EP2518514B1

EP2518514B1 - A method for operating an automated sample workcell

Info

Publication number: EP2518514B1
Application number: EP11164310.2A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Joerg Haechler; Frederic Furrer; Andrzej Knafel
Original assignee: F Hoffmann La Roche AG; Roche Diagnostics GmbH
Current assignee: F Hoffmann La Roche AG; Roche Diagnostics GmbH
Priority date: 2011-04-29
Filing date: 2011-04-29
Publication date: 2014-06-18
Anticipated expiration: 2031-04-29
Also published as: EP2518514A1; US9140713B2; AU2012202369B2; US20120275885A1; JP2012233893A; ES2490965T3; US9029159B2; CN102759630B; JP6018406B2; US20150346229A1; AU2012202369A1; CN102759630A; US20150212104A1

Description

Field of the invention

The invention relates to a method for operating an automated sample workcell and an automated sample workcell which is operable to process biological samples.

Background and related art

In analytical laboratories, in particular clinical laboratories, a multitude of analyses on biological samples are executed in order to determine the physiological state of a patient. Current pre-analytical specimen processors on the market are able to prepare a plurality of biological samples such as blood, urine, cerebral-spinal fluid, saliva etc. Biological fluid samples are typically contained in open or capped sample tubes. Before a chemical or biological analysis can be performed on a biological sample, a plurality of different pre-analytical processing steps may have to be executed on a sample of a patient. Such processing steps may comprise centrifugation, capping, decapping, recapping and/or aliquotation steps. Said processing steps may also comprise adding chemicals or buffers to a sample, concentrating a sample, incubating a sample, and the like. A growing number of those 'pre-analytical' steps and procedures are executed automatically by automated pre-analytical sample workcells, also known as 'automated pre-analytical systems'.
The kind of analytical test to be executed on a biological sample is typically specified in a test order.
A problem is that the physical transport and processing of a sample may not always be in synchronism with the assignment of a particular analytical test to said biological sample. For example, a blood sample may be drawn from a patient, collected in a sample tube and transported manually or automatically to an automated sample workcell at a moment in time when it is not clear which kind of biological and/or chemical analysis, also referred to as 'analytical test' shall be executed on said sample. A physician may have to conduct additional examinations of the patient before he can decide which kind of analytical test should be executed on the blood sample of the patient. While the physician conducts said additional examinations, the blood sample of the patient may already arrive at the automated sample workcell, leaving the automated sample workcell with the question what to do with the sample. According to some laboratory settings a plurality of samples is received together with a pile of paper-based test orders. In said scenarios, the assignment of electronic test orders to samples may be delayed as the data on the paper-based test orders needs to be entered manually into the software of a lab before an electronic test order can be requested for a particular sample.
Most state-of-the-art automated sample workcells are not operable to prepare a biological sample for a particular analysis as long as the test order for said sample is not received. Valuable time is lost, as said automated workcell is not able to process said biological sample at all or is merely able to carry samples not having assigned a test order to a buffering station.
Some state-of the-art automated sample workcells do not request a test order but rather determine the type of the sample tubes of a biological sample and process said sample exclusively based on its tube type. For example, the automated sample workcell described in US 6599476 B1 determines the sample container type by means of an image analysis for distributing the containers to different areas or racks. A disadvantage of this approach is that information on the tube type alone is often not sufficient to determine all processing steps necessary to prepare a particular biological sample for a particular analytical test. In addition, said systems are inflexible, because in a lab there may exist much more processing workflows and corresponding test orders than tube types.
In summary, state-of-the-art automated sample workcells are either completely test order based and therefore completely dependent on the receipt of a test order, or are solely based on the determination of the tube type. In the latter case, said workcells are inflexible and often not able to sufficiently pre-process a biological sample for a particular analytical test.
W02007018897A2 describes a method for processing chemistry and coagulation tests automatically in a laboratory workcell system, whereby the task of adapting centrifugation protocols is automated. Patient samples are classified at the input station of an automated clinical workcell system and treated differently according to their pre-analytical centrifuging requirements.
US200050037502A1 describes a method for automatically operating a sample workcell conducting assays on a number of patient samples. The workcell compares the assays to be conducted with a set of assay defined rules. The samples are provided in containers with container identification indicia, e.g. a barcode indicating a patient's identity and optionally also assay procedures to be accomplished. US5865718A describes a method for operating one or more centrifuges whereby a protocol record database is used. Further sample handling systems for automatic analyzers are described in EP 0902290 A2 and EP 0795754 A2 .
US 20050129576A1 discloses a clinical laboratory apparatus including a plurality of reaction cuvettes, a first and a second dispenser, a controller and an analyzer. A subject sample and a reactant are mixed in each of the plurality of reaction cuvettes. The first dispenser is configured to dispense the subject sample into each of the plurality of reaction cuvettes. The second dispenser is configured to dispense the reagent into each of the plurality of reaction cuvettes so that the subject sample and the reagent are mixed. A plurality of cuvettes is categorized into first and second groups of cuvettes to designate at least first and second analysis items among two or more analysis items with respect to a subject sample. The second dispenser is controlled to avoid dispensing the reagent relevant to the first analysis item into the second group of the reaction cuvettes.
US2010/0104478 A1 discloses a sample analyzer comprising: a reagent container holder for holding a reagent container for containing the reagent to be used for analyzing a sample; a measurement unit for measuring a value representing an amount of the reagent in the reagent container; an instruction receiver for receiving an instruction to obtain the remaining amount of the reagent in the reagent container; and a measurement controller for controlling the measurement unit so as to measure the value representing the amount of the reagent in the reagent container, when the instruction receiver has received the instructions. Information on the remaining reagent amount in the containers is obtained therefrom based on a measurement result by the measurement unit.
US 4338279 discloses an automatic chemical analyzing apparatus comprising means for feeding successive reaction vessels along a circular reaction line, a sample delivery pump for delivering a given amount of sample liquid to be tested into the reaction vessels, a reagent delivery pump for delivering a given amount of reagent selected from a plurality of reagents, and photometric metering means provided along with the circular reaction line for monitoring the reaction condition of a test liquid in the reaction vessel on the reaction line. The test liquid in the reagent vessels is monitored to reach a given reaction condition and the relevant reagent vessels are transported into a photometering section if a condition is fulfilled.
US2010011767 A1 discloses a specimen processing system comprising, among further components, a specimen measuring section for measuring specimens accommodated in specimen containers; a transfer section for transporting specimen containers to the specimen measuring section; a specimen container collect section for collecting specimen containers; and a specimen container classifying apparatus for classifying the specimen containers.

Summary of invention

It is an objective of embodiments of the invention to provide for an improved automated sample workcell which is operable to process one or more biological samples even in case no test order was received for said samples, thereby avoiding delays and speeding up sample processing.
This objective is solved by the features of the independent claims. Preferred embodiments are given in the dependent claims.
The expression 'automated sample workcell' as used herein encompasses any laboratory workcell comprising one or more lab-devices or 'workcell-units' which are operable to automatically execute one or more processing steps on one or more biological samples. The expression 'processing steps' thereby refers to physically executed processing steps such as centrifugation, aliquotation and the like. An 'automated sample workcell' covers pre-analytical sample workcells, post-analytical sample workcells and also analytical workcells. In particular, an automated sample workcell covers pre-analytical sample workcells. The lab-devices of an automated sample workcell form a functional unit, i.e., they are controlled collectively for executing a sequence of processing steps on a sample. Said lab-devices may, but do not necessarily have to, form a physical unit. Accordingly, the lab-devices of a work cell may form one monolithic block or may be a set of physically separated lab-devices which are connected by a transport unit (e.g. a conveyor).
A 'pre-analytical sample workcell' comprises one or more lab-devices for executing one or more pre-analytical processing steps on one or more biological samples, thereby preparing the samples for one or more succeeding analytical tests. A pre-analytical processing step can be, for example, a centrifugation step, a capping-, decapping- or recapping step, an aliquotation step, a step of adding buffers to a sample and the like. The expression 'analytical system' as used herein encompasses any monolithic or multi-modular laboratory device comprising one or more lab-devices or operative units which are operable to execute an analytical test on one or more biological samples. The expression 'post-analytical sample workcell' as used herein encompasses any automated sample workcell being operable to automatically process and/or store one or more biological samples. Post-analytical processing steps may comprise a recapping step, a step for unloading a sample from an analytical system or a step for transporting said sample to a storage unit or to a unit for collecting biological waste.
The workcells may be connected by a transport unit (conveyor and/or robotic arm). Alternatively, samples are transported from one workcell to the other manually or workcells are directly connected to each other.
The term 'biological sample' encompasses any kind of tissue or body fluid having been derived from a human or any other organism. In particular, a biological sample can be a whole blood-, serum-, plasma-, urine-, cerebral-spinal fluid-, or saliva- sample or any derivatives thereof.
An analyte is a component of a sample to be analyzed, e.g. molecules of various sizes, ions, proteins, metabolites and the like. Information gathered on an analyte may be used to evaluate the impact of the administration of drugs on the organism or on particular tissues or to make a diagnosis. The determination of analytes and their concentrations within a biological sample is herein also referred to as 'clinical chemistry'. The characterization of the cellular components of blood samples is called 'clinical hematology'. Laboratory analyses for evaluating an individual's clotting mechanism are referred to as 'coagulation analyses'.
An Analysis or 'analytical test' is a laboratory procedure characterizing a parameter of a biological sample, e.g. its opacity, color, or density or the presence or concentration of an analyte of the sample. Routine analyses are done on plasma or serum samples instead on whole blood samples because the cellular components of the blood interfere with some analytical tests. In addition, serum and plasma can be frozen or cooled and can therefore be stored for several days or weeks for subsequent analysis. Therefore, whole blood samples are commonly centrifuged in pre-analytical sample workcells in order to obtain plasma or serum samples before said samples are stored or analyzed.
A 'test order' as used herein encompasses any data object being indicative of one or more analytical tests to be executed on a particular biological sample. For example, a test order may be a file or an entry in a relational database. A test order can indicate an analytical test if, for example, the test order comprises or is stored in association with an identifier of an analytical test to be executed on a particular sample.
The term 'sample tube' refers to any individual container for transporting, storing and/or processing a biological sample. In particular, said term without limitation refers to a piece of laboratory glass- or plastic-ware optionally comprising a cap on its upper end and usually having a rounded U-shaped bottom.
Sample tubes, e.g. sample tubes used to collect blood, often comprise additional substances such as clot activators or anticoagulant substances which have an impact on the processing of the sample. As a consequence, different tube types typically are adapted for pre-analytical and analytical requirements of a particular analysis, e.g. a clinical chemistry analysis, a hematological analysis or a coagulation analysis. A mix up of sample tube types can make (blood) samples unusable for analysis. To prevent errors in the collection and handling of samples, the sample caps of many tube manufacturers are encoded according to a fixed and uniform color scheme. Some sample tubes types in addition or alternatively are characterized by particular tube dimensions, cap dimensions, and/or tube color. A dimension of a tube comprises e.g. its height, its size and/or further characteristic shape properties.
The expression 'tube type' refers to a category of sample tubes which can be characterized by at least one shared property, whereby said shared property can be automatically detected by a lab-device and can thus be used to discriminate a set of sample tubes of a first tube type from another. Some examples for typical tube types currently in use are given in table 1 in the appendix. Table 1 lists a set of sample tube types I-VII. Some tube types are designed for carrying biological samples which can be used for a plurality of different analytical tests. An example for such a tube type is a serum tube. However, a tube type may also be particular for one single analytical test.
Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood lacking the blood cells. Blood plasma is prepared by spinning whole blood samples containing anti-coagulant substances in a centrifuge until the blood plasma is separated from the blood cells at the bottom of the tube. A plasma sample is a blood sample from which plasma is to be prepared. Serum samples are commonly used for a clinical chemistry or immunology analysis. Blood serum is blood plasma without fibrinogen or the other clotting factors. Blood serum is commonly used for a broad variety of analyses such as analyses for the detection of antibodies, for clinical chemistry analyses, for blood typing, or for DNA analytics in a forensic laboratory. Correspondingly, a serum sample is a blood sample from which serum is to be prepared prior to executing one of said analyses. A coagulation sample tube is a sample tube for collecting blood to be used in a coagulation test.
A 'STAT sample' is a biological sample which needs to be processed and analyzed very urgently as the analysis result may be of life-crucial importance for a patient.
The expressions 'sorting' and 'grouping' will in the following be used synonymously in order to refer to the grouping of biological samples based on features shared by all samples of a particular group for processing all samples of a group in the same manner at least during a subsequent processing step.
In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for operating an automated sample workcell for processing one or more biological samples, the workcell comprising a sample input station, the method comprising:

receiving the one or more biological samples by the sample input station, each sample being contained in a sample tube, each sample tube being of a tube type;
in case a test order was received for at least one of the biological samples, operating the workcell for automatically executing the one or more first processing steps on the at least one biological sample, and
in case said test order was not received, determining one or more second processing steps in dependence on the tube type of the sample tube that contains said at least one biological sample, and executing said one or more second processing steps on the at least one biological sample.

According to embodiments, the evaluation if the test order was received is executed upon receipt of the one or more samples. The receipt of the one or more samples can, for example, initiate the execution of a first request for a test order of said sample. Said features are advantageous, because they allow to execute at least some processing steps on the at least one biological sample even in case no test order was received. As a consequence, delays are avoided and the sample processing workflow can be executed by the workcell more efficiently.
In the following, two use-case scenarios will be described to elucidate the differences between state-of-the-art sample workcells and embodiments of the invention. The advantages provided by embodiments of the invention are in particular the avoidance of delays which occur in state-of-the art test-order based sample workcells having received a biological sample to which no test order has been assigned yet.

Two Use-Case Scenarios

Scenario I: state-of-the-art sample workcell

a) In case a biological sample is loaded into a state-of-the-art test order-based sample workcell and said workcell is operable to receive a test order for said biological sample, the workcell determines one or more processing steps to be executed on the received biological sample in dependence on the received test order.
b) In case a biological sample is loaded into an automated sample workcell and said workcell is not able to receive a test order for said sample, said state-of-the art sample workcell is not operable to process the sample because no information on how to prepare said sample for one or more analytical tests is available. As a consequence, the samples have to be manually or automatically carried to a buffering station or a storage unit. The samples are kept in said buffering station or storage unit until a corresponding test order is available. Valuable time is lost and buffering/storage capacities are occupied. An operator of the workcell may in addition be burdened with the task of deciding what to do with samples not having assigned any test order.

Scenario II: sample workcell according to embodiments of the invention

a) The automated sample workcell receives at least one biological sample by its sample input station and successfully requests or otherwise receives a test order for said sample. In case a test order for said biological sample was received, the automated sample workcell executes first processing steps on the sample as indicated by the test order. For instance, if the received biological sample is a whole blood sample having assigned a test order for executing a glucose level analysis, the automated sample workcell transfers the sample to a centrifuge, initiates the centrifugation of the sample in accordance with a centrifugation program appropriate for the indicated analytical test, and forwards the centrifuged biological sample to one or more analytical devices as indicated in the received test order.
b) In case the test order for said biological sample was not received, the automated sample workcell executes one or more second processing steps in dependence on the tube type of the received biological sample. While state-of-the-art test-order based sample workcells are not able to process a biological sample in case no test order was received or are merely able to execute some static, predefined processing steps such as forwarding said samples to a buffering station, embodiments of the invention allow to execute one or more complex processing steps on said samples in dependence on the dynamically determined tube type of the sample. Thereby, automated sample workcells according to embodiments of the invention are operable to flexibly process a sample according to its tube type even in case a test order is not available for a sample at that moment. Using the tube type in order to determine at least some processing steps is advantageous, because information on the tube type is automatically available whenever a biological sample is loaded into a sample workcells even in case a test order has not yet been received. For example, if a whole blood sample contained in a serum tube was received by the sample workcell, the sample workcell is able to execute decapping or recapping steps and a centrifugation step for preparing serum from the whole blood. The processing steps having been determined in dependence on the tube type of a sample are herein also referred to as 'second processing steps'. Although some processing steps necessary for preparing the sample for a particular analytical test may not be deducible from the tube type alone, determining one or more second processing steps in dependence on the tube type in case a test order is not available guarantees that necessary processing steps are executed immediately after the receipt of the biological sample by the workcell even in case no test order was received.

Pre-processing blood samples for coagulation tests

To give a concrete example for using embodiments of the invention in practice, the processing of coagulation samples by an automated sample workcell according to embodiments of the invention will be described: in case a test order for a 'coagulation test' was received for the at least one biological sample of a patient, e.g. in response to a first request, one or more first processing steps are executed on said sample as indicated by the test order. The first processing steps are pre-analytical sample processing steps which prepare the sample for a succeeding coagulation analysis. The first processing steps comprise: programming the centrifuge for executing a centrifugation step of 3000 g for 10 minutes; executing said centrifugation step on said sample; decapping the sample by the decapping station; aliquoting said sample by the aliquotation station; The sample aliquots may then automatically be transported to an appropriate analytical system or to an output buffer from which said sample can be manually transferred to an analytical system for executing the coagulation test.
In case the test order was not received in response to the first request, the workcell does not have to suspend processing the sample until the test order is received as is the case in prior art systems. Rather, a tube type detection unit within the input station of the workcell is operable to dynamically determine the tube type. Then, one or more second processing steps are determined in dependence on the tube type. In case the tube type was recognized as coagulation sample tube (type VI for coagulation tests according to table 1 in the appendix), the centrifugation program is specified accordingly and the sample is centrifuged according to said program also in the absence of a test order. The second processing steps in this example are pre-analytical sample processing steps which prepare the sample for a succeeding coagulation analysis as far as possible based on the information provided by the tube type. The second processing steps comprise: programming the centrifuge for executing a centrifugation step of 3000 g for 10 minutes; executing said centrifugation step on said sample; the sample is then forwarded to a buffering station. In the buffering station, the sample is stored until a test order for the coagulation sample is available which is used to determine and execute outstanding processing steps, e.g. the aliquotation steps.
In case the test order was meanwhile received, e.g. in response to a second request and while executing the centrifugation step, the step of transporting the sample to the buffering station can be omitted and outstanding processing steps indicated by the meanwhile received test order which have not yet been carried out can be executed. Said processing steps are, in this example: forwarding the sample to an aliquotation station for aliquoting said sample; automatically transporting the sample aliquots to an appropriate analytical system or to an output buffer from which said sample can be manually transferred to an analytical system for executing the coagulation test.

Pre-processing blood samples for clinical analysis

According to embodiments, the workcell is operable to automatically pre-process whole blood samples being contained in serum tubes for a variety of different clinical tests. Said samples need to be centrifuged with a centrifugal force of 2000 g and a centrifugation time of 5 minutes for preparing serum from the whole blood (the same centrifugation parameters are also used for preparing plasma-samples). In case the automated sample workcell was operable to receive the test order for said blood sample, e.g. a request for executing a test for determining the glucose level, the sample workcells executes one or more first processing steps. Those first processing steps comprise centrifuging the sample with a centrifugal force of 2000 g for 5 minutes and executing additional pre-processing steps necessary for preparing the sample for determining its glucose concentration. In case the test order was not received, at least the centrifugation step and e.g. some decapping and/or recapping steps are automatically executed in dependence on the sample tube type (serum sample, tube types I and II according to table 1 in the appendix).

Pre-processing blood samples for hematological tests

According to embodiments, the workcell is operable to automatically pre-process EDTA-blood samples collected in type III sample tubes. Blood collected in said sample tubes may be used to examine the blood cells, e.g. their shape and number per volume unit. For said kind of analysis, also referred to as hematological test, a centrifugation could render the execution of said analysis impossible. A centrifugation of said samples must therefore be prohibited. The first or second processing steps to be executed on said kind of samples therefore may comprise various decapping- and/or recapping- steps, but not any centrifugation step.

Pre-processing STAT samples

The sample workcell described above may in addition be operable to automatically pre-process STAT samples with a higher priority than routine samples. In case a test order was received for the at least one received biological sample, its STAT-status, i.e. its categorization as STAT sample or as ROUTINE sample, is determined in dependence on the received test order. In addition, one or more first processing steps are executed on said sample as indicated by the test order. In case the test order was not received, the STAT status of said biological sample is determined in dependence on the input location of the sample input station having received the at least one biological sample. In case the sample was categorized as STAT sample, said sample is processed with higher priority as routine samples. This is advantageous, because in case STAT samples are received by the sample workcell, the STAT samples can be identified as STAT samples and can be immediately processed with highest priority in dependence on the input location having received the samples even in case a test order was not yet received for said sample.
Operating a sample workcell according to embodiments of the invention is advantageous, because at least some 'second' processing steps are executed by the automated sample workcell even in case no test order was received for said sample by the automated sample workcell.
Depending on the embodiment, the test order for the at least one biological sample can be received based on a push- or a pull approach. For example, a test order received via the push approach may be submitted to the automated sample workcell from the LIS or another piece of laboratory software as soon as said test order is specified for a particular biological sample. In the following, the expression 'receiving a test order' encompasses any push- or pull-based approach for receiving a test order for a biological sample.
According to some pull-approach based embodiments, the automated sample workcell tries to receive a test order for the at least one biological sample by executing a first request. Depending on the embodiment, executing the first request may comprise submitting an electronic request for a test order via a network to the middleware or the LIS, e.g. a Web-service request, a remote procedure call or the like. Said first request may also comprise executing a read operation on a computer readable storage medium in order to determine whether a test order for said received biological sample has been stored to said storage medium.
The test order is indicative of one or more first processing steps. The expression 'being indicative' implies that the test order itself may comprise instructions, e.g. computer interpretable instructions for executing the one or more first processing steps on the biological sample. In addition or alternatively, the test order may comprise one or more identifiers of one or more analytical tests and/or pre-analytical and/or post-analytical processing steps to be executed on a sample. A test order may also be indicative of a complex sample processing workflow covering pre-analytical, analytical and/or post-analytical sample processing steps. Detailed computer interpretable instructions for triggering one or more lab-devices of the automated sample workcell to execute the physical processing steps on the biological sample can be a part of the test order itself or can be stored elsewhere in association with one or more identifiers contained in said test order.
According to some embodiments, the automated sample workcell comprises lab-devices for executing one or more processing steps being selected in any combination from the group comprising pre-analytical processing steps, analytical processing steps and post-analytical processing steps.
According to some embodiments, the automated sample workcell is a pre-analytical sample workcell and each test order specifies at least one analytical test to be performed on the at least one biological sample. The one or more first processing steps thereby may be indicated, for example, by said at least one analytical test.
According to some embodiments, requesting a test order for a particular biological sample comprises reading a label of a biological sample in order to determine a sample identifier being encoded by said label, and to submit a request for a test order for said sample, whereby said request comprises said sample identifier.
According to embodiments, the automated sample workcell comprises one or more lab-devices. The method further comprises the steps of:

accessing a plurality of first programs, each first program being a set of computer-interpretable instructions, each program specifying one or more candidate processing steps which can be performed by one of the one or more lab-devices on the at least one biological sample,
whereby in case the test order assigned to said at least one biological sample was received, one or more second programs are selected from the plurality of first programs in dependence on said received test order, the one or more second programs specifying the one or more first processing steps,
whereby in case said test order was not received, the one or more second programs are selected from the plurality of first programs in dependence on the tube type of the sample tube that contains said at least one biological sample, the one or more second programs specifying the one or more second processing steps.

According to some embodiments, selecting one or more second programs from the plurality of first programs in dependence on the received test order or in dependence on a tube type is implemented by providing a computer readable storage medium having stored therein a plurality of first programs, whereby one or more first programs are respectively stored in association with one or more test order identifiers. In addition, one or more first programs are respectively stored in association with one or more tube type identifiers. Each first program thereby comprises computer interpretable instructions specifying how to physically conduct a processing step on a sample, e.g. how to transport a sample to a particular centrifuge or how to execute a centrifugation step on a sample.
This is advantageous, because this implementation allows to flexibly assign one or more processing steps to a particular sample tube identifier and/or to a particular test order by means of a mapping. Said mapping can be implemented e.g. by means of an association table of a relational database, whereby each program is mapped to one or more identifiers of a test order and/or to one or more identifiers of a tube type. As a consequence, an operator of the automated sample workcell is operable to change workflow definitions simply by editing a table of a relational database. This implementation also allows to flexibly program highly complex workflows which can be executed based on a dynamically determined sample type in case a test order was not received.
The step of executing one or more first processing steps in case a test order was received for the sample may comprise, according to some embodiments, receiving an identifier of an analytical test or of a single sample processing step, whereby said identifier is contained in the received test order. Then, one or more computer interpretable instructions having been stored in association with the received test order identifier are read from a computer-readable medium. Said one or more received computer implemented instructions specify one or more first processing steps to be executed by the sample workcell on the biological samples.
The step of executing one or more second processing steps in dependence on the tube type may comprise, according to embodiments, determining the sample tube type, evaluating the sample tube type for obtaining a tube type identifier and reading computer interpretable instructions from a data storage medium, whereby said instructions were stored to said storage medium in association with one or more tube type identifiers and whereby only those instructions are read which have assigned the obtained tube type identifier.
According to embodiments, the automated sample workcell tries to receive a test order for the at least one biological sample by executing a first request.
According to some embodiments, the execution of the first request is triggered by the receipt of the at least one biological sample by the workcell or one of its components, e.g. its sample input station. For example, the sample input station notifies an IM (instrument manager) module that a sample having assigned a particular sample-ID was received, and the IM module requests in a first request for a test order for said sample.
According to further embodiments, at least one second request is automatically executed for receiving the test order. The at least one second request is executed at a moment being selected from the group consisting of:

after a predefined time period after having executed the first request. For example, a second request may be submitted 5 min. after having submitted the first request.
after having executed the first request and while executing one of the one or more second processing steps. For example, the automated sample workcell may execute a centrifugation step as part of the second processing steps in dependence on the tube type. While executing the centrifugation, the automated sample workcell may submit one or more second request for receiving a test order for said centrifuged sample. This is advantageous, because not all sample processing steps which are necessary in order to prepare the biological sample for a particular analysis according to a test order can be determined as 'second processing steps' in dependence on the tube type. In order to determine also those 'test order-specific' processing steps, it is beneficial to start executing the second processing steps immediately and trying in parallel to receive an indication of all outstanding processing steps by submitting one or more second requests.
after having executed one of the one or more second processing steps, whereby the one or more second processing steps according to some embodiments comprise a step for transporting the at least one biological sample to a buffering station after all other second processing steps have been completed. This feature of transporting the at least one biological sample to a buffering station after all other second processing steps have been executed is advantageous, because this step guarantees that a sample does not block the processing of other samples and is stored under appropriate storing conditions in case a test order is still not available after having finished executing the one or more second processing steps. For example, a temperature sensitive sample can be transferred to a cooled buffering station, thereby guaranteeing that the sample can still be used for a chemical analysis later on as soon as the test order is received by the sample workcell.

According to some embodiments, the one or more second processing steps comprise one final step of transferring the at least one biological sample to a storage unit after having executed all other second processing steps. According to some of said embodiments, said final transportation step is not executed if, while executing one of the second processing steps, the test order was received in response to one of the second requests. This is advantageous, because it avoids executing unnecessary transportation steps (to and from a sample storage unit).
According to embodiments, the one or more second requests are only submitted in case no test order was received in response to the first request.
According to embodiments, the automated sample workcell comprises at least one centrifuge. In case the test order was received, the executed one or more first processing steps comprise at least one centrifugation step, whereby said centrifugation step is executed by said at least one centrifuge as indicated by said test order. In case the test order was not received, the executed one or more second processing steps also comprise said at least one centrifugation step. In this case, said centrifugation step is determined in dependence on the determined tube type of the sample. This is advantageous, because centrifugation steps can take a considerable amount of time and are often the time limiting step of a workflow. Therefore, executing a centrifugation step in dependence on the tube type in case a test order is not available helps to avoid bottlenecks. In many cases, delays resulting from a delayed assignment of a test order to a sample can be completely avoided, because the centrifugation step can be started in dependence on the tube type in case the test order cannot be received at the moment when the sample is received by the sample input station of the workcell. As a centrifugation step may take 5-20 min., there is a good chance for receiving the test order in response to one of the one or more second requests during or after the execution of said centrifugation step.
According to further embodiments, the automated sample workcell comprises at least one aliquotation station. In case the test order was received, the one or more executed first processing steps comprise at least one aliquotation step to be executed on said at least one biological sample by the at least one aliquotation station. In case the test order was not received, the one or more executed second processing steps do not comprise said at least one aliquotation step. This is advantageous, because the step of aliquoting a biological sample typically depends on the analytical test to be executed and can therefore often not be executed based on information on the tube type alone. Executing the step of aliquoting a sample only in case the test order was received is advantageous, as it ensures that only those processing steps are executed whose necessity can safely be deduced from the tube type.
According to further embodiments, the automated sample workcell comprises at least one decapping and/or recapping station. In case the test order was received, the one or more executed first processing steps comprise at least one decapping and/or recapping step to be executed on said at least one biological sample by the at least one decapping and/or recapping station. In case the test order was not received, the one or more executed second processing steps comprise said at least one decapping and/or recapping step. This is advantageous, because capping, decapping and recapping a sample may be a necessary pre-analytical procedure in a variety of different workflow settings. The first as well as the second processing steps may comprise one or more decapping and/or recapping steps in the order needed in a particular state within the workflow.
In case the test order was not received and the sample is processed in dependence on the sample tube, the sequence of workcell lab-devices used for executing one of the one or more second processing steps may differ from the sequence and/or type of workcell lab-devices used for executing the one or more first processing steps. Some processing steps may require the sample to be capped, others may require it to be decapped. According to embodiments of the invention, the first processing steps as well as the one or more second processing steps comprise one or more capping and/or decapping processing steps, whereby said capping and/or decapping processing steps are arranged within the first and/or second processing steps as needed by the workcell lab-devices executing said first/or second processing steps.
According to further embodiments, the one or more second processing steps are a subset of the one or more first processing steps. In case the test order was not received at the moment when the sample workcell receives the one or more biological samples, e.g., if no test order is received in response to the first request, the one or more second processing steps are executed. After having executed the one or more second processing steps, further steps are executed by the automated sample workcell which comprise: receiving, after having finished executing the one or more second processing steps, the test order (said test order may, for example, be received in response to a second processing step); determining one or more outstanding processing steps, the one or more outstanding processing steps comprising all first processing steps not being contained in the one or more second processing steps having been executed already; and executing the one or more outstanding processing steps by the automated sample workcell after having executed the one or more second processing steps. In other words, after having executed the second processing steps and after having received the test order at a later moment in time, e.g. in response to a second request, all those processing steps indicated by the test order are executed which have not yet been executed already as second processing steps in dependence on the tube type.
This is advantageous, because this ensures that by executing the one or more outstanding processing steps, finally all processing steps are executed which are necessary to prepare the sample for a particular analytical test requested in the test order of said sample.
For instance, the sample workcell may receive a whole blood sample within a serum tube and submit a first request for a test order of said tube in response to the receipt of said sample. However, no test order is received in response to the first request. The workcell may determine that the received biological sample is contained in a serum tube and may execute one or more second processing steps in dependence on said dynamically determined tube type. Said second processing steps comprise a centrifugation step for preparing serum from said sample. As the information that can be deduced from the tube type is not specific enough to allow executing an aliquotation step, the sample workcell is not able to aliquot the sample for a particular analytical test. Therefore, the workcell may submit one or more second requests and may forward the sample after having finished said second processing steps to a storage unit if no test order was received in response to the second requests. If, however, the test order of said sample was received during or after the execution of the one or more second processing steps, the one or more outstanding processing steps can be determined automatically as an intersection of all the first processing steps indicated by the test order and all second processing steps having already been executed by the workcell. After having determined one or more outstanding processing steps, the one or more outstanding processing steps are executed by the sample workcell, thereby guaranteeing that all first processing steps are actually executed on the at least one biological sample as they would have been if the test order would have been received right away in response to the first request. According to embodiments, the step of aliquoting the sample for a particular analytical test is executed either as one of the one or more first processing steps or as one of the one or more outstanding processing steps.
According to further embodiments, the at least one second request is repeatedly and automatically executed. This is advantageous, because a second request is continuously, e.g. after predefined time intervals, executed during and/or after the workcell executes the one or more second processing steps. This guarantees that the test order is received as soon as possible, thereby avoiding that a sample for which a test order can meanwhile be received is unnecessarily transferred to a buffering unit. In case no test order was received when all second processing steps are executed, the sample may be transported to the sample buffering station. According to preferred embodiments, the one or more second requests are repeatedly executed even after having transferred the sample to said buffering station. As soon as the test order was received in response to a second request, the sample is unloaded from said buffering station for executing one or more outstanding processing steps on said sample.
According to embodiments, the sample workcell comprises an instrument manger (IM) module. Said module can be a hardware-, firmware- or software module or any combination thereof. The IM module acts as a control instance which controls and monitors the processing steps executed by lab-devices of the sample workcell. The IM module is operable to submit the first and second requests and to receive the test orders in response to any of said first or second requests. The IM module is operable to receive the tube type having been determined by the tube type detector. According to embodiments, the IM module is operable to access a computer-readable storage medium having stored therein instructions which specify the physical processing steps executed by the workcell lab-devices. According to embodiments, the IM module is an integral part of the sample workcell. According to other embodiments, the IM module is a software module being part of the middleware or LIS of a laboratory, said middleware or LIS being connected to the workcell via a network, e.g. an intranet.
According to some embodiments, the test order is not received when the one or more samples are loaded into the sample workcell. The automated sample workcell receives the test order while the workcell is executing the one or more second processing steps on the sample or has finished executing the one or more second processing steps. For example, said test order, e.g. in response to one of the second requests, the sample workcells or one of its components, e.g. the IM module, compares the second processing steps with the first processing steps indicated by the meanwhile received test order. In case the comparison returns as result that one or more of the executed second processing steps are not indicated by the test order, the workcell automatically detects said sample as a wrongly processed sample. The workcell submits an alert message which is indicative of the wrongly processed sample. In addition or as an alternative to submitting the alert, said sample is transported to a buffer unit for storing or discarding erroneously processed biological samples. For example, the IM module of the workcell may automatically detect a wrongly processed sample and submit an alert message via a network to an LIS or other software component of the lab and may be displayed on a GUI.
Said features are advantageous, as they allow to detect and sort out samples whose tube type was not recognized correctly and which may therefore have been processed erroneously. Such samples may not be usable for an analytical test any longer, and sorting them out helps to guarantee the accuracy of analytical test results obtained on samples preprocessed by said sample workcell.
According to further embodiments, the sample workcell determines the tube type of the at least one biological sample. Executing the one or more second processing steps comprises the steps of retrieving a centrifugation program for the determined tube type and executing a centrifugation step according to said a centrifugation program. The centrifugation program could be stored e.g. to a computer readable non-volatile storage medium, e.g. an electromagnetic disk, a flash drive, an optical drive or the like, and can be read by the IM module for specifying the centrifugation program of at least one centrifuge and for centrifuging said sample according to said centrifugation program. Depending on the embodiment, said computer readable storage medium may be an integral part of the automated sample workcell, of the centrifuge or of another storage medium being accessible via the middleware or the IM module. Depending on the embodiment, the centrifuge can be an integral part, e.g. a modular unit, of the automated sample workcell, or can be an independent laboratory device connected to the automated sample workcell by an automated transport unit, i.e. a conveyor and/or a robotic arm.
According to further embodiments, the step of determining the tube type is only executed in case said test order was not received. This is advantageous, because the step of determining the tube type, e.g. by means of a camera or other image capturing devices can be omitted, thereby saving time.
According to other embodiments, the tube type is determined automatically by a lab-device of the automated sample workcell, e.g. by an image detection device being part of the input station. Depending on the embodiment of the invention, the determination of the tube type can be based on an analysis of one or more of the following features being selected from the group comprising:

the color of the tube,
the color of the tube cap,
the dimensions of the tube (i.e. length and/or diameter and/or shape property),
the dimensions of the tube cap (length and/or diameter and/or shape property),
a tube type label being indicative of the tube type, e.g. a 2D or 3D code, e.g. a barcode or a matrix code.

A shape property can be, for example, depressions or elevations of the surface.
According to further embodiments, a plurality of biological samples is received and grouped based on respectively received test orders or tube types: in case a test order was received for each biological sample belonging to said plurality of received biological samples, the biological samples are grouped according to their respectively received test orders, each sample group sharing the same respectively received test order, before executing the one or more first processing steps. In case a test order was not received for each biological sample belonging to said plurality of biological samples, the biological samples of said plurality of biological samples are grouped according to the tube type of each respective biological sample, the samples of each sample group being contained in tubes of the same respective tube type, before executing the one or more second processing steps.
This is advantageous, because grouping the samples according to the received test order or the tube type allows to distribute the sample groups to different workcell devices and to process each sample group in dependence on the collectively shared test order. For example, a centrifugation step may be executed on a plurality of samples sharing the same test order in one single step. Accordingly, in case the test order was not received, grouping and processing the samples according to a shared sample type is advantageous, because it allows executing a particular second processing step in parallel on a multitude of samples, thereby speeding up the whole sample processing workflow.
In a further aspect, the invention relates to an automated sample workcell comprising:

a sample input station for receiving at least one biological sample, each biological sample being contained in a sample tube, each sample tube being of a tube type;
an IM module for receiving a test order for said at least one received biological sample,
a tube type detector for automatically determining the tube type of each of the at least one biological sample;
whereby in case the test order was received, the test order being indicative of one or more first processing steps, the automated sample workcell automatically executes the one or more first processing steps on the at least one biological sample, and
whereby in case said test order was not received, the automated sample workcell automatically determines one or more second processing steps in dependence on the tube type of the sample tube that contains said at least one biological sample, and executes said one or more second processing steps on the at least one biological sample.

According to embodiments, the execution of the first request is triggered by the receipt of the at least one biological sample.
According to further embodiments, the automated sample workcell further comprises:

a transport unit for transporting the at least one received biological sample,
a buffering station, and
at least one lab-device,
whereby the IM module automatically requests in a first request or in the first and at least one second request the test order for the at least one biological sample,
whereby in case the test order of said at least one biological sample was not received in response to any of the first or at least one second request, the transport unit transports said at least one biological sample to the buffering station,
whereby in case the test order of said at least one biological sample was received in response to the at least one second request, the transport unit is operable to unload said at least one biological sample from the buffering station and to transport the at least one biological sample to the at least one lab-device for automatically executing one or more outstanding processing steps on said at least one biological sample, the one or more outstanding processing steps being processing steps which belong to the one or more first processing steps but which have not been executed as second processing steps at the moment when the test order is received in response to the at least one second request.

According to further embodiments, the automated sample workcell is operatively coupled to a data source, the data source having stored a first and a second mapping, the first mapping assigning programs to test orders, the second mapping assigning programs to tube types.
According to still further embodiments, the automated sample workcell further comprises a light source for illuminating the one or more samples and the tube type detector comprises a digital camera for capturing at least one image of the one or more samples.
Although the principles of the present invention have previously been described in the context of blood sample analysis, the described embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modification may be made regarding the type of biological sample to be processed (urine, saliva, cerebral spinal liquor etc), regarding the processing steps to be executed by a lab-device of the automated sample workcell and regarding the test orders and tube types evaluated for determining the first and second processing steps.

Brief description of the drawings

In the following, embodiments of the invention are explained in greater detail by way of example, only making reference to the drawings, in which:

Figure 1: is a block diagram of an automated sample workcell,
Figure 2: is a flowchart of a method for operating the automated sample workcell,
Figure 3: illustrates the processing of three different types of samples,
Figure 4: depicts a pre-analytical sample workcell,
Figures 5: depicts the pre-analytical sample workcell in connection with two analytical systems and a post-analytical sample workcell,
Figure 6a: depicts the selection of computer implemented instructions specifying one or more first processing steps in dependence on a received test order, and
Figure 6b: depicts the selection of computer implemented instructions specifying one or more second processing steps in dependence on the tube type.

Detailed description

Figure 1 is a block diagram of a sample workcell 102 according to one embodiment of the invention. The automated sample workcell 102 comprises a sample input station 108, at least one centrifuge 116, 117, a transport unit 118 in the form of a sample conveyor for automatically transporting biological samples 125-130 from the sample input station 108 to one of the centrifuges 116, 117 or any of the other sample processing units 119-121, e.g. the aliquotation station 119 or the decapping/recapping station 121. The transport unit may also transport the biological samples to the sample buffering station 120 or unload said samples from said buffering station. According to the depicted embodiment, the transport unit is operable to forward the at least one received biological sample, after having executed one or more pre-analytical processing steps on said sample, to one or more analytical systems 134, 131, and also to a post-analytical sample workcell 132.
Each sample is labeled with a label being particular for said sample or for a particular patient from which the sample was derived. In addition, a sample may have attached a tube type label for identifying the tube type (not shown). Such a tube type label can be used instead of a complex image recognition unit for determining the type of a tube. According to said embodiments, the tube type is not determined by evaluating its color or dimensions but rather by reading the tube type ID from the tube type label. The tube type is detected by tube type detector 110 which can be, for example, a camera in connection with an image analysis device being operable to determine the tube type by analyzing e.g. the color and/or shape of the tube cap or the tube. Tube type detector 110 may likewise be an RFID tag reader or a 2D or 3D code reader.
The workcell 102 depicted in figure 1 further comprises a computer readable storage medium 115 having stored therein computer interpretable instructions 112-114 which can be selected in dependence on a received test order and/or in dependence on the tube type 122-124 of the sample tubes. The set of selected computer implemented instructions respectively specify the one or more first or second processing steps.
The instrument manager (IM) module 111 is a software-, hardware- or firmware-module which can be, depending on the embodiment, integral part of the sample workcell or of a LIS 101 or of a laboratory middleware being connected to the automated sample workcell 102 via a network 103. The IM module is operable to evaluate a received test order and a detected tube type in order to determine the first or second processing steps to be executed on the at least one biological sample. The IM module is further operable to coordinate and control the one or more lab-devices 116-121, including the transport unit, which execute the one or more first or second processing steps on the biological sample. According to figure 1, the sample tube types 122-124 are indicated by a particular hachure of the sample caps.
Figure 2 depicts a flowchart of a method for operating an automated sample workcell 102. In a first step, the sample input station 108 of the automated sample workcell receives one or more biological samples 125-130. The sample tubes loaded into the sample workcell may be contained in sample tubes of different types. The samples may be loaded into the sample input station individually or rackwise. Upon having received the at least one biological sample, the automated sample workcell tries 202 to receive a test order for the at least one biological sample. This step may comprise submitting a first request by the IM module to LIS or middleware components. Submitting the first request may also be based on executing a read operation on a data storage medium 107 to which test orders are stored as soon as they have been specified and assigned to a particular biological sample.
In decision step 203, the IM module determines if the requested test order was received. In case the requested test order was received for the at least one biological sample in response to the first request, the sample workcell in step 204 automatically executes one or more first processing steps on the at least one biological sample. The one or more first processing steps can be determined by evaluating the received test order and determining the one or more first processing steps which are necessary to prepare the biological sample for an analytical test requested in said test order for said sample.
In case a test order was not received, one or more second processing steps are determined in step 205 in dependence on the tube type of the sample tube which contains the at least one biological sample. According to some embodiments, the tube type is determined by the tube type detector 110 automatically whenever a sample is loaded into the sample workcell. According to other embodiments, the tube type is determined by said detector 110 only in case it was determined in step 203 that no test order was received in response to the first request.
After having determined the one or more second processing steps, said second processing steps are executed on the at least one biological sample automatically by one or more lab-devices/units of the automated sample workcell.
Figure 3 depicts the grouping of samples into three different sample groups. The grouping is test order based in case a test order was received for the samples respectively. The grouping is tube-type based in case a test order was not received. In processing step 302, a plurality of received biological samples is grouped and the groups are forwarded by transport unit 118 to different lab-devices of the work cell.
For instance, all biological samples being contained in a serum/urine sample tube will be processed by the following second processing steps: centrifugation 306 in centrifuge 116 for obtaining serum from whole blood; decapping 307 in the decapping/recapping station 121; aliquotation 308 in aliquotation station 119, and a second sorting step 309 for grouping the one or more samples in dependence on the analytical test 312-318 to be performed on that sample and for automatically transporting all samples to the corresponding analytical system 131. Processing steps 308 and 309 are depicted with dotted borders as said processing steps can only be executed in case a test order was received, but not if only the tube type of a sample is known. Steps 306 and 307, however, can be executed in dependence on the sample tube even in case a test order was not received. Correspondingly, the steps 310 and 311 can also be executed on whole blood samples in plasma tubes even if no test order was received for said samples. The plasma samples 304 are decapped in step 310 in decapping/recapping station 121 and are centrifuged 311 in centrifuge 117 for obtaining plasma from the whole blood. In a further step, provided a test order was received in response to a first or a second request, the test order requesting for a coagulation test, the samples are forwarded to analytical system 134 for executing the requested coagulation test 319. In a final step, the analyzed biological samples may be forwarded to an archive for storing the biological samples for further analyses or to a waste unit 321 for disposing the samples.
EDTA samples 305 are not centrifuged but rather collectively forwarded by the transport unit 118 to an output buffer. From said output buffer, the EDTA samples can manually or automatically be forwarded for executing hematological tests 320.
Figure 4 depicts a pre-analytical automated sample workcell 410 which comprises a plurality of processing lab-devices or 'units' 401-409. Each unit is responsible for executing one or more pre-analytical processing steps on one or more biological samples. Each unit is connected to at least one other unit by means of a conveyor acting as transport unit. The modular architecture of the pre-analytical automated workcell is advantageous, because it allows to freely combine the units according to the specific needs of a particular laboratory. The sample workcell 410 is connected to a computer system 414 directly or via a network. A user is operable to create and assign test orders to one or more samples which shall be processed by the sample workcell via a graphical user interface (GUI) of said computer system 414. The GUI may in addition provide a user with dynamically updated status information indicating the processing steps to be executed and/or having already been executed on a particular sample.
Unit 401 is a sample input station which is operable to buffer a plurality of biological samples having been loaded into said input station. It comprises a bar code reader for identifying a biological sample by reading and evaluating a bar code attached to each biological sample. According to some embodiments, the sample input station further comprises means for determining the STAT status of the received samples based on the assigned test orders or based on the input location of the samples (according to some embodiments of the invention, the sample input station comprises different entry points for STAT samples and for ROUTINE samples), thereby allowing for the processing of STAT samples with highest priority. The sample input station further comprises a tube type detector 108 for determining the type of a tube, e.g. based on image analysis. The tube type detector may be a camera in combination with a software module being operable to execute image analysis for determining the tube type. According to some embodiments, said image analysis module may also be part of the IM module. A light source provides for sufficient illumination of the samples.
Unit 402 comprises a centrifuge which can be programmed in dependence on the test order, or, if no test order is available, in dependence on the tube type of the received biological samples. One or more biological samples can be automatically loaded to and unloaded from the centrifuge by the transport unit connecting all units of the automated sample workcell 410 with each other. Unit 403 is a decapping module which can decap tubes of a plurality of tube types, e.g. Hemogard, Venosafe, Monovette, Kabe and Kima. Unit 404 is an aliquoter module which is operable to aliquot biological samples for a variety of different analyzer systems. Unit 405 is a sample sorter module which is operable to group a plurality of samples in dependence on their assigned test order and/or in dependence on the tube type the samples are contained in. The sorted sample groups can then be forwarded by the transport unit to different analytical systems and/or post-analytical sample workcells. Unit 406 comprises a bar code labeler which is operable to label biological samples with computer-readable and/or human readable data. Unit 408 is a recapping module being operable to cap and/or recap a plurality of different tube types. Unit 409 is an output sample buffer being operable to buffer a plurality of samples which have been processed and which are ready for storage and/or disposal.
Figure 5 depicts a combination of the pre-analytical automated sample workcell 410, two analytical systems 411, 412 and one post-analytical sample workcell 413. The analytical systems are multi-modular analytical systems comprising a series of analytical units A1-A5 and A1, A2, A3, A7, A8, respectively. Each analytical unit A1-A8 is operable to execute a particular set of analytical tests on one or more biological samples. After having analyzed one or more aliquots of the at least one biological sample in one or more analytical units A1-A8, the sample may be forwarded to the post-analytical sample workcell for long-term storage or disposal. The post-analytical sample workcell 413 comprises three post-analytical lab-devices PO1-PO3 which can be, for example, a cooled storage unit such as a refrigerator or a freezer, a waste unit and the like. The pre-analytical sample workcell 410, the analytical systems 411, 412 and the post-analytical sample workcell 413 are connected to each other via transport unit 118, e.g. a conveyor belt.
Figure 6a and 6b depict a computer readable storage medium 115 having stored therein a plurality of programs P1-P11. Each program is a set of computer interpretable instructions specifying a particular processing step which can be executed physically on one or more biological samples by one particular lab-device 401,..., 409 of an automated sample workcell 410. The storage medium 115 further comprises a first mapping 603 which maps each program P1, ...., P11 to one or more test orders O1 ...., On. The storage medium further comprises a second mapping 604 which maps each program P1, ...., P11 to one or more tube types T1, ...., Tm. The characters n and m respectively represent integers larger than 1.
In case a test order O1 104 was received by the automated sample workcell for a particular biological sample as depicted in figure 6a , the IM module selects one or more programs P2, P3, P5-P7, P9 in dependence on the received test order O1 thereby specifying the one or more first processing steps. In case the test order O1 104 was not received by the automated sample workcell for a particular biological sample, the IM module selects one or more programs P2, P3, P5, P7 in dependence on the tube type 122 T4 of said biological sample, thereby specifying the one or more second processing steps. The latter case is depicted in figure 6b . The IM module controls and monitors the execution of the one or more first or second processing steps by the automated sample workcell.

Appendix

Table 1: Tube Types

Tube type	Added substances	Sample type	Possible analyses (indicated in test order)
I	contains a clot activator Clot activator accelerates clotting.	serum sample	clinical chemistry on serum (determining glucose/ion/protein level etc.); immunology; routine blood donor screening; diagnostic testing for infectious diseases
II	Contains a clot activator and gel Gel density between density of blood serum and of the blood cells. Gel assists in separating serum and blood cells after centrifugation. Gel prevents substance exchange between blood cell and serum.	serum sample	clinical chemistry on serum (determining glucose/ion/protein level etc.); immunology; routine blood donor screening; diagnostic testing for infectious diseases
III	Contains anticoagulant EDTA K2-EDTA does not distort blood cells and is therefore the preferred anti-coagulans for hematological analyses.	hematol ogical samples (whole blood)	clinical hematology examinations of blood cells; routine blood donor screenings;
IV	Contains anticoagulants: Heparin, Lithium, Heparin Sodium and gel Gel density is between density of blood plasma and of the blood cells. Gel assists in separating plasma and blood cells after centrifugation. Gel prevents substance exchange between blood cell and plasma.	plasma sample	clinical chemistry on plasma (determining glucose/ion/protein level etc.); immunology; routine blood donor screening; diagnostic testing for infectious diseases; some items of hemorrheology
V	Contains thrombin, a rapid clot activator	STAT serum sample	rapid STAT serum analysis
VI	Contains anticoagulants citrate Citrate binds the calcium of the blood sample.	citrate-plasma sample	Coagulation analyses: adding calcium allows blood to clot again; determination of e.g. the clotting time; platelet function assays;
VII	Urine tubes	urine sample	Chemical analysis on urine samples

Claims

A method for operating an automated sample workcell (102, 410, 301) for processing one or more biological samples (125-130), the workcell comprising a sample input station (108, 401), the method comprising:
- receiving (201) the one or more biological samples by the sample input station, each sample being contained in a sample tube, each sample tube being of a tube type (122-124);

- determining by the automated sample workcell, whether a test order (104) was received or not for at least one of said biological samples, and, in case a test order (104) was received for at least one of said biological samples, the test order being a data object being indicative of one or more analytical tests to be executed on the at least one biological sample and being indicative of one or more first processing steps,
automatically executing (204) by the automated sample work-cell the one or more first processing steps on the at least one biological sample, characterized in determining (205) by the automated sample workcell,

- in case said test order was not received, one or more second processing steps in dependence on the tube type of the sample tube that contains said at least one biological sample, and executing (206) by the automated sample workcell said one or more second processing steps on the at least one biological sample.
The method of claim 1, whereby the automated sample workcell comprises one or more lab-devices (116-117, 119, 121, 402-409), the method further comprising the steps of:
- accessing a plurality of first programs (P1-P9), each first program being a set of computer-interpretable instructions, each program specifying one or more candidate processing steps which can be performed by one of the one or more lab-devices on the at least one biological sample,

- whereby in case the test order assigned to said at least one biological sample was received, one or more second programs are selected from the plurality of first programs in dependence on said received test order, the one or more second programs specifying the one or more first processing steps,

- whereby in case said test order was not received, the one or more second programs are selected in dependence on the tube type of the sample tube that contains said at least one biological sample, the one or more second programs specifying the one or more second processing steps.
The method of anyone of claims 1-2, whereby one first request or said first request and at least one second request for receiving the test order are automatically executed, the at least one second request being executed at a moment being selected from the group consisting of:
- after a predefined time period after having executed the first request,

- after having executed the first request and while executing one of the one or more second processing steps, and

- after having executed one of the one or more second processing steps, whereby the one or more second processing steps comprise a processing step for transporting the at least one biological sample to a buffering station (120) after having finished executing all other second processing steps.
The method of claim 3, whereby the execution of the first request is triggered by the receipt of the at least one biological sample.
The method of anyone of claims 1-4,
- whereby the automated sample workcell comprises at least one centrifuge (115, 117, 402),

- in case the test order was received, the executed one or more first processing steps comprise at least one centrifugation step to be executed by said at least one centrifuge, and

- in case the test order was not received, the executed one or more second processing steps also comprise said at least one centrifugation step.
The method of anyone of claims 1-5,
- whereby the automated sample workcell comprises at least one aliquotation station (119, 404),

- whereby in case the test order was received, the one or more executed first processing steps comprise at least one aliquotation step to be executed on said at least one biological sample by the at least one aliquotation station, and

- whereby in case the test order was not received, the one or more executed second processing steps do not comprise said at least one aliquotation step.
The method of anyone of claims 1-6,
- whereby the automated sample workcell comprises at least one decapping and/or recapping station (121, 403, 408),

- whereby in case the test order was received, the one or more executed first processing steps comprise at least one decapping and/or recapping step to be executed on said at least one biological sample by the at least one decapping and/or recapping station, and

- whereby in case the test order was not received, the one or more executed second processing steps comprise said at least one decapping and/or recapping step.
The method of anyone of claims 4-7,
- whereby the one or more second processing steps are a subset of the one or more first processing steps,

- whereby the test order was not received when the one or more samples are received by the sample workcell and whereby the sample workcell has finished executing the one or more second processing steps,

- whereby the method further comprises the steps of:
o receiving the test order after having finished executing the one or more second processing steps,

o determining one or more outstanding processing steps, the one or more outstanding processing steps comprising all first processing steps not having already been executed as second processing steps,

o executing the one or more outstanding processing steps by the automated sample workcell.
The method of anyone of claims 4-8,
- whereby in case the test order was not received when the one or more samples are received by the sample workcell
the method further comprises the steps of:
o receiving by the automated sample workcell the test order while the sample workcell is executing the one or more second processing steps or has finished executing the one or more second processing steps,

o comparing by the automated sample workcell the second processing steps with the first processing steps indicated by the received test order,

o in case the comparison returns as result that one or more of the executed second processing steps are not indicated by the test order, automatically detecting by the automated sample workcell said at least one sample as wrongly processed sample,

o submitting by the automated sample workcell an alert message being indicative of the wrongly processed sample and/or transporting by the automated sample workcell said wrongly processed sample to a buffer unit for storing or discarding said sample.
The method of anyone of claims 4-9, whereby the at least one second request is repeatedly executed.
The method of anyone of claims 1-10, further comprising the step of determining the tube type of the at least one biological sample, whereby executing the one or more second processing steps comprises the steps of retrieving a centrifugation program for the determined tube type and executing a centrifugation step according to said centrifugation program.
The method of claim 11, whereby the step of determining the tube type is only executed in case said test order was not received.
The method of anyone of claims 1-12, wherein the at least one received biological sample comprises a plurality of biological samples,
- whereby in case a test order was received for each sample of said plurality, the biological samples of said plurality are grouped according to their respectively received test orders, each sample group sharing the same respectively received test order, before executing the one or more first processing steps, and

- whereby in case test orders were not received for each of said plurality of biological samples, the biological samples of said plurality are grouped according to the tube type of each respective biological sample, each sample group sharing the same respective tube type, before executing the one or more second processing steps.
An automated sample workcell (102, 410, 301) comprising:
- a sample input station for receiving (201) at least one biological sample (125-130), each biological sample being contained in a sample tube (122-124), each sample tube being of a tube type;

- an IM (111) module for receiving a test order (104) for said at least one received biological sample,

- a tube type detector (110) for automatically determining the tube type (122-124) of each of the at least one biological sample;

- whereby the automated sample workcell is adapted, in case the test order was received,
the test order being a data object being indicative of one or more analytical tests to be executed on the at least one biological sample and being indicative of one or more first processing steps,
to automatically execute the one or more first processing steps on the at least one biological sample, characterised in that

- the automated sample workcell is further adapted, in case said test order was not received, to automatically determine one or more second processing steps in dependence on the tube type of the sample tube that contains said at least one biological sample, and to execute said one or more second processing steps on the at least one biological sample.
The automated sample workcell of claim 14, further comprising:
- one or more lab-devices (116-117, 119, 121, 402-409),

- a buffering station (120),

- a transport unit (118) for transporting the at least one received biological sample,

- whereby the IM module is adapted to automatically request in a first request or in the first and at least one second request the test order for the at least one biological sample,

- whereby in case the test order of said at least one biological sample was not received in response to the first or the at least one second request, the transport unit is adapted to transport said at least one biological sample to the buffering station,

- whereby in case the test order of said at least one biological sample was received in response to the at least one second request, the transport unit is operable to unload said at least one biological sample from the buffering station and to transport the at least one biological sample to the at least one lab-device for automatically executing one or more outstanding processing steps on said at least one biological sample, the one or more outstanding processing steps being processing steps which belong to the one or more first processing steps but which have not been executed as second processing steps when the test order is received in response to the at least one second request.