EP2522570B1 - Soupape de régulation d'un circuit de récupération de gaz expiré par un plongeur - Google Patents
Soupape de régulation d'un circuit de récupération de gaz expiré par un plongeur Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2522570B1 EP2522570B1 EP20120425072 EP12425072A EP2522570B1 EP 2522570 B1 EP2522570 B1 EP 2522570B1 EP 20120425072 EP20120425072 EP 20120425072 EP 12425072 A EP12425072 A EP 12425072A EP 2522570 B1 EP2522570 B1 EP 2522570B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- valve
- chamber
- plate
- regulator valve
- conduit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 44
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000009189 diving Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002301 combined effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000241 respiratory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002345 respiratory system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63C—LAUNCHING, HAULING-OUT, OR DRY-DOCKING OF VESSELS; LIFE-SAVING IN WATER; EQUIPMENT FOR DWELLING OR WORKING UNDER WATER; MEANS FOR SALVAGING OR SEARCHING FOR UNDERWATER OBJECTS
- B63C11/00—Equipment for dwelling or working underwater; Means for searching for underwater objects
- B63C11/02—Divers' equipment
- B63C11/18—Air supply
- B63C11/22—Air supply carried by diver
- B63C11/2227—Second-stage regulators
Definitions
- the present invention concerns a regulator valve of a circuit for reclaiming gas exhaled by a diver.
- the invention relates to a device of the said kind, provided with specific devices operating in emergency situations.
- the gas exhaled by the diver can be sent to the surface and elements contained therein can be recovered by means of a gas extraction system.
- the reclaim conduit connecting the helmet (or the breather) of the diver with the extraction system at the surface operates under a slight under vacuum with respect to the diver's exhalation pressure.
- the reclaim conduit, operaing under vacuum must be kept separate, except for the step of exhalation, from the helmet or from the breather of the diver and, therefore, from the diver's respiratory system.
- a valve commonly called reclaim valve, or more properly regulator valve of the reclaim circuit of the gas exhaled by the diver or GRBPR (Gas Reclaim Back Pressure Regulator).
- the operating principle of a regulator valve of this kind in the following always indicated by the acronym GRBPR, is the same of a common two-stage balanced pressure reducer.
- the normal operation of this kind of reducers is providing an accurate, constant and linear outlet pressure, decreasing the inlet pressure from a higher value to the outlet value.
- These reducers in general, are comprised of two interconnected chambers, the first chamber being in contact with the pressure to be reduced (source), the second being the chamber designed to reduce pressure, wherein, in general, gas expands and thus is reduced.
- Such a pressure reduction can be obtained by various methods. In general, the most commonly used systems are two:
- the reducer's inlet and outlet are designed for being connected to a professional diving helmet.
- the GRPBR reducer is therefore connected to the outlet of the helmet of a diver, to allow recovery of the exhaled gas through a conduit conducting the gas itself to the extraction system at the surface.
- a regulator valve of this kind is disclosed in US patent N. US4625759 , according to which the regulator valve of the gas reclaim circuit is made of a body inside which are defined:
- a passage element having cylindrical shape interconnects the two chambers and its lower end serves as a seat for the first diaphragm, shutting the passage between the two chambers in case the pressure inside the first chamber gets lower than the external pressure pressing on the first diaphragm, for example in the phase of inhalation by the diver.
- the second separator plate moreover, has frustoconical shape, with the smaller base connected to the passage element, and is provided with slots constituting the connection with a further chamber in direct contact with the reclaim conduit.
- the surface of the separator plate facing towards the second diaphragm serves as a seat for the diaphragm itself, in case the pressure inside the second chamber gets lower than the external pressure pressing on the second diaphragm, for example in the phase of inhalation by the diver.
- a spring arranged in the cylindrical passage element, with the function of counteracting a part of the external pressure, so to ease the lifting of the second diaphragm operated by the gas exhaled by the diver.
- the first diaphragm operates in collaboration with the lower end of the passage element, so to create the first stage of the valve, whereas the second diaphragm operates together with the second separator plate, provided with slots, so to create the second stage of the valve.
- the regulator valve can be insulated by the reclaim conduit, by shutting a shut-off valve, downstream the regulator valve, not disclosed in US4625759 .
- the switching block is connected to the diver's helmet by a mounting plate.
- a movable handle is present, by which the gas reclaim circuit can be opened or closed using a single hand.
- the exhaled gas passes in sequence first through the inlet tube, then in the regulator valve and from that it flows, through the two chambers, to the reclaim conduit, through which ot arrives at the reclaim unit over the sea surface.
- the exhaled gas is expelled by the system to the external environment, by means of a non-return valve.
- the regulator valve of the gas reclaim system according to the patent application N. US 2008/0178883 is used together with a diving helmet and the breathing system thereof and comprises:
- the two chambers are interconnected by means of a funnel-shaped base, the narrower part facing towards the first chamber and the wider part facing towards the second chamber and provided with slots.
- the first chamber is additionally provided with a filter provided with slots having a small diameter, the function of which is to prevent any possible debris from entering the regulator valve and causing its failure.
- the first diaphragm operates in cooperation with the narrower part of the funnel-shaped base, so to create the first stage of the valve, while the second diaphragm operates together with the wider portion of the base provided with slots, so to create the second stage of the valve.
- the regulator valve of the reclaim circuit disclosed by the patent application N. US 2008/0178883 is connected to an inlet tube from which the gas exhaled by the diver arrives and after passing through the switching block.
- the switching block is comprised of two opposed sides: the first side of the switching block is connected to the diving helmet by a mounting plate, whereas the second side of the switching block comprises a movable handle by which the circuit connecting the helmet and the regulator valve of the gas reclaim circuit can be opened or closed.
- the handle When the handle is used to open the circuit connecting the helmet and the gas reclaim regulator valve, the gas exhaled by the diver does not pass through the inlet tube of the regulator valve; on the contrary, it is activated a non-return valve that allows the exhaled gas to be expelled by the switching block to the external environment, preventing water to come in contact with the switching block itself.
- the gas passes through a delivery tube, to the reclaim regulator valve.
- the solution according to the US application N. 2008/01738883 proposes exactly the same of US patent US4625759 , with the difference of the removal of a valve for insulation from the surface and the addition of a switching valve, which allows to perform two operations by a single movement instead of having two valves.
- This kind of switching valve increases the number of elements of the control system, with the consequence of increasing costs and maintenance.
- the valve according to US application N. 2008/01738883 is designed for a kind of helmet maintaining the exhaust valve inside the helmet (as it can be understood by the fact that means for fixing it to the helmet are not provided). As a consequence, the valve cannot be adapted and, therefore, it is not versatile.
- a purpose of the present invention is therefore that of realising a regulator valve of a circuit for reclaiming gas exhaled by a diver that allows to overcome the limits of the solutions according to the prior art and to obtain the previously described technical results.
- An additional aim of the invention is that said regulator valve can be realised with substantially low costs.
- Not least aim of the invention is that of realising a regulator valve of a circuit for reclaiming gas exhaled by a diver which is substantially simple, safe and reliable.
- a regulator valve of a circuit for reclaiming gas exhaled by a diver comprising a valve inlet conduit of exhaled air, directly connected to a valve first chamber, and a valve outlet conduit of exhaled air, connected to a reclaim system over the sea surface by means of a reclaim conduit, said outlet conduit being directly connectable to a second chamber of said valve, said chambers being separated by a separator plate, integral with the body of the regulator valve, said separator plate defining a housing for a plate with orifice, constituted by an inlet portion facing towards said first chamber and by an outlet portion facing towards said second chamber, said plate defining a passage connecting said chambers, said valve further comprising a first membrane, inside said first chamber, for closing said inlet portion of said plate and a second membrane, in correspondence of said second chamber, for closing said outlet portion of said plate, wherein said plate is coupled with said housing defined by said separator plate by means of removable coupling means and preferably by means of screwing
- said plate is made of titanium.
- said regulator valve additionally comprises a filter, constituted by a frusto-conical perforated element, laying with its smaller diameter border on said separator plate and with its larger diameter border, the dimension of which is slightly smaller than the internal diameter of the walls of the body of the regulator valve, on a resilient ring seal, housed in a dedicated seat realized on the internal walls of the body of the regulator valve.
- a filter constituted by a frusto-conical perforated element, laying with its smaller diameter border on said separator plate and with its larger diameter border, the dimension of which is slightly smaller than the internal diameter of the walls of the body of the regulator valve, on a resilient ring seal, housed in a dedicated seat realized on the internal walls of the body of the regulator valve.
- said inlet portion of said plate facing towards said first chamber is cylindrical and said outlet portion facing towards said second chamber is cylindrical and is provided with slots.
- said regulator valve additionally comprises a conduit, directly connected to said first chamber and provided with an exhaust valve and preferably also comprises a shut-off valve, arranged on said reclaim conduit, in proximity of said outlet conduit, more preferably said shut-off valve being arranged at such a distance from said regulator valve that it is arranged, with reference to the helmet of a diver, in a specular position to that of the quick blow-off valve of said helmet.
- the inlet conduit 11 and the outlet conduit 12 of the GRPBR regulator valve are designed to be connected to a professional diving helmet.
- the valve 10 is connected to the outlet of the diver's helmet, to allow the recovery of the exhaled gas.
- the valve 10 is fed to its inlet (source) with the gas exhaled by the diver (synthetic mixture consisting of He/O 2 and/or air), which is conveyed in the inlet conduit 11.
- the inlet conduit 11 is directly connected to a first chamber A of the valve 10.
- the outlet conduit 12 is directly connected to a second chamber C of the valve 10.
- the first chamber and the second chamber C of the valve 10 are defined within the body of the valve 8 and are separated by a separator plate 9.
- the gas flows through the filter 13, disposed inside the first chamber A, and comes in contact with the first membrane 14.
- the accumulation of exhaled gas creates a slight positive pressure with respect to the external environment (environmental pressure), this pressure allowing the lifting of the first membrane 14 and thus the free passage of gas, through the conduit B defined by the plate 15, which is funnel-shaped and constituted by a first cylindrical portion 16 and a second flared portion 17, in the second chamber C, below and adjacent, where the second membrane 18 is present.
- the passage, as mentioned, is guaranteed by the intermediate conduit B, defined by the area comprised within the cylindrical portion 16 and in sequence within the flared portion 17 of the plate 15.
- the cylindrical portion 16 of the plate 15 accommodates a spring 19, which presses on the second membrane 18 of the second chamber C, while on the other side, with the circular edge 20 of its end, it forms the sealing seat of the first membrane 14 of the first chamber A.
- the first membrane 14, during the intermediate phase of the respiratory stop, will be in the closed position, resting on the seat defined by the circular edge 20 of the cylindrical portion 16 of the plate 15, keeping the passage B between the first chamber A and the second chamber C closed.
- the actual seal is guaranteed during the inhalation phase of the diver.
- an expansion takes place in the lung which creates by reflection a certain suction and decrease of pressure within the conduit 12 and therefore within the first chamber A preceding the first membrane 14, thus ensuring the sealing of the membrane 14 itself.
- a push is exherted by the environmental pressure, in connection with the outer surface of the first membrane 14 along a chamber D defined by a top cover 21 provided with openings 22.
- the ambient pressure will be greater than the pressure inside the first chamber A preceding the first membrane 14, ensuring a perfect stability of the system.
- the side walls of the top cover 21 in cooperation with the surface of the upper contour of the body 8 of the valve, bind the contour of the first membrane 14, determining its position inside the valve 10.
- the top cover 21 is mounted on the body 8 of the valve 10 and is maintained in position thanks to the bond operated by the coupling with a bottom cover 24, mounted on the opposite side of the body 8 of the valve, said coupling being obtained by means of screw pins 32.
- the GRBPR system is usually connected to a surface system, which is at a lower pressure than the outlet pressure of the GRBPR valve 10.
- the GRBPR valve 10 is provided with the second membrane 18, which is maintained in the closed position by the action of suction that the system creates inside the second chamber C and by the thrust that the environmental pressure, in connection with the outer surface of the second membrane 18 in correspondence of the chamber E defined by the lower cover 24 provided with openings 25.
- the second membrane 18 adheres to the inner surface of the flared portion 17 of the plate 15, closing the slots 26 of which said surface is provided.
- the side walls of the lower cover 24 in cooperation with the surface of the lower contour of the body 8 of the valve, bind the edge of the flared portion 17 of the plate 15 and the contour of the second membrane 18, determining their position inside the valve 10.
- the spring 19 presses on the second membrane 18, in order to help the exhalation of the diver, greatly reducing the exhalatatory effort, within the limits required by the standard reference on breathing apparatus.
- the latter moves away from the inner surface of the flared portion 17 of the plate 15, leaving the slots 26 uncovered, through which the gas exhaled by the diver passes to the second chamber C, and from this, to the outlet conduit 12 and to the reclaim conduit 23.
- the peculiarity of the GRBPR valve 10 according to the present invention resides in the fact that the plate 15 of the valve, realized with the funnel shape already disclosed, is not welded to the separator plate 9, as in the solutions according to the prior art, but is provided with a thread 27 which engages with a corresponding complementary thread 28 formed on a housing 29 defined by the separator plate 9, integral with the body 8 of the valve 10. Additionally, between the thread 27 of the plate 15 and the complementary threads 28 of the housing 29 a sealing gasket 30 is disposed, inside a special housing. A further sealing gasket 31 is arranged between the edge of the flared portion 17 of the plate 15 and a special housing provided on the side walls of the body 8 of the valve 10.
- the plate 15 is made of titanium.
- a further peculiarity of the regulator valve of the gas recovery system according to the present invention is constituted by an improved fastening system of the filter 13 inside the valve.
- the filter 13 is constituted by a perforated sheet, of truncated cone shape.
- the area of smaller diameter rests on the housing 29 of the separator plate 9 and is concentric with the cylindrical portion 16 of the plate 15.
- the area of greater diameter which has a dimension slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the walls of the body 8 of the valve 10, rests on a resilient sealing ring 33.
- the resilient ring 33 is housed in a dedicated seat realized on the internal walls of the body 8 of the valve 10. As a consequence, once in place, the resilient ring 33 holds the filter 13 in a suitable position. To remove the filter 13 the resilient ring 33 must first be disengaged from its seat; at this point, the filter 13 can slide out from the body 8 of the valve 10.
- the filter can be installed and removed without having to mechanically deform it.
- a conduit 34 was added to the GRBPR, directly connected to the first chamber A and provided with an exhaust valve 35, which can be used in automatic and/or manual mode.
- a shut-off valve 36 has been added on the reclaim conduit 23, placed adjacent to the outlet conduit 12. By closing the shut-off valve 36 and opening the exhaust valve 35, the helmet will return to have its original characteristics of functionality and will be able to be used in open circuit without any problem.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Pulmonology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Respiratory Apparatuses And Protective Means (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
- Feeding And Controlling Fuel (AREA)
Claims (8)
- Régulateur (10) pour un circuit de récupération du gaz exhalé par un plongeur, comprenant un conduit d'entrée d'air exhalé (11) du régulateur (10), relié directement à une première chambre (A) du régulateur (10), et un conduit de sortie d'air exhalé (12) du régulateur (10), qui peut être relié à un système de récupération situé au-dessus de la surface de la mer, au moyen d'un conduit de récupération (23), ledit conduit de sortie (12) étant directement relié à une seconde chambre (C) dudit régulateur (10), lesdites chambres (A, C) étant séparées par une plaque séparatrice (9) d'un seul tenant avec le corps (8) du régulateur (10), ladite plaque séparatrice (9) définissant un logement (29) pour une plaque à orifice (15) constituée par une partie d'entrée (16) orientée vers ladite première chambre (A) et par une partie de sortie (17) orientée vers ladite seconde chambre, ladite plaque (15) définissant un passage (B) servant à relier lesdites chambres (A, C), ledit régulateur (10) comprenant en outre une première membrane (14) placée à l'intérieur de ladite première chambre (A), servant à fermer ladite partie d'entrée (16) de ladite plaque (15) et une seconde membrane (18), placée au niveau de ladite seconde chambre (C), servant à fermer ladite partie de sortie (17) de ladite plaque (15), caractérisé en ce que
ladite plaque (15) est accouplée audit logement (29) défini par ladite plaque séparatrice (9) par un moyen d'accouplement démontable. - Régulateur (10) selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que ladite plaque (15) est accouplée audit logement (29) défini par ladite plaque séparatrice (9) par vissage de sa partie filetée (27) dans une partie correspondante dudit logement (29) qui présente un filetage complémentaire (28).
- Régulateur (10) selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que ladite plaque (15) est faite de titane
- Régulateur (10) selon une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend en outre un filtre (13) constitué par un élément tronconique perforé appuyé par son bord de petit diamètre sur ladite plaque séparatrice (9) et par son bord de grand diamètre, dont la dimension est légèrement plus petite que le diamètre intérieur des parois du corps (8) du régulateur (10), sur un joint annulaire élastique (33) logé dans une portée spécialement prévue formée sur les parois internes du corps (8) du régulateur (10).
- Régulateur (10) selon une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que ladite partie d'entrée (16) de ladite plaque (15) orientée vers ladite première chambre (A) est cylindrique et que ladite partie de sortie (17) orientée vers ladite seconde chambre (C) est cylindrique et munie de fentes (26).
- Régulateur (10) selon une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend en outre un conduit (34) relié directement à ladite première chambre (A) et muni d'une soupape d'échappement (35).
- Régulateur (10) selon la revendication 6 et soupape d'isolement (36) montée sur ledit conduit de récupération (23) à proximité dudit conduit de sortie (12).
- Régulateur (10) selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que ladite soupape d'isolement (36) est placée à une distance dudit régulateur (10) qui est telle qu'elle est placée dans une position qui est symétrique, par rapport au casque d'un plongeur, de celle de la soupape de décharge rapide dudit casque.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IT000182A ITRM20110182A1 (it) | 2011-04-11 | 2011-04-11 | Valvola di regolazione del circuito di recupero del gas espirato da un sommozzatore. |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2522570A1 EP2522570A1 (fr) | 2012-11-14 |
EP2522570A8 EP2522570A8 (fr) | 2013-04-10 |
EP2522570B1 true EP2522570B1 (fr) | 2013-10-09 |
Family
ID=44554189
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP20120425072 Active EP2522570B1 (fr) | 2011-04-11 | 2012-04-06 | Soupape de régulation d'un circuit de récupération de gaz expiré par un plongeur |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2522570B1 (fr) |
IT (1) | ITRM20110182A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL2012631B1 (en) * | 2014-04-16 | 2016-04-11 | Ihc Holland Ie Bv | On-shore pressure helmet. |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4356820A (en) * | 1980-08-18 | 1982-11-02 | Sherwood-Selpac Corporation | Heat reclaimer for demand regulator |
NO820848L (no) * | 1982-03-16 | 1983-09-19 | Nils T Ottestad | Gassregulator og pusteventil. |
US4625759A (en) * | 1982-11-19 | 1986-12-02 | Alan R. Krasberg | Gas reclaim back pressure regulator |
US5293864A (en) * | 1991-08-01 | 1994-03-15 | Geomet Technologies, Inc. | Emergency breathing apparatus |
US5233976A (en) * | 1992-04-27 | 1993-08-10 | Dacor Corporation | Second stage regulator hose with built-in cone adjusting tool |
US7171980B2 (en) * | 2004-06-18 | 2007-02-06 | Johnson Outdoors Inc. | Springless regulator valve assembly |
US7798142B2 (en) * | 2006-02-16 | 2010-09-21 | Kirby Morgan Dive Systems, Inc. | Valve system for underwater diving equipment |
US20080178883A1 (en) * | 2007-01-25 | 2008-07-31 | Leszek Stanislaw Gorski | Gas reclaim regulating valve assembly |
-
2011
- 2011-04-11 IT IT000182A patent/ITRM20110182A1/it unknown
-
2012
- 2012-04-06 EP EP20120425072 patent/EP2522570B1/fr active Active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2522570A8 (fr) | 2013-04-10 |
EP2522570A1 (fr) | 2012-11-14 |
ITRM20110182A1 (it) | 2012-10-12 |
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