EP2500683A2 - Transparent ballistics protection system - Google Patents

Transparent ballistics protection system Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2500683A2
EP2500683A2 EP12001709A EP12001709A EP2500683A2 EP 2500683 A2 EP2500683 A2 EP 2500683A2 EP 12001709 A EP12001709 A EP 12001709A EP 12001709 A EP12001709 A EP 12001709A EP 2500683 A2 EP2500683 A2 EP 2500683A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
matrix material
transparent
ceramic
component
layer
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EP12001709A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2500683A3 (en
EP2500683B1 (en
Inventor
Lars Schnetter
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Ceramtec ETEC GmbH
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Ceramtec ETEC GmbH
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0407—Transparent bullet-proof laminatesinformative reference: layered products essentially comprising glass in general B32B17/06, e.g. B32B17/10009; manufacture or composition of glass, e.g. joining glass to glass C03; permanent multiple-glazing windows, e.g. with spacing therebetween, E06B3/66

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a transparent ballistic protection system in order, for example, to protect vehicles, in particular military vehicles - but also civil vehicles - from being bombarded.
  • the windows of the vehicles such as the side windows, the windscreen or the like. so far equipped with bulletproof glass.
  • bulletproof glass has a relatively low ballistic efficiency, in particular with respect to hard-core ammunition, so that the window areas form the weak points of the respective vehicle. To ensure adequate protection, therefore, large weights are necessary.
  • the articles of these materials are made, the articles are polished to optical quality.
  • polishing arise on the order of 50% of the total manufacturing cost. It follows that the polished object made of transparent ceramic costs a multiple of a corresponding bulletproof glass. Despite the significantly better properties of objects made of transparent ceramics or of single crystals, they have so far not been able to place themselves on the market for cost reasons; they are used only for visual patterns.
  • a ceramic granules by cyclic pressing to a green density of> 40% the theoretical density ( TD) is compressed.
  • pre-sintering and sintering or conventional sintering up to Occurrence of a closed porosity and Nachpenpen the cyclically pressed green body, so that the produced transparent ceramic has a density of ⁇ 99.8% TD.
  • the sintered ceramic produced in this way is finally polished, resulting in a RIT value of ⁇ 70% of the theoretical maximum value.
  • the DE 10 2008 063 926 A1 describes a method for producing a transparent ceramic, wherein a ceramic powder is press-formed and sintered in a press in a single press cycle between two pressing elements of the press.
  • the pressing elements are uniformly heated during the press molding and sintering of the ceramic powder.
  • the ceramic articles thus produced are then polished.
  • the final polishing usually results in at least 50% of the total production costs of a transparent ceramic.
  • the WO 00/47944 A1 discloses a ballistic protective panel having a planar support member and a plurality of cylindrical bodies.
  • the cylindrical bodies are made of a high density material.
  • Each cylindrical body is formed with two flat end faces, ie end faces oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical body.
  • the cylindrical bodies each have the same diameter and the same axial length. They are attached with their faces on the flat support element.
  • a ballistic protection system which has small glass flakes embedded in a matrix material.
  • the glass flakes are arranged in spaced-apart layers and have special shapes. At least in three of these layers, the platelets are biconical in shape with the tips of the platelets in the first and third layers aligned with each other.
  • the ratio of diameter to thickness of the platelets is in the range of 1: 1 1 to 20: 1.
  • the matrix material is made of a transparent thermosetting polymer such as an epoxy or a polyester, a urethane or a thermoplastic polymer such as a polymethyl acrylate or the like. The matrix material completely fills the entire space between the shaped platelets.
  • a ballistic protection system for protection against projectiles which has a plurality of platelets, which are provided in a matrix material is, for example, also from the US 2006/0249012 A1 known.
  • the platelets comprise a first material and the matrix material enclosing the platelets comprises a second material different from the first material.
  • the first material and the second material may be optically transparent.
  • Conventional transparent protection systems consist for example of different layers of different glasses, films for bonding the layers together, and optionally of suitable plastics. If transparent ceramics or single crystals are used, they form one of the layers within the protection system.
  • the invention has the object to provide a transparent ballistic protection system that is simple and inexpensive to implement with excellent protection properties.
  • a transparent ballistic protection system having at least one component of a single crystal or a polycrystalline ceramic and RIT> 10%, wherein it is not necessarily required in a particularly advantageous manner, the single crystals or to polish the ceramic so that the manufacturing costs resulting from such a polishing process are eliminated.
  • a grinding operation to be performed before polishing can be dispensed with and the at least one component made of ceramic or monocrystal can be used immediately after its production, ie combined with the matrix material.
  • the matrix material has at least approximately the same refractive index or the same refractive index as the at least one component, advantageously any optical aberration of the surface of the at least one component is compensated, so that, for example, a poor polishing quality can be accepted. or the at least one component need not be ground and polished.
  • two- or three-dimensional curved, transparent ballistic protection systems - despite the use of planar components - realized, so that an optimized armor, based on single crystals or ceramics, even in conventional vehicles, helicopters, etc. is possible.
  • the invention makes it possible to realize arbitrarily complex designs of the transparent ballistic protection system without impairing the desired transparency.
  • a transparent ballistic protection system can be realized, which also allows a complex geometry of the protection system in a cost-effective manner.
  • the matrix material may be an organic or inorganic matrix component, such as, for example, inorganic adhesives, polymers or the like. act.
  • the matrix material may also be a liquid. In this case, of course, a suitable seal for the liquid matrix material is required.
  • the transparent ballistic protection system can also be used with other protective elements, such as transparent plastics, glass panes, glass ceramics, etc. be combined.
  • the transparent ballistic protection system according to the invention also advantageously allows the use of complex components. Furthermore, improved transparency of the system and, in particular, the comparatively low production costs due to the omission of the polishing process and the resulting cost savings of the order of 50% allow for the first time the use of transparent ceramics or single crystals on a large scale.
  • optical boundaries to the at least one component made of polycrystalline ceramic material or of monocrystal disappear by the use of the matrix materials with a desired refractive index of the material of the at least one component and only the matrix material itself the limit represents the environment at which it may come to a reflection and / or refraction.
  • the outermost layer is then relevant in a corresponding composite.
  • a 90mm x 90mm x 5mm uncut ceramic tile forming a part of the protection system is covered on both sides with a thin film of refractive index matrix material on one half of its surface area.
  • thin glass tiles with dimensions of 10 mm x 10 mm x 0.1 mm.
  • the area covered by the matrix material of the large uncut and consequently opaque ceramic tile becomes transparent through the matrix material, while the remaining area remains opaque due to the unpolished surface.
  • the invention allows the production of three-dimensional optical protection systems as well as the improvement of the ballistic protection by incorporation of arbitrarily shaped ceramic elements in the thereto with respect to the refractive index adapted matrix material.
  • the matrix material which is, for example, a suitable plastic
  • the matrix material is very easy to process, ie the respective desired complex shape can be produced and that small-volume components made of polycrystalline ceramic or of monocrystal used as intercalation material. In this way, even with three-dimensional protection systems a significantly improved ballistic performance can be guaranteed.
  • the proportion or the thickness of the matrix material is almost negligibly small.
  • the layer thickness of the matrix material may be only a few ⁇ m.
  • a volume ratio of matrix material to embedded components of approximately ⁇ 1:10 7 is possible. Even such a small layer thickness of the matrix material may be sufficient to allow the desired perfection of the transparency of ceramic tiles - even if they are not polished.
  • a float glass pane forms a front-side layer. Behind it is a mosaic layer of ceramic tiles made of a spinel ceramic or other polycrystalline ceramics or single crystals. Behind the mosaic layer of spinel ceramic is a composite of float glass - or other glasses, plastics, ceramics or single crystals - which are connected to each other by means of a transparent PA film. The rearmost layer forms a transparent polyacrylate disk.
  • the ceramic tiles of the mosaic layer are embedded in a matrix material which has the same optical refractive index as the spinel ceramic of the ceramic tiles.
  • the layer thickness of the matrix material is at the opposite main surfaces of the ceramic tiles of spinel ceramic mosaic layer each 50 microns and at the facing edge surfaces of the ceramic tiles 20 microns.
  • the structure thus produced retains a transparency RIT> 60% even with a total thickness of 100 mm, the layer thickness of the ceramic layer being 10 mm.
  • the layer structure is similar to the structure according to Example 2; However, there are no square tiles within the mosaic layer but cylinders with a diameter to height ratio of 1: 1. The spaces between the cylindrical components are filled with the matrix material. The thickness of the matrix layer is determined by the height of the cylindrical components plus the thickness of the matrix material of 50 ⁇ m. The transparency of thus produced ballistic protection system is also RIT> 60%.
  • the mosaic layer can be realized similar to Example 2 with ceramic tiles or according to Example 3 with cylindrical components, but a curvature of the disc-forming ballistic protection system is realized by the matrix material is formed according to the desired curvature of the disc.
  • the front and back layers adjoining the mosaic layer such as float glass panes and / or polyacrylate panes, are curved correspondingly to the curvature of the entire pane.
  • the transparency here too is RIT> 60%.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)

Abstract

The transparent ballistic protection system has a component made of a polycrystalline ceramic or a monocrystal and a matrix material that partially covers the component. The component has an optical refractive index. The matrix material has an optical refractive index. Multiple components are provided in layer. The components are made of an unpolished ceramic or crystal. The components are formed as small plates, tiles, blocks or cylinders. A material layer is made of a plastic film. The matrix material is made of an inorganic adhesive or polymers.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein transparentes Ballistik-Schutzsystem, um bspw. Fahrzeuge, insbesondere Militärfahrzeuge - aber auch Zivilfahrzeuge - vor einem Beschuss zu schützen. Zu diesem Zwecke werden die Fenster der Fahrzeuge, wie die Seitenscheiben, die Frontscheibe o.dgl. bislang mit Panzerglas ausgestattet. Panzerglas besitzt jedoch eine relativ geringe ballistische Effizient insbesondere gegenüber Hartkernmunition, so dass die Fensterbereiche die Schwachstellen des jeweiligen Fahrzeugs bilden. Um einen ausreichenden Schutz zu gewährleisten, sind folglich große Gewichte notwendig.The invention relates to a transparent ballistic protection system in order, for example, to protect vehicles, in particular military vehicles - but also civil vehicles - from being bombarded. For this purpose, the windows of the vehicles, such as the side windows, the windscreen or the like. so far equipped with bulletproof glass. However, bulletproof glass has a relatively low ballistic efficiency, in particular with respect to hard-core ammunition, so that the window areas form the weak points of the respective vehicle. To ensure adequate protection, therefore, large weights are necessary.

Eine Gewichtsreduktion stellt beim Ballistischen Schutz stets das Hauptentwicklungsziel dar, d.h. bei gleicher ballistischer Leistung soll das jeweilige Schutzsystem ein kleineres Gewicht besitzen und dünner sein, um nicht zu viel Einbautiefe zu verlieren. Dieses Ziel wird im Prinzip durch transparente Keramik erreicht, die im Vergleich zu Panzerglas ein wesentlich besseres Schutzverhalten besitzt.A reduction in weight always represents the main development goal in ballistic protection, ie with the same ballistic performance, the respective protection system should have a smaller weight and be thinner so as not to lose too much installation depth. This goal is accomplished in principle achieved transparent ceramic, which has a much better protection compared to bulletproof glass.

Aus diesem Grunde wurde bereits früh nach Alternativen zum Panzerglas gesucht. Diese Alternativen wurden im Wesentlichen im Spinell (MgAl2O4) und im AlON - und mit weiteren Einschränkungen im Saphir - gefunden.For this reason, early was looking for alternatives to bulletproof glass. These alternatives were found mainly in spinel (MgAl 2 O 4 ) and in AlON - and with further limitations in sapphire.

Nach der Herstellung der Gegenstände aus diesen Materialien werden die Gegenstände auf optische Güte poliert. Durch das Polieren entstehen größenordnungsmäßig 50% der gesamten Herstellungskosten. Daraus folgt, dass der aus transparenter Keramik hergestellte, polierte Gegenstand ein Vielfaches eines entsprechenden Panzerglases kostet. Trotz der deutlich besseren Eigenschaften von Gegenständen aus transparenter Keramik oder aus Einkristallen, haben diese es bislang aus Kostengründen nicht geschafft, sich entscheidend im Markt zu platzieren; sie werden nur für Anschauungsmuster verwendet.After the articles of these materials are made, the articles are polished to optical quality. By polishing arise on the order of 50% of the total manufacturing cost. It follows that the polished object made of transparent ceramic costs a multiple of a corresponding bulletproof glass. Despite the significantly better properties of objects made of transparent ceramics or of single crystals, they have so far not been able to place themselves on the market for cost reasons; they are used only for visual patterns.

Hinzu kommen Schwierigkeiten, die es kaum möglich machen, komplexere dreidimensionale Formen transparenter Gegenstände aus transparenter Keramik herzustellen. Aus diesem Grunde ist der Schutz von Zivilfahrzeugen, von Helikoptern u.s.w, die gekrümmte Scheiben aufweisen, durch die bekannten transparenten Keramiken nahezu unmöglich.In addition, there are difficulties that make it almost impossible to produce more complex three-dimensional forms of transparent objects made of transparent ceramics. For this reason, the protection of civilian vehicles, helicopters and the like, which have curved discs, by the known transparent ceramics almost impossible.

Beispielsweise offenbart die DE 10 2007 059 091 A1 ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer polykristallinen transparenten Keramik, die für Licht einer Wellenlänge zwischen 600 nm und 650 nm eine RIT (=Real Inline Transmission) von > 40% des theoretischen Maximalwertes aufweist, wobei ein Keramikgranulat durch zyklisches Pressen auf eine Gründichte von > 40% der theoretischen Dichte (=TD) verdichtet wird. Anschließend erfolgt eine Vorsinterung und ein Sinterhippen oder ein konventionelles Sintern bis zum Auftreten einer geschlossenen Porosität und ein Nachhippen des zyklisch gepressten Grünkörpers, so dass die hergestellte transparente Keramik eine Dichte von ≥ 99,8% TD besitzt.For example, the DE 10 2007 059 091 A1 a process for the production of a polycrystalline transparent ceramic, which has a RIT (= in-line optical transmission) of> 40% of the theoretical maximum value for light of a wavelength between 600 nm and 650 nm, whereby a ceramic granules by cyclic pressing to a green density of> 40% the theoretical density (= TD) is compressed. This is followed by pre-sintering and sintering or conventional sintering up to Occurrence of a closed porosity and Nachpenpen the cyclically pressed green body, so that the produced transparent ceramic has a density of ≥ 99.8% TD.

Die DE 10 2008 037 037 A1 offenbart ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer transparenten polykristallinen Keramik, wobei eine Mischung aus Keramikpulver in einer FAST-Presse (=Field Assistent Sintering Technologie) in einem einzigen Presszyklus pressgeformt und gesintert wird, wobei an eine Pressmatrize und an einen Pressstempel der FAST-Presse während des Presszyklus eine ungepulste Gleichspannung angelegt wird, und wobei der Presszyklus in aufeinander folgenden Temperaturabschnitten mit unterschiedlichen Aufheizraten durchgeführt wird. Die so hergestellte Sinterkeramik wird abschließend poliert, so dass sich ein RIT-Wert von ≥ 70% des theoretischen Maximalwertes ergibt.The DE 10 2008 037 037 A1 discloses a process for producing a transparent polycrystalline ceramic wherein a mixture of ceramic powder is press formed and sintered in a FAST press (= Field Assist Sintering Technology) in a single press cycle, to a press die and to a press die of the FAST press during the Press cycle an unpulsed DC voltage is applied, and wherein the pressing cycle is carried out in successive temperature sections with different heating rates. The sintered ceramic produced in this way is finally polished, resulting in a RIT value of ≥ 70% of the theoretical maximum value.

Die DE 10 2008 063 926 A1 beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer transparenten Keramik, wobei ein Keramikpulver in einer Presse in einem einzigen Presszyklus zwischen zwei Presselementen der Presse pressgeformt und gesintert wird. Die Presselemente werden während des Pressformens und Sinterns des Keramikpulvers gleichmäßig beheizt. Die solchermaßen hergestellten Keramikgegenstände werden dann poliert.The DE 10 2008 063 926 A1 describes a method for producing a transparent ceramic, wherein a ceramic powder is press-formed and sintered in a press in a single press cycle between two pressing elements of the press. The pressing elements are uniformly heated during the press molding and sintering of the ceramic powder. The ceramic articles thus produced are then polished.

Wie bereits weiter oben ausgeführt worden ist, resultieren aus dem abschließenden Polieren üblicherweise mindestens 50 % der gesamten Herstellungskosten einer transparenten Keramik.As has already been stated above, the final polishing usually results in at least 50% of the total production costs of a transparent ceramic.

Außerdem kann es wünschenswert sein, dreidimensionale Körper in ein ballistisches Schutzsystem einzubauen. Bei den dreidimensionalen Körpers handelt es sich bspw. um zylindrische Körper, die vorteilhafte ballistische Eigenschaften mit sich bringen. Die WO 00/47944 A1 offenbart ein ballistisches Schutzpaneel, das ein flächiges Trägerelement und eine Vielzahl zylindrischer Körper aufweist. Die zylindrischen Körper bestehen aus einem Material hoher Dichte. Jeder zylindrische Körper ist mit zwei ebenen Stirn- d.h. Endflächen ausgebildet, die zur Längsachse des zylindrischen Körpers senkrecht orientiert sind. Die zylindrischen Körper besitzen jeweils den gleichen Durchmesser und die gleiche axiale Länge. Sie sind mit ihren Stirnflächen am flächigen Trägerelement angebracht.In addition, it may be desirable to incorporate three-dimensional bodies into a ballistic protection system. At the three-dimensional body For example, they are cylindrical bodies that provide advantageous ballistic properties. The WO 00/47944 A1 discloses a ballistic protective panel having a planar support member and a plurality of cylindrical bodies. The cylindrical bodies are made of a high density material. Each cylindrical body is formed with two flat end faces, ie end faces oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical body. The cylindrical bodies each have the same diameter and the same axial length. They are attached with their faces on the flat support element.

Aus der US 3 684 631 ist ein Ballistik-Schutzsystem bekannt, das kleine Glasplättchen aufweist, die in ein Matrixmaterial eingebettet sind. Die Glasplättchen sind in voneinander beabstandeten Lagen angeordnet, und weisen spezielle Gestalten auf. Zumindest in drei dieser Lagen sind die Plättchen doppelkegelförmig ausgebildet, wobei die Spitzen der Plättchen in der ersten und in der dritten Schicht miteinander fluchten. Das Verhältnis von Durchmesser zu Dicke der Plättchen liegt im Bereich von 1:1 1 bis 20:1. Das Matrixmaterial besteht aus einem transparenten aushärtenden Polymer, wie einem Epoxyd oder einem Polyester, einem Urethan oder einem thermoplastischen Polymer wie einem Polymethylacrylat o.dgl. Das Matrixmaterial füllt den gesamten Raum zwischen den geformten Plättchen vollständig aus.From the US Pat. No. 3,684,631 For example, a ballistic protection system is known which has small glass flakes embedded in a matrix material. The glass flakes are arranged in spaced-apart layers and have special shapes. At least in three of these layers, the platelets are biconical in shape with the tips of the platelets in the first and third layers aligned with each other. The ratio of diameter to thickness of the platelets is in the range of 1: 1 1 to 20: 1. The matrix material is made of a transparent thermosetting polymer such as an epoxy or a polyester, a urethane or a thermoplastic polymer such as a polymethyl acrylate or the like. The matrix material completely fills the entire space between the shaped platelets.

Ein Ballistik-Schutzsystem zum Schutz gegen Projektile, das eine Vielzahl von Plättchen aufweist, die in einem Matrixmaterial vorgesehen sind, ist bspw. auch aus der US 2006/0249012 A1 bekannt. Die Plättchen weisen ein erstes Material und das Matrixmaterial, das die Plättchen umschließt, ein vom ersten Material verschiedenes zweites Material auf. Das erste Material und das zweite Material können optisch transparent sein.A ballistic protection system for protection against projectiles, which has a plurality of platelets, which are provided in a matrix material is, for example, also from the US 2006/0249012 A1 known. The platelets comprise a first material and the matrix material enclosing the platelets comprises a second material different from the first material. The first material and the second material may be optically transparent.

Konventionelle transparente Schutzsysteme bestehen bspw. aus unterschiedlichen Lagen verschiedener Gläser, Folien zum Verbinden der Lagen miteinander, sowie gegebenenfalls aus geeigneten Kunststoffen. Werden hierbei transparente Keramiken bzw. Einkristalle verwendet, so bilden diese eine der Schichten innerhalb des Schutzsystems.Conventional transparent protection systems consist for example of different layers of different glasses, films for bonding the layers together, and optionally of suitable plastics. If transparent ceramics or single crystals are used, they form one of the layers within the protection system.

Es hat sich gezeigt, dass durch die Verwendung von Einkristallen, wie Saphir, bis zu 30 Ma-% und durch Keramik bis zu 50 Ma-% eingespart werden können ( Straßburger E., "Ballistic testing of transparent armour ceramics", J. E. Cer., S. 7, (2008 )). Solche transparente Keramiken oder Einkristalle sind im Vergleich mit konventionellem Panzerglases - wie bereits oben beschrieben worden ist - durch die Nachbearbeitung mit hohen Kosten verbunden, die das 5 bis 10 fache konventionellen Panzerglases betragen können, weshalb diese Systeme bislang kaum zum Einsatz gelangen.It has been shown that up to 30% by mass can be saved by using single crystals, such as sapphire, and up to 50% by ceramics ( Strasbourg E., "Ballistic testing of transparent armor ceramics", JE Cer., P. 7, (2008 )). Such transparent ceramics or single crystals are compared with conventional armored glass - as has already been described above - associated with high costs by the post-processing, which may be 5 to 10 times conventional bulletproof glass, which is why these systems are hardly ever used.

In Kenntnis dieser Gegebenheiten liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein transparentes Ballistik-Schutzsystem zu schaffen, das bei ausgezeichneten Schutzeigenschaften einfach und preisgünstig realisierbar ist.In view of these circumstances, the invention has the object to provide a transparent ballistic protection system that is simple and inexpensive to implement with excellent protection properties.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die Merkmale des Anspruches 1 gelöst. Bevorzugte Aus- bzw. Weiterbildungen des erfindungsgemäßen Systems sind in den Unteransprüchen gekennzeichnet.This object is achieved by the features of claim 1. Preferred embodiments or further developments of the system according to the invention are characterized in the subclaims.

Erfindungsgemäß ist es einfach und preisgünstig möglich, ein transparentes Ballistik-Schutzsystem zu schaffen, das mindestens ein Bauteil aus einem Einkristall oder aus einer polykristallinen Keramik aufweist und eine RIT >10% besitzt, wobei es in besonders vorteilhafter Weise nicht zwangsläufig erforderlich ist, die Einkristalle oder die Keramik zu polieren, so dass die aus einem solchen Poliervorgang resultierenden Herstellungskosten eliminiert sind. Im Idealfall kann auch ein vor dem Polieren durchzuführender Schleifvorgang entfallen und das mindestens eine Bauteil aus Keramik oder Einkristall unmittelbar nach seiner Herstellung verwendet, d.h. mit dem Matrixmaterial kombiniert werden. Dadurch, dass das Matrixmaterial zumindest annähernd den gleichen Brechungsindex bzw. den gleichen Brechungsindex wie das mindestens eine Bauteil aufweist, wird in vorteilhafter Weise jeder optische Fehler der Oberfläche des mindestens einen Bauteils ausgeglichen, so dass bspw. eine schlechte Polier-Qualität akzeptiert werden kann, bzw. das mindestens eine Bauteil nicht geschliffen und poliert zu werden braucht.According to the invention, it is easy and inexpensive to provide a transparent ballistic protection system having at least one component of a single crystal or a polycrystalline ceramic and RIT> 10%, wherein it is not necessarily required in a particularly advantageous manner, the single crystals or to polish the ceramic so that the manufacturing costs resulting from such a polishing process are eliminated. Ideally, a grinding operation to be performed before polishing can be dispensed with and the at least one component made of ceramic or monocrystal can be used immediately after its production, ie combined with the matrix material. Because the matrix material has at least approximately the same refractive index or the same refractive index as the at least one component, advantageously any optical aberration of the surface of the at least one component is compensated, so that, for example, a poor polishing quality can be accepted. or the at least one component need not be ground and polished.

Erfindungsgemäß sind auch zwei- oder dreidimensional gekrümmte, transparente Ballistik-Schutzsysteme - trotz der Verwendung ebenflächiger Bauteile - realisierbar, so dass eine optimiere Panzerung, basierend auf Einkristallen oder Keramiken, auch bei konventionellen Fahrzeugen, Helikoptern u.s.w. möglich ist. Die Erfindung ermöglicht die Realisierung beliebig komplexer Ausbildungen des transparenten Ballistik-Schutzsystems ohne Beeinträchtigung der gewünschten Transparenz.According to the invention, two- or three-dimensional curved, transparent ballistic protection systems - despite the use of planar components - realized, so that an optimized armor, based on single crystals or ceramics, even in conventional vehicles, helicopters, etc. is possible. The invention makes it possible to realize arbitrarily complex designs of the transparent ballistic protection system without impairing the desired transparency.

Überaschenderweise hat sich gezeigt, dass durch das Einbetten von Keramiken oder Einkristallen, die auch unpoliert bzw. ggf. nicht nur unpoliert sondern auch ungeschliffen sein können, in ein Matrixmaterial, dessen Brechungsindex dem Brechungsindex der Keramik oder des Einkristalls mindestens annähernd, d.h. in einem Bereich von ± 10% entspricht, ein transparentes Ballistik-Schutzsystem realisiert werden kann, das auf eine preisgünstige Art und Weise auch eine komplexe Geometrie des Schutzsystems ermöglicht. Bei dem Matrixmaterial kann es sich um eine organische oder anorganische Matrixkomponente wie bspw. anorganische Kleber, Polymere o.dgl. handeln. Theoretisch kann es sich bei dem Matrixmaterial auch um eine Flüssigkeit handeln. In diesem Fall ist selbstverständlich eine geeignete Abdichtung für das flüssige Matrixmaterial erforderlich.Surprisingly, it has been found that by embedding ceramics or single crystals, which may also be unpolished or possibly not only unpolished but also unpolished, into a matrix material whose refractive index is at least approximately equal to the refractive index of the ceramic or the single crystal, ie in one region of ± 10%, a transparent ballistic protection system can be realized, which also allows a complex geometry of the protection system in a cost-effective manner. The matrix material may be an organic or inorganic matrix component, such as, for example, inorganic adhesives, polymers or the like. act. Theoretically, the matrix material may also be a liquid. In this case, of course, a suitable seal for the liquid matrix material is required.

Das transparente Ballistik-Schutzsystem kann auch mit weiteren Schutzelementen, wie transparenten Kunststoffen, Glasscheiben, Glaskeramik u.s.w. kombiniert sein.The transparent ballistic protection system can also be used with other protective elements, such as transparent plastics, glass panes, glass ceramics, etc. be combined.

Das erfindungsgemäße transparente Ballistik-Schutzsystem erlaubt in vorteilhafter Weise auch den Einsatz komplexer Bauteile. Des Weiteren erlaubt es eine verbesserte Transparenz des Systems und insbesondere durch die vergleichsweise geringen Herstellungskosten durch den Wegfall des Poliervorgangs und der daraus resultierenden Kostenersparnis von größenordnungsmäßig 50% erstmals den Einsatz von transparenter Keramik oder von Einkristallen in großem Maßstab.The transparent ballistic protection system according to the invention also advantageously allows the use of complex components. Furthermore, improved transparency of the system and, in particular, the comparatively low production costs due to the omission of the polishing process and the resulting cost savings of the order of 50% allow for the first time the use of transparent ceramics or single crystals on a large scale.

Diese Vorteile basieren darauf, dass durch die Verwendung der im Bedarfsfall wunschgemäß gestalteten Matrixmaterialien mit an den Brechungsindex des Materials des mindestens einen Bauteils angepasstem Brechungsindex die optischen Grenzen zu dem mindestens einen Bauteil aus polykristallinem Keramikmaterial oder aus Einkristall verschwinden und nur noch das Matrixmaterial selbst die Grenze zur Umgebung darstellt, an der es zu einer Reflexion und/oder Brechung kommen kann. In Kombination beispielsweise mit Glas- oder anderen Scheiben ist dann in einem entsprechenden Verbund nur noch die äußerste Lage relevant.These advantages are based on the fact that the optical boundaries to the at least one component made of polycrystalline ceramic material or of monocrystal disappear by the use of the matrix materials with a desired refractive index of the material of the at least one component and only the matrix material itself the limit represents the environment at which it may come to a reflection and / or refraction. In combination with, for example, glass or other panes, only the outermost layer is then relevant in a corresponding composite.

Der weiteren Verdeutlichung der Erfindung dienen die nachfolgend beschriebenen Ausführungsbeispiele, wobei es sich versteht, dass die Erfindung nicht auf diese Ausführungsbeispiele beschränkt sondern durch die anschließenden Ansprüche definiert ist.The embodiments of the invention described below serve to further clarify the invention, it being understood that the invention is not limited to these exemplary embodiments but is defined by the subsequent claims.

Beispiel 1:Example 1:

Eine ein Bauteil des Schutzsystems bildende ungeschliffene Keramikkachel mit den Abmessungen 90 mm x 90 mm x 5 mm wird an einer Hälfte seiner Flächenabmessungen beidseitig mit einem dünnen Film eines Matrixmaterials mit angepasstem Brechungsindex bedeckt. Darüber werden dünne Glaskacheln mit den Abmessungen 10 mm x 10 mm x 0,1 mm angebracht. Der mit dem Matrixmaterial bedeckte Flächenbereich der großen ungeschliffenen und folglich opaken Keramikkachel wird durch das Matrixmaterial transparent, während der verbleibende Flächenbereich infolge der ungeschliffenen Oberfläche opak bleibt.A 90mm x 90mm x 5mm uncut ceramic tile forming a part of the protection system is covered on both sides with a thin film of refractive index matrix material on one half of its surface area. Above are thin glass tiles with dimensions of 10 mm x 10 mm x 0.1 mm. The area covered by the matrix material of the large uncut and consequently opaque ceramic tile becomes transparent through the matrix material, while the remaining area remains opaque due to the unpolished surface.

Es wird also eine deutliche Verbesserung der Transparenz des Ballistik-Schutzsystem auf eine sehr wirtschaftliche Weise realisiert. Dies gelingt durch das Einbetten mindestens eines - vorzugsweise nicht oder nicht perfekt polierten - Bauteils aus Keramik oder Einkristallen in das Matrixmaterial, die mindestens annährend den gleichen (höchstens ± 10% Abweichung voneinander) oder vorzugsweise den gleichen Brechungsindex besitzen. Dadurch wird jeglicher optischer Fehler, der auf der Oberfläche des mindestens einen Bauteils vorhanden ist, ausgeglichen, so dass in vorteilhafter Weise bspw. auch eine schlechtere Politur des mindestens einen Bauteils akzeptiert werden kann. D.h. das Keramikmaterial des mindestens einen Bauteils muss nicht mehr fein geschliffen und poliert werden; es kann im Idealfall sogar "as fired", d.h. direkt und unmittelbar nach der Sinterung, eingesetzt werden, so dass der größte Kostenanteil bei der Herstellung einer transparenten Keramik, d.h. das optische Polieren, entfällt. Zudem erlaubt die Erfindung die Herstellung dreidimensionaler optischer Schutzsysteme sowie die Verbesserung des ballistischen Schutzes durch Einlagerung beliebig geformter Keramikelemente in das daran bezüglich des Brechungsindex angepasste Matrixmaterial.Thus, a significant improvement in the transparency of the ballistic protection system is realized in a very economical manner. This is achieved by embedding at least one - preferably not or not perfectly polished - component of ceramic or single crystals in the matrix material, which have at least approximately the same (at most ± 10% deviation from each other) or preferably the same refractive index. As a result, any optical error that is present on the surface of the at least one component is compensated, so that, for example, a poorer polish of the at least one component can be advantageously accepted, for example. That the ceramic material of the at least one component no longer needs to be finely ground and polished; it may ideally even be "as fired", i. directly and immediately after sintering, so that the largest cost component in the production of a transparent ceramic, i. the optical polishing, is eliminated. In addition, the invention allows the production of three-dimensional optical protection systems as well as the improvement of the ballistic protection by incorporation of arbitrarily shaped ceramic elements in the thereto with respect to the refractive index adapted matrix material.

Dreidimensionale Ausbildungen des erfindungsgemäßen Ballistik-Schutzsystems werden dadurch möglich, dass durch das Matrixmaterial, bei dem es sich bspw. um einen geeigneten Kunststoff handelt, sehr einfach zu verarbeiten ist, d.h. die jeweils gewünschte komplexe Form hergestellt werden kann und dass kleinvolumige Bauteile aus polykristalliner Keramik oder aus Einkristall als Einlagerungswerkstoff verwendet werden. Auf diese Weise kann auch bei dreidimensionalen Schutzsystemen eine deutlich verbesserte ballistische Leistungsfähigkeit garantiert werden.Three-dimensional configurations of the ballistic protection system according to the invention become possible in that the matrix material, which is, for example, a suitable plastic, is very easy to process, ie the respective desired complex shape can be produced and that small-volume components made of polycrystalline ceramic or of monocrystal used as intercalation material. In this way, even with three-dimensional protection systems a significantly improved ballistic performance can be guaranteed.

Die Entwicklung noch leistungsfähigerer Ballistik-Schutzsysteme ist dadurch möglich, dass besondere, für die ballistische Wirkung günstige Formen der Bauteile, wie bspw. Zylinder, Riegel, o.dgl. in das Matrixmaterial eingelagert werden.The development of even more efficient ballistic protection systems is possible because special, favorable for the ballistic effect forms of the components, such as. Cylinders, bars, or the like. be stored in the matrix material.

Im Vergleich zu einer solchen Einlagerung der Bauteile in eine entsprechende Quantität des Matrixmaterials ist es selbstverständlich auch möglich, dass der Anteil bzw. die Dicke des Matrixmaterials nahezu vernachlässigbar klein ist. Im Extremfall liegt bspw. nur eine flache Lage von Keramikkacheln vor, die vom Matrixmaterial umschlossen, d.h. umgeben sind, wobei die Schichtdicke des Matrixmaterials nur einige µm betragen kann. Auf diese Weise ist im Extremfall ein Volumenverhältnis von Matrixmaterial zu eingelagerten Bauteilen von cirka <1:107 möglich. Auch eine solche geringe Schichtdicke des Matrixmaterials kann ausreichend sein, um die gewünschte Perfektionierung der Transparenz von Keramikkacheln zu ermöglichen- selbst wenn diese nicht poliert sind.Of course, in comparison to such incorporation of the components into a corresponding quantity of the matrix material, it is also possible that the proportion or the thickness of the matrix material is almost negligibly small. In the extreme case, for example, there is only a flat layer of ceramic tiles which are surrounded, ie surrounded, by the matrix material, it being possible for the layer thickness of the matrix material to be only a few μm. In this way, in extreme cases, a volume ratio of matrix material to embedded components of approximately <1:10 7 is possible. Even such a small layer thickness of the matrix material may be sufficient to allow the desired perfection of the transparency of ceramic tiles - even if they are not polished.

Erfindungsgemäß ist es also auch möglich, einzelne kleinere Bauteile wie bspw. dreieckige, viereckige oder sechseckige Plättchen, Kacheln o.dgl. für einen transparenten Aufbau zu verwenden, so dass keine einteilige große Scheibe hergestellt werden muss. Das gelingt dadurch, dass innerhalb des Aufbaus durch das im Brechungsindex angepasste Matrixmaterial auch das optische Auftreten der Kanten der Kacheln verschwindet. Hierdurch wird also eine kostengünstige Herstellung großflächiger transparenter Ballistik-Schutzsysteme aus kleineren Bauteilen aus polykristalliner Keramik oder aus Einkristall möglich. Auf diese Weise kann der bereits aus dem opaken ballistischen Schutz bekannte Vorteil des "Multi-Kachel-Aufbaus" - wie er bspw. in der WO 2009/011951 A2 offenbart ist- verwendet werden, um z.B. bei einem Beschuss nur eine lokale Zerstörung einer einzelnen Kachel zu bewirken, während die daran anschließende Umgebung einem weiteren Beschuss standhalten kann.According to the invention, it is also possible, individual smaller components such as triangular, square or hexagonal plates, tiles or the like. to use for a transparent construction, so that no one-piece large disc must be made. This is achieved by the optical appearance of the edges of the tiles disappearing within the structure by the matrix material adapted in the refractive index. As a result, therefore, a cost-effective production of large-area transparent ballistic protection systems of smaller components made of polycrystalline ceramic or single crystal is possible. In this way, the already known from the opaque ballistic protection advantage of "multi-tile construction" - as he, for example, in the WO 2009/011951 A2 disclosed, for example, to cause only a local destruction of a single tile during a fire, while the adjoining environment can withstand further bombardment.

Beispiel 2:Example 2:

Herstellung einer transparenten flachen Schutzscheibe für ein gepanzertes Fahrzeug. Eine Floatglasscheibe bildet eine frontseitige Lage. Dahinter befindet sich eine Mosaiklage aus Keramikkacheln aus einer Spinell-Keramik oder aus anderen polykristallinen Keramiken oder aus Einkristallen. Hinter der Mosaiklage aus Spinell-Keramik befindet sich ein Verbund aus Floatglasscheiben - oder anderen Gläsern, Kunststoffen, Keramiken oder Einkristallen - die miteinander mittels einer transparenten PA-Folie verbunden sind. Die hinterste Lage bildet eine transparente Polyacrylatscheibe.Production of a transparent flat protective screen for an armored vehicle. A float glass pane forms a front-side layer. Behind it is a mosaic layer of ceramic tiles made of a spinel ceramic or other polycrystalline ceramics or single crystals. Behind the mosaic layer of spinel ceramic is a composite of float glass - or other glasses, plastics, ceramics or single crystals - which are connected to each other by means of a transparent PA film. The rearmost layer forms a transparent polyacrylate disk.

Die Keramikkacheln der Mosaiklage sind in ein Matrixmaterial eingelagert, das den gleichen optischen Brechungsindex wie die Spinell-Keramik der Keramikkacheln besitzt.The ceramic tiles of the mosaic layer are embedded in a matrix material which has the same optical refractive index as the spinel ceramic of the ceramic tiles.

Die Schichtdicke des Matrixmaterials beträgt an den voneinander abgewandten Hauptflächen der Keramikkacheln aus Spinell- Keramik der Mosaiklage jeweils 50µm und an den einander zugewandten Kantenflächen der Keramikkacheln 20µm.The layer thickness of the matrix material is at the opposite main surfaces of the ceramic tiles of spinel ceramic mosaic layer each 50 microns and at the facing edge surfaces of the ceramic tiles 20 microns.

Der solchermaßen hergestellte Aufbau behält auch bei einer Gesamtdicke von 100 mm eine Transparenz RIT > 60%, wobei die Schichtdicke der Keramiklage 10 mm beträgt.The structure thus produced retains a transparency RIT> 60% even with a total thickness of 100 mm, the layer thickness of the ceramic layer being 10 mm.

Beispiel 3:Example 3:

Der Schichtenaufbau ist dem Aufbau gemäß Beispiel 2 ähnlich; jedoch liegen hier innerhalb der Mosaiklage keine quadratischen Kacheln, sondern Zylinder mit einem Durchmesser zu Höhe-Verhältnis von 1:1 vor. Die Zwischenräume zwischen den zylinderförmigen Bauteilen sind mit dem Matrixmaterial gefüllt. Die Dicke der Matrixlage wird durch die Höhe der zylinderförmigen Bauteile plus der Dicke des Matrixmaterials von 50 µm bestimmt. Die Transparenz des solchermaßen hergestellten Ballistik-Schutzsystems beträgt ebenfalls RIT > 60%.The layer structure is similar to the structure according to Example 2; However, there are no square tiles within the mosaic layer but cylinders with a diameter to height ratio of 1: 1. The spaces between the cylindrical components are filled with the matrix material. The thickness of the matrix layer is determined by the height of the cylindrical components plus the thickness of the matrix material of 50 μm. The transparency of thus produced ballistic protection system is also RIT> 60%.

Beispiel 4:Example 4:

Die Mosaiklage kann ähnlich dem Beispiel 2 mit Keramikkacheln oder entsprechend dem Beispiel 3 mit zylindrischen Bauteilen verwirklicht sein, wobei jedoch eine Krümmung des eine Scheibe bildenden Ballistik-Schutzsystems dadurch realisiert ist, dass das Matrixmaterial entsprechend der gewünschten Krümmung der Scheibe geformt wird. Die an die Mosaiklage vorder- und rückseitig anschließenden Lagen, wie Floatglasscheiben und/oder Polyacrylatscheiben sind der Krümmung der Gesamtscheibe entsprechend gekrümmt. Die Transparenz beträgt auch hier RIT > 60%.The mosaic layer can be realized similar to Example 2 with ceramic tiles or according to Example 3 with cylindrical components, but a curvature of the disc-forming ballistic protection system is realized by the matrix material is formed according to the desired curvature of the disc. The front and back layers adjoining the mosaic layer, such as float glass panes and / or polyacrylate panes, are curved correspondingly to the curvature of the entire pane. The transparency here too is RIT> 60%.

Claims (9)

Transparentes Ballistik-Schutzsystem, mit mindestens einem Bauteil aus einer polykristallinen Keramik oder aus einem Einkristall, und mit einem das mindestens eine Bauteil zumindest partiell bedeckenden Matrixmaterial, wobei das mindestens eine Bauteil einen optischen Brechungsindex nB und das Matrixmaterial einen optischen Brechungsindex nM aufweist, mit nB= a.nM, mit 1,1 ≥ a ≥ 0,9, so dass das Schutzsystem bei einer Wellenlänge von 300 nm oder 500 nm oder 700 nm oder 1000 nm oder 2000 nm oder 4000 nm eine RIT (Real-Inline-Transmission) > 10% aufweist.Transparent ballistic protection system, comprising at least one component made of a polycrystalline ceramic or a single crystal, and having a matrix material at least partially covering the at least one component, wherein the at least one component has an optical refractive index n B and the matrix material has an optical refractive index n M , with n B = at M , with 1.1 ≥ a ≥ 0.9, so that the protection system at a wavelength of 300 nm or 500 nm or 700 nm or 1000 nm or 2000 nm or 4000 nm RIT (Real inline Transmission)> 10%. System nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass das Volumenverhältnis von Matrixmaterial zu Bauteil 102:1 1 bis 1:107 beträgt.System according to claim 1,
characterized,
that the volume ratio of matrix material to the component 10 is 2: 1 1 to 1:10. 7 System nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass eine Anzahl Bauteile in mindestens einer Lage vorgesehen und in das Matrixmaterial vollständig eingebettet sind.System according to claim 1,
characterized,
that a number of components are provided in at least one layer and completely embedded in the matrix material. System nach Anspruch 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Bauteile aus einem unpolierten oder ungeschliffenen, unpolierten Keramikmaterial oder Einkristall bestehen.System according to claim 2,
characterized,
that the components consist of an unpolished or unpolished, unpolished ceramic material or single crystal. System nach Anspruch 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Bauteile als Plättchen, Kacheln, Quader oder Zylinder ausgebildet sind.System according to claim 2,
characterized,
that the components are formed as platelets, tiles, cuboid or cylinder. System nach einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 5,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die mindestens eine Bauteile-Lage mit mindestens einer weiteren transparenten Materiallage zu einem Laminatverbund kombiniert ist.System according to one of claims 2 to 5,
characterized,
the at least one component layer is combined with at least one further transparent material layer to form a laminate composite. System nach Anspruch 5,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die mindestens eine Materiallage von einem Glasflächenelement gebildet ist,System according to claim 5,
characterized,
that the at least one material layer is formed by a glass surface element, System nach Anspruch 5,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die mindestens eine Materiallage von einer Kunststofffolie gebildet ist.System according to claim 5,
characterized,
that the at least one layer of material is formed by a plastic film. System nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass das Matrixmaterial von einem anorganischen Kleber oder von Polymeren gebildet ist.System according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the matrix material is formed of an inorganic adhesive or of polymers.
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