EP2454296B1 - Copolymers, their use as thickeners and method for producing the same - Google Patents

Description

1. (A) mindestens eine ethylenisch ungesättigte Mono- oder Dicarbonsäure,
2. (B) mindestens ein (Co)polymer, das pro Molekül mindestens eine Struktureinheit der allgemeinen Formel I aufweist:
   
   wobei die Variablen wie folgt definiert sind:

   R¹

   verschieden oder gleich und gewählt aus Wasserstoff, C₁-C₃₀-Alkyl, C₃-C₁₀-Cycloalkyl, C₆-C₃₀-Aryl und C₇-C₃₀-Aralkyl,

   A¹

   verschieden oder gleich und gewählt aus C₂-C₁₀-Alkylen, C₆-C₁₀-Arylen und C₇-C₁₀-Aralkylen,

   n

   verschieden oder gleich und gewählt aus null bis 200,

   m

   verschieden oder gleich und gewählt aus 1 bis 6,

3. (C) mindestens ein weiteres Comonomer.

The present invention relates to copolymers containing copolymerized as comonomer

1. (A) at least one ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid,
2. (B) at least one (co) polymer which has at least one structural unit of the general formula I per molecule:
   
   where the variables are defined as follows:

   R ¹

   different or the same and selected from hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃₀ -alkyl, C ₃ -C ₁₀ -cycloalkyl, C ₆ -C ₃₀ -aryl and C ₇ -C ₃₀ -aralkyl,

   A ¹

   different or the same and selected from C ₂ -C ₁₀ -alkylene, C ₆ -C ₁₀ -arylene and C ₇ -C ₁₀ -aralkylene,

   n

   different or equal and chosen from zero to 200,

   m

   different or equal and chosen from 1 to 6,

3. (C) at least one other comonomer.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of copolymers of the invention as thickeners, for example in detergents or cleaners.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to compounds (B) which are particularly suitable as a comonomer for the preparation of copolymer of the invention. Furthermore, the present invention relates to compounds which are particularly suitable for the synthesis of (co) polymers according to the invention.

In order to adjust the viscosity in aqueous formulations, for example detergents and cleaners, in printing pastes or in personal care products and cosmetic preparations, thickeners (thickeners) are often used. Thickeners may be natural or synthetic thickeners. Known synthetic thickeners are in many cases ammonia-neutralized copolymers of acrylic acid with acrylamide, which contain small amounts of a doubly ethylenically unsaturated comonomer such as methylenebisacrylamide in copolymerized form.

The properties of known thickeners can be improved.

Unwanted is in many cases the white oil, which is required for the synthesis of the thickener, is thus at least partially high in the respective synthetic thickeners and which remains in applications on fibrous materials such as textile and there lead to deteriorated fastness properties and a deteriorated grip can. In particular, if you want to use printing pastes based on disperse dyes (disperse dyes) or reactive dyes, it is desirable to remove the thickener by simply washing, which is not successful in the use of white oil-containing thickeners in many cases.

It has also tried to remove the white oil after the synthesis of the thickener, for example by drying the thickener, in particular by spray drying. One then obtains so-called powder thickeners, which however can not always be stirred well into other formulations.

Attempts have been made to circumvent the disadvantages of white oil by using associative thickeners. Associative thickeners are water-soluble polymers and have surfactant-like hydrophobic constituents which are capable of interacting in a hydrophilic, especially aqueous medium both with themselves and with other hydrophobic substances, in particular to associate and form a network. The resulting associative network thickens or gels the medium.

However, known associative thickeners can be improved. In particular, the salt stability is not sufficient in many cases. In addition, in the case of liquid detergents, in many cases improved transparency is desired, which allows a better sales success.

WO 99/65958 describes alkali-soluble thickeners comprising the reaction product of an unsaturated carboxylic acid, a monoethylenically unsaturated monomer and a hydrophobic alkoxylated macromonomer. The monoethylenically unsaturated monomer includes a methyl group; it is preferably methyl acrylate. These polymers are said to be water-soluble even at a pH in the range of 4.5 to 6.0 and are therefore suitable for cosmetic products.

1. (A) mindestens eine ethylenisch ungesättigte Mono- oder Dicarbonsäure,
2. (B) mindestens ein (Co)polymer, das unten näher beschrieben wird und das kurz auch als Verbindung (B) oder erfindungsgemäßes Verbindung (B) bezeichnet wird,
3. (C) mindestens ein weiteres Comonomer.

It was therefore the object to provide detergents which have improved washing behavior with high salt content and improved transparency. There was also the task of providing additives for detergents, with the help of which the desired properties can be set. It was a further object to provide a process for the preparation of the relevant additives. Accordingly, the copolymers defined above were found, also referred to for short as copolymers according to the invention. Copolymers of the invention contain polymerized as comonomers

1. (A) at least one ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid,
2. (B) at least one (co) polymer, which is described in more detail below and which is also referred to as compound (B) or compound (B) according to the invention,
3. (C) at least one other comonomer.

As the ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid (A) are, for example, mono- and polyethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acids, for example sorbic acid, and in particular monoethylenically unsaturated C ₃ -C ₁₀ -monocarboxylic acids, monoethylenically unsaturated C ₄ -C ₁₀ -dicarboxylic acids and their low molecular weight Anhydrides suitable. Examples of suitable monoethylenically unsaturated C ₄ -C ₁₀ dicarboxylic acids and their low molecular weight anhydrides are itaconic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, glutaconic acid, aconitic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride and mixtures of several of the abovementioned compounds. Examples of suitable monoethylenically unsaturated C ₃ -C ₁₀ -monocarboxylic acids are ethacrylic acid, (E) - and (Z) -crotic acid and preferably acrylic acid. Particularly preferred is methacrylic acid.

In a variant of the present invention, mixtures of a monoethylenically unsaturated C ₃ -C ₁₀ -monocarboxylic acid and a monoethylenically unsaturated C ₄ -C ₁₀ -dicarboxylic acid or its anhydride are used, for example of (meth) acrylic acid and maleic anhydride.

wobei die Variablen wie folgt definiert sind:

R¹

verschieden oder vorzugsweise gleich und gewählt aus Wasserstoff und bevorzugt C₆-C₃₀-Aryl, bevorzugt C₆-C₁₄-Aryl, beispielsweise Phenyl, 1-Naphthyl, 2-Naphthyl, 1-Anthracenyl, 2-Anthracenyl, 9-Anthracenyl, C₇-C₃₀-Aralkyl, bevorzugt Benzyl,
C₃-C₁₀-Cycloalkyl, substituiert oder unsubstituiert, bevorzugt Cyclopentyl, Cyclohexyl, Cyclooctyl, wobei ein oder mehrere nicht-benachbarte C-Atome durch Sauerstoff oder N-H oder N-CH₃ ersetzt sein können, beispielhaft seien 1,3-Dioxolanyl, 1,3-Dioxanyl oder 13-Oxazolinyl genannt, bevorzugt sind 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolanyl und 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxanyl genannt,
und insbesondere C₁-C₃₀-Alkyl, bevorzugt C₁-C₂₀-Alkyl, beispielsweise Methyl, Ethyl, n-Propyl, iso-Propyl, n-Butyl, iso-Butyl, sec.-Butyl, tert.-Butyl, n-Pentyl, iso-Pentyl, sec.-Pentyl, neo-Pentyl, 1,2-Dimethylpropyl, iso-Amyl, n-Hexyl, iso-Hexyl, sec.-Hexyl, n-Heptyl, n-Octyl, 2-Ethylhexyl, n-Nonyl, n-Decyl, n-Dodecyl, iso-Dodecyl, n-Tetradecyl, iso-Tetradecyl, n-Hexadecyl, iso-Hexadecyl, n-Octadecyl, iso-Octadecyl, n-Eicosyl, iso-Eicosyl.

A¹

verschieden oder vorzugsweise gleich und gewählt aus C₆-C₁₀-Arylen, beispielsweise ortho-Phenylen, meta-Phenylen, para-Phenylen, 1,6-Naphthylen, 1,7-Naphthylen, 2,6-Naphthylen, 2,7-Naphthylen oder 1,8-Naphthylen, C₇-C₁₀-Aralkylen wie beispielsweise -CH(C₆H₅)- oder -CH₂-CH(C₆H₅)-,
und insbesondere aus C₂-C₁₀-Alkylen, substituiert oder vorzugsweise nicht substituiert, beispielsweise -CH₂-, -CH(CH₃)-, -CH(C₂H₅)-, -C(CH₃)₂-, -CH₂-CH₂-, -CH(CH₃)-CH₂-, -CH₂-CH(CH₃)-, -CH(C₂H₅)-CH₂-, -CH₂-CH(C₂H₅)-, -(CH₂)₃-, -(CH₂)₄-, -(CH₂)₅-, -(CH₂)₆-, -(CH₂)₈-, -(CH₂)₁₀-, bevorzugt -CH₂-CH₂-, -CH(CH₃)-CH₂-, -CH₂-CH(CH₃)-, ganz besonders bevorzugt -CH₂-CH₂-,

n

verschieden oder gleich und gewählt aus null bis 200, bevorzugt 1 bis 150, besonders bevorzugt 5 bis 50,

m

gewählt aus 1 bis 6, bevorzugt bis 4, besonders bevorzugt bis 2.

Copolymers of the invention further comprise at least one compound (B) in copolymerized form. Compounds (B) have per molecule at least one, for example, on average 1 to 10 (number average), preferably up to 5 and particularly preferably up to 2 structural units of the general formula I,

where the variables are defined as follows:

R ¹

is preferably identical or different and selected from among hydrogen and preferably C ₆ -C ₃₀ -aryl, preferably C ₆ -C ₁₄ -aryl, for example phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 1-anthracenyl, 2-anthracenyl, 9-anthracenyl, C ₇ -C ₃₀ -aralkyl, preferably benzyl,
C ₃ -C ₁₀ -cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted, preferably cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, where one or more nonadjacent carbon atoms may be replaced by oxygen or NH or N-CH ₃ , by way of example 1,3-dioxolanyl, Called 1,3-dioxanyl or 13-oxazolinyl, preferably 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolanyl and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxanyl,
and in particular C ₁ -C ₃₀ -alkyl, preferably C ₁ -C ₂₀ -alkyl, for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, sec-pentyl, neo-pentyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, iso-amyl, n-hexyl, iso-hexyl, sec-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 2- Ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-dodecyl, iso-dodecyl, n-tetradecyl, iso-tetradecyl, n-hexadecyl, iso-hexadecyl, n-octadecyl, isooctadecyl, n-eicosyl, iso-eicosyl.

A ¹

different or preferably identical and selected from C ₆ -C ₁₀ -aryls, for example ortho-phenylene, meta-phenylene, para-phenylene, 1,6-naphthylene, 1,7-naphthylene, 2,6-naphthylene, 2,7- Naphthylene or 1,8-naphthylene, C ₇ -C ₁₀ -aralkylenes such as -CH (C ₆ H ₅ ) - or -CH ₂ -CH (C ₆ H ₅ ) -,
and in particular from C ₂ -C ₁₀ -alkylene, substituted or preferably unsubstituted, for example -CH ₂ -, -CH (CH ₃ ) -, -CH (C ₂ H ₅ ) -, -C (CH ₃ ) ₂ -, -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, -CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) -, -CH (C ₂ H ₅ ) -CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ -CH (C ₂ H ₅ ) -, - (CH ₂ ) ₃ -, - (CH ₂ ) ₄ -, - (CH ₂ ) ₅ -, - (CH ₂ ) ₆ -, - (CH ₂ ) ₈ -, - (CH ₂ ) ₁₀ -, preferably -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, -CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) -, very particularly preferably -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -,

n

different or the same and selected from zero to 200, preferably from 1 to 150, particularly preferably from 5 to 50,

m

selected from 1 to 6, preferably to 4, more preferably to 2.

The variable n may be an average value.

Compound (B) may be a homopolymer, which may then also be called polymer (B). However, they are preferably copolymers, referred to for short as copolymers (B), selected from block copolymers, graft copolymers, alternating copolymers or preferably from random copolymers. Compound (B) can be prepared, for example, by ionic, for example anionic, or preferably by free-radical (co) polymerization of one or more (co) monomers, of which at least one has a structural unit of the general formula I.

Structural units of the formula I can look, for example, as follows:

In one embodiment of the present invention, compounds (B) are contaminated with products of incomplete reaction. Due to incomplete conversion, the following structural units can then be formed, for example:

In the event that it is desired to use random copolymers as copolymer, it is possible to use those copolymers which, in addition to structural units of the general formula I, also have at least one structural unit which is attributable to the comonomer, with any free-radically polymerizable comonomers being suitable, for example vinylaromatics, in particular styrene, vinyl esters, in particular vinyl acetate, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, in particular (meth) acrylic acid, amides or esters of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, in particular C ₁ -C ₁₀ -alkyl esters of (meth) acrylic acid and (meth) acrylonitrile, furthermore maleic anhydride, halogen-containing comonomers such as vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride and α-olefins, for example 1-decene, 1-hexene, isobutene or 1-dodecene.

wobei die Variablen wie folgt definiert sind:

R², R³

gleich oder verschieden und gewählt aus C₁-C₆-Alkyl, beispielsweise Methyl, Ethyl, n-Propyl, iso-Propyl, n-Butyl, iso-Butyl, sec.-Butyl, tert.-Butyl, n-Pentyl, iso-Pentyl, sec.-Pentyl, neo-Pentyl, 1,2-Dimethylpropyl, iso-Amyl, n-Hexyl, iso-Hexyl, sec.-Hexyl; bevorzugt n-C₁-C₄-Alkyl wie Methyl, Ethyl, n-Propyl, iso-Propyl, n-Butyl, iso-Butyl, sec.-Butyl und tert.-Butyl, besonders bevorzugt Methyl
und insbesondere Wasserstoff,

R⁴

C₁-C₆-Alkyl, beispielsweise Methyl, Ethyl, n-Propyl, iso-Propyl, n-Butyl, iso-Butyl, sec.-Butyl, tert.-Butyl, n-Pentyl, iso-Pentyl, sec.-Pentyl, neo-Pentyl, 1,2-Dimethylpropyl, iso-Amyl, n-Hexyl, iso-Hexyl, sec.-Hexyl; bevorzugt n-C₁-C₄-Alkyl wie Methyl, Ethyl, n-Propyl, iso-Propyl, n-Butyl, iso-Butyl, sec.-Butyl und tert.-Butyl, besonders bevorzugt Methyl
und insbesondere COOM oder Wasserstoff,

M

gewählt aus Ammonium, substituiert wie beispielsweise Methylammonium, Dimethylammonium, Trimethylammonium, Ethanolammonium, oder vorzugsweise unsubstituiert, und insbesondere Wasserstoff und Metallkationen, beispielsweise Alkalimetallkationen wie Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺ oder Cs⁺, bevorzugt Na⁺ oder K⁺. M kann auch für ein halbes Äquivalent eines Erdalkalimetallkations stehen, beispielsweise für ein halbes Äquivalent Ca²⁺ oder Mg²⁺.

In the event that it is desired to use random copolymers as copolymer, it is possible to use those copolymers which, in addition to structural units of the general formula I, have at least one structural unit of the general formula II,

where the variables are defined as follows:

R ² , R ³

identical or different and selected from C ₁ -C ₆ -alkyl, for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, iso Pentyl, sec-pentyl, neo-pentyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, iso-amyl, n-hexyl, iso-hexyl, sec-hexyl; preferably nC ₁ -C ₄ -alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl, particularly preferably methyl
and especially hydrogen,

R ⁴

C ₁ -C ₆ -alkyl, for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, sec. Pentyl, neo-pentyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, iso-amyl, n-hexyl, iso-hexyl, sec-hexyl; preferably nC ₁ -C ₄ -alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl, particularly preferably methyl
and in particular COOM or hydrogen,

M

selected from ammonium, substituted such as methylammonium, dimethylammonium, trimethylammonium, ethanolammonium, or preferably unsubstituted, and in particular hydrogen and metal cations, for example alkali metal cations such as Li ⁺ , Na ⁺ , K ⁺ , Rb ⁺ or Cs ⁺ , preferably Na ⁺ or K ⁺ . M can also represent half an equivalent of an alkaline earth metal cation, for example, half a equivalent of Ca ²⁺ or Mg ²⁺ .

In one embodiment of the present invention, R ^{3 is} methyl, and R ² and R ⁴ are each hydrogen.

In one embodiment of the present invention, R ² , R ³ and R ^{4 are} each hydrogen.

In one embodiment of the present invention, R ² and R ^{3 are} each hydrogen, and R ⁴ is COOM.

In one embodiment of the present invention, compound (B) has a molecular weight M _w in the range of 200 to 100,000 g / mol, preferably 1,000 to 10,000 g / mol, particularly preferably 5,000 g / mol, determined for example by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

In one embodiment of the present invention, compound (B) has a Fikentscher K value in the range of 8 to 40, measured at 23 ° C in THF / water mixtures, preferably in 2 wt% THF in water.

In one embodiment of the present invention, compound (B) has a polydispersity M _w / M _n in the range from 1 to 4, preferably from 1.1 to 2, and more preferably in the range from 1.1 to 1.5.

In one embodiment of the present invention, compound (B) has a hydroxyl number in the range from 1 to 270, preferably 5 to 10, particularly preferably 10 to 70 mg KOH / g, determined according to DIN 53240.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the copolymer according to the invention has a molecular weight M _w in the range from 1,000 to 10,000,000 g / mol, preferably 10,000 to 1,000,000 g / mol, more preferably 50,000 to 500,000 g / mol, determined, for example, by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

In one embodiment of the present invention, the copolymer according to the invention has a polydispersity M _w / M _n in the range from 1 to 10.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the molar ratio of structural units of the formula I to structural units of the formula II in the copolymer according to the invention is in the range from 0.01 to 10, preferably 0.05 to 2 and particularly preferably 0.1 to 0.5.

oder III b

an das Grundgerüst von erfindungsgemäßem Copolymer gebunden, wobei die Variablen wie folgt gewählt werden:

X

wird gewählt aus einer Einfachbindung, N-H und vorzugsweise Sauerstoff,

t

wird gewählt aus null und eins,

w

wird gewählt aus null und eins,

A²

wird gewählt aus C₁-C₅₀-Alkylen, substituiert oder vorzugsweise nicht substituiert, wobei eine oder mehrere nicht-benachbarte CH₂-Gruppen durch Sauerstoff ersetzt sein können. Beispiele für geeignete Gruppen A² sind C₂-C₁₀-Alkylen, bevorzugt -CH₂-CH₂-, -CH(CH₃)-CH₂-, -CH₂-CH(CH₃)-, besonders bevorzugt -CH₂-CH₂-, weiterhin -CH₂-CH₂-O-, -CH(CH₃)-CH₂-O-, -CH₂-CH(CH₃)-O-, -[CH₂-CH₂-O-]_y-, -[CH(CH₃)-CH₂-O-]_y-, -[CH₂-CH(CH₃)-O-]_y-, wobei y eine ganze Zahl im Bereich von 2 bis 20, bevorzugt 2 bis 15 und insbesondere 3 bis 10 ist.

In one embodiment of the present invention, at least one structural unit of the general formula I is a group of the formula III a

or III b

bonded to the backbone of copolymer of the invention, the variables being chosen as follows:

X

is selected from a single bond, NH and preferably oxygen,

t

is chosen from zero and one,

w

is chosen from zero and one,

A ²

is selected from C ₁ -C ₅₀ alkylene, substituted or preferably unsubstituted, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH ₂ groups may be replaced by oxygen. Examples of suitable groups A ² are C ₂ -C ₁₀ -alkylene, preferably -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, -CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) -, more preferably -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, furthermore -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -O-, -CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₂ -O-, -CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) -O-, - [CH ₂ -CH ₂ -O-] _y -, - [CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₂ -O-] _y -, - [CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) -O-] _y -, where y is an integer in the range of 2 to 20, preferably 2 to 15 and in particular 3 to 10.

Copolymers of the invention additionally comprise at least one further comonomer (C) in copolymerized form Suitable comonomers are ethylenically unsaturated compounds which can be copolymerized free-radically with the comonomers (A) and (B). Examples include: C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkyl esters of ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acids, in particular of (meth) acrylic acid, vinyl acetate, vinylaromatics, in particular styrene and α-methylstyrene, α-olefins, in particular C ₁₂ -C ₂₀ -α Olefins, furthermore vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile and N-vinylpyrrolidone. Preferred examples of C ₁ -C ₁₀ -alkyl esters of ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids are methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate.

In one embodiment of the present invention copolymer according to the invention comprises at least two different further comonomers (C) in copolymerized form. In another embodiment of the present invention, copolymer according to the invention contains exactly one further comonomer (C) in copolymerized form.

• 0,1 bis 99 Gew.-%, bevorzugt 5 bis 70 Gew.-%, besonderes bevorzugt 10 bis 50 Gew.-% ethylenisch ungesättigte Mono- oder Dicarbonsäure (A),
• 0,001 bis 99 Gew.-%, bevorzugt 0,01 bis 50 Gew.-%, besonderes bevorzugt 0,1 bis 10 Gew.-% Verbindung (B),
• insgesamt 0.1 bis 99 Gew.-%, bevorzugt 5 bis 80 Gew.-%, besonderes bevorzugt 30 bis 60 Gew.-% weitere(s) Comonomer(e) (C).

In one embodiment of the present invention copolymer according to the invention contains copolymerized:

• From 0.1 to 99% by weight, preferably from 5 to 70% by weight, particularly preferably from 10 to 50% by weight, of ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid (A),
• 0.001 to 99% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 50% by weight, particularly preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight of compound (B),
• in total from 0.1 to 99% by weight, preferably from 5 to 80% by weight, particularly preferably from 30 to 60% by weight, of further comonomer (s) (C).

In this case, data in% by weight are based in each case on the total copolymer of the invention.

Another object of the present invention is the use of copolymers of the invention as a thickener, in particular as associative thickener. In this case, copolymers of the invention have their property that they have a strongly pH-dependent solubility behavior in an aqueous medium. A further aspect of the present invention is accordingly the use of the copolymers according to the invention as an additive in detergents and cleaners and in cosmetic preparations. The subject matter furthermore relates to a process for the purification of textile substrates using the novel copolymers.

Another object of the present invention are detergents and cleaners and cosmetic preparations containing at least one inventive copolymer. Detergents are primarily laundry detergents, while detergents are hard surfaces such as porcelain, ceramics, glass, stone, wood or concrete. Taking cosmetic preparations not only ointments, lotions, scrubs and other preparations which are directly suitable as cosmetic preparations, but also those preparations which are used as the basis for cosmetic consumer products.

Copolymers of the invention can be used in the form of the free acids or in partially or completely neutralized form, for example partially or completely neutralized with ammonium, alkaline earth or, preferably, alkali metal cations. Copolymers of the invention are preferably used in unneutralized form, ie as free acid, and neutralized only immediately before or during the washing or cleaning process.

Detergents and cleaners according to the invention or cosmetic preparations according to the invention can be in liquid or solid form.

1. (a) 0,05 bis 20 Gew.-% mindestens eines erfindungsgemäßen Copolymers,
2. (b) 0,5 bis 40 Gew.-% mindestens eines nichtionischen, anionischen und/oder kationischen Tensids,
3. (c) 0,5 bis 50 Gew.-% eines anorganischen Builders,
4. (d) 0 bis 10 Gew.-% eines organischen Cobuilders und
5. (e) 0 bis 60 Gew.-% anderer üblicher Inhaltsstoffe, wie Stellmittel, Enzyme, Parfum, Komplexbildner, Korrosionsinhibitoren, Bleichmittel, Bleichaktivatoren, Bleichkatalysatoren, Farbübertragungsinhibitoren, weitere Vergrauungsinhibitoren, Soil-Release-Polyester, Faser- und Farbschutzadditve, Silicone, Farbstoffe, Bakterizide, Auflösungsverbesserer und/oder Sprengmittel,

wobei die Summe der Komponenten (a) bis (e) vorzugsweise 100 Gew.-% ergibt.Solid detergents according to the invention preferably contain the following components:

1. (a) 0.05 to 20% by weight of at least one copolymer according to the invention,
2. (b) 0.5 to 40% by weight of at least one nonionic, anionic and / or cationic surfactant,
3. (c) 0.5 to 50% by weight of an inorganic builder,
4. (d) 0 to 10% by weight of an organic cobuilder and
5. (e) 0 to 60% by weight of other conventional ingredients, such as sizing agents, enzymes, perfume, chelating agents, corrosion inhibitors, bleaches, bleach activators, bleach catalysts, dye transfer inhibitors, other grayness inhibitors, soil release polyesters, fiber and color protective additives, silicones, dyes , Bactericides, dissolution improvers and / or disintegrants,

wherein the sum of components (a) to (e) preferably gives 100 wt .-%.

Solid detergent formulations according to the invention may be in powder, granule, extrudate or tablet form.

1. (a) 0,05 bis 20 Gew.-% mindestens eines erfindungsgemäßen Copolymers,
2. (b) 0,5 bis 40 Gew.-% mindestens eines nichtionischen, anionischen und/oder kationischen Tensids,
3. (c) 0 bis 20 Gew.-% eines anorganischen Builders,
4. (d) 0 bis 10 Gew.-% eines organischen Cobuilders,
5. (e) 0 bis 60 Gew.-% anderer üblicher Inhaltsstoffe, wie Soda, Enzyme, Parfum, Komplexbildner, Korrosionsinhibitoren, Bleichmittel, Bleichaktivatoren, Bleichkatalysatoren, Farbübertragungsinhibitoren, weitere Vergrauungsinhibitoren , Soil-Release-Polyester, Faser- und Farbschutzadditve, Silicone, Farbstoffe, Bakterizide, organische Lösungsmittel, Löslichkeitsvermittler, Hydrotrope, Verdicker und/oder Alkanolamine und
6. (f) 0 bis 99,45 Gew.-% Wasser.

Liquid detergent formulations according to the invention preferably have the following composition:

1. (a) 0.05 to 20% by weight of at least one copolymer according to the invention,
2. (b) 0.5 to 40% by weight of at least one nonionic, anionic and / or cationic surfactant,
3. (c) 0 to 20% by weight of an inorganic builder,
4. (d) 0 to 10% by weight of an organic cobuilder,
5. (e) 0 to 60% by weight of other common ingredients such as soda, enzymes, perfume, chelating agents, corrosion inhibitors, bleaches, bleach activators, bleach catalysts, dye transfer inhibiting agents, other grayness inhibitors, soil release polyesters, fiber and color protective additives, silicones, dyes , Bactericides, organic solvents, solubilizers, hydrotropes, thickeners and / or alkanolamines and
6. (f) 0 to 99.45% by weight of water.

• Alkoxylierte C₈-C₂₂-Alkohole, wie Fettalkoholalkoxylate, Oxoalkohotalkoxylate und Guerbetalkoholalkoxylate: Die Alkoxylierung kann mit C₂-C₂₀ -Alkylenoxiden, vorzugsweise mit Ethylenoxid, Propylenoxid und/oder Butylenoxid erfolgen. Es können Blockcopolymerisate oder statistische Copolymere vorliegen. Pro mol Alkohol enthalten sie üblicherweise 1 bis 50 mol, vorzugsweise 1 bis 20 mol, mindestens eines Alkylenoxids. Besonders bevorzugtes Alkylenoxid ist Ethylenoxid. Die Alkohole haben vorzugsweise 10 bis 18 Kohlenstoffatome.
• Alkylphenolalkoxylate, insbesondere Alkylphenolethoxylate, die C₆-C₁₄-Alkylketten und 5 bis 30 mol Alkylenoxid/mol enthalten.
• Alkylpolyglucoside, die C₈-C₂₂-, vorzugsweise C₁₀-C₁₈-Alkylketten und in der Regel 1 bis 20, vorzugsweise 1,1 bis 5 Glucosideinheiten enthalten.
• N-Alkylglucamide, Fettsäureamidalkoxylate, Fettsäurealkanolamidalkoxylate sowie Blockcopolymere aus Ethylenoxid, Propylenoxid und/oder Butylenoxid.

Suitable nonionic surfactants (b) are, in particular:

• Alkoxylated C ₈ -C ₂₂ -alcohols, such as fatty alcohol alkoxylates, oxo-alcohol-alkoxylates and guerbet-alcohol alkoxylates: The alkoxylation can be carried out using C ₂ -C ₂₀ -alkylene oxides, preferably with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide. There may be block copolymers or random copolymers. They usually contain from 1 to 50 mol, preferably from 1 to 20 mol, of at least one alkylene oxide per mole of alcohol. Particularly preferred alkylene oxide is ethylene oxide. The alcohols preferably have 10 to 18 carbon atoms.
• Alkylphenolalkoxylate, especially alkylphenol ethoxylates containing C ₆ -C ₁₄ alkyl chains and 5 to 30 moles of alkylene oxide / mol.
• Alkylpolyglucosides containing C ₈ -C ₂₂ -, preferably C ₁₀ -C ₁₈ -alkyl chains and usually 1 to 20, preferably 1.1 to 5 glucoside units.
• N-alkylglucamides, fatty acid amide alkoxylates, fatty acid alkanolamide alkoxylates and block copolymers of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide.

• Sulfate von (Fett)alkoholen mit 8 bis 22, vorzugsweise 10 bis 18 Kohlenstoffatomen, insbesondere C₉-C₁₁-Alkoholsulfate, C₁₂-C₁₄-Alkoholsulfate, C₁₂-C₁₈-Alkoholsulfate, Laurylsulfat, Cetylsulfat, Myristylsulfat, Palmitylsulfat, Stearylsulfat und Talgfettalkoholsulfat.
• Sulfatierte alkoxylierte C₈-C₂₂-Alkohole (Alkylethersulfate): Verbindungen dieser Art werden beispielsweise dadurch hergestellt, dass man zunächst einen C₈-C₂₂-, vorzugsweise einen C₁₀-C₁₈-Alkohol, z.B. einen Fettalkohol, alkoxyliert und das Alkoxylierungsprodukt anschließend sulfatiert. Für die Alkoxylierung verwendet man vorzugsweise Ethylenoxid.
• Lineare C₈-C₂₀-Alkylbenzolsulfonate (LAS), vorzugsweise lineare C₉-C₁₃-Alkylben-zolsulfonate und -Alkyltoluolsulfonate.
• Alkansulfonate, insbesondere C₈-C₂₄-, vorzugsweise C₁₀-C₁₈-Alkansulfonate.
• Seifen, wie die Na- und K-Salze von C₈-C₂₄-Carbonsäuren.

Suitable anionic surfactants are, for example:

• Sulfates of (fatty) alcohols having 8 to 22, preferably 10 to 18 carbon atoms, in particular C ₉ -C ₁₁ -alcohol sulfates, C ₁₂ -C ₁₄ -alcohol sulfates, C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ -alcohol sulfates, lauryl sulfate, cetyl sulfate, myristyl sulfate, palmitylsulfate, Stearyl sulfate and tallow fatty alcohol sulfate.
• Sulfated alkoxylated C ₈ -C ₂₂ -alcohols (alkyl ether sulfates): compounds of this type are prepared, for example, by first alkoxylating a C ₈ -C ₂₂ -alcohol, preferably a C ₁₀ -C ₁₈ -alcohol, for example a fatty alcohol, and the alkoxylation product subsequently sulfated. For the alkoxylation is preferably used ethylene oxide.
• Linear C ₈ -C ₂₀ -alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS), preferably linear C ₉ -C ₁₃ -alkylbenzenesulfonates and -alkyltoluenesulfonates.
• Alkanesulfonates, in particular C ₈ -C ₂₄ -, preferably C ₁₀ -C ₁₈ -alkanesulfonates.
• Soaps, such as the Na and K salts of C ₈ -C ₂₄ carboxylic acids.

Anionic surfactant is preferably added to the detergent in the form of salts. Suitable cations are e.g. Alkali metal ions such as sodium, potassium and lithium, and ammonium salts such as hydroxyethylammonium, di (hydroxyethyl) ammonium and tri (hydroxyethyl) ammonium salts.

• C₇-C₂₅-Alkylamine;
• N,N-Dimethyl-N-(hydroxy-C₇-C₂₅-alkyl)ammoniumsalze;
• mit Alkylierungsmitteln quaternisierte Mono- und Di-(C₇-C₂₅-alkyl)dimethylammoniumverbindungen;
• Esterquats, insbesondere quaternäre veresterte Mono-, Di- und Trialkanolamine, die mit C₈-C₂₂-Carbonsäuren verestert sind;
• Imidazolinquats, insbesondere 1-Alkylimidazoliniumsalze der Formeln VI oder VII
  

in denen die Variablen folgende Bedeutung haben:

R⁶

gleich oder verschieden und gewählt aus C₁-C₂₅-Alkyl oder C₂-C₂₅-Alkenyl;

R⁷

C₁-C₄-Alkyl oder Hydroxy-C₁-C₄-alkyl;

R⁸

C₁-C₄-Alkyl, Hydroxy-C₁-C₄-alkyl oder ein Rest R⁶-(CO)-Y-(CH₂)_p- (Y Sauerstoff oder -NH-; p: 2 oder 3),
wobei für den Fall, dass R⁸ gleich R⁶-(CO)-Y-(CH₂)_p- ist, mindestens ein Rest R⁶ für C₇-C₂₂-Alkyl steht.

Particularly suitable cationic surfactants are:

• C ₇ -C ₂₅ -alkylamines;
• N, N-dimethyl-N- (hydroxy-C ₇ -C ₂₅ -alkyl) ammonium salts;
• mono- and di (C ₇ -C ₂₅ -alkyl) dimethylammonium compounds quaternized with alkylating agents;
• Esterquats, in particular quaternary esterified mono-, di- and trialkanolamines esterified with C ₈ -C ₂₂ -carboxylic acids;
• Imidazolinquats, in particular 1-Alkylimidazoliniumsalze of the formulas VI or VII
  

in which the variables have the following meaning:

R ⁶

identical or different and selected from C ₁ -C ₂₅ alkyl or C ₂ -C ₂₅ alkenyl;

R ⁷

C ₁ -C ₄ -alkyl or hydroxy-C ₁ -C ₄ -alkyl;

R ⁸

C ₁ -C ₄ -alkyl, hydroxy-C ₁ -C ₄ -alkyl or a radical R ⁶ - (CO) -Y- (CH ₂ ) _p - (Y is oxygen or -NH-; p: 2 or 3),
wherein in the event that R ⁸ is R ⁶ - (CO) -Y- (CH ₂ ) _p -, at least one R ^{6 is} C ₇ -C ₂₂ alkyl.

• Kristalline und amorphe Alumosilikate mit ionenaustauschenden Eigenschaften, wie vor allem Zeolithe: Verschiedene Typen von Zeolithen sind geeignet, insbesondere die Zeolithe A, X, B, P, MAP und HS in ihrer Na-Form oder in Formen, in denen Na teilweise gegen andere Kationen wie Li, K, Ca, Mg oder Ammonium ausgetauscht ist,
• Kristalline Silikate, wie insbesondere Disilikate und Schichtsilikate, z.B. δ- und β-Na₂Si₂O₅. Die Silikate können in Form ihrer Alkalimetall-, Erdalkalimetall- oder Ammoniumsalze eingesetzt werden, bevorzugt sind die Na-, Li- und Mg-Silikate,
• Amorphe Silikate, wie Natriummetasilikat und amorphes Disilikat,
• Carbonate und Hydrogencarbonate: Diese können in Form ihrer Alkalimetall-, Erd-alkalimetall- oder Ammoniumsalze eingesetzt werden. Bevorzugt sind Na-, Li- und Mg-Carbonate und -Hydrogencarbonate, insbesondere Natriumcarbonat und/oder Natriumhydrogencarbonat,
• Polyphosphate, wie Pentanatriumtriphosphat.

Suitable inorganic builders are, in particular:

• Crystalline and amorphous aluminosilicates with ion-exchanging properties, in particular zeolites: Various types of zeolites are suitable, in particular the zeolites A, X, B, P, MAP and HS in their Na form or in forms in which Na partially opposes other cations as Li, K, Ca, Mg or ammonium is exchanged,
• Crystalline silicates, in particular disilicates and sheet silicates, for example δ- and β-Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ . The silicates may be used in the form of their alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium salts, preference being given to the Na, Li and Mg silicates,
• Amorphous silicates, such as sodium metasilicate and amorphous disilicate,
• Carbonates and bicarbonates: These can be used in the form of their alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium salts. Preference is given to Na, Li and Mg carbonates and hydrogencarbonates, in particular sodium carbonate and / or sodium bicarbonate,
• Polyphosphates, such as pentasodium triphosphate.

• Niedermolekulare Cärbonsäuren, wie Citronensäure, hydrophob modifizierte Citronensäure, z. B. Agaricinsäure, Äpfelsäure, Weinsäure, Gluconsäure, Glutarsäure, Bernsteinsäure, Imidodibernsteinsäure, Oxydibernsteinsäure, Propantricarbonsäure, Butantetracarbonsäure, Cyclopentantetracarbonsäure, Alkyl- und Alkenylbernsteinsäuren und Aminopolycarbonsäuren, z.B. Nitrilotriessigsäure, β-Alanin-diessigsäure, Ethylendiaminte traessigsäure, Serindiessigsäure, Isoserindiessigsäure, N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)iminodiessigsäure, Ethylendiamindibernsteinsäure und Methyl- und Ethylglycindiessigsäure.
• Oligomere und polymere Carbonsäuren, wie Homopolymere von Acrylsäure und Asparaginsäure, Oligomaleinsäuren, Copolymere der Maleinsäure mit Acrylsäure, Methacrylsäure oder C₂-C₂₂-Olefinen, z.B. Isobuten oder langkettigen α-Olefinen, mit Vinyl-C₁-C₈-alkylether, Vinylacetat, Vinylpropionat, (Meth)acrylsäureester von C₁-C₈-Alkoholen und/oder Styrol, Copolymere der Acrylsäure mit Methacrylsäure oder C₂-C₂₂-Olefinen, z.B. Isobuten oder langkettigen α-Olefinen, insbesondere mit C₁₀-C₂₂-α-Olefinen, Vinyl-C₁-C₈-alkylether, Vinylacetat, Vinylpropionat, (Meth)acrylsäureester von C₁-C₈-Alkoholen und Styrol. Bevorzugt sind die Homopolymere der Acrylsäure und Copolymere von Acrylsäure mit Maleinsäure. Oligomeren und polymeren Carbonsäuren werden in Säureform oder als Natriumsalz eingesetzt.

As organic cobuilders are particularly suitable:

• Low molecular weight Cärbonsäuren such as citric acid, hydrophobically modified citric acid, z. B. agaricic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, gluconic acid, glutaric acid, succinic acid, imidodisuccinic acid, oxydisuccinic acid, propane tricarboxylic acid, butanetetracarboxylic acid, cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid, alkyl and Alkenylsuccinic acids and aminopolycarboxylic acids, eg nitrilotriacetic acid, .beta.-alanine-diacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, serinediacetic acid, isoserinediacetic acid, N- (2-hydroxyethyl) iminodiacetic acid, ethylenediamine disuccinic acid and methyl- and ethylglycinediacetic acid.
• Oligomeric and polymeric carboxylic acids, such as homopolymers of acrylic acid and aspartic acid, oligomaleic acids, copolymers of maleic acid with acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or C ₂ -C ₂₂ -olefins, for example isobutene or long-chain α-olefins, with vinyl-C ₁ -C ₈ -alkyl ether, vinyl acetate , Vinyl propionate, (meth) acrylic esters of C ₁ -C ₈ -alcohols and / or styrene, copolymers of acrylic acid with methacrylic acid or C ₂ -C ₂₂ -olefins, for example isobutene or long-chain α-olefins, in particular with C ₁₀ -C ₂₂ - α-olefins, vinyl-C ₁ -C ₈ -alkyl ethers, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, (meth) acrylic acid esters of C ₁ -C ₈ -alcohols and styrene. Preferred are the homopolymers of acrylic acid and copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid. Oligomeric and polymeric carboxylic acids are used in acid form or as the sodium salt.

Suitable bleaching agents are, for example, adducts of hydrogen peroxide with inorganic salts, such as sodium perborate monohydrate, sodium perborate tetrahydrate and sodium carbonate perhydrate, and percarboxylic acids, such as phthalimidopercaproic acid.

Suitable bleach activators are e.g. N, N, N ', N'-tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), sodium p-nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate and N-methylmorpholinium acetonitrile methyl sulfate.

Enzymes preferably used in detergents are proteases, lipases, amylases, cellulases, oxidases and peroxidases.

Suitable color transfer inhibitors are, for example, homo-, co- and graft polymers of 1-vinylpyrrolidone, 1-vinylimidazole or 4-vinylpyridine-N-oxide. Homo- and copolymers of 4-vinylpyridine reacted with chloroacetic acid are also suitable as color transfer inhibitors.

Further customary detergent ingredients are known. Detailed descriptions are z. In WO 99/06524 and WO 99/04313 and in " Liquid Detergents ", Editor: Kuo-Yann Lai, Surfactant Sci. Ser., Vol. 67, Marcel Decker, New York, 1997, pages 272-304 , to find.

It has also been found that copolymers according to the invention and aqueous dispersions or solutions of copolymer according to the invention can be used as thickeners in hard surface cleaners. The present invention therefore relates to the use of copolymers according to the invention and of aqueous dispersions or solutions of copolymer according to the invention as additives for hard surface cleaners. Another object of the The present invention relates to hard surface cleaners containing the copolymer of the invention. Another object of the present invention is a process for the purification of hard surfaces using copolymer of the invention or aqueous dispersions or solutions of copolymer of the invention.

Cleaners for hard surfaces include, for example, cleaners for metal, plastic, glass and ceramic cleaning, floor cleaners, sanitary cleaners, all-purpose household and commercial cleaners, technical cleaners (for use in car washes or high-pressure cleaners), cold cleaners, dishwashing detergents, rinse aids , Disinfectant cleaners, cleaners for the food and beverage industry, especially as bottle cleaners, as CIP cleaners (cleaning-in-place) in dairies, breweries and other establishments understood by food manufacturers. Cleaners containing copolymer of the invention are particularly suitable for cleaning hard surfaces such as glass, plastic and metal. The cleaners can be alkaline, acidic or neutral. They usually contain one or more surfactants in amounts of about 0.2 to 50 wt .-%. These may be anionic, nonionic or cationic surfactants, as well as mixtures of surfactants which are compatible with each other, e.g. Mixtures of anionic and nonionic or of cationic and nonionic surfactants. Alkaline cleaners may include soda, potash, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium sesquicarbonate, potassium sesquicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, amine bases such as monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, ammonia or silicate in amounts up to 60% by weight, in some cases even up to 80%. -%. Hard surface cleaners according to the invention may also contain citrates, gluconates or tartrates in amounts of up to 80% by weight. Hard surface cleaners of the present invention may be in solid or liquid form.

In one embodiment of the present invention, copolymer of the invention is contained in hard surface cleaners according to the invention in amounts of from 0.1 to 20, preferably from 0.2 to 15,% by weight.

Another object of the present invention are cosmetic preparations containing at least one inventive copolymer. Cosmetic preparations according to the invention can be used, for example, for the care of skin, hair, cornea, fingernails or toenails or for oral care.

Cosmetic preparations according to the invention can be present as aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic solutions, as O / W or W / O emulsions.

In one embodiment of the present invention, cosmetic preparations according to the invention are in the form of shampoos, creams, foams, sprays (pump spray or aerosol), gels, gel sprays, lotions or mousses and can accordingly be formulated with conventional further auxiliaries.

The cosmetic preparations according to the invention may be skin-cosmetic, hair-cosmetic, pharmaceutical, hygienic or pharmaceutical agents. Due to their film-forming properties, the copolymers described above are particularly suitable as additives for hair and skin cosmetics.

Cosmetic preparations according to the invention are preferably in the form of a spray, a gel, a foam, an ointment, cream, an emulsion, a suspension, a lotion, a milk or a paste. If desired, liposomes or microspheres can also be used.

1. i) Wasser,
2. ii) wassermischbare organische Lösungsmittel, vorzugsweise C₂-C₄-Alkanolen, insbesondere Ethanol,
3. iii) Öle, Fette, Wachse,
4. iv) von iii) verschiedenen Ester von C₆-C₃₀-Monocarbonsäuren mit ein-, zwei- oder dreiwertigen Alkoholen,
5. v) gesättigte acyclische und cyclische Kohlenwasserstoffen,
6. vi) Fettsäuren,
7. vii) Fettalkohole,
8. viii) Treibgase,

und Mischungen davon.In addition to the copolymer according to the invention, cosmetic preparations according to the invention may contain at least one carrier. Examples of suitable carriers are:

1. i) water,
2. ii) water-miscible organic solvents, preferably C ₂ -C ₄ -alkanols, in particular ethanol,
3. iii) oils, fats, waxes,
4. iv) different esters of C ₆ -C ₃₀ monocarboxylic acids with monohydric, dihydric or trihydric alcohols,
5. v) saturated acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons,
6. vi) fatty acids,
7. vii) fatty alcohols,
8. viii) propellants,

and mixtures thereof.

Examples of carriers are, in particular, oils and fats selected from low polarity hydrocarbons, such as mineral oils; linear saturated hydrocarbons, preferably having more than 8 carbon atoms, such as tetradecane, hexadecane, octadecane, etc., cyclic hydrocarbons, such as decahydronaphthalene, branched hydrocarbons; animal and vegetable oils, waxes, wax esters, petrolatum, esters, preferably esters of fatty acids, such as. The esters of C ₁ -C ₄₀ monoalkanols with C ₁ -C ₂₂ monocarboxylic acids such as isopropyl isostearate, n-propyl myristate, isopropyl myristate, n-propyl palmitate, iso-propyl palmitate, hexacosanyl palmitate, octacosanyl palmitate, triacontanyl palmitate, dotriacontanyl palmitate, tetratriacontanyl palmitate, Hexancosanyl stearate, octacosanyl stearate, triacontanyl stearate, dotriacontanyl stearate, tetratriacontanyl stearate, salicylates such as C ₁ -C ₁₀ salicylates, e.g. Octyl salicylate, benzoate esters such as C ₁₀ -C ₁₅ alkyl benzoates, benzyl benzoate, other cosmetic esters such as fatty acid triglycerides, Propylene glycol monolaurate, polyethylene glycol monolaurate, C ₁₀ -C ₁₅ alkyl lactates and mixtures thereof.

As carrier suitable silicone oils are z. As linear polydimethylsiloxanes, poly (methylphenylsiloxanes), cyclic siloxanes and mixtures thereof. The number average molecular weight of the polydimethylsiloxanes and poly (methylphenylsiloxanes) is preferably in a range of about 1,000 to 150,000 g / mol. Preferred cyclic siloxanes have 4- to 8-membered rings. Suitable cyclic siloxanes are, for. B. under the name cyclomethicone commercially available.

Carrier preferred oil or fat components are selected from paraffin and paraffin oils, vaseline, natural fats and oils such as castor oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, avocado oil, cocoa butter, almond oil, peach kernel oil, castor oil, cod liver oil, lard, Spermacetöl, sperm oil, wheat germ oil, Macadamianussöl, evening primrose oil, jojoba oil, fatty alcohols such as lauryl, myristyl, cetyl, stearyl, oleyl, cetyl, fatty acids such as myristic, stearic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and various saturated, unsaturated and substituted fatty acids; Waxes, such as beeswax, carnauba wax, candililla wax, spermaceti and mixtures of the aforementioned oil or fat components.

In addition to the copolymer and carrier according to the invention, cosmetic preparations according to the invention may comprise at least one component which is different from the carrier and inventive copolymer and is selected from cosmetically active care agents and active ingredients such as AHA acids, fruit acids, ceramides, phytantriol, collagen, vitamins and provitamins, for example vitamin A, E and C, retinol, bisabolol, parithenol, emulsifiers and co-emulsifiers, surfactants, preservatives, perfume oils, hair polymers, hair and skin conditioners, graft polymers, silicone compounds, water-soluble or dispersible silicone-containing polymers, natural and synthetic sunscreens, bleaches, gelling agents, Care products, colorants, dyes, pigments, micropigments such as titanium oxide or zinc oxide, opacifiers, tinting agents, tanning agents, bodying agents, moisturizers, re-fats, collagen, protein hydrolysates, lipids, antioxidants, Ent foaming agents, antistatics, emollients, solubilizers, repellents, superfatting agents, pearlescent waxes, bodying agents, solubilizers, complexing agents, pH regulators, reflectors, proteins and protein hydrolysates (e.g. Wheat, almond or pea proteins) and plasticizers.

Another object of the present invention are compounds (B). Compounds (B) according to the invention have at least one structural unit of the general formula I per molecule,

R¹

verschieden oder vorzugsweise gleich und gewählt aus Wasserstoff oder bevorzugt C₆-C₃₀-Aryl, bevorzugt C₆-C₁₄-Aryl, insbesondere Phenyl; C₇-C₃₀-Aralkyl, bevorzugt Benzyl; C₃-C₁₀-Cycloalkyl, insbesondere Cyclopentyl oder Cyclohexyl, und insbesondere C₁-C₃₀-Alkyl, bevorzugt C₁-C₂₀-Alkyl.

A¹

verschieden oder vorzugsweise gleich und gewählt aus C₆-C₁₀-Arylen, vorzugsweise Phenylen, C₇-C₁₀-Aralkylen wie beispielsweise -CH(C₆H₅)- oder -CH₂-CH(C₆H₅)-, und insbesondere aus C₂-C₁₀-Alkylen, substituiert oder vorzugsweise nicht substituiert, bevorzugt -CH₂-CH₂-, -CH(CH₃)-CH₂-, -CH₂-CH(CH3)-, ganz besonders bevorzugt -CH₂-CH₂-,

n

verschieden oder gleich und gewählt aus null bis 200, bevorzugt 1 bis 150, besonders bevorzugt 5 bis 50,

m

gewählt aus 1 bis 6, bevorzugt bis 4, besonders bevorzugt bis 2.

The variables are as defined above:

R ¹

different or preferably identical and selected from hydrogen or preferably C ₆ -C ₃₀ -aryl, preferably C ₆ -C ₁₄ -aryl, in particular phenyl; C ₇ -C ₃₀ aralkyl, preferably benzyl; C ₃ -C ₁₀ -cycloalkyl, in particular cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, and in particular C ₁ -C ₃₀ -alkyl, preferably C ₁ -C ₂₀ -alkyl.

A ¹

different or preferably identical and selected from C ₆ -C ₁₀ -aryls, preferably phenylene, C ₇ -C ₁₀ -aralkylenes such as -CH (C ₆ H ₅ ) - or -CH ₂ -CH (C ₆ H ₅ ) -, and in particular from C ₂ -C ₁₀ -alkylene, substituted or preferably unsubstituted, preferably -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, -CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) -, very particularly preferably -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -,

n

different or the same and selected from zero to 200, preferably from 1 to 150, particularly preferably from 5 to 50,

m

selected from 1 to 6, preferably to 4, more preferably to 2.

In one embodiment of the present invention, compound (B) according to the invention has a molecular weight M _w in the range from 200 to 100,000 g / mol, preferably up to 10,000 g / mol, particularly preferably up to 5,000 g / mol, determined for example by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). A suitable standard is, for example, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).

In one embodiment of the present invention, compound (B) has a Fikentscher K value in the range of 8 to 40, measured at 23 ° C. in THF / water mixtures, preferably in 2% by weight solution in THF.

In one embodiment of the present invention, compound (B) according to the invention has a polydispersity M _n / M _w in the range from 1 to 4, preferably from 1.1 to 2 and particularly preferably in the range from 1.1 to 1.5.

oder III b

an das Grundgerüst von erfindungsgemäßem Copolymer gebunden.In one embodiment of the present invention, at least one structural unit of the general formula I is a group of the formula III a

or III b

bonded to the backbone of copolymer of the invention.

wobei R⁵ gewählt ist aus Methyl und Wasserstoff und die übrigen Variablen wie vorstehend definiert sind.In one embodiment of the present invention, compound (B) according to the invention comprises at least one comonomer of the general formula IV a or IV b in copolymerized form,

wherein R ^{5 is} selected from methyl and hydrogen and the remaining variables are as defined above.

vorzugsweise radikalisch polymerisiert, vorzugsweise in Gegenwart von mindestens einem Comonomer der allgemeinen Formel V a bis V c

wobei die Variablen wie folgt definiert sind:

R², R³

gleich oder verschieden und gewählt aus C₁-C₆-Alkyl, bevorzugt n-C₁-C₄-Alkyl, besonders bevorzugt Methyl und insbesondere Wasserstoff,

R⁴

C₁-C₆-Alkyl, bevorzugt n-C₁-C₄-Alkyl, besonders bevorzugt Methyl, bevorzugt COOM und insbesondere Wasserstoff,

M

gewählt aus Ammonium, substituiert oder vorzugsweise unsubstituiert, Wasserstoff und Metallkationen, insbesondere Alkalimetallkationen oder einem halben Äquivalent Erdalkalimetallkationen,

R⁵

gewählt aus Wasserstoff und Methyl,

t

gewählt aus null und eins.

w

gewählt aus null und eins,

A²

wird gewählt aus C₁-C₅₀-Alkylen, substituiert oder vorzugsweise nicht substituiert, wobei eine oder mehrere nicht-benachbarte CH₂-Gruppen durch Sauerstoff ersetzt sein können. Beispiele für geeignete Gruppen A² sind C₂-C₁₀-Alkylen, bevorzugt -CH₂-CH₂-, -CH(CH₃)-CH₂-, -CH₂-CH(CH₃)-, besonders bevorzugt -CH₂-CH₂-, weiterhin -CH₂-CH₂-O-, -CH(CH₃)-CH₂-O-, -CH₂-CH(CH₃)-O-, -[CH₂-CH₂-O]_y-, -[CH(CH₃)-CH₂-O]_y-, -[CH₂-CH(CH₃)-O-]_y, wobei y eine ganze Zahl im Bereich von 2 bis 20, bevorzugt 2 bis 15 und insbesondere 3 bis 10 ist.

Another object of the present invention is a process for the preparation of compounds (B) according to the invention, which is characterized in that at least one (co) monomer of the general formula IV a or IV b

preferably free-radically polymerized, preferably in the presence of at least one comonomer of the general formula V a to V c

where the variables are defined as follows:

R ² , R ³

identical or different and selected from C ₁ -C ₆ -alkyl, preferably nC ₁ -C ₄ -alkyl, particularly preferably methyl and in particular hydrogen,

R ⁴

C ₁ -C ₆ -alkyl, preferably nC ₁ -C ₄ -alkyl, particularly preferably methyl, preferably COOM and in particular hydrogen,

M

selected from ammonium, substituted or preferably unsubstituted, hydrogen and metal cations, in particular alkali metal cations or half an equivalent of alkaline earth metal cations,

R ⁵

selected from hydrogen and methyl,

t

chosen from zero and one.

w

chosen from zero and one,

A ²

is selected from C ₁ -C ₅₀ alkylene, substituted or preferably unsubstituted, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH ₂ groups may be replaced by oxygen. Examples of suitable groups A ² are C ₂ -C ₁₀ -alkylene, preferably -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, -CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) -, more preferably -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, furthermore -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -O-, -CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₂ -O-, -CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) -O-, - [CH ₂ -CH ₂ -O] _y -, - [CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₂ -O] _y -, - [CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) -O-] _y , where y is an integer in the range from 2 to 20, preferably 2 to 15 and in particular 3 to 10.

For example, compounds (B) according to the invention can be prepared as follows.

in der die Variablen wie vorstehend beschrieben sind und in der m = 1 gewählt ist. Dazu setzt man mindestens eine Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel R¹-(O-A¹)_n-OH mit Glycerin oder vorzugsweise einem reaktiven Derivat von Glycerin um, insbesondere mit Epichlorhydrin. Dazu wählt man vorzugsweise ein Molverhältnis von Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel R¹-(O-A¹)_n-OH zu reaktivem Derivat von Glycerin, insbesondere Epichlorhydrin, wie 2 : 1. Wünscht man Verbindungen (B) herzustellen, die Struktureinheiten der allgemeinen Formel I aufweisen, aber bei denen m > 1, so setzt man anschließend weiteres Glycerin oder weiteres reaktives Derivat von Glycerin ein. Man erhält solche Verbindungen der allgemeinen Formel VI,

bei denen m > 1 ist. Die Herstellung von Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel VI bzw. VI a kann man beispielsweise bei Temperaturen im Bereich von 100 bis 110°C durchführen. Die Herstellung von Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel VI a kann man auch bei Temperaturen unter 100°C durchführen. Je höher der Wert von m in Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel VI gewünscht wird, desto höhere Temperaturen sind vorteilhaft, beispielsweise bis zu 120°C.A compound of the general formula VI a is first prepared,

in which the variables are as described above and in which m = 1 is selected. For this purpose, at least one compound of the general formula R ¹ - (OA ¹ ) _n -OH is reacted with glycerol or preferably a reactive derivative of glycerol, in particular with epichlorohydrin. For this purpose, preferably a molar ratio of compound of the general formula R ¹ - (OA ¹ ) _n -OH to reactive derivative of glycerol, in particular epichlorohydrin, such as 2: 1, it is desired to prepare compounds (B) which have structural units of general formula I. but where m> 1, it is then used further glycerol or another reactive derivative of glycerol. One receives such connections of the general formula VI,

where m> 1. The preparation of compound of general formula VI or VI a can be carried out for example at temperatures in the range of 100 to 110 ° C. The preparation of compound of general formula VI a can also be carried out at temperatures below 100 ° C. The higher the value of m in connection of the general formula VI is desired, the higher temperatures are advantageous, for example up to 120 ° C.

The preparation of compound of general formula VI or VI a can be carried out in the presence of a catalyst. Suitable catalysts are, for example, inorganic and organic bases. When epichlorohydrin is used as the reactive glycerol derivative, the base serves not only as a catalyst but also to neutralize the resulting HCl. Suitable inorganic bases are, for example, alkali metal carbonates and in particular alkali metal hydroxides such as NaOH and KOH. Suitable organic bases are, for example, tertiary amines, in particular triethylamine and [2,2,2] diazabicyclooctane (DABCO), and also pyridine and para-N, N-dimethylaminopyridine.

In one embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to carry out the preparation of compound of the general formula VI or VIa in a solvent. Suitable solvents are, for example, ethers, in particular 1,4-dioxane, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran ("THF") and di-n-butyl ether. Further suitable solvents are n-butyl acetate ("butyl acetate"), DMSO, N, N-dimethylformamide ("DMF") and N-methylpyrrolidone and aromatic solvents such as toluene.

In embodiments in which water is split off in the preparation of compound of the general formula VI, it is possible to use a dehydrating agent, for example molecular sieve, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, or the water formed can be removed by azeotropic distillation.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the reaction is carried out to give compounds of general formula VI over a period of 15 minutes to 48 hours, preferably 1 to 24 hours, more preferably 3 to 15 hours.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the reaction to give the compound of general formula VI is carried out stepwise, in as many stages as it corresponds to the desired m. In this case, reactive derivative of glycerol, in particular epichlorohydrin in the number of stages is added. For example, the stepwise reaction can be carried out by first reacting a certain amount of compound of the general formula R ¹ - (OA ¹ ) _n -OH with half the number of moles of glycerol or preferably with a reactive derivative of glycerol, in particular with epichlorohydrin , Thereafter, an amount of glycerol or reactive derivative of glycerol is added, which corresponds to a quarter of the number of moles of compound of the general formula R ¹ - (OA ¹ ) _n -OH, and converts. If it is desired to carry out a further step, then an amount of glycerol or reactive derivative of glycerol corresponding to one-eighth the number of moles of compound of general formula R ¹ - (OA ¹ ) _n -OH is added and reacted. In each further step, the added number of moles of compound of the general formula R ¹ - (OA ¹ ) _n -OH is reduced accordingly.

In a further step, compound of the general formula VI can be reacted with a compound having an ethylenic double bond.

For example, compound of the general formula VI can be reacted with a sufficiently reactive derivative of an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or an ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, for example with acid chloride or acid anhydride, in particular with (meth) acrylic anhydride, and obtains the compound of the formula IVa according to the invention in which t = 1 and the remaining variables are as defined above.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the reaction of compound of the general formula VI to give the compound of the general formula IV is carried out at temperatures in the range from -20 to + 70 ° C., preferably from +15 to 50 ° C.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the reaction of compound of the general formula VI to give the compound of the general formula IV in a solvent or a mixture of solvents. Suitable solvents are, for example, ethers, in particular tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,4-dioxane, acetone, or apolar solvents such as, for example, N, N-dimethylformamide ("DMF"), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or hydrocarbons, for example cyclohexane.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the reaction of compound of general formula VI to give compound of general formula IV in the presence of catalyst. Suitable catalysts are for example bases, for example sodium hydride and in particular tertiary amines such as N, N-dimethylaminopyridine. Catalysts are generally used in substoichiometric amounts. However, if it is desired to use an acid halide as the reactive acid derivative, it is possible to work with an excess of base, whereby the base can simultaneously neutralize the acid formed and serve as a catalyst.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the reaction of compound of the general formula VI to give the compound of the general formula IV is carried out over a period of 15 minutes to 12 hours, preference being given to 1 to 5 hours.

In another embodiment of the present invention, one can react compound of the general formula VI with acetylene and obtains the compound according to the invention of formula IV a, where t = zero and the remaining variables are as defined above.

For the reaction with acetylene, it is possible to use one or more catalysts, preferably selected from basic catalysts. Especially suitable is KOH.

The reaction with acetylene can be carried out with or without solvent. Suitable solvents are, for example, N-methylpyrrolidone, N-ethylpyrrolidone, toluene, xylene, THF and dioxane.

The reaction with acetylene can be carried out, for example, at temperatures in the range from 80 to 160.degree. C., temperatures of around 120.degree. C., for example 110 to 130.degree. C., are preferred.

The reaction with acetylene can be carried out at atmospheric pressure or preferably at elevated pressure, for example at 2 to 30 bar.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the reaction with acetylene is carried out over a period of 15 minutes to 48 hours, preferably up to 36 hours.

In another embodiment of the present invention, one can react compound of the general formula VI with a diisocyanate, for example TMXDI (tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate), and obtain the compound of the general formula IVb according to the invention in which the variables are as defined above.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the preparation of compounds of the formula IV b according to the invention can be carried out in the presence of a catalyst, for example in the presence of a tin-organic compound, in particular in the presence of DBTL (di-n-butyltin dilaurate).

In one embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to carry out the preparation of compounds of the formula IVb according to the invention in the presence of a solvent. Examples of suitable compounds are cyclic and noncyclic ethers, for example THF, 1,4-dioxane and di-n-butyl ether, furthermore acetone and nonpolar solvents, for example cyclohexane.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the preparation of compounds of the formula IV b according to the invention can be carried out at a temperature in the range from 20 to 100.degree. C., preferably from 20 to 80.degree.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the preparation of compounds of the formula IV b according to the invention can be carried out over a reaction time in the range from 1 to 10 hours, preferably 2 to 5 hours.

If it is desired to prepare such compounds according to the invention in which R ^{1 is} hydrogen, it is preferable first to introduce a protective group as R ¹ , for example an acetate protecting group, which is split off in a later reaction step, for example under acidic aqueous conditions.

Other preferred protecting groups are acetal and ketal protecting groups, for example

If it is desired to synthesize a compound of the general formula IV based on an acetal or ketal protective group, preference is given to starting from an acetalated or ketalized triol, for example acetalated or ketalized glycerol or acetalated or ketalized trimethylolpropane. It is reacted under the conditions described above once or several times with epichlorohydrin and obtains a branched molecule, which is, for example, acid chloride or acid anhydride or other suitable derivative of an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid to give compound of general formula IV or a suitable diisocyanate to compound of general formula IV b can implement. By hydrolysis under weakly acidic conditions, one can split off the acetal group or ketal group, if desired, and obtain compounds of the invention with R ¹ = hydrogen.

Particularly preferred ketal protecting group is the isopropylidene protecting group.

Of course, it is possible to perform one or more cleaning operations after each of the above-mentioned operations. For example, it is preferable to separate off any halides formed, for example by filtration. Furthermore, it is preferred to dry at reduced pressure, for example to separate off volatile impurities.

Another object of the provisional invention is a process for the preparation of copolymers according to the invention.

wobei die Variablen wie folgt definiert sind:

R², R³

gleich oder verschieden und gewählt aus C₁-C₆-Alkyl, bevorzugt n-C₁-C₄-Alkyl, besonders bevorzugt Methyl und insbesondere Wasserstoff,

R⁴

C₁-C₆-Alkyl, bevorzugt n-C₁-C₄-Alkyl, besonders bevorzugt Methyl, bevorzugt COOM und insbesondere Wasserstoff,

M

gewählt aus Ammonium, substituiert oder vorzugsweise unsubstituiert, Wasserstoff und Metallkationen, insbesondere Alkalimetallkationen oder einem halben Äquivalent Erdalkalimetallkationen.

The preparation according to the invention of copolymers according to the invention can be carried out, for example, by triggering with a suitable initiator a preferably free-radical copolymerization of compound of general formula IVa and / or IVb and also comonomer (A) and comonomer (s) (C), if appropriate in the presence of at least one comonomer of the general formula V a to-V c,

where the variables are defined as follows:

R ² , R ³

identical or different and selected from C ₁ -C ₆ -alkyl, preferably nC ₁ -C ₄ -alkyl, particularly preferably methyl and in particular hydrogen,

R ⁴

C ₁ -C ₆ -alkyl, preferably nC ₁ -C ₄ -alkyl, particularly preferably methyl, preferably COOM and in particular hydrogen,

M

selected from ammonium, substituted or preferably unsubstituted, hydrogen and metal cations, in particular alkali metal cations or half an equivalent of alkaline earth metal cations.

Suitable initiators are in particular radical initiators, for example organic peroxides, in particular organic peroxides having at least one tert-butyl group or at least one tert-amyl group, and azo compounds, for example azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). Also, redox initiators are suitable, for example Kombinbationen of hydrogen peroxide or sodium peroxodisulfate or one of the above mentioned peroxides with a reducing agent. Suitable reducing agents are, for example, ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, sodium bisulfite, potassium bisulfite, Fe (II) salts such as FeSO ₄ or alkali metal salts of chelates of Fe (II). Furthermore, inorganic peroxides are suitable, for example potassium peroxodisulfate and sodium peroxodisulfate.

The inventive production of copolymers according to the invention by copolymerization of compound of the general formula IV a and / or IV b, also called copolymerization according to the invention in the context of the present invention, can be carried out, for example, using at least one solvent. Suitable solvents may be, for example: N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dioxane, toluene or non-polar solvents such as cyclohexane.

In one embodiment of the present invention, water is a suitable solvent. This is especially the case if one wishes to start the copolymerization according to the invention with inorganic peroxide.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the copolymerization according to the invention is carried out without the use of a solvent.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the concentration of the comonomer (s) at the beginning of the copolymerization according to the invention is from 60 to 95% by weight, preferably from 70 to 80% by weight of comonomer, based on all comonomers. The copolymerization according to the invention can also be carried out as bulk polymerization, ie without addition of solvent.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the copolymerization according to the invention is carried out as emulsion polymerization.

The copolymerization according to the invention can be carried out as a continuous process, as a semi-continuous process or in the form of a batch copolymerization.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the (co) polymerization according to the invention is carried out at temperatures in the range from 60 to 90.degree.

By practicing the process according to the invention, the copolymer according to the invention is obtained.

in denen die Variablen wie vorstehend definiert sind:

R¹

verschieden oder vorzugsweise gleich und gewählt aus Wasserstoff oder bevorzugt C₆-C₃₀-Aryl, bevorzugt C₆-C₁₄-Aryl, insbesondere Phenyl; C₇-C₃₀-Aralkyl, bevorzugt Benzyl; C₃-C₁₀-Cycloalkyl, bevorzugt Cyclopentyl oder Cyclohexyl, und insbesondere C₁-C₃₀-Alkyl, bevorzugt C₁-C₂₀-Alkyl.

A¹

verschieden oder vorzugsweise gleich und gewählt aus C₆-C₁₀-Arylen, vorzugsweise Phenylen, C₇-C₁₀-Aralkylen wie beispielsweise -CH(C₆H₅)- oder -CH₂-CH(C₆H₅)-, und insbesondere aus C₂-C₁₀-Alkylen, substituiert oder vorzugsweise nicht substituiert, bevorzugt -CH₂-CH₂-, -CH(CH₃)-CH₂-, -CH₂-CH(CH₃)-, ganz besonders bevorzugt -CH₂-CH₂-,

n

verschieden oder gleich und gewählt aus null bis 200, bevorzugt 1 bis 150, besonders bevorzugt 5 bis 50,

m

gewählt aus 1 bis 6, bevorzugt bis 4, besonders bevorzugt bis 2,

R⁵

gewählt aus Wasserstoff und Methyl,

t

gewählt aus null und eins.

w

gewählt aus null und eins,

A²

gewählt aus C₁-C₅₀-Alkylen, substituiert oder vorzugsweise nicht substituiert, wobei eine oder mehrere nicht-benachbarte CH₂-Gruppen durch Sauerstoff ersetzt sein können. Beispiele für besonders geeignete Gruppen A² sind C₂-C₁₀-Alkylen, bevorzugt -CH₂-CH₂-, -CH(CH₃)-CH₂-, -CH₂-CH(CH₃)-, besonders bevorzugt -CH₂-CH₂-, weiterhin -CH₂-CH₂-O-, -CH(CH₃)-CH₂-O-, -CH₂-CH(CH₃)-O-, -[CH₂-CH₂-O]_y-, -[CH(CH₃)-CH₂-O]_y-, -[CH₂-CH(CH₃)-O-]_y, wobei y eine ganze Zahl im Bereich von 2 bis 20, bevorzugt 2 bis 15 und insbesondere 3 bis 10 ist.

Another object of the present invention are compounds of general formula IV a

in which the variables are as defined above:

R ¹

different or preferably identical and selected from hydrogen or preferably C ₆ -C ₃₀ -aryl, preferably C ₆ -C ₁₄ -aryl, in particular phenyl; C ₇ -C ₃₀ aralkyl, preferably benzyl; C ₃ -C ₁₀ -cycloalkyl, preferably cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, and in particular C ₁ -C ₃₀ -alkyl, preferably C ₁ -C ₂₀ -alkyl.

A ¹

different or preferably identical and selected from C ₆ -C ₁₀ -aryls, preferably phenylene, C ₇ -C ₁₀ -aralkylenes such as -CH (C ₆ H ₅ ) - or -CH ₂ -CH (C ₆ H ₅ ) -, and in particular from C ₂ -C ₁₀ -alkylene, substituted or preferably unsubstituted, preferably -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, -CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) -, very particularly preferably -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -,

n

different or the same and selected from zero to 200, preferably from 1 to 150, particularly preferably from 5 to 50,

m

selected from 1 to 6, preferably up to 4, particularly preferred up to 2,

R ⁵

selected from hydrogen and methyl,

t

chosen from zero and one.

w

chosen from zero and one,

A ²

selected from C ₁ -C ₅₀ alkylene, substituted or preferably unsubstituted, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH ₂ groups may be replaced by oxygen. Examples of particularly suitable groups A ² are C ₂ -C ₁₀ -alkylene, preferably -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, -CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) -, particularly preferably - CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, furthermore -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -O-, -CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₂ -O-, -CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) -O-, - [CH ₂ -CH ₂ -O] _y -, - [CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₂ -O] _y -, - [CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) -O-] _y , where y is an integer in the range of 2 to 20 , preferably 2 to 15 and in particular 3 to 10.

Another object of the present invention are compounds of general formula IV b

R¹

verschieden oder vorzugsweise gleich und gewählt aus Wasserstoff oder bevorzugt C₆-C₃₀-Aryl, bevorzugt C₆-C₁₄-Aryl, insbesondere Phenyl; C₇-C₃₀-Aralkyl, bevorzugt Benzyl; C₃-C₁₀-Cycloalkyl, bevorzugt Cyclopentyl oder Cyclohexyl, und insbesondere C₁-C₃₀-Alkyl, bevorzugt C₁-C₂₀-Alkyl;

A¹

verschieden oder vorzugsweise gleich und gewählt aus C₆-C₁₀-Arylen, vorzugsweise Phenylen, C₇-C₁₀-Aralkylen wie beispielsweise -CH(C₆H₅)- oder -CH₂-CH(C₆H₅)-, und insbesondere aus C₂-C₁₀-Alkylen, substituiert oder vorzugsweise nicht substituiert, bevorzugt -CH₂-CH₂-, -CH(CH₃)-CH₂-, -CH₂-CH(CH₃)-, ganz besonders bevorzugt -CH₂-CH₂-,

n

verschieden oder gleich und gewählt aus null bis 200, bevorzugt 1 bis 150, besonders bevorzugt 5 bis 50,

m

gewählt aus 1 bis 6, bevorzugt bis 5, besonders bevorzugt 2 bis 4,

R⁵

gewählt aus Wasserstoff und Methyl.

The variables are as defined above:

R ¹

different or preferably identical and selected from hydrogen or preferably C ₆ -C ₃₀ -aryl, preferably C ₆ -C ₁₄ -aryl, in particular phenyl; C ₇ -C ₃₀ aralkyl, preferably benzyl; C ₃ -C ₁₀ -cycloalkyl, preferably cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, and especially C ₁ -C ₃₀ -alkyl, preferably C ₁ -C ₂₀ -alkyl;

A ¹

different or preferably identical and selected from C ₆ -C ₁₀ -aryls, preferably phenylene, C ₇ -C ₁₀ -aralkylenes such as -CH (C ₆ H ₅ ) - or -CH ₂ -CH (C ₆ H ₅ ) -, and in particular from C ₂ -C ₁₀ -alkylene, substituted or preferably unsubstituted, preferably -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, -CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) -, very particularly preferably -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -,

n

different or the same and selected from zero to 200, preferably from 1 to 150, particularly preferably from 5 to 50,

m

selected from 1 to 6, preferably to 5, particularly preferably 2 to 4,

R ⁵

selected from hydrogen and methyl.

For example, compounds of the general formula IVa and IVb according to the invention are very well suited for preparing compounds (B) according to the invention. Their preparation succeeds, for example, according to the method described above.

The invention will be explained by working examples.

General Preliminary Remarks: The preparation of the compounds of the formula VI and IV was carried out in solvents which had been dried by standard methods.
The molecular weights were determined by GPC in DMAC (N, N-dimethylacetamide as solvent), standard: PMMA.
Dioxane is always understood to mean 1,4-dioxane, unless stated otherwise.
The (co) polymerizations were carried out under a protective gas atmosphere (dried nitrogen).
Figures in% are always% by weight unless otherwise stated.

I. Preparation of compounds of general formula VI 1.1 Preparation of Compound VI.1 According to the Invention

In a 2-liter flask equipped with dropping funnel, magnetic stirrer and reflux condenser was added a solution of 400 g (0.29 mol) of polyethylene glycol monostearyl ether, CH ₃ - (CH ₂ ) ₁₇ -O- (CH ₂ CH ₂ -O) ₂₅ H, in 1150 ml of dioxane submitted. With stirring, 25 g of KOH cookies were added. The mixture was heated to 105 ° C and then added dropwise 14 g (0.15 mol) of epichlorohydrin dissolved in 50 ml of dioxane over a period of 15 minutes. The now reddish-brown mixture was stirred at 105 ° C over a period of 15 hours and then cooled to room temperature. The resulting precipitate was filtered off and the dioxane was distilled off at 30 mbar. Compound VI.1 of the present invention was obtained, a tough light brown oil characterized by MS (Maldi TOF) and GPC. M _n : 3200 g / mol, M _w : 4200 g / mol.

I.2 Preparation of Compound VI.2 According to the Invention

In a 2-liter flask equipped with dropping funnel, magnetic stirrer and reflux condenser, a solution of 400 g (0.53 mol) of polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (M _w = 750 g / mol, n = 16) in 1150 ml of dioxane was introduced. While stirring, 30 g of KOH cookies were added. The mixture was heated to 105 ° C and then 25 g (0.26 mol) of epichlorohydrin, dissolved in 50 ml of dioxane, over a period of 30 minutes dropwise. The mixture thus obtained was stirred for 15 hours at 105 ° C and then cooled to room temperature. The resulting precipitate was filtered off and the dioxane was distilled off at 30 mbar. Compound VI.2 of the present invention was obtained, a tough yellowish oil characterized by MS (Maldi TOF) and GPC. M _n = 1800 g / mol, M _w = 2400 g / mol.

I.3 Preparation of Compound VI.3 According to the Invention

In a 2-liter flask equipped with dropping funnel, magnetic stirrer and reflux condenser, a solution of 365 g (1.04 mol) of H- (OCH ₂ CH ₂ ) ₇ -OnC ₁₂ H ₂₅ (M _w = 490 g / mol, n = 7) in 1600 ml of dioxane. While stirring, 67 g of KOH cookies were added. It was heated to 105 ° C and then gave 35 g (0.37 mol) of epichlorohydrin, dissolved in 100 ml of dioxane, dropwise over a period of 30 minutes. The mixture thus obtained was stirred for 15 hours at 105 ° C and then cooled to room temperature. The resulting precipitate was filtered off and the dioxane was distilled off at 30 mbar. Compound VI.3 according to the invention was obtained, a yellowish oil which was characterized by MS (Maldi TOF) and by GPC. M _n = 1470 g / mol, M _w = 1940 g / mol.

I.4 Preparation of Compound VI.4 According to the Invention

In a 4 liter flask equipped with dropping funnel, magnetic stirrer and reflux condenser was added a solution of 700 g (0.93 mol) of H- (OCH ₂ CH ₂ ) ₁₆ -OCH ₃ (M _w = 750 g / mol, n = 16). presented in 1600 ml of dioxane. With stirring, 224 g of KOH cookies were added. The mixture was heated to 105 ° C and then 43 g (0.45 mol) of epichlorohydrin, dissolved in 175 ml of dioxane, over a period of 30 minutes dropwise. The mixture thus obtained was stirred for a period of 2 hours and then added dropwise with further 21 g (0.23 mol) of epichlorohydrin in 100 ml of dioxane over a period of 30 minutes. The mixture thus obtained was stirred for a period of 2 hours and then added dropwise to another 10.8 g (0.115 mol) of epichlorohydrin in 50 ml of dioxane over a period of 15 minutes. The mixture was stirred for 15 hours at 105 ° C and then cooled to room temperature. The resulting precipitate was filtered off and the dioxane was distilled off at 30 mbar. Compound VI.4 according to the invention was obtained, a yellowish oil which was characterized by MS (Maldi TOF) and by GPC. M _n = 2400 g / mol, M _w = 3100 g / mol.

II. Preparation of compounds of the general formula IV according to the invention 11.1 Preparation of Inventive Compound IV.1 from Compound VI.1 According to the Invention

In a 2000 ml flask equipped with dropping funnel and magnetic stirrer, a solution of 200 g of compound VI.1 in 800 ml of THF was placed. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes and 50 mg of para-N, N-dimethylaminopyridine were added. Thereafter, a solution of 15.5 g of methacrylic anhydride dissolved in 50 ml of THF was added dropwise over a period of 15 minutes. The formation of a small amount of precipitate was observed. The mixture was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature, the precipitate was separated by filtration and then distilled the THF at room temperature and reduced pressure. Compound IV.1 according to the invention was obtained as a brown oil which was characterized by MALDI-TOF and GPC.

II.2 Preparation of Inventive Compound IV.2 from Compound VI.2 According to the Invention

In a 2 l flask equipped with dropping funnel and magnetic stirrer, a solution of 200 g of compound VI.2 in 800 ml of THF was initially charged. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes and 50 mg of para-N, N-dimethylaminopyridine were added. Thereafter, over a period of 15 minutes, a solution of 9 g of methacrylic anhydride dissolved in 50 ml of THF was added dropwise. The formation of a small amount of precipitate was observed. The mixture was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature, the precipitate was separated by filtration and then distilled the THF at room temperature and reduced pressure. Compound IV.2 according to the invention was obtained as a brown solid.

II.3 Preparation of Inventive Compound IV.3 from Compound VI.3 According to the Invention

In a 1 l flask equipped with dropping funnel and magnetic stirrer, a solution of 200 g of compound VI.3 in 600 ml of THF was introduced. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes and 50 mg of para-N, N-dimethylaminopyridine were added. Thereafter, a solution of 19 g of methacrylic anhydride dissolved in 50 ml of THF was added dropwise over a period of 20 minutes. The mixture was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature, filtered and then distilled from the THF at room temperature and reduced pressure. Compound IV.3 according to the invention was obtained, which was characterized by MALDI-TOF.

II.4 Preparation of Inventive Compound IV.4 from Compound VI.4 According to the Invention

1000 g of compound VI.4 according to the invention and 10 g of KOH were introduced into a 2.5 l autoclave, intertized with nitrogen (2 bar) and then heated to 120.degree. Thereafter, acetylene was pressed at a pressure of 20 bar and the reaction mixture was stirred at 120 ° C and 20 bar until a total of 85 l of acetylene were added. It was then cooled to room temperature, depressurized and the residue after heating to 60 ° C for 3 h degassed with stirring and then removed from the autoclave. Compound IV.4 was characterized by ¹ H NMR spectroscopy.

III. Preparation of copolymers according to the invention General remarks:

From inventive compounds IV.1 to IV.3 dispersed copolymers of the invention were prepared. For the application of these dispersed copolymers of the invention in detergents and cleaners as well as for cosmetics, the invention is illustrated in more detail by the following application examples.

III.1 Preparation of a Copolymer According to the Invention (CP.1)

Emulsion E.3.1 was prepared, consisting of
220 g of completely desalinated water (demineralised water)
137.3 g of methacrylic acid (A.1)
155.3 g of ethyl acrylate (C.1)
164.4 g of n-butyl acrylate (C.2)
12.5 g of compound IV.1 (B.1) according to the invention
12.32 g of a 28 wt .-% aqueous solution of lauryl ether sulfate as emulsifier E-mul.1.
8.63 g of a 0.4% aqueous ascorbic acid solution

In a stirring apparatus, consisting of a 2-liter HWS vessel with anchor stirrer (175 rpm), reflux condenser, internal thermocouple and dosing, were used as a template 675.9 g of deionized water (deionized water), 0.2 g of a 4 wt. -% [FeK ₂ (EDTA)] - solution (EDTA = ethylenediaminetetraacetate) and 12.3 g of a 28 wt .-% aqueous solution of lauryl ether sulfate) mixed together. The mixture was heated to 75 ° C.

Thereafter, 9.2 g of a 1 wt .-% aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution was added. Thereafter, with further stirring at 75 ° C, 50% of the emulsion E.3.1 was added. Subsequently, the reaction mixture was cooled to 65 ° C. At 65 ° C remaining emulsion E.3.1 was added. The mixture was stirred at 65 ° C over a period of 23 minutes. Thereafter, 6.6 g of a 7 wt .-% aqueous Na ₂ S ₂ O ₈ solution and 86.2 g of a 0.4% ascorbic acid solution were added. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. This gave an aqueous dispersion of inventive copolymer CP.1, which had 31% solids content.

iii.2 Preparation of the Copolymers of the Invention CP.2 to CP.10

• Feststoffgehalt, "Feststoff": Die betreffende Dispersion wurde 30 min bei 140 °C getrocknet und der Feststoffgehalt in Prozent aus dem Verhältnis Trockenrückstand zu Einwaage bestimmt.

The data for the novel copolymers CP.2 to CP.10 can be found in Table 1.
For the preparation of CP.2 to CP.10, the procedure was as in III.1, but the proportions of comonomers were varied. In addition, type and amount of emulsifier according to Table 1 was used.
Emulsifier Emul.2 is sulfosuccinic acid di-2-ethylhexyl ester Na salt.
The amounts given for the starting materials are given in parts by weight per 100 parts by parts monomer (pphm). To characterize the dispersion, the following values were measured:

• Solids content, "solid": The dispersion in question was dried for 30 minutes at 140 ° C. and the solids content in percent determined from the ratio of dry residue to weight.

Particle diameter: The dispersion in question was diluted to 0.01% with water and the particle diameters were measured by light scattering in the "High Performance Particle Sizer 5001" (HPPS) from Malvern Instruments.

LD value: The dispersion in question was diluted with water to 0.01% and the light transmittance (LD) of the dispersion compared to pure water as a measure of the particle diameter optically measured in Hach DR / 2010. Table 1: Synthesis, composition and properties of copolymers CP.1 to CP.7 according to the invention (A.1) (B) (C.1) (C.2) emulsifier solid fuel O LT value each [pphm] [Wt .-%] [Nm] CP.1 29,25 1.25 (IV.1) 35.75 33.75 1.5 (Emul.1) 30.6 60 98 CP.2 29,25 0.75 (IV.2) 36.06 33.94 1.5 (Emul.1) 30.7 95 98 CP.3 28.2 2.5 (IV.1) 34.67 34.67 3.0 (Emul.2) 31.3 82 97 CP.4 29,25 1.25 (IV.1) 35.74 33.75 3.0 (Emul.2) 30.7 68 95 CP.5 29,25 1.25 (IV.1) 35.74 33.75 1.5 (Emul.2) 31.1 93 95 CP.6 28.8 1.25 (IV.2) 35.0 35.0 3.0 (Emul.2) 31.2 84 96 CP.7 30.0 2.5 (IV.1) 33.75 33.75 - 30.3 64 98

IV. Testing of copolymers according to the invention in liquid detergents

For application testing, copolymers according to the invention were stirred into stock formulations for liquid detergents according to Table 2 and the thickening effect was tested. The stock formulations were selected from the following stock formulations.

Parent formulation 1:

• 13,0 g para-n-C₁₀-C₁₃-Alkyl-C₆H₄-SO₃H,
• 7,5 g CH₃(CH₂)₁₁-(O-CH₂CH₂)₇-OH
• 8,5 g Kokosfettsäure (Fettsäuregemisch)
• 4,4 g KOH
• 3,0 g Natriumcitrat-dihydrat
• 8,0 g 1,2-Propylenglykol
• 2,0 g Ethanol
• und füllte mit Wasser auf 90 g auf.

One mixed with each other:

• 13.0 g of para-nC ₁₀ -C ₁₃ -alkyl-C ₆ H ₄ -SO ₃ H,
• 7.5 g of CH ₃ (CH ₂ ) ₁₁ - (O-CH ₂ CH ₂ ) ₇ -OH
• 8.5 g of coconut fatty acid (fatty acid mixture)
• 4.4 g KOH
• 3.0 g of sodium citrate dihydrate
• 8.0 g of 1,2-propylene glycol
• 2.0 g of ethanol
• and filled up with water to 90 g.

Parent formulation 2:

• 17,9 g para-n-C₁₀-C₁₃-Alkyl-C₆H₄-SO₃H
• 20,0 g CH₃(CH₂)₁₁-(O-CH₂CH₂)₇-OH
• 8,5 g Kokosfettsäure (Fettsäuregemisch)
• 5,0 g KOH
• 3,0 g Natriumcitrat-dihydrat
• 8,0 g 1,2-Propylenglykol
• 2,0 g Ethanol
• und füllte mit Wasser auf 90 g auf.

One mixed with each other:

• 17.9 g of para-nC ₁₀ -C ₁₃ -alkyl-C ₆ H ₄ -SO ₃ H
• 20.0 g of CH ₃ (CH ₂ ) ₁₁ - (O-CH ₂ CH ₂ ) ₇ -OH
• 8.5 g of coconut fatty acid (fatty acid mixture)
• 5.0 g KOH
• 3.0 g of sodium citrate dihydrate
• 8.0 g of 1,2-propylene glycol
• 2.0 g of ethanol
• and filled up with water to 90 g.

Parent formulation 3:

• 13,4 g para-n-C₁₀-C₁₃-Alkyl-C₆H₄-S0₃H
• 10,0 g CH₃(CH₂)₁₁-O-CH₂CH₂)₇OH
• 8,5 g Kokosfettsäure (Fettsäuregemisch)
• 4,4 g KOH
• 3,0 g Natriumcitrat-dihydrat
• 8,0 g 1,2-Propylenglykol
• 2,0 g Ethanol
• und füllte mit Wasser auf 90 g auf.

One mixed with each other:

• 13.4 g of para-nC ₁₀ -C ₁₃ -alkyl-C ₆ H ₄ -SO ₃ H
• 10.0 g of CH ₃ (CH ₂ ) ₁₁ -O-CH ₂ CH ₂ ) ₇ OH
• 8.5 g of coconut fatty acid (fatty acid mixture)
• 4.4 g KOH
• 3.0 g of sodium citrate dihydrate
• 8.0 g of 1,2-propylene glycol
• 2.0 g of ethanol
• and filled up with water to 90 g.

General procedure:

90 g of the parent formulation, aqueous dispersion of copolymer according to the invention and water were mixed, so that liquid detergents PWM.1 to FWM.7 according to the invention according to Table 2 resulted. The liquid detergents according to the invention were allowed to rest for at least 5 hours at room temperature and then tested the performance properties. The results are summarized in Table 2.

As a reference formulation, the respective parent formulation was diluted with water to 100 g in each case. Table 2: Performance testing of liquid detergents according to the invention FWM Solid [%] stock formulation CP [g / 100 g] Viscosity [mPa · s] V-FWM.0 31.0 number 1 - 78 FWM.1 30.6 number 1 0.8 (CP.1) 540 FWM.2 30.7 number 1 0.8 (CP.2) 570 FWM.3 31.3 number 1 0.8 (CP.3) 567 FWM.4 30.7 number 1 0.8 (CP.4) 633 FWM.5 31.1 number 1 0.8 (CP.5) 579 FWM.6 31.2 number 1 0.8 (CP.6) 564 FWM.7 31.3 number 1 1.4 (CP.4) 874 FWM.8 30.7 number 1 1.4 (CP.5) 1123 FWM.9 31.1 number 1 1.4 (CP.6) 1083 FWM.10 30.3 No. 2 1.5 (CP.7) 927 V-FWM.11 31.1 No. 2 - 76 FWM.12 30.3 No. 3 1.5 (CP.7) 902 V-FWM.13 29.9 No. 3 - 72

The viscosity was measured taking into account the requirements of DIN 51550, DIN 53018, DIN 53019 with the Brookfield model RV-03 viscometer at a speed of 20 revolutions per minute with spindle no. 62 at 20 ° C. The viscosity of the non-thickened reference formulations can be seen in Tab. 1 Comparative Examples 1 to 3.

To quantify the transparency of the liquid detergents according to the invention, the transmission in% at 440 nm at 23 ° C with a LICO 200 Fa. Long measured. The transmission of the non-thickened reference formulation and the liquid detergents according to the invention were in the same range between 97 and 100%. Addition of copolymers according to the invention caused no haze in the liquid detergent according to the invention.

Claims (14)

1. A copolymer comprising as comonomers in copolymerized form

   (A) at least one ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid,

   (B) at least one ethylenically unsaturated compound which has at least one structural unit of the general formula I per molecule:

   

   where the variables are defined as follows:

   R¹ is different or identical and selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₃-C₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₃₀-aryl and C₇-C₃₀-aralkyl,

   A¹ is different or identical and selected from C₂-C₁₀-alkylene, C₆-C₁₀-arylene and C₇-C₁₀-aralkylene,

   n is different or identical and selected from zero to 200,

   m is different or identical and selected from 1 to 6, (C) at least one further comonomer.
2. The copolymer according to claim 1, which has at least one structural unit of the general formula II

   

   where the variables are defined as follows:

   R², R³ are identical or different and selected from C₁-C₆-alkyl and hydrogen,

   R⁴ is C₁-C₆-alkyl, COOM or hydrogen,

   M is selected from ammonium, substituted or unsubstituted, hydrogen and metal cations.
3. The copolymer according to claim 1 or 2, wherein compound (B) has a molecular weight M_w in the range from 200 to 100 000 g/mol.
4. The copolymer according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein compound (B) has a K value in accordance with Fikentscher in the range from 8 to 40, measured in water/THF mixtures.
5. The copolymer according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the molar ratio of structural units of the formula I to structural units of the formula II is in the range from 0.01 to 10.
6. The copolymer according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein at least one structural unit of the general formula I is bonded to the basic backbone of said copolymer via a group of the formula III a

   

   or III b

   

   where the variables are defined as follows:

   X is selected from a single bond, oxygen and N-H,

   t is selected from zero and one,

   w is selected from zero and one,

   A² is selected from C₁-C₅₀-alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, where one or more nonadjacent CH₂ groups may be replaced by oxygen.
7. The use of copolymers according to any one of claims 1 to 6 as thickeners.
8. A detergent or cleaner or cosmetic preparation comprising at least one copolymer according to any one of claims 1 to 6.
9. A compound (B), which has at least one structural unit of the general formula I per molecule:

   

   where the variables are defined as follows:

   R¹ is different or identical and selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₃-C₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₃₀-aryl and C₇-C₃₀-aralkyl,

   A¹ is different or identical and selected from C₂-C₁₀-alkylene, C₆-C₁₀-arylene and C₇-C₁₀-aralkylene,

   n is different or identical and selected from zero to 200,

   m is different or identical and selected from 1 to 6.
10. The compound (B) according to claim 9, which has a molecular weight M_w in the range from 200 to 100 000 g/mol.
11. The compound (B) according to claim 9 or 10, which comprises, in copolymerized form, at least one comonomer of the general formula IV a or IV b,

    

    

    where the variables are defined as follows:

    R¹ is different or identical and selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₃-C₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₃₀-aryl and C₇-C₃₀-aralkyl,

    A¹ is different or identical and selected from C₂-C₁₀-alkylene, C₆-C₁₀-arylene and C₇-C₁₀-aralkylene,

    n is different or identical and selected from zero to 200,

    m is different or identical and selected from 1 to 6,

    R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and methyl,

    t is selected from zero and one,

    w is selected from zero and one,

    X is selected from a single bond, oxygen and N-H,

    A² is selected from C₁-C₅₀-alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, where one or more nonadjacent CH₂ groups may be replaced by oxygen.
12. A method of preparing (co)polymers according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein at least one (co)monomer of the general formula IV a or IV b

    

    

    is free-radically polymerized, optionally in the presence of at least one comonomer of the general formula V a to V c

    

    

    where the variables are defined as follows:

    R², R³ are identical or different and selected from C₁-C₆-alkyl and hydrogen,

    R⁴ is C₁-C₆-alkyl, COOM or hydrogen,

    M is selected from ammonium, substituted or unsubstituted, hydrogen and metal cations,

    R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and methyl,

    t is selected from zero and one,

    w is selected from zero and one,

    X is selected from a single bond, oxygen and N-H,

    A² is selected from C₁-C₅₀-alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, where one or more nonadjacent CH₂ groups may be replaced by oxygen.
13. A compound of the general formula IV a

    

    in which the variables are defined as follows:

    R¹ is different or identical and selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₃-C₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₃₀-aryl and C₇-C₃₀-aralkyl,

    A¹ is different or identical and selected from C₂-C₁₀-alkylene, C₆-C₁₀-arylene and C₇-C₁₀-aralkylene,

    n is different or identical and selected from zero to 200,

    m is different or identical and selected from 1 to 6,

    t is selected from zero and one,

    w is selected from zero and one,

    X is selected from a single bond, oxygen and N-H,

    A² is selected from C₁-C₅₀-alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, where one or more nonadjacent CH₂ groups may be replaced by oxygen,

    R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and methyl.
14. A compound of the general formula IV b

    

    in which the variables are defined as follows:

    R¹ is different or identical and selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₃-C₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₃₀-aryl and C₇-C₃₀-aralkyl,

    A¹ is different or identical and selected from C₂-C₁₀-alkylene, C₆-C₁₀-arylene and C₇-C₁₀-aralkylene,

    n is different or identical and selected from zero to 200,

    m is different or identical and selected from 1 to 6,

    R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and methyl.