EP2483909A1 - Radiation detectors and autoradiographic imaging devices comprising such detectors - Google Patents
Radiation detectors and autoradiographic imaging devices comprising such detectorsInfo
- Publication number
- EP2483909A1 EP2483909A1 EP10771801A EP10771801A EP2483909A1 EP 2483909 A1 EP2483909 A1 EP 2483909A1 EP 10771801 A EP10771801 A EP 10771801A EP 10771801 A EP10771801 A EP 10771801A EP 2483909 A1 EP2483909 A1 EP 2483909A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- electrons
- space
- anode
- electrode
- amplification
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 claims description 46
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 claims description 46
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000013213 extrapolation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003486 chemical etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutane Chemical compound CC(C)C NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-NJFSPNSNSA-N Tritium Chemical compound [3H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000376 autoradiography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005323 electroforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019580 granularity Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007901 in situ hybridization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000016507 interphase Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005865 ionizing radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001282 iso-butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003698 laser cutting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052722 tritium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J47/00—Tubes for determining the presence, intensity, density or energy of radiation or particles
- H01J47/02—Ionisation chambers
Definitions
- a drift space D located between the output electrode and the anode, in which there is a second electric field E2 adapted to diffusion, in directions perpendicular to this field E2, of electrons by diffusion on the atoms and molecules of the medium contained in the chamber, wherein the medium adapted to generate electrons under the effect of radiation comprises a gas comprising a mixture of at least 50% of a rare gas and carbon dioxide, for example non-flammable, the amplification space is constituted of at least 90% by volume by said gas, and that the distance (e) separating the input (8) and output (9) electrodes is greater than or equal to 200 ⁇ and lower or equal to 1.5 mm.
- the distance (e) separating the input (8) and output (9) electrodes is greater than 500 ⁇ .
- the use of a gaseous mixture of neon and carbon dioxide combined with an amplification space of at least 200 microns makes it possible to obtain a detector adapted to high energy emitters.
- a detector according to the invention may further comprise one or more of the following optional features, considered individually or according to all possible combinations:
- the input electrode of the amplifying structure corresponds to the cathode; the input electrode is formed of an at least partially conductive face of a radiation emitting sample S;
- the medium adapted to generate electrons under the effect of radiation comprises a gas comprising a neon mixture and carbon dioxide, the neon representing at least 85% and at most 95% by volume of the mixture;
- the amplifying structure is configured such that between the input and output electrode an electric field of at least 2.5 kV / cm prevails; a second amplifying structure, located between the drift space and the anode, comprising an input electrode and a second electrode, having at least one electron amplification gap, the input electrode and the second electrode being configured so that electrons are generated by avalanche in the amplification space, the drift space opening on at least one opening of the input electrode, the second amplifying structure being configured so that its gain is greater or equal to 5000;
- the second electrode corresponds to the anode
- the amplification gap between the input electrode and the output electrode is at least 99% by volume by said gas, for example 99.97%;
- the input (8) and output (9) electrodes consist of microgrits having a resolution between 500 and 2000 lpi;
- the microgrids have a mesh size between 30 and 50 ⁇ m.
- the invention also relates to a device self-radiographic imaging system comprising a detector and a sample holder, wherein the cathode is constituted by an at least partially conductive sample disposed on the sample holder.
- the invention also relates to a method for determining the emission position of the electrons detected by the anode of a detector which comprises the following steps:
- Figure 7 is a schematic section, in a plane similar to that of Figure 1, of a portion of the anode of the detector shown in Figure 1;
- FIG 3 schematically shows in perspective the constituent blocks of the anode shown in Figure 2;
- FIG. 4 schematically represents a view of above, the arrangement of the crossed tracks of the anode shown in Figures 2 and 3;
- Figure 5 shows schematically the connection mode of the blocks to the tracks of the anode shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4;
- high energy emitters in the sense of the invention means a ⁇ radiation emitter whose average energy is greater than or equal to 100 keV.
- the detector 1 comprises a flattened enclosure 2 with two opposite main faces 2a and 2b parallel to one another.
- This chamber 2 contains a medium adapted to emit primary electrons under the effect of rad iati on if it is nt es emitted by a sample S disposed near one of the main faces 2a of the enclosure 2.
- the medium consists of a gaseous mixture circulating in the chamber 2 between an inlet 3 and an outlet 4.
- This gaseous mixture comprises at least 50% of a rare gas and at least 5 to 15% of carbon dioxide.
- the carbon dioxide molecules are intended for control the avalanche amplification process.
- the gaseous mixture is chosen so as to be non-flammable.
- the manipulation of the detector according to the invention is simplified.
- the chamber 2 encloses a cathode 5, an anode 6 and an amplifying structure 7.
- the cathode 5, the anode 6 and the amplifying structure 7 are parallel to one another and parallel to the two main faces 2a, 2b of the enclosure 2.
- the anode 6 is located near the face 2b of the chamber 2 opposite that 2a near which is the sample S.
- the amplifying structure 7 is situated between the cathode 5 and the anode 6.
- the space of the enclosure 2 situated between the cathode 5 and the amplifying structure 6 constitutes a conversion space C.
- the ionizing radiations emitted by the sample S enter the conversion space C through the cathode 5.
- the space of the chamber 2 located between the amplifying structure 7 and the anode 6 constitutes a diffusion space D.
- the amplifying structure 7 comprises an input electrode 8 and an output electrode 9 substantially parallel to the cathode 5 and the anode 6 and delimiting an amplification space A.
- US 6,011,265 discloses a hole counter. This type of microstructure suffers from an intrinsic limitation arising from the limited density of amplification channels. Thus, these types of microstructures have an amplification stage consisting mainly of insulating and solid materials for delimiting the holes in which the avalanches are confined.
- Such radiation detectors can in no way be used to generate electrons by another principle than that of avalanches. In doing so, they can not be used for example to generate the electrons resulting from the interaction of the ionizing particle with the gas as according to the present invention.
- Polarization means 10 are connected to the cathode 5, to the anode 6 and to the input and output electrodes 8 and 8. They enable the cathode 5 to be carried at a potential VI, the anode 6 at a potential V2, the input electrode 8 at a potential V3 and the output electrode 9 at a potential V4.
- these potentials satisfy V2> V4> V3> VI.
- the input and output electrodes 8 and 9 are spaced a distance e greater than or equal to 200 ⁇ m and less than or equal to 1.5 mm.
- the anode 6 is connected to ground.
- the cathode 5, the input electrode 8 and the output electrode 9 are brought to negative potentials.
- the polarization means 10 thus make it possible to create electric fields El, E2, E3 respectively in the conversion space C in the amplification space A and in the diffusion space D.
- the polarization means 10 drive the electrons from the cathode 5 to the anode 6.
- the input electrode 8 of the amplifying structure 7 coincides with the cathode 5.
- the input electrode 8 is formed of an at least partially conductive face of the sample S.
- the cathode 5 may consist of an electrically conductive thin plate of a thickness substantially equal to 5 ⁇ .
- the input and output electrodes 8 and 8 respectively consist of an electrically conductive thin plate, of small thickness and pierced with small openings.
- the openings have a square shape of 35 ⁇ apart spaced from each other with a pitch of 50 ⁇ which corresponds substantially to an opening number per linear inch of 500 lpi.
- the input and output electrodes 8 of 2500 lpi, which corresponds substantially to openings of 8 ⁇ spaced 10 ⁇ .
- Such input electrodes 8 and output 9 each form a gate, which given the small size of the openings, can be called "microgrid". Such microgrids have been described for example in EP855086.
- the distance e between the input and output electrodes 8 and 9 is greater than or equal to 200 ⁇ , preferably greater than 500 ⁇ and less than or equal to 1, 5 mm.
- n number of electrons at a given position
- n 0 initial number of electrons created by the ionization
- the gain G of the detector is then defined as the ratio between the number of electrons present after a length x on the initial number of electrons. Which results in:
- ⁇ X T depends only on the value of the electric field and the pressure of the gas. It is necessary that ( ⁇ ⁇ is then greater than the electronic attachment coefficient Jj e to find the amplification, where T and 7j e represent respectively the number of electron-ion pairs created and the number of electrons recaptured per unit.
- the inventors have observed that the electric field must be greater than 2.5 kV / cm in a Neon type gas mixture + 10% CO 2 to initiate the amplification phenomenon.
- the anode 6 has a planar multilayer structure. It comprises an outer layer 15 and two inner layers 16, and a ground plane 17, all resting on an insulating substrate 28.
- the inner layers of the anode 6 are formed of cross-conducting tracks 18.
- the tracks 18 extend parallel to the first rows of blocks 15.
- the tracks 18 extend parallel to second rows of blocks 15, perpendicular to the first.
- the tiles 15 of a row associated with the X coordinate are located on an inner layer different from that connected to the pavers arranged on a row corresponding to the Y coordinate.
- the tracks 18 are separated from the pavers 15 by an insulator.
- the tracks 18 are separated from each other by as little distance as possible while maintaining perfect insulation between them. Laying the tracks in overlapping layers isolated from each other allows to gain integration while maintaining the required quality of insulation.
- the blocks 15, thanks to the tracks 18, are connected to fast amplifiers 20 themselves connected, via electronic reading channels, to electronic processing means 21 (see FIG. 4).
- electronic processing means 21 see FIG. 4
- the number of tiles 15 separating two blocks connected to each other depends on their size and the technology used to achieve them.
- the anode 9 can be divided into 32 400 elementary pixels 170 ⁇ 170 ⁇ 2 made by laser cutting in a copper plane.
- This technology makes it possible to reduce the interphase insulating distance to 30 ⁇ , unlike chemical etching whose minimum insulating distance is 75 ⁇ .
- the pitch of the pixels is thus 200 ⁇ m in the two directions X and Y.
- the reading tracks to which the pixels are connected are in two different planes.
- the floor has 128 tracks in X and 18 tracks in Y. They are placed diagonally to the pixels as shown in Figure 6 and geometrically multiplexed like a chessboard. Every second pixel is connected to one X track and the other one to a Y track.
- each pixel is connected to its track by a metallized hole made by laser drilling. With the placement of the tracks diagonally relative to the pixels, the playback pitch of the tracks is thus 282.84 ⁇ m. This pixel pitch is one of the best granularities realized to date in view of the surface for this type of gas detector.
- the flatness of the anode is ensured by gluing on an 8 mm thick aluminum reference plane.
- the tracking of a particle ⁇ consists, starting from the path of the electron in the gas, to go up by a geometric reconstruction at the emission point in the sample S.
- This tracking method assumes that the trajectory of the electrons of high energy is made in a straight line without significant angle deviation and that the coordinates of the line extrapolating the path of the electron can be determined from two points characteristic of the measured trajectory. The first point lying in the amplification space A and the second in the diffusion space D.
- the first point corresponding to the mean point of the interactions in the amplification space ⁇ , e3t determined from the interactions of the electron in the amplification space A.
- the low energy loss associated with the small thickness of gas traversed makes it possible to determine the average position in this space using a so-called barycenter method.
- Figure 7 illustrates the principle of reconstruction of emission by the method of extrapolation of the trajectory.
- the curve TR shown in the figure 7 represents the real trajectory of an electron projected in the direction X
- the line TC the line representing the calculated trajectory of the electron projected in the direction X.
- the mean of the spatial distribution of the load in the space dedif fu if D n or s gives the point A corresponding to the average altitude of the interactions in this diffusion space D.
- the same method applied for the space d Amplification A leads us to point B.
- the geometric extrapolation reconstruction method then consists in assimilating the trajectory of the particle ⁇ to a line TD passing through these two points.
- the extrapolated emission position is then given as the point representing the intersection of this line with the line corresponding to a zero altitude. In the same way it is possible to evaluate the emission position in the Y direction.
- coefficients are defined according to the emitter in particular for the component of the amplification space, and the geometry.
- the detector furthermore comprises a second amplifying structure 30 situated between the diffusion space D and the anode 6.
- This second amplifying structure 30 comprising an input electrode 31 and an electrode output 32, for example merged with the anode 6, having at least one amplification space A2 electrons.
- the input electrode 31 and the output electrode 32 are configured so that the electrons are generated by avalanche in the amplification space A2, the diffusion space D opening on at least one opening of the electrode.
- the second amplifier structure 30 being configured so that its gain is greater than or equal to 5000.
- the distance e2 separating the input electrodes 31 and output 32 of the second amplifying structure 30 is greater than or equal to 100 ⁇ and less than or equal to 200 ⁇ , for example equal to 125 ⁇ .
- the signal from the primary ionization in the diffusion space must be sufficiently amplified to be extracted from the electronic noise.
- the inventors have observed that it is advantageous to have a gain of the second amplifying structure at least equal to 4,400, preferably at least 5,000, in order to be able to extract the signal due to the ionizations in the diffusion space, whatever it may be. the direction of the incident particle and whatever the projection plane considered for an electron of 100 keV.
- the inventors have observed that in the case of a particle ⁇ , leaving with an energy of 300 keV, the minimum gain to be applied in the second amplifying structure in order not to favor the directions relative to the others is 8,000, preferably 9,500.
- the factor 2 comes from the fact that the electronic cloud spreads on a multiplexed pixel floor. Thus, half of the load is collected by the X reading tracks and the other half by the Y reading tracks.
- the minimum gain will be 8,000 and determined according to an electron of 1 MeV, the minimum gain will be 32,000.
- a detector according to the invention may comprise more than two amplifying structures.
Landscapes
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0956745A FR2950731B1 (en) | 2009-09-29 | 2009-09-29 | RADIATION DETECTORS AND AUTORADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING DEVICES COMPRISING SUCH DETECTORS |
PCT/FR2010/052049 WO2011039473A1 (en) | 2009-09-29 | 2010-09-29 | Radiation detectors and autoradiographic imaging devices comprising such detectors |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2483909A1 true EP2483909A1 (en) | 2012-08-08 |
EP2483909B1 EP2483909B1 (en) | 2018-09-05 |
Family
ID=42169291
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP10771801.7A Not-in-force EP2483909B1 (en) | 2009-09-29 | 2010-09-29 | Radiation detectors and autoradiographic imaging devices comprising such detectors |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2483909B1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2950731B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2011039473A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9594171B2 (en) * | 2012-06-08 | 2017-03-14 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Detector for radiation, particularly high energy electromagnetic radiation |
FR3075980B1 (en) | 2017-12-22 | 2020-07-31 | Areva Mines | ANALYSIS PROCESS USING AN ALPHA PARTICLE DETECTOR |
FR3145420A1 (en) | 2023-01-31 | 2024-08-02 | Orano Mining | Method and assembly for characterizing a solid sample likely to contain a radioactive element disintegrating following a disintegration chain by emission of α and/or β particles |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2739941B1 (en) | 1995-10-11 | 1997-11-14 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | HIGH RESOLUTION POSITION DETECTOR FOR HIGH IONIZING PARTICLE FLOWS |
US6011265A (en) * | 1997-10-22 | 2000-01-04 | European Organization For Nuclear Research | Radiation detector of very high performance |
US6429578B1 (en) * | 1999-01-26 | 2002-08-06 | Mats Danielsson | Diagnostic and therapeutic detector system for imaging with low and high energy X-ray and electrons |
FR2837000B1 (en) * | 2002-03-08 | 2004-07-02 | Biospace Instr | RADIATION DETECTORS AND SELF-RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING DEVICES INCLUDING SUCH SENSORS |
FR2912837B1 (en) * | 2007-02-20 | 2009-05-22 | Ensmse | ELECTRON MULTIPLICATION DEVICE AND IONIZING RADIATION DETECTION SYSTEM |
-
2009
- 2009-09-29 FR FR0956745A patent/FR2950731B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2010
- 2010-09-29 WO PCT/FR2010/052049 patent/WO2011039473A1/en active Application Filing
- 2010-09-29 EP EP10771801.7A patent/EP2483909B1/en not_active Not-in-force
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2011039473A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2483909B1 (en) | 2018-09-05 |
FR2950731A1 (en) | 2011-04-01 |
WO2011039473A1 (en) | 2011-04-07 |
FR2950731B1 (en) | 2012-04-13 |
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