EP2468080A1 - Microwave device for accelerating electrons - Google Patents
Microwave device for accelerating electronsInfo
- Publication number
- EP2468080A1 EP2468080A1 EP10745594A EP10745594A EP2468080A1 EP 2468080 A1 EP2468080 A1 EP 2468080A1 EP 10745594 A EP10745594 A EP 10745594A EP 10745594 A EP10745594 A EP 10745594A EP 2468080 A1 EP2468080 A1 EP 2468080A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- microwave
- frequency
- input
- cavity
- electron
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001959 radiotherapy Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001208 nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H7/00—Details of devices of the types covered by groups H05H9/00, H05H11/00, H05H13/00
- H05H7/12—Arrangements for varying final energy of beam
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H9/00—Linear accelerators
- H05H9/04—Standing-wave linear accelerators
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electron radio frequency accelerator for a container inspection device.
- Container inspection systems such as those transported by truck or by ship use a source of high-energy photon radiation.
- FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a state-of-the-art container inspection device 10 towed by a tractor 12.
- the inspection device of FIG. 1 essentially comprises an electron radiofrequency accelerator 20 striking a target 22 which in turn provides a high energy photon radiation 26 vertically scanning one side of the container 10.
- the accelerator is excited by a microwave source 28 at a frequency f0.
- a detector 30 placed on the other side of the container provides an image of a vertical slice of the contents of the container.
- the displacement of the container 10 by the tractor 12 in a direction 32 makes it possible to obtain a complete image of the contents over the entire length of the container.
- the container towed by the truck and the detector can also move in relative movement of one relative to the other.
- Other systems include two perpendicular irradiation sources in the same inspection plane and two associated detectors for providing a (pseudo) three dimensional image of the contents of the container.
- the radiofrequency accelerator is a linear accelerator or LINAC, for LINear ACcelerator in English, the trajectory of the electrons is always rectilinear, the electric field of acceleration of the electrons is of high frequency.
- the high frequency sources used are almost always klystrons or magnetrons.
- the electrons are accelerated in the LINAC by successive high frequency pulses suitably synchronized.
- the beam passing through a series of cavities where there is an alternating electric field will be able to reach an energy of a few MeV
- the current systems of container inspection can be done in the form of a sequence of energy pulses, either photon irradiations with constant energies, or irradiations with energy changes by "packets". that is, energy changes over long periods of time with respect to an energy pulse.
- the energy changes on the state-of-the-art linear accelerators are based either on intersection phase shifts or on mechanical shunts to short-circuit the accelerating cavities at the end of the section.
- the beam load control English beam loading
- RF radio frequency power
- FIGS. 2a and 2b show the energy of the electrons according to two state-of-the-art pulse-accelerating techniques using a radio frequency accelerator of frequency f0.
- FIG. 2a shows the energy of the electrons in the form of a series of pulses of width L and constant energy E from one pulse to another for a certain time.
- FIG. 2b shows the energy of the electrons in the form of successive packets P1, P2 of pulses of even drop L.
- the energy of the pulses of each packet is the same silk E1 for the pulses of the packet P1 and E2 for the pulses of the P2 package.
- the energy of the photos radiated by the target is directly related to the energy of the electrons, expressed in MeV, at the output of the radiofrequency device of accelerations impacting said target.
- This latency time Tr is due, in the state-of-the-art switching LINACS, to the mechanical switching time of the shunts to short-circuit certain elements of one of the LINAC cavities in order to vary the electric field in the cavities.
- the lag time Tr is due to the time required for the phase change in the output section by motors controlled by an energy change device.
- the invention proposes a microwave device for accelerating electrons comprising:
- a hyperfrequency structure for accelerating the electrons of the beam provided by the electron gun the microwave structure having, along the axis ZZ ', two opposite ends, one end of the side of the electron gun having an input of the beam of electrons, the other end having an accelerated electron output of the beam, between the two ends of the microwave structure, a sequence of n cavities C1, C2, ... Ci, .. Cx, ... Cn coupled, according to said ZZ 'axis, resonance center frequency fO, x being the rank of the cavity in the following n cavities, the microwave structure having, in addition, an excitation microwave signal input Urf by an input cavity Ci making part of the sequence of the n cavities,
- a frequency-controllable radio frequency generator Fv comprising, a frequency control input, a microwave output providing the microwave excitation signal Urf at the frequency Fv at the microwave signal input of the microwave structure,
- a central unit UC supplying a control signal of the frequency Fv to the frequency control input of the radio frequency generator
- the central unit UC is configured to control at least the frequency Fv of the radio frequency generator around the frequency fO resonance center for providing at the output of the microwave structure a series of pulses 11, 12, I3, .... ly, ... of accelerated electrons of energy levels E1, E2, E3, .. Ey, ... respective variables of a pulse Iy to the following l (y + 1), where y is the rank of the pulse in the sequence of pulses, a frequency Fvy of the excitation signal Urf during a pulse Iy producing Ey energy accelerated electrons at the output of the microwave structure.
- the radiofrequency generator comprises a klystron operating as a microwave amplifier and a local oscillator OL, the microwave input of the klystron being driven by a microwave output of the local oscillator comprising the frequency control input of the Ufr excitation microwave signal, the power output of the klystron being applied to the microwave signal input of excitation of the microwave structure.
- the electron gun comprises a control grid of the electron beam current.
- the central unit UC comprises a control output supplying the gate of the gun with a voltage Uc for controlling the current of the electron beam
- the radio frequency generator comprises a control input of the level of the microwave excitation signal Urf controlled by the central unit UC.
- the excitation signal Urf is applied to the third cavity of the series of n cavities C1, C2, ... Ci, .. Cx, ... Cn coupled, the first cavity of the suite being the one the closest to the electron gun.
- the duration L of a pulse Iy is between 3 and 4 microseconds.
- the invention is applicable to a container inspection device comprising a hyperfrequency electron accelerating device according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to a method for implementing an electron-accelerating hyperfrequency device comprising:
- a hyperfrequency structure for accelerating the electrons of the beam provided by the electron gun the microwave structure having, along the axis ZZ ', two opposite ends, one end of the side of the electron gun having an input of the beam of electrons, the other end having an accelerated electron output of the beam, between the two ends of the microwave structure, a series of n cavities C1, C2,... Ci, .. Cx,... Cn coupled, along said axis ZZ ', with a central resonance frequency f0, where x is the rank of the cavity in the sequence of the n cavities, the microwave structure having, in addition, an excitation microwave signal input Urf via an input cavity Ci forming part of the sequence of the n cavities,
- a frequency-controllable radio frequency generator Fv comprising, a frequency control input, a microwave output supplying the microwave excitation signal Urf at the frequency Fv at the microwave signal input (74) of the microwave structure,
- a central unit UC supplying a control signal of the frequency Fv to the frequency control input of the radio frequency generator
- the input cavity Ci being a cavity near the end of the microwave structure on the side of the electron gun, it consists at least in changing the frequency Fv of the radio frequency generator around the central frequency of resonance F0 to provide at the output of the microwave structure a series of pulses 11, 12,
- the electron gun having a control grid of the electron beam current, the method further comprises controlling the current of the electron beam to control the electrons output of the microwave structure.
- the original solution proposed by the invention makes it possible to obtain variations of the output energy of the linear accelerator in much greater proportions than those obtained by the electron acceleration devices of the state of the invention. art. This proposed solution consists in varying the real working frequency RF of the accelerator Allied possibly other energy control parameters such as beam current level and RF power in LINAC.
- the variation of energy by variation of the frequency of the RF signal injected into the LINAC is taken into account as soon as the accelerating section is designed to allow its optimization.
- the RF input must be asymmetrical on the section of the cavities on the side of the barrel.
- the effect is accentuated, thus by varying the frequency with respect to the central frequency fO, a wide range of energies can be obtained (typically a factor of 8 is obtained on certain medical accelerators)
- this system is associated with an electron gun whose remission can be modified from impulse to impulse one then obtains the possibility of variation of energy and of dose (or on the contrary of maintenance of this one) for each pulse of 'energy.
- FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a container inspection device, the state of the art
- FIGS. 2a and 2b already described, represent the irradiated energy according to two impulse irradiation techniques of the state of the art
- FIG. 3a represents an exemplary embodiment of a radiofrequency electron acceleration device according to the invention
- FIG. 3b shows a graph representing the variation of the electron acceleration field along the microwave structure of the acceleration device of FIG. 3a;
- FIG. 4 shows the energy of the electrons at the output of the microwave device of FIG. 3 and;
- FIG. 5 shows the frequency variation range Fv of the excitation signal of the device of FIG. 3a.
- FIG. 3a represents an exemplary embodiment of a radiofrequency electron acceleration device according to the invention.
- the device of FIG. 3a essentially comprises an electron gun 50 having a cathode 52 supplying an electron beam 54 in a klystron-type vacuum hyper-frequency structure 60, forming a linear electron radio frequency accelerator (accelerating section), according to a longitudinal axis ZZ '.
- the microwave structure 60 of longitudinal shape along the axis ZZ ', has two ends 62, 64 opposite and between its two ends a sequence of n cavities C1, C2, .. Ci, ... Cx, ... Cn, aligned along the longitudinal axis ZZ 'forming a LINAC, x being the rank of the cavity in the sequence of n cavities.
- a cavity Cx of the sequence is coupled to the previous Cx-1 and the following Cx + 1.
- the cavities have a resonance frequency f0.
- One of the ends 62 of the microwave structure comprises, on the side of a first cavity C1 of the series of n cavities, an input 66 of the electron beam 54 emitted by the electron gun 50.
- the other end 64 on the side of a last cavity Cn of said sequence, comprises an output 68 of accelerated beam electrons.
- the accelerated electrons at the output of the LINAC are intended to strike a target 70 providing high energy photons 72 for the irradiation of the container to be inspected.
- the microwave structure 60 comprises an excitation radio frequency input 74, at one of the cavities Ci of the sequence of the n cavities, close to the input 66 of the electron beam.
- the input cavity Ci is thus a cavity of the first third of the sequence of n cavities of the side of the electron gun.
- the electron beam 54 is focused on the axis ZZ 'of the microwave structure by a permanent magnet device or solenoids, not shown in the figure, surrounding said structure.
- the electron beam 54 can also be self-focused by the RF itself.
- the acceleration device comprises a microwave klystron KLY 80 operating as a microwave amplifier driven by an RF input 81 by the RF output of a local oscillator OL 82 with a central frequency f 0 that can be controlled by frequency Fv around this central frequency fO.
- the local oscillator OL has a frequency control input 78 for varying its central frequency f0.
- the klystron 80 provides, at an RF output, according to a main characteristic of the invention, a microwave excitation signal Urf of the input cavity Ci close to the input 66 of the electron beam at the excitation frequency Fv.
- the energy of the electrons at the output of the microwave structure can be changed over a wide range of energies by the frequency variation Fv at the output of the RF generator 76.
- FIG. 3b shows a graph showing the variation of the electron acceleration field along the microwave structure of the accelerator device of FIG. 3a.
- the graph of FIG. 3b comprises, on the ordinate, the value of the envelope of the acceleration field and, on the abscissa, the positron P considered along the microwave structure 60 of the electron accelerator. This position P is indicated by the position of the cavity in the microwave structure varying from the first cavity C1 to the last cavity Cn.
- the graph of Figure 3b shows three curves corresponding to the variations of the acceleration field E along the microwave structure for the central frequency f0 and for two deviations around the central frequency f0 at the output of the klystron 80 driving the input cavity Ci.
- the acceleration field is maximum near the input 66 of the microwave structure
- the electron accelerator device makes it possible to obtain a dynamic (E1 to E3) of energy variations at the output of the microwave structure, by the variation of the central frequency f0, of the order typically of 3 to 25MeV for a frequency variation of the order of Mhz
- the hyperfrequency electron acceleration device further comprises a central unit UC 90 configured to control the energy variation of the electrons at the output of the microwave structure.
- FIG. 4 represents the energy of the electrons at the output of the microwave device of FIG.
- the energy of the electrons at the output of the microwave structure 60 is in the form of a pulse sequence 11, 12, I3, — Of respective energy E1, E2, E3 , ... Ey .
- the frequency of the radio frequency generator is controlled by the central unit UC to change the frequency Fv in synchronism with the said pulses 11, 12, 13, ... Iy ... of energy.
- the accelerated electrons of the beam, at the output 68 of the microwave structure strike the target 70 with a variable pulse energy as a function of the frequency Fv of the microwave signal applied by the klystron to the structure.
- the target in turn irradiates photons 72 of energy depending on the energy of the incident electrons.
- FIG. 4 shows the energy E1, E2, E3,................... Electrons impacting the target 70 for each respective pulse 11, 12, 13, ... Iy ... of energy at the output of the microwave structure as a function of time t.
- the energy of electrons E1, E2, E3,... May be controlled at a desired value for each of the successive pulses 11, 12, 13,... the local oscillator at each pulse.
- the frequency of the local oscillator OL 82 is controlled by the central unit UC to change the frequency Fv in synchronism with said energy pulses, a frequency Fvy of the local oscillator and thus of the microwave excitation signal provided by the klystron producing an energy Ey of the respective pulse Iy at the output of the hyperfrequency acceleration structure.
- the central unit UC comprises a control output 92 supplying a control signal Cf of frequency Fv to the frequency control input 78 of the local oscillator OL 82.
- Two consecutive energy pulses Iy, l (y + 1) are separated by a period of time Tn at zero energy obtained, either by interrupting actions of the beam current, or by interrupting the RF excitation of the klystron KLY be by both actions.
- the central unit UC it comprises a control output 94 driving an input 96 of the local oscillator LO to interrupt the level
- the microwave accelerating structure comprises 40 to 50 cavities (n between 40 and 50) operating at a center frequency of 3GHz.
- the duration L of a pulse is of the order of 3 to 4 microseconds.
- FIG. 5 shows the frequency variation range Fv of the excitation signal of the device of FIG. 3 around the central frequency f0 between a maximum frequency Fvmax and a minimum frequency Fvmin.
- the radio frequency generator 76 may be a frequency-controlled magnetron by the central unit UC.
- the electron acceleration device makes it possible to change the energy of the electrons, and therefore the energy radiated by the target, from one pulse to the next with a very greater speed than the devices mechanical switching state of the art, so no latency Tr.
- the electron gun comprises a grid 100 for controlling the current of the electron beam.
- the central unit UC comprises a control output 1 10 supplying the gate 100 with a control voltage Uc of said beam current.
- the control of the beam current makes it possible to adapt, by the control of the electrons sent on the target 70 at the output of the microwave structure, the radiation dose (expressed in Joules / kg) of photons emitted by said target and this whatever the energy level of the electrons striking the target.
- Controlling the beam current makes it possible, for example, to maintain a constant radiation dose regardless of the energy level of the electrons during the pulses.
- the use of such an acceleration device according to the invention with variable energy very rapidly and in large and intersecting proportions allows a finer detection with a greater resolution of the details of the invention. contents of the container.
- it allows a wide spectrum of analysis of irradiated elements with the ability to detect the family of materials defined by their atomic number
- the device is not limited to the industrial application of container inspection, it can also be used in the medical field and in particular in radiotherapy.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Particle Accelerators (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PL10745594T PL2468080T3 (en) | 2009-08-21 | 2010-08-19 | Microwave device for accelerating electrons |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0904023A FR2949289B1 (en) | 2009-08-21 | 2009-08-21 | ELECTRONIC ACCELERATION HYPERFREQUENCY DEVICE |
PCT/EP2010/062110 WO2011020882A1 (en) | 2009-08-21 | 2010-08-19 | Microwave device for accelerating electrons |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2468080A1 true EP2468080A1 (en) | 2012-06-27 |
EP2468080B1 EP2468080B1 (en) | 2017-07-05 |
Family
ID=42062578
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP10745594.1A Active EP2468080B1 (en) | 2009-08-21 | 2010-08-19 | Microwave device for accelerating electrons |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8716958B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2468080B1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2641769T3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2949289B1 (en) |
PL (1) | PL2468080T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2011020882A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN104470193B (en) * | 2013-09-22 | 2017-07-25 | 同方威视技术股份有限公司 | Control the method and its system of standing wave accelerator |
US9655227B2 (en) * | 2014-06-13 | 2017-05-16 | Jefferson Science Associates, Llc | Slot-coupled CW standing wave accelerating cavity |
US10636609B1 (en) * | 2015-10-09 | 2020-04-28 | Accuray Incorporated | Bremsstrahlung target for radiation therapy system |
RU2705207C2 (en) * | 2018-03-23 | 2019-11-06 | Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" (Госкорпорация "Росатом") | Electron accelerator based on ferroelectric plasma cathode |
CN112843497B (en) * | 2021-01-05 | 2022-09-16 | 中国科学院上海高等研究院 | Proton beam scanning device and scanning method based on radio frequency deflection cavity technology |
CN112870560B (en) * | 2021-01-05 | 2022-09-20 | 中国科学院上海高等研究院 | Proton beam solid angle distribution device based on radio frequency deflection cavity technology |
Family Cites Families (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US2887580A (en) * | 1957-04-26 | 1959-05-19 | Gen Electric | Variable output control for linear accelerators |
CA990404A (en) * | 1974-08-01 | 1976-06-01 | Stanley O. Schriber | Double pass linear accelerator operating in a standing wave mode |
US4347547A (en) * | 1980-05-22 | 1982-08-31 | Siemens Medical Laboratories, Inc. | Energy interlock system for a linear accelerator |
US4400650A (en) * | 1980-07-28 | 1983-08-23 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Accelerator side cavity coupling adjustment |
US4485346A (en) * | 1982-07-15 | 1984-11-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Variable-energy drift-tube linear accelerator |
JPS6128215A (en) * | 1984-07-18 | 1986-02-07 | Tokyo Inst Of Technol | Microwave pulse source |
US5029259A (en) * | 1988-08-04 | 1991-07-02 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Microwave electron gun |
US5381072A (en) * | 1992-02-25 | 1995-01-10 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Linear accelerator with improved input cavity structure and including tapered drift tubes |
US5661377A (en) * | 1995-02-17 | 1997-08-26 | Intraop Medical, Inc. | Microwave power control apparatus for linear accelerator using hybrid junctions |
US5811943A (en) * | 1996-09-23 | 1998-09-22 | Schonberg Research Corporation | Hollow-beam microwave linear accelerator |
US5744919A (en) * | 1996-12-12 | 1998-04-28 | Mishin; Andrey V. | CW particle accelerator with low particle injection velocity |
GB2334139B (en) * | 1998-02-05 | 2001-12-19 | Elekta Ab | Linear accelerator |
US6316876B1 (en) * | 1998-08-19 | 2001-11-13 | Eiji Tanabe | High gradient, compact, standing wave linear accelerator structure |
US6493424B2 (en) * | 2001-03-05 | 2002-12-10 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | Multi-mode operation of a standing wave linear accelerator |
US6465957B1 (en) * | 2001-05-25 | 2002-10-15 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | Standing wave linear accelerator with integral prebunching section |
WO2004030162A2 (en) * | 2002-09-27 | 2004-04-08 | Scantech Holdings, Llc | System for alternately pulsing energy of accelerated electrons bombarding a conversion target |
ITMI20022608A1 (en) * | 2002-12-09 | 2004-06-10 | Fond Di Adroterapia Oncologic A Tera | LINAC WITH DRAWING TUBES FOR THE ACCELERATION OF A BAND OF IONS. |
US7400094B2 (en) * | 2005-08-25 | 2008-07-15 | Varian Medical Systems Technologies, Inc. | Standing wave particle beam accelerator having a plurality of power inputs |
US7649328B2 (en) * | 2007-12-07 | 2010-01-19 | Duly Research Inc. | Compact high-power pulsed terahertz source |
US8232748B2 (en) * | 2009-01-26 | 2012-07-31 | Accuray, Inc. | Traveling wave linear accelerator comprising a frequency controller for interleaved multi-energy operation |
-
2009
- 2009-08-21 FR FR0904023A patent/FR2949289B1/en active Active
-
2010
- 2010-08-19 PL PL10745594T patent/PL2468080T3/en unknown
- 2010-08-19 EP EP10745594.1A patent/EP2468080B1/en active Active
- 2010-08-19 ES ES10745594.1T patent/ES2641769T3/en active Active
- 2010-08-19 US US13/391,380 patent/US8716958B2/en active Active
- 2010-08-19 WO PCT/EP2010/062110 patent/WO2011020882A1/en active Application Filing
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2011020882A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20120200238A1 (en) | 2012-08-09 |
PL2468080T3 (en) | 2017-12-29 |
FR2949289B1 (en) | 2016-05-06 |
EP2468080B1 (en) | 2017-07-05 |
ES2641769T3 (en) | 2017-11-13 |
US8716958B2 (en) | 2014-05-06 |
WO2011020882A1 (en) | 2011-02-24 |
FR2949289A1 (en) | 2011-02-25 |
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