsschnittstellen kloniert, um ein Fusionsprotein mit einem N- terminalen (His)6-Tag und einer Enterokinase- oder einer Faktor Xa-Restriktionsschnittstelle zu generieren. Die Sequenzen der chimären Peptide fusioniert mit dem (His)6-Tag und einer Enterokinase- oder einer Faktor Xa-Restriktionsschnittstelle werden im Folgenden dargestellt. Die unterstrichen dargelegten Sequenzen gehören zu den HBD2/HBD3-Chimären. The nucleotide sequences of the HBD2 / HBD3 chimeras were codon-optimized for bacterial expression (SEQ ID NOs: 3-8) and synthesized by GENEART. These nucleotide sequences were cloned into the expression vector pET / 30a (Novagen) using the Kspl and Xhol restriction sites to generate a fusion protein with an N-terminal (His) 6 tag and an enterokinase or a factor Xa restriction site. The sequences of the chimeric peptides fused with the (His) 6 tag and a Enterokinase or a factor Xa restriction site are shown below. The underlined sequences belong to the HBD2 / HBD3 chimeras.
Peptid 1 (enthält HBDC1): Peptide 1 (contains HBDC1):
MHHHHHHSSGLVPRGSGMKETAAAKFERQHMDSPDLGTDDDDKGIGDPVTCL SG AICHPVFCPRRYKOIGKCSTRGRKCCRRKK MHHHHHHSSGLVPRGSGMKETAAAKFERQHMDSPDLGTDDDKGIGDPVTCL SG AICHPVFCPRRYKOIGKCSTRGRKCCRRKK
Peptid 2 (enthält HBDC2): Peptide 2 (contains HBDC2):
MHHHHHHSSGLVPRGSGMKETAAAKFERQHMDSPDLGTDDDDKGIGDPVTCLKSG GRCAVLSCLPKEEOIGTCGLPGTKCCKKP  MHHHHHHSSGLVPRGSGMKETAAAKFERQHMDSPDLGTDDDKGIGDPVTCLKSG GRCAVLSCLPKEEOIGTCGLPGTKCCKKP
Peptid 3 (enthält HBDC3): Peptide 3 (contains HBDC3):
MHHHHHHSSGLVPRGSGMKETAAAKFEROHMDSPDLGTIEGRGIINTLOKYYCRVR GAICHPVFCPRRYKQIGTCGLPGTKCCKKP  MHHHHHHSSGLVPRGSGMKETAAAKFEROHMDSPDLGTIEGRGIINTLOKYYCRVR GAICHPVFCPRRYKQIGTCGLPGTKCCKKP
Peptid 4 (enthält HBDC4): Peptide 4 (contains HBDC4):
MHHHHHHSSGLVPRGSGMKETAAAKFERQHMDSPDLGTIEGRGIINTLOKYYCRVR GGRCAVLSCLPKEEOIGTCGLPGTKCCKKP Peptid 5 (enthält HBDC5):  MHHHHHHSSGLVPRGSGMKETAAACFERQHMDSPDLGTIEGRGIINTLOKYYCRVR GGRCAVLSCLPKEEOIGTCGLPGTKCCKKP Peptide 5 (contains HBDC5):
MHHHHHHSSGLVPRGSGMKETAAAKFERQHMDSPDLGTIEGRGII TLOKYYCRVR GAICHPVFCPRRYKOIGKCSTRGRKCCRRKK  MHHHHHHSSGLVPRGSGMKETAAACFERQHMDSPDLGTIEGRGII TLOKYYCRVR GAICHPVFCPRRYKOIGKCSTRGRKCCRRKK
Peptid 6 (enthält HBDC6): Peptide 6 (contains HBDC6):
MHHHHHHSSGLVPRGSGMKETAAAKFERQHMDSPDLGTDDDDKGIGDPVTCLKSG GRCAVLSCLPKEEOIGKCSTRGRKCCRRKK . MHHHHHHSSGLVPRGSGMKETAAAKFERQHMDSPDLGTDDDKGIGDPVTCLKSG GRCAVLSCLPKEEOIGKCSTRGRKCCRRKK.
Beispiel 2: Example 2:
Proteinexpression protein expression
Die optimale Proteinexpression erfolgte in folgenden E. co/z'-Stämmen: BL21 (DE3) pLys (Peptid 1, Peptid 2 und Peptid 6), B121 (DE3) (Peptid 4 und Peptid 5) und BLR (DE3) (Peptid 3). Alle Stämme wurden in LB-Medium mit 50 μ^ιηΐ Kanamycin bei 37 °C kultiviert. Als die Zellkulturen einen OD6oo-Wert zwischen 0,5 und 0,6 erreichten, wurde IPTG zu einer Endkonzentration von 1 mM oder 0,3 mM (Peptid 2) zur Kultur hinzugefügt, um die Proteinexpression zu induzieren. Die Zellen wurden anschließend für weitere 3 Stunden kultiviert, mit Ausnahme der Peptid 2-Kultur, wobei diese 12 Stunden inkubiert wurde. The optimal protein expression was carried out in the following E. co / z 'strains: BL21 (DE3) pLys (peptide 1, peptide 2 and peptide 6), B121 (DE3) (peptide 4 and peptide 5) and BLR (DE3) (peptide 3). All strains were cultured in LB medium with 50 μιηι kanamycin at 37 ° C. When the cell cultures reached an OD 6 oo value between 0.5 and 0.6, IPTG was added to the culture to a final concentration of 1 mM or 0.3 mM (peptide 2) to induce protein expression. The cells were then cultured for a further 3 hours, except for the peptide 2 culture, which was incubated for 12 hours.
Beispiel 3: Example 3:
Aufreinigung der rekombinant-exprimierten Peptide  Purification of the recombinantly-expressed peptides
Die Bakterien wurden durch Zentrifugation bei 8000 g geerntet und in 50 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl pH 7,5 aufgenommen. Die Bakteriensuspension wurde anschließend mit einem Sonopuls HD 2200 Gerät (20 kHz, 200W) ausgestattet mit einem MS-73 Titanium-microtip (Bandelin electronic GmbH) sonifiziert (60% duty cycle, 35% power, 1 - 1,5 Min auf Eis), um die Zellmembranen aufzuschließen. Nach Zentrifugation der Zelllysate für 30 Min. bei 15000 g, erhielt man die Peptide entweder in löslicher Form (Peptide 1, 2 und 4) oder als unlösliche Inklusionskörper (Peptide 3, 5 und 6).  The bacteria were harvested by centrifugation at 8000 g and taken up in 50 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl pH 7.5. The bacterial suspension was then sonified with a Sonopuls HD 2200 instrument (20 kHz, 200W) equipped with an MS-73 titanium microtip (Bandelin electronic GmbH) (60% duty cycle, 35% power, 1 - 1.5 min on ice) to unlock the cell membranes. After centrifuging the cell lysates for 30 min at 15,000 g, the peptides were obtained either in soluble form (peptides 1, 2 and 4) or as insoluble inclusion bodies (peptides 3, 5 and 6).
Die löslichen Peptide (1, 2 und 4) im Überstand wurden auf Ni2+-NTA- Agarose-Säulen geladen, die mit 50 mM Natriumphosphat, 300 mM NaCl, 10 mM Imidazol, pH 8 equilibriert wurden. Die Säulen wurden mit 50 mM Natriumphosphat, 300 mM NaCl, 40 mM Imidazol, pH 8,0, gewaschen, um unspezifisch-gebundene Proteine zu entfernen. Die Peptide wurden anschließend mit 50 mM Natriumphosphat, 300 mM NaCl, 250 mM Imidazol, pH 8, eluiert. Die Fraktionen, die die Peptide enthielten wurden gesammelt und mit einem 3000 MWCO Vivaspin 20 Konzentrator konzentriert. Die unlöslichen Inklusionskörper (Peptide 3, 5 und 6) wurden in 100 mM Tris-HCl, 6 M GdnHCl, pH 8, aufgenommen und auf Ni -NT A- Agarose-Säulen geladen, die mit 100 mM Tris-HCl, 6 M GdnHCl, pH 8, equilibriert wurden. Die Säulen wurden mit 100 mM Tris-HCl, 6 M GdnHCl, pH 8, gewaschen, und die Elution erfolgte mit 6 M GdnHCl, 50 mM Natriumacetat, pH 4. Die eluierten Fraktionen wurden gesammelt, und die Rückfaltung der Peptide erfolgte durch Dilution der Proteinproben zu einer Endkonzentration von 0,15 mg/ml bei 1 M GdnHCl. Das Redox-System (Endkonzentration 4 mM reduziertes und 0,4 mM oxidiertes Glutathion) wurde hinzugefügt, und der pH- Wert wurde auf 8,5 eingestellt. Die Proben wurden für 72 h bei 4 °C inkubiert und anschließend für 30 Min. bei 18000 g zentrifugiert und konzentriert. Beispiel 4: The soluble peptides (1, 2 and 4) in the supernatant were loaded on Ni 2+ -NTA agarose columns equilibrated with 50 mM sodium phosphate, 300 mM NaCl, 10 mM imidazole, pH 8. The columns were washed with 50 mM sodium phosphate, 300 mM NaCl, 40 mM imidazole, pH 8.0, to remove nonspecifically-bound proteins. The peptides were then eluted with 50 mM sodium phosphate, 300 mM NaCl, 250 mM imidazole, pH 8. The fractions containing the peptides were collected and concentrated with a 3000 MWCO Vivaspin 20 concentrator. The insoluble inclusion bodies (peptides 3, 5, and 6) were taken up in 100 mM Tris-HCl, 6 M Gdn HCl, pH 8, and loaded on Ni-NT A agarose columns treated with 100 mM Tris-HCl, 6 M GdnHCl , pH 8, were equilibrated. The columns were washed with 100 mM Tris-HCl, 6 M GdnHCl, pH 8, and elution was carried out with 6 M GdnHCl, 50 mM sodium acetate, pH 4. The eluted fractions were collected and refolding of the peptides was performed by dilution of the Protein samples to a final concentration of 0.15 mg / ml at 1 M GdnHCl. The redox system (final concentration 4 mM reduced and 0.4 mM oxidized glutathione) was added and the pH was adjusted to 8.5. The samples were incubated for 72 h at 4 ° C and then centrifuged for 30 min. At 18,000 g and concentrated. Example 4:
Spaltung der Peptide durch Enterokinase oder Faktor Xa  Cleavage of the Peptides by Enterokinase or Factor Xa
Vor der Spaltung wurden die Peptide (in IM GdnHCl, pH 8,5) auf eine NAP-10-Säule geladen, um den Puffer gegen 50 mM Natriumphosphat, 200 mM NaCl, pH 7,8 (Spaltungspuffer) zu ersetzen. Die Spaltung erfolgte Übernacht bei Raumtemperatur.  Before cleavage, the peptides were loaded (in IM GdnHCl, pH 8.5) onto a NAP-10 column to replace the buffer with 50 mM sodium phosphate, 200 mM NaCl, pH 7.8 (cleavage buffer). The cleavage took place overnight at room temperature.
Beispiel 5: Example 5:
Aufreinigung der gespaltenen Peptide durch HPLC  Purification of the cleaved peptides by HPLC
Alle Peptide wurden nach der Spaltung durch HPLC aufgereinigt mittels einer VP 250/10 Nulceosil 300-7 C18 reverse-phase HPLC-Säule (Macherey Nagel) verbunden mit einer VP 50/10 Nucleosil 300-7 C18 reverse-phase HPLC- Vorsäule. Die Absorbtion wurde bei 214 nm gemessen. Die Fraktionen wurden manuell gesammelt, um die verschiedenen Formen der Peptide getrennt zu erhalten. Alle Proben wurden auf einen sauren pH Wert eingestellt, bevor sie auf die Säule aufgetragen wurden. Die Gradienten bestanden aus Puffer A (2% ACN in 0,1% TFA) und B (95% ACN in 0,1%TFA). Folgende Gradienten wurden für die Aufreinigung der Peptide verwendet:  All peptides were cleaved by HPLC using a VP 250/10 Nulceosil 300-7 C18 reverse-phase HPLC column (Macherey Nagel) coupled to a VP 50/10 Nucleosil 300-7 C18 reverse-phase HPLC precolumn. Absorbance was measured at 214 nm. The fractions were collected manually to separate the different forms of the peptides. All samples were adjusted to an acidic pH before being applied to the column. The gradients consisted of buffer A (2% ACN in 0.1% TFA) and B (95% ACN in 0.1% TFA). The following gradients were used for the purification of the peptides:
2 Min. 80% A, 10 Min. 80% A, 20 Min. 70% A, 23 Min. 0% A, 28 Min. 0% A, 33 Min. 100 % A, 38 Min. 100 % A. 2 min. 80% A, 10 min. 80% A, 20 min. 70% A, 23 min. 0% A, 28 min. 0% A, 33 min. 100% A, 38 min.
2 Min. 80% A, 20 Min. 36% A, 22 Min. 0% A, 27 Min. 0% A, 32 Min. 100 % A, 37 Min. 100% A.  2 min. 80% A, 20 min. 36% A, 22 min. 0% A, 27 min. 0% A, 32 min. 100% A, 37 min. 100% A.
2 Min. 80% A, 20 Min. 25% A, 22 Min. 0% A, 27 Min. 0% A,32 Min. 100 % A, 37 Min. 100% A.  2 min. 80% A, 20 min. 25% A, 22 min. 0% A, 27 min. 0% A, 32 min. 100% A, 37 min. 100% A.
2 Min. 80% A, 20 Min. 25 % A, 22 Min. 0% A, 27 Min. 0% A, 32 Min. 100 % A, 37 Min. 100% A.  2 min. 80% A, 20 min. 25% A, 22 min. 0% A, 27 min. 0% A, 32 min. 100% A, 37 min. 100% A.
3 Min. 69 % A, 10 Min. 69% A, 20 Min. 68 % A, 30 Min. 68% A, 34 Min. 0% A, 39 Min. 0% A, 44 Min. 100 % A, 49 Min. 100% A. HBDC6 : 2 Min. 80% A, 20 Min. 36 % A, 22 Min. 0% A, 27 Min. 0% A, 32 Min. 100 % A, 37 Min. 100 % A. 3 min. 69% A, 10 min. 69% A, 20 min. 68% A, 30 min. 68% A, 34 min. 0% A, 39 min. 0% A, 44 min. 100% A, 49 Min. 100% A. HBDC6: 2 min. 80% A, 20 min. 36% A, 22 min. 0% A, 27 min. 0% A, 32 min. 100% A, 37 min. 100% A.
Beispiel 6: Example 6:
Bestimmung der Proteinkonzentration Determination of protein concentration
Die Extinktion bei 214 nm wurde für die verschiedenen Peptide gemessen, und die Proteinkonzentration wurde anhand folgender Extinktionskoeffizienten ermittelt:  The absorbance at 214 nm was measured for the various peptides and the protein concentration was determined by the following extinction coefficients:
HBDC1: ε214 = 138805 MT 1; HBDC1: ε 214 = 138,805 MT 1 ;
HBDC2: ε214 = 116686 M^cnf HBDC2: ε 214 = 116686 M ^ cnf
HBDC3: ε2Η = 161699 T'cm"1; HBDC3: ε 2Η = 161699 T'cm "1 ;
HBDC4: ε2Η = 142426 M^cnf HBDC4: ε 2Η = 142426 M ^ cnf
HBDC5: ε2)4 = 158853 MTW; HBDC5: ε 2) 4 = 158853 MTW;
HBDC6: ε2Η = 122378 M^cnT1. Beispiel 7: HBDC6: ε 2Η = 122378 M ^ cnT 1 . Example 7:
Massenspektrometrie  Mass spectrometry
Die durchschnittlichen Massen der Derivate aus den gereinigten Peptiden wurden mittels matrix-assisted-laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight Massenspektrometrie (MALDI-TOF MS) bestimmt. Die Proben wurden mit der Matrix-Lösung (8 mg/ml α-Cyanozimtsäure in 60 % Acetonitril / 0,1 % Trifiuoressigsäure) vermischt und auf einen Edelstahlträger aufgebracht. Zur Aufnahme der Massenspektren im Positiv-Ionen-Linearmodus wurde ein MALDI-TOF TOF Massenspektrometer (4700 Proteomics Analyzer, Applied Biosystems, Framingham, MA, USA) verwendet. Vor jeder Messung wurde die interne Gerätekalibration durchgeführt. Die durchschnittlichen Massen der Proteine wurden mit den theoretischen durchschnittlichen Massen der Derivate unter Berücksichtigung potenzieller Disulfidbildung verglichen.  The average masses of derivatives from the purified peptides were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The samples were mixed with the matrix solution (8 mg / ml α-cyanocinnamic acid in 60% acetonitrile / 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) and applied to a stainless steel support. To record mass spectra in positive ion linear mode, a MALDI-TOF TOF mass spectrometer (4700 Proteomics Analyzer, Applied Biosystems, Framingham, MA) was used. Before each measurement, the internal device calibration was performed. The average masses of the proteins were compared to the theoretical average masses of the derivatives taking into account potential disulfide formation.
Beispiel 8: Example 8:
Molekulares Modelling  Molecular modeling
Modelle der dreidimensionalen Struktur der HBD2/HBD3-Chimären wurden mit den Strukturen von HBD2 (pdb accession code: le4q) und HBD3 (pdb accession code: lkj6) als Vorlage erstellt. Die Position der sechs Cysteinreste in jedem Molekül wurde verwendet, um die zwei Strukturen zu superponieren. Die wesentlichen Teile wurden aus jeder Struktur entnommen und zu den Chimären Molekülen kombiniert. Beispiel 9: Models of the three-dimensional structure of HBD2 / HBD3 chimeras were constructed using the structures of HBD2 (pdb accession code: le4q) and HBD3 (pdb accession code: lkj6) Template created. The position of the six cysteine residues in each molecule was used to superpose the two structures. The essential parts were taken from each structure and combined into chimeric molecules. Example 9:
Antimikrobielle Aktivität  Antimicrobial activity
Die antimikrobielle Aktivität der Peptide wurde anhand eines veränderten Mikrodilutionsversuches wie bereits beschrieben bestimmt (25). In Kürze, nach 2-3 h Wachstum in„brain heart infusion broth" bei 36 ± 1 °C, wurden die Bakteriensuspensionen auf 104 bis 105 Bakterien/ml eingestellt in 10 mM Natriumphosphat-Puffer (pH 7,4) mit 1 % „tryptic soy broth" (TSB). Je 100 μΐ Bakteriensuspension wurden mit 10 μΐ Lösung eines antimikrobiellen Peptids versetzt (getestete Endkonzentrationen: 0,0125 - 100 μg/ml) und bei 36 ± -1 °C inkubiert. CFUs („colony forming units" =„koloniebildende Einheiten") wurden nach 2 h bestimmt. Als Negativkontrolle dienten Bakteriensuspensionen, die mit 10 μΐ Phosphat-Puffer/ 1 % TSB oder mit 10 ml 0,01 % Essigsäure statt mit Peptid-Lösung versetzt wurden. Die antibakteriellen Aktivitäten der Peptide werden als LD90 („90 % lethal dose", Konzentrationen, die für 90 % der Mikroorganismen letal sind) oder als MBCs („minimal bactericidal concentrations", minimale bakterizide Konzentrationen; > 99,9 % Tötung) angegeben. Ein Bakterienstamm wurde willkürlich definiert als empfindlich gegenüber ein Peptid bei MBC- Werten < 12,5 μg/ml, als mittelmäßig empfindlich bei 25 < MBC < 100 μg/ml und als resistent bei MBC- Werten > 100 μg/ml. The antimicrobial activity of the peptides was determined by means of an altered microdilution test as described previously (25). Briefly, after 2-3 h growth in "brain heart infusion broth" at 36 ± 1 ° C, the bacterial suspensions were adjusted to 10 4 to 10 5 bacteria / ml in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) with 1 % "Tryptic soy broth" (TSB). Per 100 μM bacterial suspension were mixed with 10 μM solution of an antimicrobial peptide (final concentrations tested: 0.0125 - 100 ug / ml) and incubated at 36 ± -1 ° C. CFUs ("colony forming units") were determined after 2 h. As a negative control bacteria suspensions were used, which were mixed with 10 μΐ phosphate buffer / 1% TSB or with 10 ml of 0.01% acetic acid instead of with peptide solution. The antibacterial activities of the peptides are reported as LD90 ("90% lethal dose", concentrations which are lethal to 90% of the microorganisms) or as MBCs ("minimum bactericidal concentrations",> 99.9% kill). A bacterial strain was arbitrarily defined as being susceptible to peptide at MBC <12.5 μg / ml, mediocre at 25 <MBC <100 μg / ml and resistant to MBC> 100 μg / ml.
Tabelle 1: Antimikrobielle Aktivität und Gesamtladung bei pH 7 von HBD2, HBD3 und HBD2/HBD3-Chimären HBDC1-6. Table 1: Antimicrobial activity and total charge at pH 7 of HBD2, HBD3 and HBD2 / HBD3 chimeras HBDC1-6.
MBC: minimal bactericidal concentration, minimale bakterizide Konzentration (Konzentration, bei der mehr als 99,9 % der Bakterien getötet werden). MBC: minimal bactericidal concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration (concentration at which more than 99.9% of the bacteria are killed).
LD 90: letale Dosis für 90 % der Zellen LD 90: lethal dose for 90% of the cells
n.d.: nicht bekannt Bibliographie nd: not known bibliography
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Claims

ANSPRÜCHE
Nukleinsäuremolekül ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus a) einem Nukleinsäuremolekül mit einer der in SEQ ID:NO 4 bis SEQ ID:NO 8 dargestellten Nukleotidsequenz, b) einem Nukleinsäuremolekül, das ein Peptid mit einer der in SEQ ID:NO 12 bis SEQ ID:NO 16 dargestellten Aminosäuresequenz kodiert, c) einem Nukleinsäuremolekül, dessen Komplementärstrang an ein Nukleinsäuremolekül nach a) oder b) hybridisiert und das ein Peptid mit antimikrobieller Aktivität codiert, und d) einem Nukleinsäuremolekül, dessen Nukleotidsequenz von der Nukleotidsequenz eines Nukleinsäuremoleküls nach c) aufgrund des degenerierten genetischen Codes abweicht. A nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of a) a nucleic acid molecule having one of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID: NO 4 to SEQ ID: NO 8, b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a peptide having one of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID: NO 12 to SEQ ID: C) a nucleic acid molecule whose complementary strand hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule according to a) or b) and which encodes a peptide having antimicrobial activity, and d) a nucleic acid molecule whose nucleotide sequence depends on the nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid molecule according to c) degenerate genetic code.
Vektor, gekennzeichnet durch ein Nukleinsäuremolekül mit der Nukleotidsequenz nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche. Vector, characterized by a nucleic acid molecule with the nucleotide sequence according to one of the preceding claims.
Wirtszelle, gekennzeichnet durch ein Nukleinsäuremolekül mit der Nukleotidsequenz nach Anspruch 1. A host cell characterized by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of claim 1.
Wirtszelle, gekennzeichnet durch den Vektor nach Anspruch 2. Host cell characterized by the vector of claim 2.
5. Peptid mit einer der unter SEQ ID:NO 12 bis SEQ ID:NO 16 dargestellten Aminosäuresequenz. 5. Peptide having one of the amino acid sequence shown under SEQ ID: NO 12 to SEQ ID: NO 16.
6. Peptid nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Peptid ein zyklisches, amidiertes, acetyliertes, sulfatiertes, phosphoryliertes, glycosiliertes oder oxidiertes Derivat ist. 6. A peptide according to claim 5, characterized in that the peptide is a cyclic, amidated, acetylated, sulfated, phosphorylated, glycosylated or oxidized derivative.
7. Peptid nach einem der Ansprüche 5 und 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass < 30 % der angegebenen Aminosäuren durch andere Aminosäuren konservativ substituiert sind. 7. A peptide according to any one of claims 5 and 6, characterized in that <30% of the indicated amino acids are conservatively substituted by other amino acids.
8. Peptid nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass < 10 % der angegebenen Aminosäuren mit nicht-natürlich-vorkommenden Aminosäuren substituiert sind. 8. A peptide according to any one of claims 5 to 7, characterized in that <10% of the indicated amino acids are substituted with non-naturally occurring amino acids.
9. Peptid nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die nicht-natürlich-vorkommenden Aminosäuren ausgewählt sind aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Hydroxyprolin,9. A peptide according to claim 8, characterized in that the non-naturally occurring amino acids are selected from the group consisting of hydroxyproline,
Methylthreonin oder Homocystein. Methylthreonine or homocysteine.
10. Verwendung des Peptids nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 9 zur Herstellung eines Arzneimittels zur Behandlung mikrobieller Infektionen. 10. Use of the peptide according to any one of claims 5 to 9 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of microbial infections.
11. Verwendung nach Anspruch 10 zur Behandlung von Infektionen mit gramnegativen oder grampositiven Bakterien. 11. Use according to claim 10 for the treatment of infections with Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria.
12. Verwendung des Peptids nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 9 als Beschichtung für ein medizinisches Instrument, einen Katheter, ein medizinisches Implantat oder eine Kontaktlinse. 12. Use of the peptide according to any one of claims 5 to 9 as a coating for a medical instrument, a catheter, a medical implant or a contact lens.
EP10805676A 2010-01-14 2010-11-20 Chimeric human beta defensins Withdrawn EP2523970A1 (en)

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WO2011085704A1 (en) 2011-07-21

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