EP2484431B1 - Nanofiber membrane for western blot and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Nanofiber membrane for western blot and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2484431B1 EP2484431B1 EP10820791.1A EP10820791A EP2484431B1 EP 2484431 B1 EP2484431 B1 EP 2484431B1 EP 10820791 A EP10820791 A EP 10820791A EP 2484431 B1 EP2484431 B1 EP 2484431B1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- membrane
- electrospinning
- western blotting
- pvdf
- hydrophobic polymer
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- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims description 159
- 239000002121 nanofiber Substances 0.000 title claims description 54
- 238000001262 western blot Methods 0.000 title claims description 45
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000009832 plasma treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000001523 electrospinning Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920001600 hydrophobic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002873 Polyethylenimine Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
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- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- AQYSYJUIMQTRMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypofluorous acid Chemical compound FO AQYSYJUIMQTRMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004626 polylactic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920003053 polystyrene-divinylbenzene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 60
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 35
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- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
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- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 229940083575 sodium dodecyl sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 3
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- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002415 sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012916 structural analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- -1 plasma Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000010486 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 229920001184 polypeptide Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003656 tris buffered saline Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
- B01D67/009—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes with wave-energy, particle-radiation or plasma
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
- B01D67/002—Organic membrane manufacture from melts
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
- D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
- D01D5/0007—Electro-spinning
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/416—Systems
- G01N27/447—Systems using electrophoresis
- G01N27/44704—Details; Accessories
- G01N27/44717—Arrangements for investigating the separated zones, e.g. localising zones
- G01N27/44739—Collecting the separated zones, e.g. blotting to a membrane or punching of gel spots
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
- B01D2323/39—Electrospinning
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/20—Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
- Y10T442/2762—Coated or impregnated natural fiber fabric [e.g., cotton, wool, silk, linen, etc.]
- Y10T442/277—Coated or impregnated cellulosic fiber fabric
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a membrane for Western blotting which has a three-dimensional open pore structure, an average pore diameter of 0.1-1.0 ⁇ m and a thickness of 30-200 ⁇ m, wherein the membrane for Western blotting is manufactured by subjecting nanofibers having an average fiber diameter of 50-1000 nm, obtained by electrospinning, to a hot-plate calendering process, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- Membranes for Western blotting which are currently commonly used include porous membranes made of nitrocellulose (NC), nylon or polyvinylidene fluoride (hereinafter referred to as "PVdF”) polymers.
- NC nitrocellulose
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PVdF-based membranes are mainly used as membranes for Western blotting, because they have excellent protein-binding sensitivity, membrane strength and handling properties compared to nitrocellulose- or nylon-based membranes.
- Western blotting is a technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. It is a technique for detecting any specific protein from a mixture of various proteins and is a method of detecting the presence of a protein by causing an antigen-antibody reaction using an antibody against to the protein to be detected.
- Western blotting is also used to separate native gels or denatured proteins by the sizes of the three-dimensional structures of polypeptides or proteins.
- proteins extracted from cells or tissues are mixed with a sample buffer and placed on a molecular sieve made of acrylamide, followed by electrophoresis. Then, the sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) contained in the sample buffer causes the proteins to carry negative (-) charges, such that the proteins are attracted toward positive (+) charges. At this time, the SDS molecular sieve interferes with the movement of the proteins, so that small molecules move fast, and large molecules move slowly, thus forming bands of various sizes.
- SDS sodium dodecylsulfate
- the membrane that is used for this purpose is a porous membrane which is made of a polymer (e.g., PVdF) capable of hydrophobic interaction with protein and has an average pore diameter of 0.2-0.45 ⁇ m.
- a polymer e.g., PVdF
- This porous membrane is manufactured by a method such as wet, dry or dry-wet casting by phase separation, wherein a solvent and a polymer are introduced into a nonsolvent such as water.
- a solvent and a polymer are introduced into a nonsolvent such as water.
- the porous membrane is manufactured at a high cost and difficult to manufacture in a large amount.
- porous membrane is manufactured by phase separation, there is a disadvantage in that the distribution of pore structures is not uniform.
- a PVdF membrane needs to be subjected to a process of partially hydrophilizing the membrane by immersing it in methanol before use, thereby maximizing the compatibility of the membrane with buffer solution. If this hydrophilizing process is not performed, the sensitivity of the membrane can be reduced, because proteins are not sufficiently adsorbed on the membrane.
- This methanol pretreatment process can greatly reduce the strength of the membrane to cause cracks and forms air bubbles to cause a background, thus making it difficult to precisely detect a desired protein.
- the present inventors have used an electrospinning process to manufacture a nanofiber membrane which is expensive, manufactured in a simple and convenient manner, has an artificially controllable pore structure, is made of nanofibers having maximized surface area, and has excellent sensitivity compared to existing membranes even when it is not subjected to a methanol pretreatment process, thereby completing the present invention.
- US 2008/0305389 A1 refers to an alkaline battery having a separator comprising a porous fine fiber layer of wet-able polymeric fibers having a mean diameter in the range from about 50 nm to about 3000 nm, wherein the porous fine fiber layer permanently wets with strong alkaline electrolytes.
- US 2006/0160064 A1 refers to devices, test kits and methods for removing target agents from a sample, wherein the device contains one or more porous matrices having pore sizes larger than 10 ⁇ m, and a plurality of particles impregnated therein and the target agents attach the device and are removed from the sample.
- US 2009/0032475 A1 refers to fluoropolymer fine fiber nonwoven layers that can be used in filter applications and, moreover, to fluoropolymer fine fiber nonwoven layers that can be used in separation of water from a fuel and a method of forming a fine fiber layer, wherein the fiber comprises a fluoropolymer, comprising electrospinning the fluoropolymer from an electrospinning solution.
- Ashley E Manis et al. (“Electrospun nitrocellulose and nylon: Design and fabrication of novel high performance platforms for protein blotting applications"; Journal of Biological Engineering, vol. 1, no. 1, 10 October 2007 ) refers to a method for manufacturing a membrane for Western blotting, the method comprising the steps of: dissolving nitrocellulose in acetone or charged nylon in HFIP, respectively, to prepare a spinning solution; subjecting the spinning solution to a spinning process to obtain a hydrophobic polymer nanofiber web to obtain a membrane for Western blotting.
- a membrane for Western blotting which is manufactured using an electrospinning process, consists of a nanofiber web having maximized surface area so as to allows the need for a methanol pretreatment process to be eliminated, and thus has excellent sensitivity without a background, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a membrane for Western blotting which has more excellent sensitivity as a result of hydrophilizing the membrane by performing plasma surface modification, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- a method for manufacturing a membrane for Western blotting including the steps of: dissolving a hydrophobic polymer material in a solvent to prepare a spinning solution; the hydrophobic polymer material is contained in an amount of 5-90 wt% relative to the total weight of the spinning solution; subjecting the spinning solution to an electrospinning process to obtain a hydrophobic polymer nanofiber web; and calendering the nanofiber web to obtain a membrane for Western blotting.
- the method of the present invention further includes a step of performing surface modification to impart hydrophilicity to the calendered nanofiber web ,wherein the surface modification is carried out by plasma treatment.
- the plasma treatment is carried out using oxygen or argon gas and is carried out during 30-300 seconds, wherein the membrane has an average pore diameter of 0.1-1.0 ⁇ m, a thickness of 30-200 ⁇ m, and a porosity of 60% or more.
- the hydrophobic polymer material that is used in the present invention may be one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group consisting of, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), nylon, nitrocellulose, polyurethane (PU), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polylactic acid (PLA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polyethyleneimine (PEI), polypropyleneimine (PPI), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), and a polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer.
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- nylon nitrocellulose
- PU polyurethane
- PC polycarbonate
- PS polystyrene
- PLA polyacrylonitrile
- PAN polylactic-co-glycolic acid
- PI polyethyleneimine
- the solvent that is used in the present invention may be one or more selected from the group consisting of dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone, alcohol, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dichloromethane, acetic acid, formic acid, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), fluoroalcohol, and water.
- DMF dimethylformamide
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- THF tetrahydrofuran
- acetone alcohol
- chloroform dimethyl sulfoxide
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- fluoroalcohol and water.
- Nanofibers forming the nanofiber web preferably have a diameter of 50-1000 nm.
- the electrospinning process may be any one selected from among electroblown spinning, centrifugal electrospinning, flash-electrospinning, bubble electrospinning, melt electrospinning, and needleless electrospinning.
- the hydrophobic polymer material is preferably contained in an amount of 5-90 wt% relative to the total weight of the spinning solution.
- the calendering step is carried out while performing heat treatment at a temperature between 60 °C and 200 °C.
- a membrane for Western blotting which is manufactured according to said method.
- a hydrophobic polymer for example, a PVdF polymer
- a solvent at a concentration at which it can be spun, thereby preparing a spinning solution.
- the spinning solution is transferred to a spinneret nozzle and then electrospun by applying high voltage to the nozzle.
- the nanofiber web manufactured by the electrospinning is subjected to a calendering process, thereby manufacturing a membrane having an average pore diameter of 0.1-1.0 ⁇ m, an average fiber diameter of 50-1,000 nm and a thickness of 30-200 ⁇ m.
- This nanofiber membrane has excellent sensitivity, even when it is not subjected to a methanol pretreatment process, and thus it can be used for the separation and detection of proteins. It is subjected to various surface modification processes by plasma treatment to hydrophilize the surface thereof before use.
- a hydrophobic polymer e.g., PVdF
- the content of the polymer material (PVdF) in the spinning solution is preferably 5-90 wt%. If the content of the polymer material in the spinning solution is less than 5 wt%, when the spinning solution is electrospun, it will form beads rather than forming nanofibers, thus making it difficult to manufacture a membrane. On the other hand, if the content of the polymer material is more than 90%, it will be difficult to form fibers, because the viscosity of the spinning solution is high. Accordingly, although the preparation of the spinning solution is not specifically limited, it is preferable that the concentration of the polymer in the spinning solution be set at a concentration at which a fibrous structure can be easily formed, thereby controlling the morphology of fibers.
- the above-prepared spinning solution is transferred to a spin pack using a metering pump, and then electospun by applying high voltage to the spin pack using a high voltage controller.
- the voltage used is adjustable within the range of 0.5 to 100 kV, and as a current collector plate, an electrically conductive metal or release paper may be used and it may be grounded or negatively charged before use.
- the current collector plate is preferably used together with a suction collector attached thereto in order to facilitate bundling of fibers during spinning.
- the interval between the spin pack and the current collector plate is preferably controlled to 5-50 cm, and the spinning solution is discharged at a rate of 0.0001-5 cc/hole ⁇ min using a metering pump.
- the electrospinning is preferably carried out at a relative humidity of 30-80% in a chamber whose temperature and humidity can be controlled.
- the nanofiber web spun as described above has an average fiber diameter of 50-1,000 nm.
- the spinning process can be carried out using, in addition to electrospinning, electrospray, electroblown spinning, centrifugal electrospinning, flash-electrospinning, bubble electrospinning, melt electrospinning, or needleless electrospinning.
- the obtained polymer nanofiber web has a three-dimensional open pore structure, it can provide a membrane having super-high sensitivity, even when it is not subjected to a methanol pretreatment process.
- the membrane has a thickness of 30-200 ⁇ m and an average pore diameter of 0.10-1.0 ⁇ m. If the membrane has a thickness of less than 30 ⁇ m, it will be difficult to handle due to its low rigidity during Western blotting, and if it has a thickness of more than 200 ⁇ m, the production cost will be increased.
- the membrane has an average pore diameter of less than 0.1 ⁇ m, the post-treatment process cost will be increased and the transfer time will be delayed, and if it has an average pore diameter of more than 1.0 ⁇ m, the transfer concentration can be reduced such that precise protein analysis cannot be achieved.
- heat treatment may also be carried out simultaneously with the calendering.
- the heat-treatment temperature in the calendering is preferably in the range of 60 to 200 °C in which the polymer is not melted. If the heat-treatment temperature in the calendaring is lower than 60 °C, the bonding between the nanofibers will be unstable such that the separation between the nanofibers will occur, thus making it to perform Western blotting in a suitable manner, and if the heat-treatment temperature is higher than 200 °C, the pore structure will be closed by melting of the polymer (e.g., PVdF) constituting the nanofibers, such that proteins cannot be transferred from SDS-PAGE gel to the membrane, thus making it impossible to achieve precise analysis.
- the polymer e.g., PVdF
- the surface structures of the nanofibers can be modified using various methods, including a chemical method that comprises removing WBL (weak boundary layer) using a solvent, followed by swelling and surface etching; a photochemical modification method that induces a surface reaction by ionization radiations such as X-rays, Y-rays or electron beams; a physical modification method that induces a surface oxidation reaction using corona discharge or high-energy atomic or molecular ions, such as plasma, electron beams or ion beams, under vacuum; and methods that use a flame or ozone.
- a chemical method that comprises removing WBL (weak boundary layer) using a solvent, followed by swelling and surface etching
- a photochemical modification method that induces a surface reaction by ionization radiations such as X-rays, Y-rays or electron beams
- a physical modification method that induces a surface oxidation reaction using corona discharge or high-energy atomic or molecular ions, such as plasma
- the plasma treatment method which is most simple while having a low environmental load and excellent surface modification effects is used to hydrophilize the surface of the nanofibers, thereby providing a membrane for ultrahigh-sensitivity Western blotting.
- Variables in the plasma treatment process may include the type and flow rate of gas used, treatment pressure, treatment time, electric power, etc. It is preferable to find conditions suitable for the surface modification of the nanofibers.
- oxygen (O 2 ) or argon (Ar) may be used as treatment gas in the plasma treatment process.
- argon gas having etching and cross-linking effects is preferably used.
- the plasma treatment is preferably carried out for 30-300 seconds at a power of 400 W. If the plasma treatment time is shorter than 30 seconds, the degree of hydrophilization of the membrane will be insufficient, and thus when Western blotting is carried out, the membrane will have poor compatibility with buffer solution, and the possibility for a background to occur will be high. If the plasma treatment time is longer than 300 seconds, the membrane will be exposed to plasma for a long period of time, the physical properties of the membrane will be deteriorated, rather than being improved, and the process cost will be increased.
- the power and the treatment time are inversely proportional to each other, and thus the plasma treatment time can be shortened when the power is increased.
- the hydrophobic homopolymer PVdF (HSV 900) was dissolved in the solvent DMAc in an amount of 20 wt% relative to the total weight of the solution, thereby preparing a spinning solution.
- the spinning solution was transferred to a spinneret nozzle using a metering pump, and then electrospun under the following conditions, thereby obtaining a PVdF nanofiber web: voltage applied: 25 kV; the interval between the spinneret and the current collector: 20 cm; amount discharged per minute: 0.005 cc/g ⁇ hole/min; room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
- FIG. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph of the spun PVdF nanofiber web. As shown in FIG. 1 , the spun nanofibers had an average fiber diameter of about 300-400 nm. Also, the nanofibers had a relatively uniform pore diameter and a three-dimensional open pore structure.
- the spun PVdF nanofiber web was calendered by passing it through a hot-plate roll heated to 140 °C, thereby manufacturing a PVdF nanofiber membrane.
- the membrane resulting from the calendering had a thickness of about 80 ⁇ m.
- Example 2 the hydrophobic homopolymer PVdF (761) alone (Example 2) or a 50:50 (w/w) mixture of the homopolymer PVdF (761) and the copolymer PVdF (2801) (Example 3) was electrospun in the same manner as Example 1, followed by calendering, thereby obtaining nanofiber membranes.
- the membranes manufactured in Examples 2 and 3 were subjected to TGA, XRD, SEM and DSC analysis for comparison with a membrane manufactured in Comparative Example. In the results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the samples manufactured in Comparative Example and Examples showed substantially the same results and showed the typical characteristics of the PVdF polymer. These results are described below in the section "structural analysis of the membranes”.
- Example 4 the PVdF nanofiber membrane manufactured in Example 1 was subjected to surface modification using a plasma cleaner system. The surface modification was carried out for each of 30, 60, 150 and 300 sec at 400 W while supplying 100 sccm of argon.
- FIG. 2 is a set of scanning electron micrographs showing the surface structure of the plasma-treated PVdF membrane of Example 4 according to plasma treatment time. As can be seen in FIG. 2 , as the plasma treatment time increased, the size of cracks that occurred on the surface of the PVdF nanofibers increased. This is believed to be because the nanofiber surface was etched due to the plasma treatment.
- FIG. 3 shows the water contact angle of the plasma-treated PVdF membrane of Example 4 according to plasma treatment time.
- the water contact angle of the PVdF membrane was decreased due to the plasma treatment.
- the membrane showed a hydrophilic nature due to the plasma treatment.
- the hydrophilic nature of the membrane increased.
- the change in the hydrophilic nature of the membrane was the greatest when the membrane was plasma-treated for 30 seconds.
- FIG. 4 shows the tensile strength of the plasma-treated PVdF membrane of Example 4 according to plasma treatment time. As can be seen in FIG. 4 , as the plasma treatment time increased, the tensile strength showed a tendency to decrease. This suggests that, as the plasma treatment time increases, the physical properties of the membrane are deteriorated due to the plasma treatment.
- PVdF membrane (PALL CO., LTD., BioTraceTM PVdF) manufactured by phase separation was used.
- the PVdF membrane used had a thickness of 150 ⁇ m and an average pore diameter of 0.45 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 5 shows the average pore diameter of each of the membranes manufactured in Example 1 and Comparative Example, wherein the average pore diameters was measured using a PMI capillary flow porometer.
- the nanofiber membrane of Example 1 showed a very uniform average pore diameter ( FIG. 5b )
- the commercial membrane of Comparative Example showed a very non-uniform average pore diameter ( FIG. 5a ).
- FIG. 6 shows a scanning electron micrograph of the cross-section of each of the membranes in Comparative Example (a) and Example 1 (b).
- the commercial membrane had a two-dimensional closed pore structure, because it was manufactured using phase separation.
- the nanofiber membrane showed a three-dimensional open pore structure when it was manufactured.
- FIG. 7 shows the results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of each of the membranes.
- TGA thermogravimetric analysis
- the porosity obtained according to the above equation was 73.3% for Example 1, and about 67% for Comparative Example, suggesting that the porosity of the membrane manufactured according to the method of Example 1 was about 10% higher than that of the membrane of Comparative Example.
- a membrane needs to be partially hydrophilized by treating it with 100% methanol. This is a process of increasing the compatibility of the membrane with Western buffer such that the interaction of the membrane with proteins in gel easily occurs.
- each of the membranes manufactured in Example 1 and Comparative Example was cut to a size of 6 cm (width) x 8 cm (length), and then Western blotting was carried out using the cut membranes without treating the membranes with methanol.
- each of the cut membranes was transferred to 1x transfer buffer and then allowed to stand for 10 minutes.
- the transfer buffer contained 3.03 g/L Trisma-base, 14.4 g/L glycine, and 20% methanol (200ml/L).
- Gel to be transferred was immersed in transfer buffer for a short time and placed on each membrane, while taking care not to cause bubbles. The gel was brought into close contact with the membrane, 3M paper which has been wet with transfer buffer was applied to both sides of the resulting membrane, and then the membrane was placed in a transfer kit.
- the transfer of proteins to the membrane was carried out using a Mini-gel transfer kit at 100 V for 1 hour. At this time, in order to suppress the generation of heat, the transfer was carried out in a state in which the transfer kit was placed on ice. After completion of the transfer, the membrane was separated from the kit and washed with 1 x TBST (Tris-buffered saline with 0.05% Tween 20).
- the TBST contained 0.2M Tris pH 8 (24.2g Trisma base) and 1.37M NaCl (80g NaCl), adjusted to a pH 7.6 by concentrated HCl.
- the purified protein antigen was used at concentrations of 20, 10, 5, 2.5 and 1 ⁇ g, and 10% SDS-PAGE gel was used.
- the total transfer time was about 100 minutes, and the blocking time was 90 minutes.
- ⁇ -actin As a primary antibody, ⁇ -actin (Santa cruz, sc-47778) was 5000-fold diluted and allowed to react with the transfer membrane at -4 °C for about one day (24 hrs). The expression of proteins transferred to the membrane was observed using X-ray films.
- FIG. 8 shows the results of performing Western blotting using the membranes manufactured in Example 1 and Comparative Example.
- the expression of protein could not be observed when the membrane was not treated with methanol.
- the membrane (Plasma Non-treated) of Example 1 the expression of protein was clearly observed. This is because the membrane of Example 1 showed capillary effects, since it had a three-dimensional open pore structure in which the pores extend from one surface to the other surface of the membrane as a result of electrospinning.
- the membrane of Example 1 had a uniform pore diameter and a large specific surface area resulting from high porosity compared to the membrane of Comparative Example, and thus showed excellent sensitivity.
- the commercial membrane of Comparative Example was manufactured using phase separation, it is believed that the commercial membrane would necessarily have a two-dimensional closed open structure, and thus would have low sensitivity compared to the nanofiber membrane of Example 1.
- FIG. 9 shows the results of carrying out Western blotting using each of the membranes manufactured in Examples 1 and 4.
- the membrane treated with methanol MeOH
- the membrane treated with methanol showed high protein expression compared to the membrane that was not treated with methanol.
- the membrane that was not treated with methanol showed high protein expression compared to the membrane treated with methanol. This is believed to be because, when the membrane that has already been surface-hydrophilized by plasma treatment was treated with methanol, the surface hydrophilization became excessive, thus interfering with the hydrophobic interaction between the membrane and the protein.
- the nanofiber membrane of the present invention more effectively adsorbed protein compared to the existing commercial membrane. This is believed to be because the nanofibers have a large specific surface area and a capillary effect resulting from its three-dimensional open pore structure. Also, as shown in FIG. 6 , this is because the nanofiber membrane has a uniform pore structure compared to the existing commercial membrane.
- nanofiber membrane of the present invention protein expression occurs even when the membrane has not been hydrophilized by methanol treatment; when it is hydrophilized by plasma treatment and used as a membrane for Western blotting, it has excellent sensitivity without a background.
- the membrane of the present invention can be used particularly as a membrane for Western blotting.
- it can be used as a membrane in various fields, including protein separation, analysis, detection and diagnosis.
- the membrane for Western blotting according to the present invention is manufactured by a simple process, and thus can be manufactured in a large amount at a low cost.
- it provides excellent sensitivity compared to existing membranes, and thus can be used in various applications, including protein separation, analysis and detection.
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Description
- The present invention relates to a membrane for Western blotting which has a three-dimensional open pore structure, an average pore diameter of 0.1-1.0 µm and a thickness of 30-200 µm, wherein the membrane for Western blotting is manufactured by subjecting nanofibers having an average fiber diameter of 50-1000 nm, obtained by electrospinning, to a hot-plate calendering process, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- Membranes for Western blotting which are currently commonly used include porous membranes made of nitrocellulose (NC), nylon or polyvinylidene fluoride (hereinafter referred to as "PVdF") polymers.
- Particularly, PVdF-based membranes are mainly used as membranes for Western blotting, because they have excellent protein-binding sensitivity, membrane strength and handling properties compared to nitrocellulose- or nylon-based membranes.
- Western blotting is a technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. It is a technique for detecting any specific protein from a mixture of various proteins and is a method of detecting the presence of a protein by causing an antigen-antibody reaction using an antibody against to the protein to be detected.
- Western blotting is also used to separate native gels or denatured proteins by the sizes of the three-dimensional structures of polypeptides or proteins.
- In Western blotting, proteins extracted from cells or tissues are mixed with a sample buffer and placed on a molecular sieve made of acrylamide, followed by electrophoresis. Then, the sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) contained in the sample buffer causes the proteins to carry negative (-) charges, such that the proteins are attracted toward positive (+) charges. At this time, the SDS molecular sieve interferes with the movement of the proteins, so that small molecules move fast, and large molecules move slowly, thus forming bands of various sizes. When a membrane is placed on the gels separated according to size and electricity is applied thereto, the proteins are transferred to the membrane. An antibody against a specific protein to be detected is bound to the membrane, a secondary antibody specific to the antibody is then bound to the membrane, and the resulting color development reactions are imaged by X-rays.
- The membrane that is used for this purpose is a porous membrane which is made of a polymer (e.g., PVdF) capable of hydrophobic interaction with protein and has an average pore diameter of 0.2-0.45 µm.
- This porous membrane is manufactured by a method such as wet, dry or dry-wet casting by phase separation, wherein a solvent and a polymer are introduced into a nonsolvent such as water. However, the porous membrane is manufactured at a high cost and difficult to manufacture in a large amount.
- Also, if the porous membrane is manufactured by phase separation, there is a disadvantage in that the distribution of pore structures is not uniform. For example, a PVdF membrane needs to be subjected to a process of partially hydrophilizing the membrane by immersing it in methanol before use, thereby maximizing the compatibility of the membrane with buffer solution. If this hydrophilizing process is not performed, the sensitivity of the membrane can be reduced, because proteins are not sufficiently adsorbed on the membrane.
- This methanol pretreatment process can greatly reduce the strength of the membrane to cause cracks and forms air bubbles to cause a background, thus making it difficult to precisely detect a desired protein.
- Accordingly, the present inventors have used an electrospinning process to manufacture a nanofiber membrane which is expensive, manufactured in a simple and convenient manner, has an artificially controllable pore structure, is made of nanofibers having maximized surface area, and has excellent sensitivity compared to existing membranes even when it is not subjected to a methanol pretreatment process, thereby completing the present invention.
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US 2008/0305389 A1 refers to an alkaline battery having a separator comprising a porous fine fiber layer of wet-able polymeric fibers having a mean diameter in the range from about 50 nm to about 3000 nm, wherein the porous fine fiber layer permanently wets with strong alkaline electrolytes. -
US 2006/0160064 A1 refers to devices, test kits and methods for removing target agents from a sample, wherein the device contains one or more porous matrices having pore sizes larger than 10 µm, and a plurality of particles impregnated therein and the target agents attach the device and are removed from the sample. -
US 2009/0032475 A1 refers to fluoropolymer fine fiber nonwoven layers that can be used in filter applications and, moreover, to fluoropolymer fine fiber nonwoven layers that can be used in separation of water from a fuel and a method of forming a fine fiber layer, wherein the fiber comprises a fluoropolymer, comprising electrospinning the fluoropolymer from an electrospinning solution. - Ashley E Manis et al. ("Electrospun nitrocellulose and nylon: Design and fabrication of novel high performance platforms for protein blotting applications"; Journal of Biological Engineering, vol. 1, no. 1, 10 October 2007) refers to a method for manufacturing a membrane for Western blotting, the method comprising the steps of: dissolving nitrocellulose in acetone or charged nylon in HFIP, respectively, to prepare a spinning solution; subjecting the spinning solution to a spinning process to obtain a hydrophobic polymer nanofiber web to obtain a membrane for Western blotting.
- Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a membrane for Western blotting which is manufactured using an electrospinning process, consists of a nanofiber web having maximized surface area so as to allows the need for a methanol pretreatment process to be eliminated, and thus has excellent sensitivity without a background, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a membrane for Western blotting which has more excellent sensitivity as a result of hydrophilizing the membrane by performing plasma surface modification, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- To achieve the above objects, according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for manufacturing a membrane for Western blotting, the method including the steps of: dissolving a hydrophobic polymer material in a solvent to prepare a spinning solution;
the hydrophobic polymer material is contained in an amount of 5-90 wt% relative to the total weight of the spinning solution;
subjecting the spinning solution to an electrospinning process to obtain a hydrophobic polymer nanofiber web; and calendering the nanofiber web to obtain a membrane for Western blotting. - The method of the present invention further includes a step of performing surface modification to impart hydrophilicity to the calendered nanofiber web ,wherein the surface modification is carried out by plasma treatment. The plasma treatment is carried out using oxygen or argon gas and is carried out during 30-300 seconds, wherein the membrane has an average pore diameter of 0.1-1.0 µm, a thickness of 30-200 µm, and a porosity of 60% or more.
- The hydrophobic polymer material that is used in the present invention may be one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group consisting of, for example,
polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), nylon, nitrocellulose, polyurethane (PU), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polylactic acid (PLA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polyethyleneimine (PEI), polypropyleneimine (PPI), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), and a polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer. - The solvent that is used in the present invention may be one or more selected from the group consisting of dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone, alcohol, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dichloromethane, acetic acid, formic acid, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), fluoroalcohol, and water.
- Nanofibers forming the nanofiber web preferably have a diameter of 50-1000 nm.
- The electrospinning process may be any one selected from among electroblown spinning, centrifugal electrospinning, flash-electrospinning, bubble electrospinning, melt electrospinning, and needleless electrospinning.
- The hydrophobic polymer material is preferably contained in an amount of 5-90 wt% relative to the total weight of the spinning solution.
- The calendering step is carried out while performing heat treatment at a temperature between 60 °C and 200 °C.
- According to another aspect, there is provided a membrane for Western blotting which is manufactured according to said method.
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FIG. 1 is a set of scanning electron micrographs of a PVdF membrane manufactured according to Example 1. (a) 1k x magnification; and (b) 10k x magnification. -
FIG. 2 is a set of scanning electron micrographs of a plasma-treated PVdF membrane manufactured according to Example 4 of the present invention. (a) treated with plasma for 30 seconds; (b) treated with plasma for 60 seconds; (c) treated with plasma for 150 seconds; and (d) treated with plasma for 300 seconds. -
FIGS. 3 and4 are graphs showing the contact angle and tensile strength of a plasma-treated PVdF membrane manufactured according to Example 4 of the present invention. -
FIG. 5 is a set of graphs showing the size of each of membranes manufactured in Example 1 and Comparative Example. (a) Comparative Example; and (b) Example 1. -
FIG. 6 is a set of scanning electron micrographs of the cross-section of each of membranes manufactured in Example 1 and Comparative Example. (a) Comparative Example; and (b) Example 1. -
FIG. 7 shows the results of TGA analysis in air of membranes manufactured in Examples of the present invention and Comparative Example. (a) Comparative Example; (b) Example 1 (PVdF HSV 900); (c) Example 2 (PVdF 761); and (d) Example 3 (PVdF 761/2801). -
FIG. 8 shows the results of Western blotting conducted using each of membranes manufactured in Example 1 and Comparative Example. -
FIGS. 9 and10 show the results of Western blotting conducted using each of membranes manufactured in Examples 1 and 4 of the present invention. -
FIG. 11 is a photograph showing the discoloration of membranes after Western blotting. - To manufacture a nanofiber membrane for Western blotting according to the present invention, a hydrophobic polymer, for example, a PVdF polymer, is dissolved in a solvent at a concentration at which it can be spun, thereby preparing a spinning solution. The spinning solution is transferred to a spinneret nozzle and then electrospun by applying high voltage to the nozzle. The nanofiber web manufactured by the electrospinning is subjected to a calendering process, thereby manufacturing a membrane having an average pore diameter of 0.1-1.0 µm, an average fiber diameter of 50-1,000 nm and a thickness of 30-200 µm.
- This nanofiber membrane has excellent sensitivity, even when it is not subjected to a methanol pretreatment process, and thus it can be used for the separation and detection of proteins. It is subjected to various surface modification processes by plasma treatment to hydrophilize the surface thereof before use.
- Hereinafter, each step of the method for manufacturing the nanofiber membrane according to the present invention will be described in detail.
- A hydrophobic polymer (e.g., PVdF) is dissolved in a suitable solvent at a concentration at which it can be spun, thereby preparing a spinning solution. The content of the polymer material (PVdF) in the spinning solution is preferably 5-90 wt%. If the content of the polymer material in the spinning solution is less than 5 wt%, when the spinning solution is electrospun, it will form beads rather than forming nanofibers, thus making it difficult to manufacture a membrane. On the other hand, if the content of the polymer material is more than 90%, it will be difficult to form fibers, because the viscosity of the spinning solution is high. Accordingly, although the preparation of the spinning solution is not specifically limited, it is preferable that the concentration of the polymer in the spinning solution be set at a concentration at which a fibrous structure can be easily formed, thereby controlling the morphology of fibers.
- The above-prepared spinning solution is transferred to a spin pack using a metering pump, and then electospun by applying high voltage to the spin pack using a high voltage controller. Herein, the voltage used is adjustable within the range of 0.5 to 100 kV, and as a current collector plate, an electrically conductive metal or release paper may be used and it may be grounded or negatively charged before use. The current collector plate is preferably used together with a suction collector attached thereto in order to facilitate bundling of fibers during spinning.
- In the electrospinning, the interval between the spin pack and the current collector plate is preferably controlled to 5-50 cm, and the spinning solution is discharged at a rate of 0.0001-5 cc/hole·min using a metering pump. Also, the electrospinning is preferably carried out at a relative humidity of 30-80% in a chamber whose temperature and humidity can be controlled. The nanofiber web spun as described above has an average fiber diameter of 50-1,000 nm.
The spinning process can be carried out using, in addition to electrospinning, electrospray, electroblown spinning, centrifugal electrospinning, flash-electrospinning, bubble electrospinning, melt electrospinning, or needleless electrospinning. - Because the obtained polymer nanofiber web has a three-dimensional open pore structure, it can provide a membrane having super-high sensitivity, even when it is not subjected to a methanol pretreatment process.
Herein, the membrane has a thickness of 30-200 µm and an average pore diameter of 0.10-1.0 µm. If the membrane has a thickness of less than 30 µm, it will be difficult to handle due to its low rigidity during Western blotting, and if it has a thickness of more than 200 µm, the production cost will be increased. Also, if the membrane has an average pore diameter of less than 0.1 µm, the post-treatment process cost will be increased and the transfer time will be delayed, and if it has an average pore diameter of more than 1.0 µm, the transfer concentration can be reduced such that precise protein analysis cannot be achieved. - Particularly, when the calendering is carried out, heat treatment may also be carried out simultaneously with the calendering. The heat-treatment temperature in the calendering is preferably in the range of 60 to 200 °C in which the polymer is not melted. If the heat-treatment temperature in the calendaring is lower than 60 °C, the bonding between the nanofibers will be unstable such that the separation between the nanofibers will occur, thus making it to perform Western blotting in a suitable manner, and if the heat-treatment temperature is higher than 200 °C, the pore structure will be closed by melting of the polymer (e.g., PVdF) constituting the nanofibers, such that proteins cannot be transferred from SDS-PAGE gel to the membrane, thus making it impossible to achieve precise analysis.
- The surface structures of the nanofibers can be modified using various methods, including a chemical method that comprises removing WBL (weak boundary layer) using a solvent, followed by swelling and surface etching; a photochemical modification method that induces a surface reaction by ionization radiations such as X-rays, Y-rays or electron beams; a physical modification method that induces a surface oxidation reaction using corona discharge or high-energy atomic or molecular ions, such as plasma, electron beams or ion beams, under vacuum; and methods that use a flame or ozone.
- In the present invention, among such surface modification methods, the plasma treatment method which is most simple while having a low environmental load and excellent surface modification effects is used to hydrophilize the surface of the nanofibers, thereby providing a membrane for ultrahigh-sensitivity Western blotting.
- Variables in the plasma treatment process may include the type and flow rate of gas used, treatment pressure, treatment time, electric power, etc. It is preferable to find conditions suitable for the surface modification of the nanofibers.
- Namely, oxygen (O2) or argon (Ar) may be used as treatment gas in the plasma treatment process. In the present invention, argon gas having etching and cross-linking effects is preferably used.
- The plasma treatment is preferably carried out for 30-300 seconds at a power of 400 W. If the plasma treatment time is shorter than 30 seconds, the degree of hydrophilization of the membrane will be insufficient, and thus when Western blotting is carried out, the membrane will have poor compatibility with buffer solution, and the possibility for a background to occur will be high. If the plasma treatment time is longer than 300 seconds, the membrane will be exposed to plasma for a long period of time, the physical properties of the membrane will be deteriorated, rather than being improved, and the process cost will be increased. The power and the treatment time are inversely proportional to each other, and thus the plasma treatment time can be shortened when the power is increased.
- Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in further detail. It is to be understood, however, that these examples are illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed to limit the scope of the present invention.
- The hydrophobic homopolymer PVdF (HSV 900) was dissolved in the solvent DMAc in an amount of 20 wt% relative to the total weight of the solution, thereby preparing a spinning solution. The spinning solution was transferred to a spinneret nozzle using a metering pump, and then electrospun under the following conditions, thereby obtaining a PVdF nanofiber web: voltage applied: 25 kV; the interval between the spinneret and the current collector: 20 cm; amount discharged per minute: 0.005 cc/g▪hole/min; room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
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FIG. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph of the spun PVdF nanofiber web. As shown inFIG. 1 , the spun nanofibers had an average fiber diameter of about 300-400 nm. Also, the nanofibers had a relatively uniform pore diameter and a three-dimensional open pore structure. - The spun PVdF nanofiber web was calendered by passing it through a hot-plate roll heated to 140 °C, thereby manufacturing a PVdF nanofiber membrane. The membrane resulting from the calendering had a thickness of about 80 µm.
- In Examples 2 and 3, the hydrophobic homopolymer PVdF (761) alone (Example 2) or a 50:50 (w/w) mixture of the homopolymer PVdF (761) and the copolymer PVdF (2801) (Example 3) was electrospun in the same manner as Example 1, followed by calendering, thereby obtaining nanofiber membranes. The membranes manufactured in Examples 2 and 3 were subjected to TGA, XRD, SEM and DSC analysis for comparison with a membrane manufactured in Comparative Example. In the results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the samples manufactured in Comparative Example and Examples showed substantially the same results and showed the typical characteristics of the PVdF polymer. These results are described below in the section "structural analysis of the membranes".
- In Example 4, the PVdF nanofiber membrane manufactured in Example 1 was subjected to surface modification using a plasma cleaner system. The surface modification was carried out for each of 30, 60, 150 and 300 sec at 400 W while supplying 100 sccm of argon.
-
FIG. 2 is a set of scanning electron micrographs showing the surface structure of the plasma-treated PVdF membrane of Example 4 according to plasma treatment time. As can be seen inFIG. 2 , as the plasma treatment time increased, the size of cracks that occurred on the surface of the PVdF nanofibers increased. This is believed to be because the nanofiber surface was etched due to the plasma treatment. -
FIG. 3 shows the water contact angle of the plasma-treated PVdF membrane of Example 4 according to plasma treatment time. As can be seen inFIG. 3 , the water contact angle of the PVdF membrane was decreased due to the plasma treatment. Namely, the membrane showed a hydrophilic nature due to the plasma treatment. As the plasma treatment time increased, the hydrophilic nature of the membrane increased. The change in the hydrophilic nature of the membrane was the greatest when the membrane was plasma-treated for 30 seconds. -
FIG. 4 shows the tensile strength of the plasma-treated PVdF membrane of Example 4 according to plasma treatment time. As can be seen inFIG. 4 , as the plasma treatment time increased, the tensile strength showed a tendency to decrease. This suggests that, as the plasma treatment time increases, the physical properties of the membrane are deteriorated due to the plasma treatment. - For comparison, a commercially available PVdF membrane (PALL CO., LTD., BioTrace™ PVdF) manufactured by phase separation was used. The PVdF membrane used had a thickness of 150 µm and an average pore diameter of 0.45 µm.
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FIG. 5 shows the average pore diameter of each of the membranes manufactured in Example 1 and Comparative Example, wherein the average pore diameters was measured using a PMI capillary flow porometer. As can be seen inFIG. 5 , the nanofiber membrane of Example 1 showed a very uniform average pore diameter (FIG. 5b ), whereas the commercial membrane of Comparative Example showed a very non-uniform average pore diameter (FIG. 5a ). -
FIG. 6 shows a scanning electron micrograph of the cross-section of each of the membranes in Comparative Example (a) and Example 1 (b). - As shown in
FIG. 6(a) for Comparative Example, the commercial membrane had a two-dimensional closed pore structure, because it was manufactured using phase separation. However, as shown inFIG. 6(b) for Example 1, the nanofiber membrane showed a three-dimensional open pore structure when it was manufactured. - The structural analysis of each of the membranes manufactured in Examples 1 to 3 and the commercial membrane manufactured in Comparative Example was carried out by DSC, XRD, TGA and SEM. As can be seen in
FIG. 6a , the results of scanning electron micrography (SEM) showed that the membrane of Comparative Example had a non-uniform pore diameter and a closed pore structure. -
FIG. 7 shows the results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of each of the membranes. As can be seen inFIG. 7 , all the commercial membrane of Comparative Example 1 and the membranes of Examples 1 to 3 were not decomposed in air at a temperature of about 500 °C or below. However, it can be seen that the membranes f Examples 1 to 3 were thermally more stable than the membrane of Comparative Example. - Meanwhile, to determine the porosity of each of the membranes in Example 1 and Comparative Example, a sample of 1 cm (width) x 1 cm (length) was taken from each membrane, and the porosity of each sample was measured according to the following equation (1):
- The porosity obtained according to the above equation was 73.3% for Example 1, and about 67% for Comparative Example, suggesting that the porosity of the membrane manufactured according to the method of Example 1 was about 10% higher than that of the membrane of Comparative Example.
- Generally, before Western blotting is carried out, a membrane needs to be partially hydrophilized by treating it with 100% methanol. This is a process of increasing the compatibility of the membrane with Western buffer such that the interaction of the membrane with proteins in gel easily occurs.
- In this Test Example, Western blotting was carried out using the membranes of Example 1 and Comparative Example, in a state in which the partial hydrophilization process of the membrane was not carried out.
- First, each of the membranes manufactured in Example 1 and Comparative Example was cut to a size of 6 cm (width) x 8 cm (length), and then Western blotting was carried out using the cut membranes without treating the membranes with methanol. For this purpose, each of the cut membranes was transferred to 1x transfer buffer and then allowed to stand for 10 minutes. Herein, the transfer buffer contained 3.03 g/L Trisma-base, 14.4 g/L glycine, and 20% methanol (200ml/L). Gel to be transferred was immersed in transfer buffer for a short time and placed on each membrane, while taking care not to cause bubbles. The gel was brought into close contact with the membrane, 3M paper which has been wet with transfer buffer was applied to both sides of the resulting membrane, and then the membrane was placed in a transfer kit.
- The transfer of proteins to the membrane was carried out using a Mini-gel transfer kit at 100 V for 1 hour. At this time, in order to suppress the generation of heat, the transfer was carried out in a state in which the transfer kit was placed on ice. After completion of the transfer, the membrane was separated from the kit and washed with 1 x TBST (Tris-buffered saline with 0.05% Tween 20). Herein, the TBST contained 0.2M Tris pH 8 (24.2g Trisma base) and 1.37M NaCl (80g NaCl), adjusted to a pH 7.6 by concentrated HCl.
- Herein, the purified protein antigen was used at concentrations of 20, 10, 5, 2.5 and 1 µg, and 10% SDS-PAGE gel was used. The total transfer time was about 100 minutes, and the blocking time was 90 minutes.
- As a primary antibody, β-actin (Santa cruz, sc-47778) was 5000-fold diluted and allowed to react with the transfer membrane at -4 °C for about one day (24 hrs). The expression of proteins transferred to the membrane was observed using X-ray films.
-
FIG. 8 shows the results of performing Western blotting using the membranes manufactured in Example 1 and Comparative Example. As shown inFIG. 8 , in the case of the commercial membrane, the expression of protein could not be observed when the membrane was not treated with methanol. However, in the case of the membrane (Plasma Non-treated) of Example 1, the expression of protein was clearly observed. This is because the membrane of Example 1 showed capillary effects, since it had a three-dimensional open pore structure in which the pores extend from one surface to the other surface of the membrane as a result of electrospinning. - Also, it is believed that the membrane of Example 1 had a uniform pore diameter and a large specific surface area resulting from high porosity compared to the membrane of Comparative Example, and thus showed excellent sensitivity. Particularly, because the commercial membrane of Comparative Example was manufactured using phase separation, it is believed that the commercial membrane would necessarily have a two-dimensional closed open structure, and thus would have low sensitivity compared to the nanofiber membrane of Example 1.
- Using the PVdF nanofiber membranes manufactured in Examples 1 and 4, Western blotting was carried out in the same manner as Test Example 1. Before the Western blotting is carried out, each of the membranes was treated with 100% methanol for 1 min and was treated with plasma for 30 sec, 60 sec, 180 sec or 300 sec or not treated with plasma (plasma treatment time: 0 sec).
-
FIG. 9 shows the results of carrying out Western blotting using each of the membranes manufactured in Examples 1 and 4. As shown inFIG. 9 , in the case of the membrane of Example 1 that was not treated with plasma (plasma treatment time: 0 sec), the membrane treated with methanol (MeOH) showed high protein expression compared to the membrane that was not treated with methanol. However, in the case of the membrane of Example 4 treated with plasma for each of 30 sec, 60 sec, 180 sec and 300 sec, the membrane that was not treated with methanol showed high protein expression compared to the membrane treated with methanol. This is believed to be because, when the membrane that has already been surface-hydrophilized by plasma treatment was treated with methanol, the surface hydrophilization became excessive, thus interfering with the hydrophobic interaction between the membrane and the protein. - In order to observe the change of the plasma-treated membranes with time, the PVdF nanofiber membranes manufactured in Examples 1 and 4 were allowed to stand at room temperature for 3 months, and then Western blotting was carried out using the membranes in the same manner as Test Examples 1 and 2. The results of Western blotting are shown in
FIG. 10 . - As shown in
FIG. 10 , the same results as those of Test Example 2 were obtained even 3 months after the membranes have been treated with plasma. This suggests that the surface structure of the nanofibers treated with argon plasma did not significantly change with time. - In the case of Test Examples 2 and 3, when the plasma treatment time was 30 sec, the expression of protein was more clearly observed. As shown in
FIG. 11 , this is because, when the plasma treatment time was longer than 60 sec, the surface hydrophilization of the membrane became excessive, and thus when Western blotting was carried out, the membrane changed to yellow. This is attributed to the interaction between the membrane and the material contained in the Western blotting buffer, but does not cause a significant problem in performing Western blotting. - Also, as can be seen from the results of
FIGS. 9 and10 , the expression of protein was more evident in the case of the sample treated with plasma compared to the case of the sample treated with methanol. This suggests that plasma treatment more uniformly modifies the surface structure of the nanofibers compared to methanol treatment. - Particularly, the nanofiber membrane of the present invention more effectively adsorbed protein compared to the existing commercial membrane. This is believed to be because the nanofibers have a large specific surface area and a capillary effect resulting from its three-dimensional open pore structure. Also, as shown in
FIG. 6 , this is because the nanofiber membrane has a uniform pore structure compared to the existing commercial membrane. - Accordingly, in the nanofiber membrane of the present invention, protein expression occurs even when the membrane has not been hydrophilized by methanol treatment; when it is hydrophilized by plasma treatment and used as a membrane for Western blotting, it has excellent sensitivity without a background.
- As described above, the membrane of the present invention can be used particularly as a membrane for Western blotting. In addition, it can be used as a membrane in various fields, including protein separation, analysis, detection and diagnosis.
- Accordingly, the membrane for Western blotting according to the present invention is manufactured by a simple process, and thus can be manufactured in a large amount at a low cost. In addition, it provides excellent sensitivity compared to existing membranes, and thus can be used in various applications, including protein separation, analysis and detection.
Claims (7)
- A method for manufacturing a membrane for Western blotting, the method comprising the steps of:dissolving a hydrophobic polymer in a solvent to prepare a spinning solution,wherein the hydrophobic polymer is contained in an amount of 5-90 wt% based on the total weight of the spinning solution;subjecting the spinning solution to an electrospinning process to obtain a hydrophobic polymer nanofiber web; andcalendering the obtained nanofiber web to obtain a membrane for Western blotting; andplasma treatment of the surface of the hydrophobic polymer nanofiber to impart hydrophilicity to the calendered nanofiber web and thereby improve sensitivity of the membrane for Western blotting,wherein the plasma treatment is carried out using oxygen or argon gas and is carried out for 30-300 seconds, andwherein the membrane has an average pore diameter of 0.1-1.0 µm, a thickness of 30-200 µm, and a porosity of 60% or more.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic polymer material is one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), nylon, nitrocellulose, polyurethane (PU), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polylactic acid (PLA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polyethyleneimine (PEI), polypropyleneimine (PPI), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyvinylacetate (PVAc), and a polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the solvent is one or more selected from the group consisting of dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone, alcohol, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dichloromethane, acetic acid, formic acid, N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP), fluoroalcohol, and water.
- The method of claim 1, wherein nanofibers forming the nanofiber web have a diameter of 50-1000 nm.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the electrospinning process is any one selected from among electroblown spinning, centrifugal electrospinning, flash-electrospinning, bubble electrospinning, melt electrospinning, and needleless electrospinning.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the calendering step is carried out while performing heat treatment at a temperature between 60 °C and 200 °C.
- A membrane for Western blotting which is manufactured according to any one of claims 1 to 6.
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KR1020090093184A KR101170059B1 (en) | 2009-09-30 | 2009-09-30 | Nano-fibered Membrane for Western Blot and Manufacturing Method of the Same |
KR1020100078667A KR101139327B1 (en) | 2010-08-16 | 2010-08-16 | Nano-fibered Membrane of Hydrophile Property for Western Blot by Plasma Coating and Manufacturing Method of the Same |
PCT/KR2010/006358 WO2011040718A2 (en) | 2009-09-30 | 2010-09-16 | Nanofiber membrane for western blot and preparation method thereof |
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