EP2479493B1 - Verbrennungsvorrichtung, Verbrennungseinheit, die eine solche Verbrennungsvorrichtung umfasst, und Verfahren zum Einsatz einer solchen Verbrennungsvorrichtung - Google Patents

Verbrennungsvorrichtung, Verbrennungseinheit, die eine solche Verbrennungsvorrichtung umfasst, und Verfahren zum Einsatz einer solchen Verbrennungsvorrichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2479493B1
EP2479493B1 EP12152189.2A EP12152189A EP2479493B1 EP 2479493 B1 EP2479493 B1 EP 2479493B1 EP 12152189 A EP12152189 A EP 12152189A EP 2479493 B1 EP2479493 B1 EP 2479493B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
combustion
chamber
cyclone
fumes
combustion chamber
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EP12152189.2A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2479493A1 (de
Inventor
Gérard Martin
Bruno Adam
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Exploitation Energetique de Sous Produits Industriels et Agricoles - Exedia
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Exploitation Energetique de Sous Produits Industriels et Agricoles - Exedia
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/32—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor the waste being subjected to a whirling movement, e.g. cyclonic incinerators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/40—Portable or mobile incinerators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/44—Details; Accessories
    • F23G5/46—Recuperation of heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/50—Control or safety arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
    • F23J15/022—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material for removing solid particulate material from the gasflow
    • F23J15/027—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material for removing solid particulate material from the gasflow using cyclone separators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
    • F23J15/04—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material using washing fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for incinerators
    • F23G2900/70—Incinerating particular products or waste
    • F23G2900/7003—Incinerating litter from animals, e.g. poultry litter

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a combustion device.
  • the invention also relates to an incineration unit comprising such a combustion device.
  • the invention relates to a method of implementing such a combustion device.
  • the field of the invention is that of equipment for energy recovery of waste by combustion.
  • the target power range includes installations with waste flows of between a few tens and a few hundred kg / h, based on an operation of between 5000 and 8000 h / year.
  • the document EP-A-1,143,195 describes a combustion device, comprising a combustion chamber with a first opening provided in its upper part for the discharge of hot combustion products.
  • the device also includes a fuel intake system, a first combustion gas inlet system for creating a first vortex flow, and a second opening located in the bottom of the chamber for the continuous evacuation of dense particles, also called ashes under fire.
  • a baffle and a second combustion gas inlet system are provided to form a second vortex flow within the first, cooperating to confine the fuel upwardly toward the first opening, while allowing dense particles to exit continuously through the second opening.
  • the combustion is long enough to be complete and not be hindered by the agglomeration of solids in the chamber.
  • most of the inorganic material in the fuel leaves the chamber in the form of fly ash driven by fumes, which generates significant pollutant emissions and requires expensive additional treatment.
  • the document FR-A-2,686,682 discloses a heat generator for burning solid fuels.
  • the generator comprises a cyclonic profile combustion chamber.
  • the supply of the fuel chamber is carried out by pneumatic transport with the combustion air.
  • the ash flows in molten form to a cavity filled with water.
  • the document WO-A-01/58244 discloses a combustion device, comprising a combustion chamber in which an air flow is injected to create a swirling flow.
  • This device aims in particular the burning of poultry litter.
  • fly ash containing polluting particles are driven by the fumes out of the chamber.
  • a cyclonic device is provided downstream of the chamber to separate the dust from the fumes by centrifugation.
  • the presence of the cyclonic device downstream of the chamber generates additional cost and space.
  • the document DE-A-10 2006 021 624 relates to an apparatus for the production of hot gases under pressure according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • This apparatus uses a gasification process, with conversion of biomass fuel gas poorly loaded particles, and not a waste combustion process.
  • the apparatus comprises a tank, a biomass feed system located in the upper part of the tank, and a gasification zone located in the lower part of the tank.
  • the apparatus also comprises a cyclonic combustion chamber of the fuel gas, provided with a heat exchanger, a second cyclone, and an air introduction pipe from the top of the second cyclone.
  • the biomass is introduced from the top of the tank, then is gasified in the gasification zone, outside the combustion chamber.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a combustion device for removing ash and reducing pollutant emissions, without requiring expensive equipment and cumbersome.
  • the subject of the invention is a combustion device according to the subject of claim 1.
  • the invention makes it possible to obtain an efficient, compact, economical and low polluting combustion device.
  • This device is well suited to the combustion of waste, especially solid.
  • the positioning of the cyclone in the central part of the hearth makes it possible, on the one hand, to minimize the thermal losses by avoiding the creation of additional external surfaces through which these losses can occur and, on the other hand, to limit the total space requirement. the facility would be increased if the cyclone was placed outside the home.
  • This device constitutes a "mini-incinerator" which presents improved performances, well adapted for a combustible charge flow rate between 50 and 300 kg / h and in particular for the recovery of livestock waste, such as poultry litter, the solid fraction of pork slurry, horse manure, etc.
  • the device according to the invention is particularly respectful of regulatory constraints.
  • the invention also relates to an incineration unit comprising a combustion device as mentioned above.
  • the incineration unit further comprises a heat exchanger which is connected to a hydro-accumulator, and preferably means for injecting at least one reactive component into the smoke from the combustion device for the abatement of pollutants from combustion.
  • waste producers can eliminate them at source and become more autonomous.
  • the energy obtained is easily recovered in the form of hot water, or more generally of a hot fluid, thanks to the heat exchanger. Costs related to the removal and treatment of waste, as well as the purchase of fossil fuels for heating, are reduced.
  • the combustion temperature is greater than 850 ° C. and less than 1200 ° C. at any point in the combustion chamber and in the cyclone.
  • FIG. 1 to 3 there is shown a combustion device 10 according to the invention.
  • This device 10 comprises a combustion chamber 11, delimited by a vertical cylindrical wall 12, which extends parallel to a longitudinal central axis X10, a lower portion 14 and an upper portion 15.
  • the chamber 11 forms an enclosure with a primary combustion zone 18 delimited in its lower part 14, and a secondary combustion zone 19 closer to its upper part 15.
  • the chamber 11 is adapted, on the one hand , to receive a controlled quantity of combustible material 101 at the inlet and, secondly, for the evacuation of combustion products in the form of fumes 105 and ash 106 at the outlet.
  • the lower portion 14 comprises a base 141 resting on a base 143 and feet 144a and 144b.
  • the base 143 is provided with ash extraction systems 160 and 170, which will be detailed hereinafter.
  • the base 143 can be configured differently.
  • the device 10 may rest on a base 143 without feet.
  • the inner surface of the wall 12 is at least partially coated with an insulating refractory material, intended to limit the heat exchange with the outside of the chamber 11 and / or with a heat exchanger 30 enveloping all or part of the chamber 11, in order to maintain high temperatures in this chamber 11 and thus ensure complete combustion of combustible materials, both gaseous (volatile materials) and solid (carbon fraction released during the devolatilization of the fuel).
  • an insulating refractory material intended to limit the heat exchange with the outside of the chamber 11 and / or with a heat exchanger 30 enveloping all or part of the chamber 11, in order to maintain high temperatures in this chamber 11 and thus ensure complete combustion of combustible materials, both gaseous (volatile materials) and solid (carbon fraction released during the devolatilization of the fuel).
  • the heat exchanger 30 comprises a shell 31 concentrically positioned in the chamber 11, in order to reduce the thermal losses at the wall 12.
  • This shell 31 is supplied with water or thermal fluid through at least one inlet line 32
  • At least one exit line 33 returns the heated water or heat fluid to its place of use.
  • This outlet line 33 is positioned relative to the inlet line 32 so that the whole of the calender 31 is completely swept by the water or the thermal fluid to be heated, and thus avoid the areas of stagnant fluid which may create destructive local sprays.
  • the shell 31 is traversed by flue tubes 39, whose function will be detailed later.
  • the exchanger 30 is schematized and is only partially represented on the figures 1 and 2 .
  • a supply system 20 for the combustion chamber 11 with fuel 101 is connected to the device 10.
  • the system 20 comprises at least one storage hopper 21 in which the fuel 101 is introduced.
  • Each hopper 21 is equipped with a metering mechanism 22 making it possible to regulate the fuel flow 101, as well as a discharge duct 24 which penetrates inside the chamber 11 to introduce the fuel 101 into the zone by gravity. of primary combustion 18.
  • a sealing member 23 seals between the combustion chamber 11 on the one hand, and the hopper 21 on the other hand.
  • the system 20 is configured to continuously introduce a controlled quantity of fuel 101 into the chamber 11.
  • a mill may be placed in line upstream of the hopper 21.
  • the fuel 101 can be taken out of the metering mechanism 22 by a stream of gas such as air, secondary air, nitrogen, recycled fumes, and pneumatically introduced. in the combustion chamber 11.
  • gas such as air, secondary air, nitrogen, recycled fumes, and pneumatically introduced. in the combustion chamber 11.
  • the system 20 may comprise a conveyor belt feeding the chamber 11 from a fuel receiving pit 101.
  • This conveyor belt is associated with one or more push-button systems, which provide both the dosing the fuel 101 and the sealing of the combustion chamber 11 relative to the outside.
  • system 20 can be configured to sequentially introduce the fuel 101 into the chamber 11.
  • a primary air supply system 50 is connected to the device 10.
  • the system 50 comprises a fan 51 or more generally a source under pressure of oxidizing gas, a connecting sheath 52, a preheating apparatus 53 of the oxidizing gas, a wind box 54 and one or more distributors 55 of primary air.
  • the wind box 54 is arranged in the lower part 14 of the chamber 11, and the primary air distributor or distributors 55 are mounted on the wind box 54, in the chamber 11.
  • the distributor 55 can be in the form of an annular grid inclined towards the central axis X10 and extends around the base 141.
  • the distributor 55 can also be provided with fixed elements, such as for example blades, which are adapted to transmit a rotational component to the airflow.
  • the distributor 55 may have a different configuration.
  • the distributor 55 may be in the form of discrete injectors, distributed in a substantially horizontal plane, at the periphery of the annular space created between the base 141 on the one hand, and the wind box 54 of somewhere else.
  • the discrete injectors are inclined relative to the horizontal plane and oriented substantially tangentially with respect to the annular space, to create a helical gas flow with an ascending vertical component.
  • a particular configuration of the distributor 55 is described below in connection with the figure 4 , showing an alternative embodiment of the device 10.
  • the preheating apparatus 53 operates with gas, oil or electricity and allows the fire to start in the primary combustion zone 18. More generally, the preheating of the combustion chamber 11 may be carried out using an auxiliary heat source such as a gas burner, a fuel burner or an electric hot air generator.
  • an auxiliary heat source such as a gas burner, a fuel burner or an electric hot air generator.
  • the apparatus 53 may be positioned at a different location of the device 10, for example directly in the zone 18, preferably in a retractable configuration to preserve the apparatus 53, once the ignition and preheating of the fireplace in the primary combustion zone 18.
  • the primary combustion zone 18 extends in a substantially annular profile centered on the axis X10 in the chamber 11, above the distributor 55.
  • the vortex flow of gas and particles in the chamber 11 is represented by the arrows P1, P2 and P3 on the Figures 1 to 3 .
  • the term "particles" denotes jointly the solid combustible material, any solid additives added to this combustible material for cutting down atmospheric pollutants (limestone or lime, for example), ashes resulting from combustion, as well as the solid products resulting from the treatment of atmospheric pollutants.
  • the fuel 101 discharged into the primary combustion zone 18 is taken in the vortex flow P1, and the solid particles are fluidized without being driven instantly. More specifically, the movement of the particles P1 in the zone 18 takes the form of a toroidal bed 102 which has a thickness of a few centimeters, while lighter particles 103, such as fly ash, are entrained in the flow P2 and are in suspension in the chamber 11. In addition, the particles 103 rise in the upper part 15 of the chamber 11, in the form of a particle flow P3. In other words, the particles 103 are set in motion by an ascending vertical gas flow P2 and P3, after having been rotated in a flow P1 by the blading system or the inclined injections of the distributor 55. distributed well in the zone 18 and the chamber 11, instead of forming a compact cluster and random, combustion is improved, thanks to a high homogeneity of temperature of the reaction medium and a very good contact between the fuel phase and the oxidizing phase .
  • a frustoconical stabilizer 142 is placed in the center of the combustion chamber 11, in the lower part 14, resting on the base 141.
  • the lower part 14 of the combustion chamber 11 is delimited by the wall 12 , the primary air distributor 55 and the stabilizer 142.
  • the main function of the stabilizer 142 is, as its name suggests, to stabilize the flow streams P1, P2, P3 to the interior of the combustion chamber 11, which allows in particular to obtain an ascending helical flow P2 which is stable in the space of this chamber 11.
  • a secondary air supply system 150 is connected to the device 10.
  • the system 150 comprises a fan 151 or more generally a source of combustion gas pressure, a connecting sleeve 152 and a secondary air distributor 153 which is connected to one or more orifices 154 arranged in the wall 12.
  • the orifices 154 are positioned in such a way that the secondary air imparts rotational movement to the particles P2 coming from the lower part 14 of the combustion chamber 11.
  • the system 150 is adapted to introduce air into a median third of the chamber 11, in a substantially annular distribution centered on the central axis X10.
  • the presence of the system 150 for the secondary air supply is optional, but preferable, because it makes it possible, on the one hand, to avoid having too high temperatures in the primary air distributor and, on the other hand, on the one hand, to limit the formation of nitrogen oxides when nitrogenous fuels are burned in the chamber 11, thanks to reducing conditions in the space between the primary air injection and the secondary air injection, that is to say substantially between the distributor 55 and the orifices 154 along the axis X10, since the primary air flow rate is generally substoichiometric or very close to the stoichiometry.
  • the primary combustion zone 18 extends in the lower portion 14 from the primary air distributor 55 to the secondary air injection orifices 154, while the secondary combustion zone 19 s extends in the upper part 19 above the orifices 154.
  • An ash extraction system 160 is disposed below the combustion chamber 11, and is connected to an ash disposal system 180.
  • the system 160 is configured as a well in the base 143, and the ash flow is represented by arrows C1 on the figure 1 .
  • the system 160 comprises an extraction grid 161 which has an annular shape and is arranged between the distributor 55 and the base 141, a line 162 for lowering the ashes in the base 143, and a sealing member 163 for the insulation pneumatic between the combustion chamber 11 and the ash removal system 180.
  • the extraction system 160 regulates the amount of solid material present in the bed 102, in particular to avoid clogging of the combustion chamber 11 , the lower part 14 and the primary combustion zone 18.
  • the evacuation system 180 transports the ashes 106 to a storage ashtray 181.
  • the extraction system 160 may be in the form of an open annular space 162, putting into communication the chamber of 11
  • all or part of the primary air and / or recycled fumes are injected inside this annular space 162, whose geometric characteristics and the conditions of the invention. injection of the primary air and / or fumes are such that a process of elutriation of the particles can occur, that is to say a separation of particles by particle size range and density in the flow of gas flowing at the inside of this annular space 162. More specifically, this flow having an upward vertical component, the fine particles are returned to the combustion chamber 11, while the heavier particles fall and are taken up by the exhaust system ashes 180.
  • a dust collection cyclone 120 also called a cyclone dust collector, is disposed in the device 10.
  • the cyclone 120 is positioned in the center of the chamber 11, resting on the base 141 and the stabilizer 142, and has an axial symmetry with respect to the central axis X10 of the chamber 11.
  • the cyclone 120 is made of refractory material (s) stackable (s) and joined (s), or of material (s) metal (s), by example in the form of sheets.
  • the cyclone 120 comprises a conical lower portion 122 surmounted by a cylindrical upper portion 124.
  • the conical portion 122 extends towards the lower portion 14 of the chamber 11, resting on the stabilizer 142, and is provided with its lower end of a system 170 for extracting fly ash, represented by the arrows C2 on the figure 1 .
  • the cylindrical portion 124 extends towards the upper portion 15 of the chamber 11 to an upper end 125 of the cyclone 120.
  • This end 125 has a substantially horizontal annular profile and supports a chimney 129 for extracting the fumes 105.
  • the cylindrical portion 124 is connected by the chimney 129 to a connecting chamber 190, described below.
  • the chimney 129 allows the transfer of the dusted fumes 105 to the connection chamber 190.
  • One or more combustion product inlet openings 126 in the cyclone 120 are disposed on the upper chamber 15 side of the chamber 11. These inlet openings 126 are configured so that the fumes produced in the combustion chamber 11 are penetrated into the cyclone 120.
  • the openings 126 are located at the upper end of the cyclone 120, near or on the cylindrical portion 124, and have an axial symmetry which promotes the flow P4 combustion products 104 loaded particles in the cyclone 120 by rotating them.
  • the openings 126 are annularly distributed on the upper end 125 of the cyclone 120 supporting the chimney 129, have an axial symmetry with respect to the central axis X10 of the chamber 11 and comprise vanes 127, as shown in FIGS. Figures 1 to 3 .
  • the end 125 is formed by a ring provided with vanes 127 and surrounding the chimney duct 129, thus making it possible to constitute the openings 126 in the cyclone 120, in the upper part 15 of the chamber 11.
  • These vanes 127 have a shape and / or an arrangement allowing the flow of rotating gas over the end 125 of the cyclone 120 to enter this cyclone 120, with the least possible disturbance, that is to say without encountering a change sudden direction.
  • the vanes 127 may be substantially flat elements of substantially trapezoidal shape, slightly inclined downwardly relative to the horizontal plane defined by the end 125, in the direction of rotation of the flow.
  • the extraction system 170 of the ash C2 is positioned under the cyclone 120, in the lower part 14 of the chamber 11.
  • the extraction system 170 comprises a substantially vertical duct 172 and a sealing member 173 which provides the insulation
  • the exhaust system 170 of the ash C2 captured by the cyclone 120 can be combined with the extraction system 160 of the ash under a focus C1, and all two are connected to the evacuation system 180. Upstream of the evacuation system 180, the extraction channels of the systems 160 and 170 are distinct.
  • the connecting chamber 190 is arranged between the combustion chamber 11 and the heat exchanger 30, in the direction of the flue gas flow 105 represented by the arrows F1, F2, F3 and F4 on the figure 1 .
  • This chamber 190 is removably positioned at the top 15 to facilitate access to the chamber 11, especially for cleaning or maintenance.
  • this chamber 190 is fed with dust-free combustion products from the cylindrical chimney 129 belonging to cyclone 120, centered on the axis X10 and receiving the incoming flow F1.
  • the chamber 190 is connected to the flue pipes 39 which pass through the shell 31 and receive the stream F2.
  • the chamber 190 is coated with an insulating refractory material, in order to prevent heat losses associated with the residence of the flue gases 105 before they are transferred into the ducts 39.
  • the connecting chamber 190 may have the shape of a cylindrical sheath, rectangular or square, or a section of any shape. This sheath is connected, on the one hand, to the chimney 129 of the cyclone 120 and, on the other hand, to the inlet of the exchanger 30. This other arrangement is preferred for example when the heat exchanger 30 not envelope the combustion chamber 11, but is placed next to the combustion chamber 11.
  • a heat exchange occurs within the heat exchanger 30, between the fumes 105 which circulate in the flue gas ducts 39 according to the flows F3 and F4 on the one hand, and a fluid to be heated circulating in the shell 31 on the other hand, this fluid to be heated may be for example water, air or a thermal fluid.
  • the assembly of the combustion device 10 and the heat exchanger 30 is a boiler in the usual sense of the term, intended to be integrated in an incineration unit 1, as detailed below in connection with the figure 5 .
  • the cyclone 120 is configured to receive a flow P3 of particles 103 through the inlet openings 126. Initially the particles 103 are derived from the combustion of the solid fuel, and are suspended in the chamber 11 under the effect ascending flow streams P2 and P3. Then, once in the cyclone 120, the particles 104 are separated from the flue stream F1 to form the flow of ash C2.
  • the cyclone 120 uses the centrifugal force to effect the mechanical separation of the particles 104 in suspension, driven in a vortex flow P4.
  • the gyratory movement corresponding to the flow P4 is obtained by bringing the particles 103 in a flow P3 tangential to the circumference of the cyclone 120.
  • the solid particles P4 such as the ashes are taken in a vortex, move towards the inner wall and lose their speed by friction.
  • the ashes C2 fall into the conical lower portion 122 of the cyclone 120, before exiting through the conduit 172.
  • the cyclone 120 comprises a vortex-breaking system 128 which is arranged at the lower end of the conical portion 122 and which makes it possible to spatially stabilize the vortex present in the cyclone 120. More specifically, the vortex-breaking system 128 allows to improve the dedusting efficiency, by avoiding that the vortex present in the conical portion 122 of the cyclone 120, where the flow of flue gas flows back to move towards the chimney 129, moves randomly in space, and in particular that it hits the inner wall of the conical portion 122, which would result in reentrain particles 104 already separated F1 flow dust-free fumes.
  • the vortex breaker system 128 is placed inside the stabilizer 142.
  • a flue gas cleaning system 195 shown in FIG. figure 1 in the form of a single block, is provided at the outlet of the flue gas ducts 39.
  • the system 195 makes it possible to continuously control the pollutants present in the flue stream F4 105 downstream of the device 10, in particular the acid pollutants such as as HCI, HF, HBr, SO 2 , SO 3 , nitrogen oxides, dioxins and furans, as well as dust, thanks to a complementary dedusting by bag filter, for example. Indeed, the regulation on the discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere imposes a permanent monitoring of these discharges.
  • a flue gas recycling system 59 is connected to the primary air supply system 50. More specifically, the system 59 is connected to the wind box 54 to reinject into the chamber 11 the fumes extracted from the device 10 by the F4 stream.
  • the system 59 advantageously makes it possible to control the temperatures and partial pressures of oxygen in the chamber 11, but also to maintain adequate hydrodynamics in the primary combustion zone 18 of this chamber 11 when a smaller quantity of air is injected by the distributor 55 in the chamber 11, in particular to maintain the rotary flow P1 of the toroidal bed 102 of solid particles.
  • This system 59 also makes it possible to maintain a substantially constant hydrodynamics at the inlet, inside and at the outlet of the cyclone 120, and thus to obtain an optimal dedusting efficiency, whatever the speed of the installation in operation (nominal run, reduced walking or maximum walking).
  • the recycling system 59 or even another recycling system similar to the system 59, can be connected to the secondary air supply system 150, or to any other point of the chamber 11, as well as to the annular space 162.
  • the recycled fumes are taken in principle in the flow F4 downstream of the dust collection cyclone 120, but it is also possible to use non-dusted fumes or warmer fumes, corresponding to the flows P3, F1, F2 and F3.
  • the invention aims to recover solid waste, but liquid waste is not excluded.
  • the configuration of the device 10 must be adapted, in particular at the level of the supply system 20 and / or the distributor 55. preferably for the system 20, a plurality of fuel injectors is placed on the periphery of the lower part 14 of the combustion chamber 11.
  • FIG 4 On the figure 4 is shown a second embodiment of a combustion device 10 'according to the invention.
  • the device 10 comprises a primary air supply system 50' provided with a distributor 55 ', which have certain differences with the system 50 and the distributor 55 of the first embodiment.
  • the distributor 55 ' has two elements 56 and 57 which are in the form of two superimposed annular air distributors, mounted on a support 58.
  • This configuration of the distributor 55' is well suited to the recovery of solid waste.
  • the support 58 and the base 141 rest on a plate 144c, itself located above the base 143.
  • the dispenser 56 has a square or rectangular passage section and has openings 56b on its inner vertical wall 56a. These openings 56b open out at the space 162 and are provided with vanes forming an angle with the wall 56a of the distributor 56, so as to effect an injection of air substantially tangential to the wall 56a in the annular space 162.
  • the distributor 56 is supplied with air by a fan 51a and a duct 52a, between which a preheating apparatus 53 is arranged.
  • the distributor 57 is equipped, on its upper part disposed at the level of the primary combustion zone 18, with a porous element 57a.
  • This element 57a can be a grid, a fabric, a felt, a perforated plate or any device having an open porosity, in particular of metallic or ceramic material.
  • the element 57a is inclined towards the space 162 to allow the drop, in the extraction system 160 provided for this purpose, of the large particles present in the hearth and the zone 18.
  • These large particles can be stones or stones provided by the fuel charge 101, slag formed during the combustion process, or any other object such as debris detached from the walls 12 of refractory material, metal part, etc.
  • the distributor 57 is supplied with air by a fan 51b and a duct 52b, without preheating apparatus.
  • the distributor 56 then receives a major part of the primary air, while the air flow introduced via the distributor 57 serves essentially to fluidize the particulate bed 102 and avoid dead zones where the particles would stagnate.
  • the primary air flow rate in the distributor 56 represents at least 60%, and preferably 90%, of the primary air flow rate in the distributor 55.
  • the distributors 56 and 57 can be supplied with air by a single fan, which can be provided with an outlet duct divided into two ducts directed towards the distributors 56 and 57.
  • FIG. 5 On the figure 5 is represented an incineration unit 1 according to the invention.
  • the incineration unit 1 comprises a combustion device 10 associated with a heat exchanger 30 in the form of a boiler.
  • the device 10 is supplied with fuel by the supply system 20, and supplied with air at least by the primary air supply system 50.
  • the secondary air supply system 150 is not represented on the figure 5 .
  • the heat exchanger 30 is connected to a hydro-accumulator reservoir 70, having hot water outlet lines 71 and cold water inlet lines 72.
  • the hot water circulating in the lines 71 may be used for applications such as space heating, heating of reaction systems and washing, which makes it possible to recover the energy content of the waste by combustion in the device 10.
  • a flue gas treatment system 40 recovers the flue gases F4 from the device 10, which are transmitted via the duct 41 to a filtering apparatus 42 which ensures the capture of residual dust that would not have been captured by the cyclone 120 in the device 10.
  • the apparatus 42 may be designed so as not to be limited to dusting alone, but also to destroy the chemical species pollutants, such as NOx, dioxins and furans.
  • the filtered dusts are then deposited in an ashtray 47, which is separated from the filtering apparatus by a sealing member 46 to prevent the escape of fumes.
  • the dust-free fumes are discharged through a chimney 43 and released into the atmosphere by ensuring compliance with the regulations in force with respect to pollutant emissions, or are partially recycled through the recycling system 59.
  • the flue gas recycling is carried out using a fan, not shown on the figure 5 , or any other organ that allows to raise the pressure of said recycled fumes.
  • the incineration unit 1 comprises a reagent injection system 60 intended to inject one or more reactive compounds into the flue gases F4 coming from the device 10.
  • a reservoir 61 delivers a stream of reagent 66 an injection kit 62, wherein the reagent can be pressurized.
  • a flow of pressurized reagent 67 is sent into a nozzle 63 arranged in the conduit 41.
  • the nozzle 63 injects the sprayed reagent 68 into the conduit 41, so that the reagent produces a chemical reaction with the fumes F4.
  • the system 60 makes it possible to realize the abatement of pollutants, in particular acid pollutants and NOx, that is to say their elimination and / or their capture in transformed form.
  • the atmospheric pollutants are advantageously treated at different levels of the incineration unit 1.
  • the device 10 integrated in the incineration unit is advantageously designed to minimize the formation of unburned solid and gaseous, NOx, and especially avoid the appearance of dioxins and furans.
  • the device 10 also makes it possible to considerably reduce the dust content of the flue gases F4 at the outlet, which limits the clogging of the heat exchanger 30 downstream and facilitates the treatment of flue gases.
  • the incineration unit 1 and the device 10 according to the invention which comprises a dedusting cyclone 120 arranged centrally in the combustion chamber 11, have many advantages over existing installations.
  • the fumes F4 from the combustion chamber 11 have a low content of particulate pollutants, particularly a concentration less than or equal to 50 mg / Nm 3 .
  • a fuel 101 comprising large loads of inorganic materials, especially 20% or more, without fouling or disturbance of the equipment located downstream of the device 10, such as the heat exchanger 30.
  • additives to the fuel 101 for the removal of NOx and acid compounds, including sulfur, chlorinated, fluorinated, etc.
  • the unit 1 and the device 10 have an improved compactness and cost, since the dust collector cyclone 120 is integrated directly into the combustion chamber 11, and not disposed downstream of the chamber as in a conventional device. In other words, the device 10 provides a combustion function combined with a dedusting function. Finally, thermal losses are limited at the different walls, which improves the overall efficiency of the installation.
  • the combustion device 10 can be implemented in a "gasification" application.
  • the objective is not to generate dust-free hot fumes that are used to heat a fluid, but to produce a combustible gas by partially oxidizing the solid fuel.
  • the configuration of the device 10 is substantially identical, but the air injections are smaller than those required for the combustion, and the recycling of the combustible gases from the gasification, preferably injected immediately under the toroidal particle bed to avoid oxidation of these gases with the primary air, is increased, in order to keep in the combustion chamber hydrodynamic conditions close to those corresponding to a combustion operation. More precisely, for the same fuel flow, the injected air flow rate is reduced by 50 to 75%. Also, the invention makes it possible to obtain a very low dust content in the fuel gas produced, which facilitates its subsequent use.
  • the unit 1 can be equipped with the combustion device 10 'shown in FIG. figure 4 , with operation similar to that described above.
  • FIG. 6 On the figure 6 is shown a block diagram illustrating the method according to the invention, implementation of the combustion device 10 or 10 '.
  • a targeted application is the recovery of waste from livestock, such as poultry litter.
  • poultry litter has a high ash content: up to 20 - 25% in some cases.
  • the combustion process must be able to remove the ashes without charging the fumes.
  • the combustion device 10 or 10 'and the incineration unit 1 must be able to burn all the fuel particles by avoiding the creation of polluting species, in particular NOx, dioxins and furans.
  • the combustion temperature must be within a range of at least 850-900 ° C, and be uniform throughout the combustion zone. In particular, locally cold areas should be avoided. Also, the local "air / fuel" ratios must be controlled because they influence the local temperature distribution, and can lead to the formation of pollutants such as NOx, as well as dioxins and furans.
  • the combustion differs according to the temperature range in which it is carried out.
  • the field of operability of the combustion device 10 or 10 ' is delimited by zones A, B, C and D, according to the evolution of the temperature in the primary combustion zone, represented by the central arrow.
  • Zones A, B, C and D are separated by intermediate temperatures T1, T2, and T3, with T1 equal to about 850-900 ° C, T2 equal to about 1000-1050 ° C, and T3 equal to about 1300- 1400 ° C.
  • the zone C has different temperatures T2a, T2b, T2c and T2d, which correspond to the evolution of the shape of the ashes.
  • T2a represents the deformation temperature of the ashes
  • T2b represents the ash softening temperature
  • T2c represents the so-called "hemisphere” temperature
  • T2d represents the flow temperature.
  • the zone A corresponds to a zone of formation of unburnt gas, which must be excluded from the operation of the device 10 or 10 '.
  • the combustion is imperfect for a temperature lower than T1 in the primary combustion zone.
  • Zone B is the one with the most advantages for combustion, corresponding to so-called "dry ash" combustion.
  • dry ash that is to say with the aim of extracting ash from the combustion chamber in dry form, shown with a conical profile of a sample of ash on the figure 6 the local temperatures in the combustion zone shall at no time rise above the deformation temperature T2a of the ashes.
  • the device 10 or 10 ' is designed so that the combustion occurs between T1 and T2, and preferably in the lower part of this range, between 850 and 1000 ° C. More generally, it is ensured that the combustion temperature is greater than 850 ° C. and less than 1200 ° C. at any point in the combustion chamber 11 and in the cyclone 120, for example by means of temperature probes.
  • Zone C corresponds to a zone of formation of bottom ash and pastes, which may cause the blocking of the air distributor 55 and / or the extraction grid 161. Because of the risk presented by a merger Imperfect ashes, the area C must be excluded from the operation of the device 10 or 10 '.
  • zone D corresponds to a melted ash combustion zone.
  • this operating regime requires a high temperature and is a significant cost, because of the high performance materials to be implemented to resist the very important corrosion induced by molten saline environments. Operating at high temperature also leads to increased production of nitrogen oxides, which is unfavorable for the environment.
  • the device 10 or 10 'and the incineration unit 1 according to the invention have an optimal operation in zone B, for a combustion temperature of between 850 ° C. and 1200 ° C., more precisely between 850 ° C. and 1000 ° C, and preferably between 850 ° C and 900 ° C. Thanks to the design of the device 10 or 10 ', such a combustion is possible, and moreover the cyclone dust collector 120 makes it possible to purify the fumes directly in the combustion chamber 11.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Incineration Of Waste (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Verbrennungsvorrichtung (10; 10'), umfassend:
    - eine Verbrennungskammer (11) mit einer zylindrischen Wand (12), die sich gemäß einer vertikalen Mittelachse (X10) erstreckt, einem unteren Teil (14) und einem oberen Teil (15),
    - eine primäre Verbrennungszone (18), die in dem unteren Teil (14) der Kammer (11) liegt und die ein im Wesentlichen ringförmiges Profil, das auf die Achse (X10) zentriert ist, aufweist,
    - ein System (20) zur Versorgung mit Brennstoff (101), das geeignet ist, eine kontrollierte Menge an Brennstoff (101) in die Kammer (11) einzuführen,
    - ein System (50; 50') zur Versorgung mit Primärluft, das geeignet ist, Luft in die primäre Verbrennungszone (18) einzuführen und eine turbulente Strömung (P1, P2, P3) von Partikeln (102, 103) in der Kammer (11) zu erzeugen, und
    - ein System (160, 180) zum Ablassen von von der Verbrennung stammenden Aschen (C1), das unter der Kammer (11) angeordnet ist, wobei ein Entstaubungszyklon (120) in der Mitte der Verbrennungskammer (11) angeordnet ist und dieser Zyklon ausgebildet ist, mit Partikeln (103) beladene Verbrennungsprodukte von der Kammer (11) über mindestens eine Eingangsöffnung (126) zu empfangen und diese Verbrennungsprodukte zu entstauben, indem durch Zentrifugalwirkung (P4) die Aschen (C2) der Rauchgase (F1) getrennt werden, wobei das obere Ende (125) des Zyklons (120) ein im Wesentlichen horizontales Ringprofil aufweist und einen Abzug (129) zum Extrahieren der entstauben Rauchgase (F1) abstützt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die eine oder mehrere Eingangsöffnungen (126) ringförmig über dieses obere Ende (125) verteilt sind und eine axiale Symmetrie in Bezug auf die Mittelachse (X10) der Kammer (11) aufweisen und dass die eine oder mehreren Eingangsöffnungen Schaufeln (127) aufweisen, die eine Form und/oder eine Anordnung aufweisen, die ausgebildet ist, in dem Zyklon (120) die zentrifugale Drehbewegung (P4) der Verbrennungsprodukte in Bezug auf die Mittelachse (X10) zu verstärken, die in der Verbrennungskammer (11) initiiert wurde.
  2. Verbrennungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Zyklon (120) eine axiale Symmetrie in Bezug auf die Mittelachse (X10) der Kammer (11) aufweist, mit:
    - einem unteren konischen Teil (122), das sich in Richtung des unteren Teils (14) der Kammer (11) erstreckt und das an seinem unteren Ende mit einem System (170) zur Extraktion der Aschen (C2) ausgerüstet ist, und
    -- einem zylindrischen oberen Teil (124), das sich in Richtung des oberen Teils (15) der Kammer (11) erstreckt, zu dessen Seite die eine oder die mehreren Eingangsöffnungen (126) für die mit Partikeln (103) beladenen Verbrennungsprodukte angeordnet sind und das einen Abzug (129) zur Extraktion der entstaubten Rauchgase (F1) an seinem oberen Ende (125) aufweist.
  3. Verbrennungsvorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie gleichfalls ein System (150) zur Versorgung mit Sekundärluft umfasst, das geeignet ist, Luft in ein mittleres Drittel der Kammer (11) gemäß einer im Wesentlichen ringförmigen Verteilung, zentriert auf die Mittelachse (X 10), einzuführen.
  4. Verbrennungsvorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Zyklon (120) ein wirbelbrechendes System (128) umfasst, das am unteren Ende des konischen Teils (122) angeordnet ist und das in der Lage ist, einen in dem Zyklon (120) gebildeten Wirbel zu stabilisieren und das Wiedereintreten von zuvor aus den Rauchgasen (F1) getrennten Partikeln zu vermeiden.
  5. Verbrennungsvorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das System (50; 50') zur Versorgung mit Primärluft ein Ringgitter umfasst, das in dem unteren Teil (14) der Verbrennungskammer (11) angeordnet ist, zur vertikalen Mittelachse (X10) geneigt ist und vorzugsweise mit feststehenden Elementen, beispielsweise mit Schaufeln, ausgerüstet ist, die angepasst sind, eine Drehkomponente der Strömung der Primärluft in der Verbrennungskammer (11) zu übertragen.
  6. Verbrennungsvorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das System (50; 50') zur Versorgung mit Primärluft diskrete Injektoren umfasst, die gemäß einer im Wesentlichen horizontalen Ebene im unteren Teil (14) der Verbrennungkammer (11) verteilt sind, wobei sie in Bezug auf die im Wesentlichen horizontale Ebene derart geneigt sind, dass eine spiralförmige Gasströmung mit einer vertikalen aufsteigenden Komponente in der Verbrennungskammer (11) erzeugt wird.
  7. Verbrennungsvorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das System (50') zur Versorgung mit Primärluft zwei ringförmige Luftverteiler (56, 57) umfasst, die in dem unteren Teil (14) der Verbrennungskammer (11) übereinander liegend angeordnet sind, wobei der untere Verteiler (56) eine vertikale, mit Öffnungen (56b) versehene Innenwand (56a) aufweist, die in einen ringförmigen, an die Verbrennungskammer (11) angeschlossenen Raum (162) münden und die mit Schaufeln (56b) ausgerüstet sind, die einen Winkel mit der vertikalen Innenwand (56a) bilden, wobei der obere Verteiler (57) ein poröses Element (57a) aufweist, das an der primären Verbrennungszone (18) angeordnet ist und vorzugsweise in Richtung des ringförmigen Raumes (162) und der vertikalen Mittelachse (X10) geneigt ist.
  8. Verbrennungsvorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Zyklon (120) an seinem unteren Ende mit einem System (170) zur Extraktion von Aschen (C2) ausgerüstet ist, das an das System (160, 180) zum Ablassen der Aschen (C1) gemäß einem Extraktionsweg angeschlossen ist, der unterschiedlich zu dem ist, der von der Verbrennungskammer (11) herkommt.
  9. Verbrennungsvorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie Mittel (195) zur kontinuierlichen Behandlung von Schadstoffen umfasst, die in den Rauchgasen (F4) am Ausgang der Vorrichtung (10; 10') vorhanden sind.
  10. Verbrennungseinheit (1) dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie eine Verbrennungsvorrichtung (10; 10') gemäß einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, einen Wärmetauscher (30), der an einen Hydrospeicher (70) angeschlossen ist, und vorzugsweise Mittel (60) zum Einspritzen mindestens einer reaktiven Komponente (68) in die aus der Verbrennungsvorrichtung (10; 10') herrührenden Rauchgase (F4) für die Niederschlagung der von der Verbrennung herrührenden Schadstoffe umfasst.
  11. Verfahren zum Anwenden einer Verbrennungsvorrichtung (10; 10') nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es mindestens folgenden Schritte umfasst:
    a) Vorheizen der Verbrennungskammer (11), insbesondere mithilfe einer Wärmehilfsquelle, wie eines Gasbrenner, eines Brennstoffbrenners oder eines elektrischen Generators für Warmluft,
    b) Erzeugen einer turbulenten Strömung (P1, P2, P3) von Verbrennungsgas in der Verbrennungskammer (11) insbesondere durch Injektion von Primärluft, recycelten Rauchgasen und Sekundärluft,
    c) Einführen von Brennstoff (101) in die Verbrennungskammer (11),
    d) Verbrennen des in Drehung (P1) versetzten Brennstoffs in der primären Verbrennungszone (18) in Form eines toroidalen Bettes (102),
    e) Verbrennen von volatilen Brennmaterialien, die über dem toroidalen Bett (102) freigesetzt werden,
    f) Trennen der Partikel (P1; P2; P3) durch Elutriation in der primären Verbrennungszone (18), insbesondere zum Eliminieren der nicht brennbaren Partikel und der nicht von den Verbrennungsprodukten mitführbaren Partikeln aus der Kammer (11);
    g) Einführen der mit Partikeln beladenen Verbrennungsprodukte (P3, 103, 104) in den Zyklon (120) durch die eine oder mehreren Eintrittsöffnungen (126),
    i) Extrahieren der aus dem Zyklon (120) herrührenden Aschen (C2) und
    j) Ablassen der entstaubten Rauchgase (F1, F2, F3, F4) durch eine komplementäre Entstaubungs-und Abscheidungsbehandlung der Schadstoffe und/oder durch das Ausstoßen in die Atmosphäre, insbesondere abhängig von den bestehenden lokalen behördlichen Anforderungen.
  12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Verbrennungstemperatur größer als 850 °C und kleiner als 1200 °C in jedem Punkt der Verbrennungskammer (11) und des Zyklon (120) ist.
EP12152189.2A 2011-01-21 2012-01-23 Verbrennungsvorrichtung, Verbrennungseinheit, die eine solche Verbrennungsvorrichtung umfasst, und Verfahren zum Einsatz einer solchen Verbrennungsvorrichtung Active EP2479493B1 (de)

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MY159023A (en) * 2011-07-06 2016-11-30 Regenergy Tech Sdn Bhd An apparatus for producing combustible gases from biomass
GB2505245A (en) * 2012-08-24 2014-02-26 Clean Air Mercury Ltd Cyclonic separator for filtering incinerator emissions

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