EP2454103B1 - Security element for marking or identifying objects and living beings and manifacturing method - Google Patents
Security element for marking or identifying objects and living beings and manifacturing method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2454103B1 EP2454103B1 EP10734455.8A EP10734455A EP2454103B1 EP 2454103 B1 EP2454103 B1 EP 2454103B1 EP 10734455 A EP10734455 A EP 10734455A EP 2454103 B1 EP2454103 B1 EP 2454103B1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- crackle
- layer
- cards
- crackle pattern
- pattern
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- G07C11/00—Arrangements, systems or apparatus for checking, e.g. the occurrence of a condition, not provided for elsewhere
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/20—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof characterised by a particular use or purpose
- B42D25/21—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof characterised by a particular use or purpose for multiple purposes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/20—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof characterised by a particular use or purpose
- B42D25/29—Securities; Bank notes
-
- B42D2035/34—
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/40—Manufacture
- B42D25/405—Marking
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a security element for the identification, authentication or identification of objects, in particular documents, securities, stamps, labels, bills, banknotes, ID cards identity cards, passports, (chip) cards, access cards, credit cards, access control cards, tickets, driving licenses , Motor vehicle documents, banknotes, checks, postage stamps, labels, vignettes, paintings, works of art, furniture, measuring devices, machine parts, machines, vehicles, cameras, mobile phones, computers, computer-like apparatus, data media, printed matter, books, fabrics, fashion and sporting goods, technical Devices, tools, paper and cardboard, packaging as well as products and the like, or living things such as persons, animals or plants according to the preamble of claim 1.
- the invention further relates to a method for producing such a security element, its use for the authentication of a Person or an object, or to justify an action, and a method for identifying, authenticating or identifying an object or a living being.
- Security related items such as Documents, identity cards and passports usually include security features with individualizing or personalizing information intended to allow the item to be assigned to a specific person.
- personalizing information is provided as image information, e.g. Passport photograph, biometric features or other features such as e.g. Name, place of residence or date of birth of the person.
- image information e.g. Passport photograph
- biometric features or other features such as e.g. Name, place of residence or date of birth of the person.
- this information only partially enable unambiguous identification of the wearer and can be spied on or faked with more or less great effort.
- Such security elements are for example in the DE 198 101 341 . DE 3 843 076 A1 . EP 1 934 950 A1 . EP 1 748 902 A1 . EP 1 674 266 A1 . EP 1 327 531 A1 . EP 919 916 B1 . US 6,022,429 . US 6,264,296 . US 6,685,312 . US 6,932,527 . US 6,979,141 and US 7,037,013 described. In the latter US documents are disclosed methods in which an ink jet printing is applied to blanks, which with a protective varnish or a Protective film to protect against mechanical and / or chemical damage and tampering.
- the personalizing and / or individualizing information is stored in the security or value document by printing technology.
- printed security or value documents represent only a small protection against manipulation, because the protective layer of paint easily removable and / or removable and so an impact on the printed image is possible.
- an identical printed image with the same protective varnish can be applied to a counterfeit, whereby the counterfeit can no longer be distinguished from the original. A determination of authenticity is not possible or only with great effort.
- Image information for securing documents is inserted into at least two layers of the document.
- the image information contains digital watermark information, wherein only the entirety of the digital watermark information in the at least two layers forms a security feature for an authentication of the document.
- This system is not forgery-proof.
- the layers can again be made identically or deceptively similar.
- the identity can not be clearly assigned to a specific person. Also, false-negative errors as well as user, user or transmission related errors are still possible.
- a security element for security papers, documents of value and the like having a diffraction structure which has an embossed relief structure and a security layer that enhances the security of the diffraction effect of the embossed relief structure.
- the relief structure is formed on the basis of a cholesteric, liquid crystalline material, and the cover layer contains a reflective and / or a high-refractive layer.
- this method is a combination of the imprint stamp known since the Middle Ages with a sealing jig of the same name, which has been known for a long time.
- the US20050006481 A1 describes a security element, in particular a prepaid card or a passport document, whereby randomly formed markings or random patterns are applied to the surface of the security element on a dedicated area in order to increase the security against counterfeiting.
- the randomly formed marks may include, for example, holes, burn marks or color marks.
- the markings are typically of an order that they are not visible to the naked eye.
- the random pattern can be read by a suitable reader and stored in a remote database for review.
- the first authentication feature comprises a first arrangement having a plurality of lenticular elements arranged in a grid and a second arrangement having a plurality of microscopic structures arranged in a second grid.
- the first and second arrangements are arranged such that the microscopic structures of the second arrangement can be seen in magnification when viewed through the lenticular elements of the first arrangement.
- the second authentication feature is mechanically and / or visually testable and is not affected by the first arrangement of the first authentication feature.
- the security element relates to an optically variable security feature for insertion into the web of documents, securities, banknotes, packaging and products.
- These are, in particular, holograms in which an electrically conductive feature substance is applied to a carrier foil, while the reflective layer is another, detectable by physical means, not recognizable by human vision Contains feature substance.
- At least one electrically conductive polymer and a film-like reflection layer containing metal pigments are applied to the carrier film.
- the diffractive structures are to be embossed in a subsequently hardened lacquer layer.
- a similar approach is used in the DE 10 204 870 A1 proposed. It describes a value carrier which contains a security feature with randomly distributed features and a code applied to the value carrier.
- the code comprises the parameter data of the security feature either in the form of a barcode, in plain text or as a memory chip.
- the code may be invisible to the human eye and, for example, made such that it can only be detected by irradiation with light of a certain wavelength.
- Intelligent systems should allow the authorized person to gain access even if they do not remember the Pln code or PIN, as it can be authenticated by other non-forfeitable features.
- the main aspect of the present invention is the utilization of deliberately introduced or random surface structures or material structures that are part of the security element, an object or a person.
- These include according to the invention topographical structures in the form of crackles such as cracks and cracks, eruptions, shrinkage, wear or contamination, which are either already present in at least one layer or multiple layers of the security element introduced or artificially generated by chemical or physical processes or processes or be made influenceable.
- One aspect of the invention is therefore the utilization of crackle structures in the form of cracks or cracks. Another aspect is the utilization of shrinkage, which can also be caused by primary or secondary dehydration events.
- An additional aspect of the invention lies in the evaluation of surface structures as a further security feature, in particular of smaller / larger surface flaking of single or multiple layers (outbreaks). Furthermore, soiling or wear can be used as a security feature.
- a method for the identification, authentication or identification of objects or living beings, which is based on the examination and analysis of crackle patterns (including breakouts, shrinkage, wear and soiling).
- the invention provides a security element in which at least one layer of the security element at least in some areas has a crackle pattern in the form of cracks or cracks, breakouts, wear or shrinkage (11) and possible contaminants that can be scanned and detected together or separately as a security feature and the crackle pattern at least partially undergoes a dynamic change process, whereby changes in the crackle pattern such as new cracks or cracks in the respective layer or layers are created and become detectable.
- the present invention further relates to a method for producing a security element according to the invention for identifying, authenticating or identifying objects, in particular documents, securities, stamps, labels, bills, banknotes, identity cards, identity cards, passports, (chip) cards, access cards, Credit cards, access control cards, tickets, driver's licenses, motor vehicle documents, banknotes, checks, postage stamps, labels, vignettes, paintings, works of art, furniture, measuring instruments, machine parts, machines, vehicles, cameras, cell phones, computers, computer-like apparatus, data carriers, printed matter, books, fabrics , Fashion and sports articles, technical equipment, tools, paper and cardboard, packaging and products and the like, or living things such as persons, animals or plants, comprising one or more juxtaposed or superimposed layers or overlapping pende layers of materials which may contain safety marks, characterized in that at least in some areas a crackle pattern in the form of cracks or cracks, eruptions, wear or shrinkage and possible impurities is generated, influenced or made influenceable, as a security feature
- the present invention relates to a method for identifying, authenticating or identifying objects, in particular documents, securities, stamps, labels, bills, banknotes, ID cards, identity cards, identity cards, passports, (chip) cards, access cards, credit cards, access control cards, tickets , Driving licenses, motor vehicle documents, banknotes, checks, postal stamps, labels, vignettes, paintings, works of art, furniture, measuring instruments, machine parts, machinery, vehicles, cameras, mobile phones, computers, computer-like apparatus, data carriers, printed matter, books, fabrics, fashion and sports articles , technical devices, tools, paper and cardboard, packaging and products and the like, or of living things such as persons, animals or plants by scanning and detecting one or more juxtaposed or stacked layers or overlapping layers of materials, we or at certain areas thereof, characterized in that in at least one layer at least partially a crackle pattern in the form of cracks or cracks, eruptions, wear or shrinkage and possible impurities is generated, influenced or made influenceable, the / as a security feature scann
- the security element or method according to the invention can also be used for the authorization, triggering, continuation, execution or termination of an action.
- an action can be understood as access control or execution authorization for a process.
- Oil paintings, lacquer surfaces and ceramic objects often have a crackle caused by the drying process and the associated volatilization of the binder. From a technical point of view, these are stress cracks that arise as a result of the shrinkage of material during the drying process, which is the case here After binder can be either a fast or very slow drying process that extends over several years. Even later influences can affect this crackle. For example, it is reinforced when the object is exposed to climatic changes. In the case of changes in air humidity, the substrate (eg the wooden panel extends up to approx. 2 cm per meter width) expands or contracts accordingly. The coefficients of expansion of the layers lying above the carrier material and of the carrier material are different.
- the adhesion forces between the layers lying above the carrier material and the carrier material are very strong. This leads to horizontal stresses which can be greater than those forces which hold the layers together and thus lead to new stress cracks in these layers lying above the carrier material, wherein the stress cracks can affect all or only individual layers. For example, because devoured paints or varnishes can not absorb any or only little moisture from the environment, they do not adequately adapt to the moisture-related expansion movements of the substrate. This again causes tensions and cracks. In the worst case, the connecting forces between the paint layers on the one hand and the substrate on the other hand are too weak, which can lead to small to large-scale color flaking that may affect only one or more layers
- the early shrinkage cracks occur during the primary, relatively fast drying process, while the aging cracks begin during or after the secondary drying process.
- the early shrinkage cracks often have particularly pronounced shapes, are spider-web-like, concentrically aligned or flame-like, not continuous, or are often limited to the respective drying paint layer or protective layer (eg varnish layer), while age jumps usually break through all layers of paint.
- Age skips are often caused by external influences such as the change, movement, shrinkage or swelling of an underlying layer or the carrier layer.
- the resulting jumps can not heal, ie existing age jumps can be restored only with considerable effort and are practically not reversible.
- the same usually applies to the above-mentioned early shrinkage cracks.
- the edges of early shrinkage cracks are usually (considerably) flatter than in age cracks. Due to the complex causes, which can lead to the formation of spider lines, their appearance is usually unique, especially in the case of a continuous process of change.
- Shrinkage can also lead to a pattern in addition to crackles or eruptions, in which case not the cracks, but the elevations represent the characteristic features. You can also form crackles in the episode. But for cracking or cracking it does not have to come in any case.
- shrinkages occur in the primary desiccation process, whereby the color layer shrivels like a skin, that is, it is rejected. This can be done with or without a tearing surface.
- the horizontal tensile forces are stronger than the vertical adhesion forces, which leads to a contraction of the material.
- Visually recognizable are shrinkages of translucent substances by color changes, which is particularly evident in an analysis with different illumination or different scanning angles such as oblique scanning angle or scanning from above.
- Shrinkage can form flat patterns, wavy patterns or wrinkles. They can be brought about in a targeted manner, for example, by high binder concentrations. Shrinkage, in addition to crackles and outbreaks as well as other parameters that can be recorded in a condition log, also count as security features, can be recorded in databases and used to identify or label objects or persons.
- Crackle cracks, breakouts or shrinkage are properties that often affect several layers and therefore are usually spared or preserved from surface treatments.
- further features of the surface topography of one or more layers are analyzed and / or detected.
- the security element according to the invention comprises one or more juxtaposed and / or stacked layers of materials which may contain one or more security features, wherein at least one layer at least partially a crackle pattern in the form of cracks or cracks, breakouts, shrinkages or Wear with or without soiling, which can be scanned and detected as a security feature / are.
- object in this context means any thing that can be labeled or used to identify other things or is of security significance.
- objects include, for example, documents, securities, stamps, labels, bills, banknotes, identity cards, identity cards identity cards, passports, (chip) cards, admission cards, credit cards, access control cards, tickets, driver's licenses, motor vehicle documents, banknotes, checks, postage stamps, chains, vignettes, Paintings, works of art, furniture, measuring apparatus, parts of machines, machines, vehicles, cameras, mobile phones, computers, computer-like apparatus, data carriers, printed matter, books, fabrics, fashion and sporting articles, technical equipment, tools, paper and cardboard, packaging and products and the like ,
- the present invention takes advantage of existing crackles, breakouts, shrinkage, scuffs or soils as well as the introduction and formation of cracks or cracks, breakouts, shrinkage, scuffs or soils to create or modify existing counterfeit security features to make influenceable.
- the security element according to the invention is a separate, isolable article with its own layer structure, which can serve as a carrier for these layers any material, such as plastic, paper, textile, etc.
- the carrier may also be a paint or lacquer layer.
- the security feature layer can also be incorporated directly into an article or a living being and, together with it as a carrier layer or layers, form, for example, two or more layers which can be tested.
- Other changes within the introduced security feature layer can also be checked and compared. These include changes in the pigment composition due to internal and external influences, such as degradation reactions, fading or distribution changes of introduced particles such as pigments or inflammatory reactions due to incompatibilities.
- the crackle pattern represents a unique, individual, specific structure, which can be clearly assigned to a specific origin.
- an original By comparing an existing or an artificially created crackle pattern, a part of it or its dynamic development over a certain period of time, an original can be distinguished from a counterfeit.
- Crackles, as well as outbreaks, shrinkage, scuffs, or stains, can be applied to an object and even a living thing (e.g., high-quality breeding horses, plants) as recognizable signs, thus acting like a kind of living watermark.
- a living thing e.g., high-quality breeding horses, plants
- Due to the numerous changes such as further fractures and associated crackles, the specific feature introduced can not be found by uninitiated people. Nor can past states be reconstructed or future ones anticipated and permanently copied. Based on stored patterns in databases and predefined scan areas, a forgery-proof security feature is provided.
- Special security is obtained by periodically updating the original feature of the crackle pattern with newly added features such as crackles, eruptions, shrinkage, wear or contamination.
- newly added features such as crackles, eruptions, shrinkage, wear or contamination.
- new counterfeits can be identified, since they will automatically be different from the original after some time, as soon as new crackles, outbreaks, Shrinkage, wear or staining (both original and counterfeit, but different).
- there is a continuous change and update of the database Even if a hacker managed to extract a dataset, he would only get a snapshot of the crackle pattern. However, due to the ongoing dynamic updating of the database, these old data lose their value again and a forgery can be located relatively quickly.
- the term "crackle pattern-forming layer” is understood to mean the layer or layers of the security element in which crackle patterns can develop or already exist.
- the crackles, eruptions, erosions or shrinkage may well comprise multiple layers (e.g., deep cracks or coarse flaking). It is therefore preferred in a variant that the crackle pattern of the security element extends over several layers, wherein the layers may be either the same or different in their construction or their composition.
- the security element according to the invention is also suitable for the identification of living beings, for example of humans, animals or plants.
- the security element can be attached, for example as a stamp or adhesive labels releasably on the back of a person.
- the security element can also be used to identify the original, which is particularly important in the breeding area of high relevance. It may also be combined with other features such as biometric features to ensure secure authentication of items or animals.
- the formation of spider lines according to the invention can be brought about or influenced physically, magnetically or chemically.
- the chemical kink formation occurs, for example, by the introduction of chemical substances such as solvents or binders or mixtures thereof on or in the layer in question, which leads to the formation of pterylosis.
- solvents or binders are used in liquid or gel form.
- the liquid components evaporate, ie evaporate over time. This results in a volume reduction in the affected areas, which ultimately leads to surface tensions.
- These surface tensions in the material are often the cause of the later resulting cracks and crevices. Takes the dehydration and with it the surface tension, the existing cohesive forces are not sufficient to hold a flat structure together. Cracks form.
- binders are, for example, complex polymers such as, for example, amino acid polymers.
- natural polymers such as animal glues, casein, egg white, egg yolk.
- water-soluble polymers which are abundant in vegetable gums, e.g. Gum arabic, gum tragacanth etc. Further examples are starch, guar gum, tamarind seeds and other linseed. These substances are used primarily in watercolors, but also in miniatures, manuscripts and other, especially applied to paper colors.
- binders are oils and fats. Drying oils include polyunsaturated fatty acids that promote oxidation and polymerization and are therefore beneficial to the desired formation of pixies.
- the use of waxes or resins is also possible, e.g. Ozokerite, beeswax or carnauba wax.
- the formation of the spideris can also be initiated, promoted or accelerated by a layer arranged above or below it.
- the crackle gland may vary in intensity depending on the layer thickness.
- the crackle may be more intense in those areas where the layer is thicker and less so in those areas where the layer thickness is less.
- the layer thickness can thus be used as a targeted design means for bringing about the crackle.
- this layer can either dry faster or more slowly, which in turn means that the speed of formation of the crackle pattern can be influenced. This can be used, for example, if a document should only be valid for a certain period of time. If the crackle patterns present in the database are too different from the crackle pattern to be authenticated, the document is either expired, manipulated or counterfeited. Based on a threshold value, the pattern tolerance can be specified.
- the crackle effect may be stronger or less pronounced, and thus this period of time influence.
- the crackle can be fixed or undergo a dynamic aging process (change process or further development process).
- asphalt tar or bitumen is preferably used.
- Asphalt here refers to a mixture of the binder bitumen and fine minerals or pigments. Particularly preferred among the asphalts is Asphaltite with its very high bitumen content (or low mineral content).
- Bitumen refers to a naturally occurring or by vacuum distillation of petroleum produced mixture consisting of various organic substances.
- tar is also a binder, but it has its origin in hard coal. Depending on their composition, bitumen or tar, either during or after hardening, either shrink themselves or form a crackle due to their material properties or (for example in the case of asphalt) stimulate an overlying or underneath layer of paint for formation of pits or shrinkage.
- any kind of artificial or natural asphalts, tars or bitumen can be used to influence the tension and drying behavior of the individual layers.
- the natural and artificial asphalts, tars or bitumen have a number of positive properties which can be influenced by their treatment or oxidation or distillation.
- For the formation of spider lines in asphalt, tar or bitumen basically three factors are of importance.
- the film thickness of the spread also affects.
- the fracture surfaces when using asphalt are typically shell-colored and shiny, but may be blunt, depending on the mineral content of the asphalt, and have smooth fractures.
- the melting temperature of asphalt, tar or bitumen can be lowered by blending with oils.
- the curing of asphalt depends on various factors. For example, the content of minerals and the direct contact with oxygen play a role, which can change the hardening process (z, B, accelerate). The situation is similar with tar and pitch or other related substances.
- Bitumen can also be mixed with binders such as oils or tempera and applied as a paint or film on a suitable surface. In this respect, the oil residues mentioned can be used with or without mixing with substances of artificial or natural origin to generate a crackle.
- the crackle pattern for example the artificial crackle, the spalling or the shrinkage, is obtained by the application or incorporation of paints, catalysts, solvents or binders or solvents and binders or mixtures thereof and their subsequent evaporation in the crackle pattern.
- activation and thus formation of pixies for example by irradiation, can take place.
- An example of a photoactive catalyst is titanium apatite, which can be activated by irradiation or electrical voltage.
- spider lines can also be induced, initiated, promoted, accelerated by external influences such as influence of cold and heat, effects of moisture and moisture, temperature changes, light or oxygen treatment, ultrasound, induction or electrical voltage. be changed or braked.
- external influences such as influence of cold and heat, effects of moisture and moisture, temperature changes, light or oxygen treatment, ultrasound, induction or electrical voltage.
- individual regions of the crackle pattern-forming layer (s) can be isolated from these influences, so that the change in the crackle pattern in these regions varies to a different extent.
- a magnetic crackle may also be provided.
- a magnetizing grid is preferably provided, which leads to a magnetization of metal pigments or a metal layer. Fine and coarse metal particles are attracted to the magnetizing grid and migrate in its direction. The use of iron and chromium as well as other fine metal granules can cause different crackle effects. The randomness of the resulting pattern gives a high degree of security. On the other hand, it is possible to limit or control this randomness by the underlying magnetized layer and to run a relatively targeted Krakel michsvorgang, which even allows an exact age determination of the document in extreme cases.
- the crackle patterning-forming layer may be a transparent layer in which the crackle pattern is barely visible or unrecognizable to the naked eye and in which the crackle pattern becomes visible only under certain conditions or with special methods.
- the crackle pattern can be seen only in the presence of impurities or by application of pigments (coloring) or metal powder, which settles in the fine cracks and cracks.
- Such a crackle visually can, after its contamination, combine with a normal crackle so that altogether another crackle appears visible. If the inspection process is preceded by a cleaning process with a suitable agent unknown to a third party, then the transparent layer becomes invisible again, possibly without being damaged by the cleaning process. Also, during the inspection process, such a pattern can only be made visible by choosing a correct angle, a correct light source, or by deliberate restriction to a certain crackle color.
- the invisible crackle echo can be made visible before the test procedure by applying the above methods and after the test process again completely or partially made invisible. If another layer with a crackle pattern is arranged below the transparent crackle pattern-forming layer, then the counterfeiter will only be able to recognize these and, if imitated, obtain a false result.
- the crackle patterning or spider formation may also be made reversible so that the crackle pattern is reset to the original state, so to speak, whereby the patterning process can be restarted or initiated.
- the restoration of the original state can be intentionally provided or prevented by the composition of the layer.
- the magnetizing layer it is preferably carried out by means of a disturbance or polarity reversal of the magnetizing grid, so that the structure of the metal elements is changed or dissolved again.
- this self-healing process can be prevented by the metal parts are incorporated in a layer which with time through a Drying process developed increasing adhesive forces, which binds the metal particles in their respective place more or less strong.
- the restoration of the original state can also be done by a self-healing process, which is reversible.
- the crackle effect can be partially or completely canceled by heat or UV light.
- the application or incorporation of special solvents can partially or completely eliminate the crackle pattern effect, for example by dissolving or liquefying existing layers, so that the surface is smoothed or the crack structure dissolves.
- the reset can also be achieved by redistribution of introduced particles, whereby not necessarily the same distribution as at the beginning must be achieved, but only a new distribution, which no longer matches the previous one. Instead of or together with such redistribution, other particles can also be newly introduced, for example with the aid of the mentioned solvent.
- a reset or extension of a safety mark is also possible by applying a new layer to already existing layers.
- a new layer with new security features e.g., crackles, breakouts, shrinks
- the crackle patterning-forming layer is covered by one or more underlying and / or overlying layers.
- the top layer may be formed so that the crackle pattern is not or only partially visible to the human eye or it may appear different.
- the crackle patterning layer may be covered by a protective film that transmits only light of a particular wavelength to visualize the crackle pattern, the breakouts, or the shrinkages.
- the security element can be glued on a surface or introduced into a material such as a textile piece.
- the lower layer may preferably be a glue layer which enables the security element to adhere to any surface in a self-adhesive manner.
- This layer is preferably designed so that the security element can no longer be detached.
- a detachment can be carried out only using a previously determined method, for example after heating to a certain temperature or by treatment with a specific solvent.
- an artificial crackle can be created.
- a typical crackle pattern may be produced, for example a ragged, irregular or spider-web-like crackle.
- Artificially broken crackles often have a rectangular structure because they are often broken in two directions.
- the mechanical embossing of a layer is also possible to produce an artificial crackle.
- As a tool can serve a die or laser.
- the use of steam, heat and water jet technology is conceivable.
- spider lines can be accelerated by the use of ultrasound.
- a treatment may be performed after a read-out process to prevent any existing copies from becoming unrecognized in a subsequent test.
- Preference is given to the use of a punctual ultrasound source, so that only pre-defined or randomly selected areas are treated. If these areas are included in a subsequent survey and the database is updated, then it is not possible to falsify this feature permanently. Additional security is provided by a defined selection of the areas to be screened or by a selection using an algorithm.
- one of the layers may be formed such that it does not undergo crackle pattern formation.
- Another variant may consist of a material that allows only individual changes, so, for example, forms Krakelee, but no shrinkage or breakouts.
- a final layer can be provided which lays over the uppermost layer and which itself is not crackle-forming.
- This preferably consists of a liquid or gelatinous material.
- This material can be permanently or temporarily protected by a protective film from drying out, wherein in a preferred embodiment, the protective film for activating the security feature is removed.
- such a layer is formed over the crackle pattern forming layer so that the crackle itself is no longer visible to the human eye. A visualization can be done for example by testing with infrared light, which further complicates a fake considerably.
- This layer may additionally form its own crackle pattern with a certain warming or change its composition and thus its appearance.
- the material is preferably composed so that in an attempt to peel off the security element or to separate the layers, a constituent of the liquid or gel destroys other layers, thereby providing further improved tamper resistance.
- any or all of the cracks in the top crackle layer are covered by an additional protective layer.
- the cracks coated with this protective layer are preserved.
- individual cracks can be omitted, so that they may evolve differently than the protected areas. In this way you have both fixed and dynamic cracks. The forger does not know which areas are now accidentally or deliberately protected. Also, the counterfeiter does not know which areas of the security element, i. which fracture structures are ultimately part of the later performed scan. It is therefore impossible to mimic this security element, especially if the scan area is slightly shifted each time it is read.
- the security check of the object or living being marked with the security element according to the invention takes place on the basis of structural data which reproduce the crackle pattern or parts thereof at a fixed point in time.
- This structural data is converted into one or more data records that are provided to one or more databases via one or more separate connection paths. If necessary, the newly added data records will be updated each time they are checked.
- the crackle pattern Upon re-examination, at least part of the crackle pattern will have evolved since then, while another part will still have the characteristic structures.
- Multiple scans can be used to determine if it is an original or a fake.
- the scanned areas can not overlap one or more times. It is also possible that, in addition to the overlapping areas, an independent or several independent test areas are scanned and recorded outside of the overlap.
- the security features detected by the checking process or the checking processes are compared with the features stored in one or more databases and changed or new features are stored. On the basis of such scans, it is almost impossible, a crackle pattern successful imitation and, in particular, not to remain unrecognized over a longer period of time.
- the security element according to the invention is preferably constructed in multiple layers.
- further security-relevant layers may be arranged above, below and / or within the crackle pattern layer.
- One of the lowermost layers can also be a stable carrier layer.
- the combination of a crackle pattern layer with other security features further reduces the error rate, e.g. So-called false-negative errors can be avoided. Also, a situation-dependent flexible identification of a person in the context of an authentication is possible.
- the readout of the crackle pattern-forming layer can be partially or completely influenced or even made possible by the properties of a layer arranged above or below it.
- Certain areas of one or more layers of the security element can be covered at least in certain areas.
- a translucent or opaque protective layer or Firnisstik be applied to the crackle layer, so that the crackle, for example, under UV, IR, or normal light is not or only partially visible or just then becomes visible.
- a further safety factor can be included by screening different superimposed layers of different light wavelengths.
- crackle patterns can be visualized with standard light (380 to 780 nm), UV light (1 to 380 nm) or IR-A1 (780 to 1100 nm) or IR-A2 light (1100 to 1400 nm).
- the top level can be screened with an IR1 light source having a wavelength of 900 nm, so that only the crackle pattern of this layer is made visible.
- the underlying layer and its crackle pattern can then be made visible at a different wavelength of, for example, 1200 nm.
- Preferred IR regions with which different scans are made, yet sufficiently spaced are from about 780 nm to about 1100 nm (IR-A1) and about 1100 nm to 1400 nm (1R-A2).
- IR-A1 1100 nm
- R-A2 1400 nm
- the combination of different wavelengths and / or measurement methods, a further safety factor is included, which can be used for the security element according to the invention.
- the counterfeiter does not know which region is patterned when, at what wavelength, and which crackle pattern (or otherwise) Security feature or combination of security features) it has to expect or evaluate.
- the crackle pattern is scanned and recorded with its cracks, breakouts, shrinkage, wear and / or contamination and optionally other security features in the same or different areas of a layer with different measurement methods or parameters, each measurement method or parameter can ilefern their own record, collected together or separately in one or more existing databases and updated as appropriate. Separate transmission and / or storage of the data considerably increases the protection against data access by unauthorized third parties. Setting these parameters and choosing the measurement methods can be flexible. It can be done randomly or according to a predefined logic or algorithm.
- the crackle pattern in particular cracks, eruptions, erosions, shrinkages or impurities in different regions of a layer is scanned and recorded with different measurement methods or parameters, wherein each measurement method or parameter can provide its own data set, which may be independent or independent Databases are recorded on one or more independent independent transmission paths, stored and read out or updated as needed, where previous records may not be overwritten, but supplemented by the new data and a new version number with timestamp.
- each measurement method or parameter can provide its own data set, which may be independent or independent Databases are recorded on one or more independent independent transmission paths, stored and read out or updated as needed, where previous records may not be overwritten, but supplemented by the new data and a new version number with timestamp.
- the crackle pattern can be scanned and detected at a variable scanning and / or angle of incidence, wherein the scanning angle / angle of incidence and / or the scanning wavelength can optionally be included in the database (s) as additional security features.
- Fig. 1 are two crackle layers 10, 12 arranged one above the other.
- the individual crackle layers 10, 12 form cracks or cracks 14, 16, 18.
- the cracks of the uppermost layer 12 may extend as far as the underlying layer 10 as a single crack (see crack 18).
- cracks 16 can arise in the uppermost layer 12.
- an overlying layer may also affect an underlying layer and create stress cracks.
- cracks can be selectively introduced in this way to produce a crackle.
- shrinkages can be used as a security feature in addition to or in addition to the Krakelee Modellen.
- the individual layers 10, 12 can be screened for data acquisition or identification with different measurement methods.
- the individual cracks 14, 16, 18 can be screened with light of different nature and wavelength or under different Einstrahl- / Abtastwinkeln, as shown in the present embodiment.
- different fracture fractions in the individual layers 10, 12 can be seen in this way.
- the uppermost layer 12 is screened at a first wavelength 22 (normal light), thereby making the cracked cracks 16, 18 of this layer 12 visible.
- the uppermost layer 12 is designed so that only infrared rays of wavelengths 20 pass through. With this second wavelength 20 (eg IR light at 900 nm or 1200 nm), the crackle cracks 14 of the underlying layer 10 can be made visible.
- the structural data thus obtained one has a forgery-proof security feature in the hand that can not be imitated.
- the forger does not know at which wavelength a scan has to be made to generate a particular image of the crackle pattern.
- the scanning angle or angle of incidence can be used for the light. Depending on the angle you get one different image from the crackle pattern.
- the specification of the angle represents another security feature. It can also be recalculated via an algorithm individually for each test, the angle for the next test and further scans for data acquisition for a subsequent test done. The angle can also be set manually.
- the test result can also be compared with an existing 3D image of the crackle pattern. Simple mechanical treatment or treatment with ultrasound can initiate, accelerate or alter the formation of the spider in certain areas.
- One method to increase safety and provide additional safety features is to use test equipment with different wavelength ranges during one of test steps 1-3 or by supplementing with further test steps (operations).
- the individual test procedures at the wavelengths W1 shown here (1 to 380 nm, UV-A to UV-C), W2 (380 to 780 nm, normal light), W3 (780 to 1100 nm, IR-A1) and W4 (1100 to 1400 nm; IR-A2) are shown.
- IR-A3 covers the range 1400 nm - 1700 nm and was not shown here.
- Protective films, such as protective coatings, for example can be scanned visibly with a first wavelength W1, that is to say with UV light, and show otherwise invisible changes or patterns to the eye.
- Shrinkage can be scanned visibly with normal light (W2). These are characterized by wrinkles, which are due for example to high binder levels.
- W2 normal light
- the underlying layer With the wavelength W1 or W3, depending on the nature of the Protective varnish Krakelüre the underlying layer can be made visible and analyzed if it was, for example, covered by the protective coating or filled and was invisible to W2.
- the crackle crack shown reaches through to the lowest layer 1.
- infrared (IR) scan methods are preferably used.
- IR infrared
- the crackle patterns of the uppermost layers 2 and 3 can be made visible, in particular.
- the crackle of the underlying layer 1 remains hidden.
- a subsequent screening at a wavelength W4 then also produces crackle patterns, which are formed in the lowermost layer 1.
- the individual data arrive in databases and are preferably updated each time a scan is performed.
- the safety can be increased welter by not only the wavelength of the scanning light is varied, but also the scanning angle. Depending on the degree of angularity, different crackle pattern or shrinkage patterns can occur. Degrees. Scanning and irradiation areas or wavelengths are completely unknown to the counterfeiter, so that it is almost impossible for him to survive a safety test.
- the formation of spider lines can be influenced by ultrasound, for example, so that sampling times which are closely spaced in time enable different patterns.
- the multilayer security element shown can be mounted on any surfaces.
- an adhesive surface on the front or back is used for this purpose.
- Fig. 3A the crackle layer 12 is covered by a further protective layer 13.
- the protective layer 13 can also be used to deliberately fill or cover individual cracks (see FIG. 3B ), creating another security feature. The wrong one does not know which cracks happen to be and which are deliberately covered by the protective layer 13. Covered areas can only be made visible with the specific method.
- the examination and selection of the wavelength may be such that the crackle (or shrinkage) under the protective layer 13 is not visible to normal light.
- the protective layer 13 effectively shields the crackle. Only with the aid of other analysis methods (eg IR light at a specific wavelength, IR-A1 or IR-A2) is the crackle pattern visible. Also conceivable is the use of UV radiation, polarized light, fluorescence, luminescence and x-ray radiation for visualizing a crackle pattern, wherein the scanning and angle of incidence may vary.
- Fig. 3C different test methods are shown. Overlaps with areas that have already been checked occur as well as for the screening of new test areas not yet contained in the database. In this way, and through the ongoing periodic update, a tamper-proof security medium is created.
- independent auxiliary areas can also be included or an overlap can be dispensed with.
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Sicherheitselement zur Kennzeichnung, Authentifikation oder Identifikation von Gegenständen, insbesondere Dokumente, Wertschriften, Wertzeichen, Etiketten, Geldscheine, Banknoten, Ausweise, Personalausweise Identltätskarten, Reisepässe, (Chip-)Karten, Zutrittskarten, Kreditkarten, Zugangskontrollausweise, Tickets, Führerscheine, Kraftfahrzeugdokumente, Banknoten, Schecks, Postwertzeichen, Etiketten, Vignetten, Gemälde, Kunstgegenstände, Möbel, Messgeräte, Maschinenteile, Maschinen, Fahrzeuge, Fotoapparate, Handys, Computer, computerähnliche Apparate, Datenträger, Drucksachen, Bücher, Stoffe, Mode- und Sportartikel, technische Geräte, Werkzeuge, Papier und Kartons, Verpackungen sowle Produkte und dergleichen, oder Lebewesen wie Personen, Tieren oder Pflanzen gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1. Die Erfindung betrifft ferner ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen Sicherheitselementes, dessen Verwendung zur Authentifikation einer Person oder eines Gegenstandes, oder zur Berechtigung einer Aktion sowie ein Verfahren zur Kennzeichnung, Authentifikation oder Identifikation eines Gegenstandes oder eines Lebewesens.The present invention relates to a security element for the identification, authentication or identification of objects, in particular documents, securities, stamps, labels, bills, banknotes, ID cards identity cards, passports, (chip) cards, access cards, credit cards, access control cards, tickets, driving licenses , Motor vehicle documents, banknotes, checks, postage stamps, labels, vignettes, paintings, works of art, furniture, measuring devices, machine parts, machines, vehicles, cameras, mobile phones, computers, computer-like apparatus, data media, printed matter, books, fabrics, fashion and sporting goods, technical Devices, tools, paper and cardboard, packaging as well as products and the like, or living things such as persons, animals or plants according to the preamble of
Sicherheitsrelevante Gegenstände, wie z.B. Dokumente, Personalausweise und Reisepässe umfassen in der Regel Sicherheitsmerkmale mit individualisierenden oder personalisierenden Informationen, die eine Zuordnung des Gegenstandes zu einer bestimmten Person ermöglichen sollen. In einfacher Form liegen solche personalisierenden Informationen als Bildinformationen, z.B. Passbild, biometrische Merkmale oder sonstige Merkmale wie z.B. Name, Wohnort oder Geburtsdatum der Person vor. Diese Informationen ermöglichen jedoch nur bedingt eine zweifelsfreie Identifikation des Trägers und können mit mehr oder weniger großem Aufwand ausspioniert oder gefälscht werden.Security related items, such as Documents, identity cards and passports usually include security features with individualizing or personalizing information intended to allow the item to be assigned to a specific person. In a simple form, such personalizing information is provided as image information, e.g. Passport photograph, biometric features or other features such as e.g. Name, place of residence or date of birth of the person. However, this information only partially enable unambiguous identification of the wearer and can be spied on or faked with more or less great effort.
Um sich vor Täuschungen zu schützen oder Gegenstände fälschungssicher zu machen, werden Sicherheitsmerkmale entweder auf dem oder in den Gegenstand an-/ eingebracht Bis heute ist jedoch gerade die zweifelsfreie Zuordnung solcher Sicherheitselemente aufgrund vorhandener Fälschungsmöglichkeiten ein ungelöstes Problem.To protect against deception or to make items tamper-proof, security features are either on / in the subject on / introduced to date, however, just the unambiguous assignment of such security elements due to existing possibilities forgery is an unsolved problem.
Solche Sicherheitselemente sind beispielsweise in der
In der
Eine andere Art von Sicherheitselement ist in der
In der
Die
In der
Auch diese Raster bzw. Zufallsmuster sind fälschbar, indem die Strukturen ausgelesen und auf einer Fälschung entsprechend neu aufgebracht werden. Hierbel ist zu beachten, dass eine Fälschung lediglich den Eindruck der Echtheit vermitteln müsste, also nur in einer Schicht aufgebracht sein könnte, welche die Kombination beider Raster so wiedergibt, wie sie von der Leseeinrichtung auch beim Original ausgelesen würde. Es genügt demnach, ein Original mit einer geeigneten Leseeinrichtung auszulesen, um eine solche gefälschte Schicht herzustellen, welche von der nächsten originalen Leseeinrichtung dann ebenfalls als Original eingestuft würde.These rasters or random patterns can also be faked by the structures being read out and correspondingly newly applied on a counterfeit. Hierbel should be noted that a forgery would only convey the impression of authenticity, that could be applied only in one layer, which reflects the combination of both raster as it would be read by the reading device in the original. It is therefore sufficient to read an original with a suitable reading device in order to produce such a counterfeit layer, which would then also be classified as original by the next original reading device.
Unabhängig vom Problem der Fälschungssicherheit führen viele der genannten Sicherheitselemente lediglich eine beschränkte Anzahl von Sicherheitskennzeichen auf. Die Sicherheit kann erhöht werden, umso mehr Sicherheitskennzeichen sich in einem Sicherheitselement vereinen. Ein solcher Ansatz ist in der
Ein ähnlicher Ansatz wird in der
Diese Ansätze stellen dennoch keinen Schutz vor Kopien dar, da sämtliche Originale ihre spezifischen Sicherheitsmerkmale beibehalten und diese letztlich durch geeignete Lesevorrichtungen identifizierbar und dementsprechend rekonstruierbar sind.Nevertheless, these approaches do not protect against copying, since all originals retain their specific security features and these are ultimately identifiable by appropriate reading devices and accordingly reconstructed.
Die bestehenden oben erwähnten Verfahren zur Authentifikation (Zugangskontrolle) von Personen oder zur Kennzeichnung von Originalen sind zum einen unflexibel, da sie aus vordefinierten Authentifikationsschritten bestehen. Zum anderen beinhalten sie keinen effektiven Mechanismus zum Fälschungsschutz. Außerdem sind bestehende Systeme nicht in der Lage festzustellen, um wen es sich bei der autorisierten Person handelt, da sie lediglich Informationen vergleichen, welche sie erhalten. Zum Beispiel wird ein Auswels oder eine Zugangskarte mit den Daten einer Datenbank verglichen, unabhängig davon, ob der Ausweisträger tatsächlich die autorisierte Person ist oder nicht. Neben Falsch-Negativ-Fällen stellen auch Falsch-Positiv-Fälle ein tägliches Problem dar. Wenn beispielsweise die tatsächlich autorisierte Person einen Pin-Code oder eine Geheimzahl vergessen hat, so wird dieser der Zutritt verwehrt, obwohl es sich um die richtige Person handelt. Umgekehrt kann eine nicht autorisierte Person beispielsweise mit einer gestohlenen Geldkarte unter Zuhilfenahme der Geheimzahl von einem Geldautomaten Geld abheben, obwohl diese nicht zur Abbuchung berechtigt ist (Falsch-Positiv). Gegenwärtige Systeme basieren auf Passwort-geschützten, physikalischen oder biometrischen Sicherheitsmerkmalen. Eine solche Drei-Faktoren-Authentifikation ist jedoch nicht ausreichend, da weiterhin Falsch-Negativ-Fehler und andere Unstimmlgkeiten auftreten können. Ferner wird die Konsistenz der übertragenen Daten nicht überprüft, was mögliche Hacker-Attacken ermöglicht. Die Identität wird mit nicht systemrelevanten Faktoren gegengeprüft, was systembasierende Fehler ermöglicht.The existing above-mentioned methods for authentication (access control) of persons or for labeling of originals are on the one hand inflexible, since they consist of predefined authentication steps. On the other hand, they do not contain an effective counterfeit protection mechanism. Moreover, existing systems are unable to determine who the authorized person is because they merely compare information they receive. For example, a credential or access card is compared to the data of a database, regardless of whether or not the credential is actually the authorized person. In addition to false-negative cases, false-positive cases are also a daily problem. For example, if the actual authorized person has forgotten a PIN code or PIN, they are denied access even though they are the right person. Conversely, an unauthorized person, for example, with a stolen cash card with the help of the secret number of an ATM withdraw cash, although this is not entitled to debit (false positive). Current systems are based on password-protected physical or biometric security features. However, such a three-factor authentication is not sufficient because false-negative errors and other inconsistencies can still occur. Furthermore, the consistency of the transmitted data is not checked, allowing possible hacker attacks. Identity is cross-checked with non-system-relevant factors, allowing for system-based errors.
Intelligente Systeme sollten es ermöglichen, dass die autorisierte Person selbst dann Zugang hat, wenn sie sich an den Pln-Code oder die Geheimzahl nicht erinnert, da sie anhand anderer nicht fälschbarer Merkmale authentisiert werden kann.Intelligent systems should allow the authorized person to gain access even if they do not remember the Pln code or PIN, as it can be authenticated by other non-forfeitable features.
Es ist daher Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, ein Sicherheitselement bereitzustellen, das ein fälschungssicheres Sicherheitsmerkmal enthält, das eine eindeutige, individuelle Kennzeichnung, Authentifikation oder Identifikation eines Gegenstandes oder eines Lebewesens ermöglicht sowie eine Authentifikation einer Person oder eines Gegenstandes zulässt, oder zum Auslösen, Fortsetzen, Durchführen oder Beenden einer Aktion berechtigt.It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a security element that contains a tamper-proof security feature that allows a clear, individual identification, authentication or identification of an object or a living being and allows an authentication of a person or an object, or to trigger, continue, Execute or terminate an action.
Diese Aufgabe wird gelöst durch ein Slcherheitselement mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 sowie ein Verfahren zur Kennzeichnung, Authentifikation oder Identifikation von Gegenständen oder Lebewesen gemäß Anspruch 9. Bevorzugte Ausführungsformen finden sich in den Unteransprüchen wieder.This object is achieved by a security element having the features of
Der Hauptaspekt der vorliegenden Erfindung besteht in der Nutzbarmachung von bewusst eingebrachten oder zufälligen Oberflächenstrukturen oder Materialstrukturen, die Bestandteil des Sicherheitselementes, eines Gegenstandes oder einer Person sind. Dazu zählen erfindungsgemäß topographische Strukturen in Form von Krakelees wie Rissen und Sprüngen, Ausbrüchen, Schrumpfungen, Abnutzungen oder Verschmutzungen, welche in wenigstens einer Schicht oder mehreren Schichten des Sicherheitselementes entweder bereits vorhanden sind, eingebracht oder durch chemische oder physikalische Vorgänge bzw. Verfahren künstlich erzeugt oder beeinflussbar gemacht werden.The main aspect of the present invention is the utilization of deliberately introduced or random surface structures or material structures that are part of the security element, an object or a person. These include according to the invention topographical structures in the form of crackles such as cracks and cracks, eruptions, shrinkage, wear or contamination, which are either already present in at least one layer or multiple layers of the security element introduced or artificially generated by chemical or physical processes or processes or be made influenceable.
In dieser Anmeldung sind die genannten Oberflächenmerkmale bzw. Materialeigenschaften wie Krakelees, Risse, Sprünge, Ausbrüche, Abnutzungen, Schrumpfungen und/oder Verschmutzungen als "Krakeleemuster" zusammengefasst.In this application, the mentioned surface features or material properties such as crackles, cracks, cracks, eruptions, wear, shrinkage and / or dirt are summarized as "crackle pattern".
Ein Aspekt der Erfindung liegt daher in der Nutzbarmachung von Krakeleestrukturen in Form von Rissen oder Sprüngen. Ein weiterer Aspekt liegt in der Nutzbarmachung von Schrumpfungen, welche ebenfalls (wle das Krakelee) durch primäre oder sekundäre Austrocknungsereignisse entstehen können. Ein zusätzlicher Aspekt der Erfindung liegt in der Auswertung von Oberflächenstrukturen als weiteres Sicherheitsmerkmal, insbesondere von kleineren/größeren flächigen Abplatzungen einzelner oder mehrerer Schichten (Ausbrüchen). Ferner können auch Verschmutzungen oder Abnutzungen als Sicherheitsmerkmal herangezogen werden.One aspect of the invention is therefore the utilization of crackle structures in the form of cracks or cracks. Another aspect is the utilization of shrinkage, which can also be caused by primary or secondary dehydration events. An additional aspect of the invention lies in the evaluation of surface structures as a further security feature, in particular of smaller / larger surface flaking of single or multiple layers (outbreaks). Furthermore, soiling or wear can be used as a security feature.
Ferner wird erfindungsgemäß ein Verfahren zur Kennzeichnung, Authentifikation oder Identifikation von Gegenständen oder Lebewesen bereitgestellt, welches auf der Prüfung und Analyse von Krakeleemustern (inkl. Ausbrüchen, Schrumpfungen, Abnutzungen und Verschmutzungen) basiert.Furthermore, according to the invention, a method is provided for the identification, authentication or identification of objects or living beings, which is based on the examination and analysis of crackle patterns (including breakouts, shrinkage, wear and soiling).
Die Erfindung stellt ein Sicherheitselement bereit, bei dem wenigstens eine Schicht des Sicherheitselementes zumindest bereichsweise ein Krakeleemuster in Form von Rissen oder Sprüngen, Ausbrüchen, Abnutzungen oder Schrumpfungen (11) sowie mögliche Verunreinigungen aufweist, das/die gemeinsam oder getrennt als Sicherheitsmerkmal abtastbar und erfassbar sind, und das Krakeleemuster zumindest bereichsweise einen dynamischen Veränderungsprozess durchläuft, wodurch Änderungen des Krakeleemusters wie neue Risse oder Sprünge in der jeweiligen Schicht oder den Schichten entstehen und erfassbar werden.The invention provides a security element in which at least one layer of the security element at least in some areas has a crackle pattern in the form of cracks or cracks, breakouts, wear or shrinkage (11) and possible contaminants that can be scanned and detected together or separately as a security feature and the crackle pattern at least partially undergoes a dynamic change process, whereby changes in the crackle pattern such as new cracks or cracks in the respective layer or layers are created and become detectable.
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ferner ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines erfindungsgemäßen Sicherheitselements zur Kennzeichnung, Authentifikation oder Identifikation von Gegenständen, insbesondere Dokumenten, Wertschriften, Wertzeichen, Etiketten, Geldscheine, Banknoten, Ausweisen, Personalausweisen, Identitätskarten, Reisepässen, (Chip-)Karten, Zutrittskarten, Kreditkarten, Zugangskontrollausweisen, Tickets, Führerscheinen, Kraftfahrzeugdokumenten, Banknoten, Schecks, Postwertzeichen, Etiketten, Vignetten, Gemälden, Kunstgegenständen, Möbeln, Messgeräten, Maschinenteilen, Maschinen, Fahrzeugen, Fotoapparaten, Handys, Computern, computerähnlichen Apparaten, Datenträgern, Drucksachen, Büchern, Stoffen, Mode- und Sportartikeln, technischen Geräten, Werkzeugen, Papier und Kartons, Verpackungen sowie Produkten und dergleichen, oder Lebewesen wie Personen, Tieren oder Pflanzen, umfassend eine oder mehrere neben- oder übereinander angeordnete Schichten oder sich überlappende Schichten aus Materialien, welche Sicherheitskennzeichen enthalten können, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in wenigstens einer Schicht des Sicherheitselementes zumindest bereichsweise ein Krakeleemuster in Form von Rissen oder Sprüngen, Ausbrüchen, Abnutzungen oder Schrumpfungen sowie möglichen Verunreinigungen erzeugt, beeinflusst oder beeinflussbar gemacht wird, das als Sicherheitsmerkmal abtastbar und erfassbar ist, und das Krakeleemuster zumindest bereichsweise einen dynamischen Veränderungsprozess durchläuft, wodurch Änderungen des Krakeleemusters wie neue Risse oder Sprünge in der jeweiligen Schicht oder den Schichten entstehen und erfassbar werden.The present invention further relates to a method for producing a security element according to the invention for identifying, authenticating or identifying objects, in particular documents, securities, stamps, labels, bills, banknotes, identity cards, identity cards, identity cards, passports, (chip) cards, access cards, Credit cards, access control cards, tickets, driver's licenses, motor vehicle documents, banknotes, checks, postage stamps, labels, vignettes, paintings, works of art, furniture, measuring instruments, machine parts, machines, vehicles, cameras, cell phones, computers, computer-like apparatus, data carriers, printed matter, books, fabrics , Fashion and sports articles, technical equipment, tools, paper and cardboard, packaging and products and the like, or living things such as persons, animals or plants, comprising one or more juxtaposed or superimposed layers or overlapping pende layers of materials which may contain safety marks, characterized in that at least in some areas a crackle pattern in the form of cracks or cracks, eruptions, wear or shrinkage and possible impurities is generated, influenced or made influenceable, as a security feature is palpable and detectable, and the crackle pattern at least partially undergoes a dynamic process of change, whereby changes in the crackle pattern such as new cracks or cracks in the respective layer or layers arise and become detectable.
Ferner betrifft die vorliegende Erfindung ein Verfahren zur Kennzeichnung, Authentifikation oder Identifikation von Gegenständen, insbesondere Dokumenten, Wertschriften, Wertzeichen, Etiketten, Geldscheinen, Banknoten, Ausweisen, Personalausweisen, Identitätskarten, Reisepässen, (Chip)-Karten, zutrittskarten, Kreditkarten, Zugangskontrollausweisen, Tickets, Führerscheinen, Kraftfahrzeugdokumenten, Banknoten, Schecks, Postwertzeichen, Etiketten, Vignetten, Gemälden, Kunstgegenständen, Möbeln, Messgeräten, Maschinenteilen, Maschinen, Fahrzeugen, Fotoapparaten, Handys, Computern, computerähnlichen Apparaten, Datenträgern, Drucksachen, Büchern, Stoffen, Mode- und Sportartikeln, technischen Geräten, Werkzeugen, Papier und Kartons, Verpackungen sowie Produkten und dergleichen, oder von Lebewesen wie Personen, Tiere oder Pflanzen durch Abtastung und Erfassung einer oder mehrerer neben- oder übereinander angeordneten Schichten oder sich überlappender Schichten aus Materialien, welche Sicherheitskennzeichen enthalten können oder einzelner Bereichen davon, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in wenigstens einer Schicht zumindest bereichsweise ein Krakeleemuster in Form von Rissen oder Sprüngen, Ausbrüchen, Abnutzungen oder Schrumpfungen sowie mögliche Verunreinigungen erzeugt, beeinflusst oder beeinflussbar gemacht wird, das/die als Sicherheitsmerkmal abtastbar und erfassbar ist/sind, sowie der Abgleich der so erhaltenen Daten einzeln oder gesamthaft mit einer oder mehreren Datenbanken auf einem oder mehreren gegebenenfalls getrennten Übermittlungswegen.Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for identifying, authenticating or identifying objects, in particular documents, securities, stamps, labels, bills, banknotes, ID cards, identity cards, identity cards, passports, (chip) cards, access cards, credit cards, access control cards, tickets , Driving licenses, motor vehicle documents, banknotes, checks, postal stamps, labels, vignettes, paintings, works of art, furniture, measuring instruments, machine parts, machinery, vehicles, cameras, mobile phones, computers, computer-like apparatus, data carriers, printed matter, books, fabrics, fashion and sports articles , technical devices, tools, paper and cardboard, packaging and products and the like, or of living things such as persons, animals or plants by scanning and detecting one or more juxtaposed or stacked layers or overlapping layers of materials, we or at certain areas thereof, characterized in that in at least one layer at least partially a crackle pattern in the form of cracks or cracks, eruptions, wear or shrinkage and possible impurities is generated, influenced or made influenceable, the / as a security feature scannable and is / are comprehensible, as well as the comparison of the data thus obtained individually or in its entirety with one or more databases on one or more optionally separate transmission paths.
Neben der Kennzeichnung, Identifikation sowie Authentifikation eines Gegenstandes oder eines Lebewesens ist das erfindungsgemäße Sicherheitselement bzw. Verfahren auch für die Berechtigung, das Auslösen, Fortsetzen, Durchführen oder Beenden einer Aktion verwendbar. Unter Aktion kann beispielsweise eine Zugangskontrolle oder Durchführungsberechtigung für einen Prozess verstanden werden.In addition to the identification, identification and authentication of an object or a living being, the security element or method according to the invention can also be used for the authorization, triggering, continuation, execution or termination of an action. For example, an action can be understood as access control or execution authorization for a process.
Als Krakelee (französisch: Craquelé) bezelchnet man ein maschenartiges Netz von Rissen oder kleinen Sprüngen auf der Oberfläche von Gegenständen wie Kunstwerken, Gemälden, Schmucksteinen, Lackschichten, Glasflächen oder Keramikgegenständen. Bei Gemälden spricht man auch öfters auch von Krakelüre. Insbesondere bei Kunstobjekten kann das Krakelee alterungsbedingt sein, oftmals wird es als Mittel der bildenden Kunst auch künstlich als Effekt herbeigeführt.As Krakelee (French: Craquelé) one fills a mesh-like network of cracks or small cracks on the surface of objects such as works of art, paintings, gemstones, layers of paint, glass surfaces or ceramic objects. In paintings, one often speaks of Krakelüre. Crackle gland may be subject to aging, especially in the case of art objects; it is often artificially induced as a means of fine art.
Ölgemälde, Lackflächen und Keramikgegenstände besitzen oftmals ein durch den Trocknungsvorgang und die damit verbundene Verflüchtigung der Bindemittel bedingtes Krakelee. Technisch betrachtet handelt es sich hierbei um Spannungsrisse, die aufgrund des Materialschwundes während des Trocknungsvorganges entstehen, wobei es sich hier je nach Bindemittel entweder um einen schnellen oder aber sehr langsamen Trocknungsvorgang handeln kann, der sich über mehrere Jahre erstreckt. Auch spätere Einflüsse können sich auf dieses Krakelee auswirken. Beispielsweise wird es verstärkt, wenn der Gegenstand klimatischen Veränderungen ausgesetzt ist. Bei Änderungen der Luftfeuchtigkeit dehnt sich nämlich der Untergrund (z.B. die Holztafel um bis zu ca. 2 cm pro Meter Breite) aus oder zieht sich entsprechend zusammen. Die Ausdehnungskoeffizienten der über dem Trägermaterial liegenden Schichten sowie der des Trägermaterials sind unterschiedlich. Umgekehrt sind die Haftungskräfte zwischen den über dem Trägermaterial liegenden Schichten und dem Trägermaterial sehr stark. Dies führt zu horizontalen Spannungen, welche größer sein können als diejenigen Kräfte, welche die Schichten in sich zusammenhalten und somit zu neuen Spannungsrissen in diesen über dem Trägermaterial liegende Schichten führen, wobei die Spannungsrisse alle oder nur einzelne Schichten betreffen können. Da beispielsweise verschledene Farben oder Lacke keine oder nur wenig Feuchtigkeit aus der Umgebung absorbieren können, passen sich diese den feuchtigkeitsbedingten Ausdehnungsbewegungen des Untergrunds nicht ausreichend an, Dadurch entstehen erneut Spannungen und Risse. Im schlechtesten Fall sind die verbindenden Kräfte zwischen den Malschichten einerseits und dem Untergrund andererseits zu schwach, was zu kleinen bis großflächigen Farbabplatzungen führen kann, die nur eine oder aber mehrere Schichten betreffen könnenOil paintings, lacquer surfaces and ceramic objects often have a crackle caused by the drying process and the associated volatilization of the binder. From a technical point of view, these are stress cracks that arise as a result of the shrinkage of material during the drying process, which is the case here After binder can be either a fast or very slow drying process that extends over several years. Even later influences can affect this crackle. For example, it is reinforced when the object is exposed to climatic changes. In the case of changes in air humidity, the substrate (eg the wooden panel extends up to approx. 2 cm per meter width) expands or contracts accordingly. The coefficients of expansion of the layers lying above the carrier material and of the carrier material are different. Conversely, the adhesion forces between the layers lying above the carrier material and the carrier material are very strong. This leads to horizontal stresses which can be greater than those forces which hold the layers together and thus lead to new stress cracks in these layers lying above the carrier material, wherein the stress cracks can affect all or only individual layers. For example, because devoured paints or varnishes can not absorb any or only little moisture from the environment, they do not adequately adapt to the moisture-related expansion movements of the substrate. This again causes tensions and cracks. In the worst case, the connecting forces between the paint layers on the one hand and the substrate on the other hand are too weak, which can lead to small to large-scale color flaking that may affect only one or more layers
Viele Künstler verwenden einen Krakellerlack (Reißlack), mit dem eine künstliche Spannung und damit ein sofortiger künstlicher Krakelee-Effekt erzeugt werden kann. Krakelierlack zieht sich beim Austrocknungsprozess zusammen, wodurch sich ein feines Muster von Rissen bildet. Dadurch soll ein antikes oder historisches Erscheinungsbild erzielt werden.Many artists use a Krakellerlack (tear lacquer), with which an artificial tension and thus an immediate artificial crackle effect can be produced. Crackle varnish contracts during the desiccation process, forming a fine pattern of cracks. This should be an antique or historical appearance can be achieved.
Grundsätzlich unterscheidet man bei einem Krakelee zwischen Frühschwundrissen und Alterssprüngen, welche allein schon optisch unterscheidbar sind. Die Frühschwundrisse finden während des primären, relativ schnellen Trocknungsprozesses statt, während die Alterssprünge während oder nach dem sekundären Trocknungsprozess einsetzen. Die Frühschwundrisse haben häufig besonders ausgeprägte Formen, sind spinnennetzartig, konzentrisch ausgerichtet oder flammig, nicht durchlaufend, oder beschränken sich oftmals auf die jeweils trocknende Farbschicht oder Schutzschicht (z.B. Firnisschicht), während Alterssprünge im Regelfall alle Farbschichten durchbrechen. Alterssprünge entstehen häufig durch äußere Einwirkungen wie beispielsweise die Veränderung, Bewegung, Schrumpfung oder das Aufquellen einer darunter liegenden Schicht oder der Trägerschicht. Je nach Biegungsschwund oder Quellverhalten dieser Schicht kann es zu Alterssprüngen dieser, einer darunter oder einer darüber liegenden Schicht kommen, was auch zu einem stellenweisen oder flächigen Trennen der Schichten führen kann, was sich letztendlich als Fehlstellen bemerkbar macht. In solchen Fällen treten auch Drucksprünge auf, welche häufig zu Gitternetzstrukturen führen. Auch bei einer Bewegung der Schicht entstehen je nach Beschaffenheit der Schichten weitere Sprünge. Je mehr Alterssprünge eine Schicht aufweist, desto flexibler wird sie. Die Alterssprünge lassen sich auf sogenannte Mikroporen und Mikrorisse bei der Bildentstehung zurückführen. Durch eine gezielte Anbringung solcher Mikroporen und Mikrorisse kann eine gezielte Alterssprungbildung eingeleitet werden. Die so entstandenen Sprünge können nicht verheilen, d.h. bestehende Alterssprünge können nur mit erheblichem Aufwand restauriert werden und sind praktisch nicht reversibel. Dasselbe gilt meist auch für die oben erwähnten Frühschwundrisse. Die Kanten bei Frühschwundrissen sind in der Regel (erheblich) flacher als bei Altersrissen. Aufgrund der komplexen Ursachen, die zu einer Krakeleebildung führen können, ist deren Erscheinungsbild im Regelfall einmalig, insbesondere auch im Falle eines fortlaufenden Veränderungsprozesses.In principle, a distinction is made in the case of a crackle between early fissures and age leaps, which alone are visually distinguishable. The early shrinkage cracks occur during the primary, relatively fast drying process, while the aging cracks begin during or after the secondary drying process. The early shrinkage cracks often have particularly pronounced shapes, are spider-web-like, concentrically aligned or flame-like, not continuous, or are often limited to the respective drying paint layer or protective layer (eg varnish layer), while age jumps usually break through all layers of paint. Age skips are often caused by external influences such as the change, movement, shrinkage or swelling of an underlying layer or the carrier layer. Depending on the flexural shrinkage or swelling behavior of this layer, this can lead to age skips of these, an underlying or an overlying layer, which also leads to a local or surface separation of the layers can lead, which ultimately makes itself felt as flaws. In such cases, pressure jumps occur, which often lead to grid structures. Even with a movement of the layer arise depending on the nature of the layers more jumps. The more age jumps a shift has, the more flexible it becomes. The age jumps can be attributed to so-called micropores and microcracks in the image formation. Targeted attachment of such micropores and microcracks can initiate a targeted aging process. The resulting jumps can not heal, ie existing age jumps can be restored only with considerable effort and are practically not reversible. The same usually applies to the above-mentioned early shrinkage cracks. The edges of early shrinkage cracks are usually (considerably) flatter than in age cracks. Due to the complex causes, which can lead to the formation of spider lines, their appearance is usually unique, especially in the case of a continuous process of change.
Schrumpfungen können neben Krakelees oder Ausbrüchen ebenfalls zu einem Muster führen, wobei hier nicht die Risse, sondern die Erhebungen die charakteristischen Merkmale darstellen. Sie können in der Folge ebenfalls Krakelees bilden. Doch zur Riss- oder Sprungbildung muss es nicht In jedem Fall kommen. In der Regel entstehen solche Schrumpfungen beim primären Austrocknungsprozess, wobei die Farbschicht wie eine Haut schrumpelt, sich also verwirft. Dies kann mit oder ohne reißende Oberfläche geschehen. Im Regelfall sind hier die horizontalen Zugkräfte stärker als die vertikalen Adhäsionskräfte, was zu einem Zusammenziehen des Materials führt. Optisch erkennbar sind Schrumpfungen transluzider Stoffe durch farbliche Änderungen, was insbesondere bei einer Analyse mit unterschiedlicher Beleuchtung oder unterschiedlichen Abtastwinkeln wie schrägem Abtastwinkel oder Abtastung von oben augenscheinlich wird. Schrumpfungen können flach aufliegende Muster, Wellenmuster oder Runzelungen bilden. Gezielt herbeigeführt werden können sie beispielsweise durch hohe Bindemittelkonzentrationen. Auch Schrumpfungen zählen, neben dem Krakelee und Ausbrüchen sowie anderen in einem Zustandsprotokoll erfassbaren Parametern, als Sicherheitsmerkmal, können In Datenbanken aufgenommen und zur Identifikation oder Kennzeichnung von Gegenständen oder Personen herangezogen werden.Shrinkage can also lead to a pattern in addition to crackles or eruptions, in which case not the cracks, but the elevations represent the characteristic features. You can also form crackles in the episode. But for cracking or cracking it does not have to come in any case. As a rule, such shrinkages occur in the primary desiccation process, whereby the color layer shrivels like a skin, that is, it is rejected. This can be done with or without a tearing surface. As a rule, here the horizontal tensile forces are stronger than the vertical adhesion forces, which leads to a contraction of the material. Visually recognizable are shrinkages of translucent substances by color changes, which is particularly evident in an analysis with different illumination or different scanning angles such as oblique scanning angle or scanning from above. Shrinkage can form flat patterns, wavy patterns or wrinkles. They can be brought about in a targeted manner, for example, by high binder concentrations. Shrinkage, in addition to crackles and outbreaks as well as other parameters that can be recorded in a condition log, also count as security features, can be recorded in databases and used to identify or label objects or persons.
Krakeleerisse, Ausbrüche oder Schrumpfungen sind Eigenschaften, die häufig mehrere Schichten betreffen und daher von Oberflächenbehandlungen meist verschont bzw. weiterhin erhalten bleiben. Grundsätzlich kann jedoch neben dem Krakeleemuster und seinen Ausbrüchen und/oder Schrumpfungen und/oder Gebrauchsspuren und/oder Verunreinigungen die gesamte Oberflächentopographie oder Materialbeschaffenheit auf oder im Inneren einer Schicht mit allen Eigenheiten als zusätzliches Sicherheitsmerkmal herangezogen werden, da sich diese mit der Zelt und/oder bei weiterem Gebrauch durch fortschreitende Anpassungen in der Krakeleebildung, den Schrumpfungen oder weiteren Brüchen und Abplatzungen oder Abnutzungen oder Verschmutzungen ebenfalls verändert. Bevorzugt ist jedoch eine Konzentration auf einfach erfassbare Elemente wie die genannten Krakelees, Ausbrüche oder Schrumpfungen. In einer Ausführungsform werden daher anstelle oder zusätzlich zu den Krakelees, Ausbrüchen, Abnutzungen, Verschmutzungen oder Schrumpfungen weitere Merkmale der Oberflächentopographie einer oder mehrerer Schichten analysiert und/oder erfasst.Crackle cracks, breakouts or shrinkage are properties that often affect several layers and therefore are usually spared or preserved from surface treatments. In principle, however, in addition to the crackle pattern and its breakouts and / or shrinkage and / or signs of wear and / or contamination, the entire surface topography or material properties on or be used as an additional security feature inside a layer with all its peculiarities, as it also changes with the tent and / or further use due to progressive adjustments in the formation of the spider, shrinkage or other breaks and flaking or wear or contamination. However, preference is given to a concentration on easily detectable elements such as the mentioned crackles, breakouts or shrinkages. In one embodiment, therefore, instead of or in addition to the crackles, breakouts, erosion, contamination or shrinkage, further features of the surface topography of one or more layers are analyzed and / or detected.
In einem ersten Aspekt umfasst daher das erfindungsgemäße Sicherheitselement eine oder mehrere neben- und/oder übereinander angeordnete Schichten aus Materialien, die ein oder mehrere Sicherheitskennzeichen enthalten können, wobei wenigstens eine Schicht zumindest bereichsweise ein Krakeleemuster in Form von Rissen oder Sprüngen, Ausbrüchen, Schrumpfungen oder Abnutzungen mit oder ohne Verschmutzungen aufweist, das/die als Sicherheitsmerkmal abtastbar und erfassbar ist/sind.In a first aspect, therefore, the security element according to the invention comprises one or more juxtaposed and / or stacked layers of materials which may contain one or more security features, wherein at least one layer at least partially a crackle pattern in the form of cracks or cracks, breakouts, shrinkages or Wear with or without soiling, which can be scanned and detected as a security feature / are.
Unter dem Begriff "Gegenstand" wird in diesem Zusammenhang jegliche Sache verstanden, die gekennzeichnet oder zur Kennzeichnung anderer Sachen benutzt werden kann oder von sicherheitsrelevanter Bedeutung ist. Hierzu zählen beispielsweise Dokumente, Wertschriften, Wertzeichen, Etiketten, Geldscheine, Banknoten, Ausweise, Personalausweise Identitätskarten, Reisepässe, (Chip-)Karten, Zutrittskarten, Kreditkarten, Zugangskontrollausweise, Tickets, Führerscheine, Kraftfahrzeugdokumente, Banknoten, Schecks, Postwertzeichen, Etlketten, Vignetten, Gemälde, Kunstgegenstände, Möbel, Messgeräte, Maschinenteile, Maschinen, Fahrzeuge, Fotoapparate, Handys, Computer, computerähnliche Apparate, Datenträger, Drucksachen, Bücher, Stoffe, Mode- und Sportartikel, technische Geräte, Werkzeuge, Papier und Kartons, Verpackungen sowie Produkte und dergleichen.The term "object" in this context means any thing that can be labeled or used to identify other things or is of security significance. These include, for example, documents, securities, stamps, labels, bills, banknotes, identity cards, identity cards identity cards, passports, (chip) cards, admission cards, credit cards, access control cards, tickets, driver's licenses, motor vehicle documents, banknotes, checks, postage stamps, chains, vignettes, Paintings, works of art, furniture, measuring apparatus, parts of machines, machines, vehicles, cameras, mobile phones, computers, computer-like apparatus, data carriers, printed matter, books, fabrics, fashion and sporting articles, technical equipment, tools, paper and cardboard, packaging and products and the like ,
Die vorliegende Erfindung macht sich sowohl bestehende Krakelees, Ausbrüche, Schrumpfungen, Abnutzungen oder Verschmutzungen als auch die Einbringung und Bildung von künstlichen Krakelees (Risse oder Sprünge), Ausbrüchen, Schrumpfungen, Abnutzungen oder Verschmutzungen zunutze, um fälschungssichere Sicherheitsmerkmale zu erzeugen oder bestehende zu beeinflussen oder beeinflussbar zu machen.The present invention takes advantage of existing crackles, breakouts, shrinkage, scuffs or soils as well as the introduction and formation of cracks or cracks, breakouts, shrinkage, scuffs or soils to create or modify existing counterfeit security features to make influenceable.
Dabei können auch bereits existierende Krakeleemuster eines Gegenstandes oder Sicherheitselementes zur Analyse, Prüfung oder Auswertung entsprechend dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren herangezogen werden. Ferner können diese Strukturen mit Hilfe der nachfolgend beschriebenen erfindungsgemäßen Methoden angeregt, eingeleitet, geändert, gefördert oder deren Bildung beschleunigt oder gestoppt werden. Vorzugsweise stellt das erfindungsgemäße Sicherheltselement einen getrennten, isolierbaren Gegenstand mit eigenem Schichtaufbau dar, wobei als Träger für diese Schichten jedes beliebige Material dienen kann, wie zum Beispiel Kunststoff, Papier, Textil etc. Ferner kann der Träger auch eine Farb- oder Lackschicht sein.In this case, even existing crackle patterns of an object or security element for analysis, testing or evaluation according to the inventive method be used. Furthermore, these structures can be excited, introduced, changed, promoted or their formation accelerated or stopped using the methods of the invention described below. Preferably, the security element according to the invention is a separate, isolable article with its own layer structure, which can serve as a carrier for these layers any material, such as plastic, paper, textile, etc. Further, the carrier may also be a paint or lacquer layer.
Die Sichertreitsmerkmalsschicht kann auch direkt in einen Gegenstand oder ein Lebewesen eingebracht sein und zusammen mit diesem als Trägerschicht oder Schichten beispielsweise zwei oder mehrere Schichten bilden, welche geprüft werden können. Außer oder anstelle von Krakeleemustern können auch andere Veränderungen innerhalb der eingebrachten Sicherheitsmerkmalsschicht geprüft und verglichen werden. Hierzu zählen unter anderem Veränderungen in der Pigmentzusammensetzung durch innere und äußere Einflüsse, wie Abbaureaktionen, Ausbleichen oder Verteilungsänderungen von eingebrachten Partikeln wie beispielsweise Pigmenten oder Entzündungsreaktionen aufgrund von Unverträglichkeiten.The security feature layer can also be incorporated directly into an article or a living being and, together with it as a carrier layer or layers, form, for example, two or more layers which can be tested. Apart from or instead of crackle patterns, other changes within the introduced security feature layer can also be checked and compared. These include changes in the pigment composition due to internal and external influences, such as degradation reactions, fading or distribution changes of introduced particles such as pigments or inflammatory reactions due to incompatibilities.
Das Krakeleemuster stellt wie ein Fingerabdruck eine einmalige, individuelle, spezifische Struktur dar, welche sich eindeutig einem bestimmten Ursprung zuordnen lässt. Durch den Vergleich eines vorhandenen oder eines künstlich erzeugten Krakeleemusters, eines Teils davon oder dessen dynamischer Entwicklung über eine bestimmte Zeitspanne kann ein Original von einer Fälschung unterschieden werden. Krakelees können genauso wie Ausbrüche, Schrumpfungen, Abnutzungen oder Verschmutzungen als wiedererkennbare Zeichen auf einen Gegenstand und sogar ein Lebewesen (z.B. hochwertige Zuchtpferde, Pflanzen) aufgebracht werden und wirken auf diese Weise wie eine Art lebendes Wasserzeichen. Aufgrund der zahlreichen Veränderungen wie beispielsweise weiteren Brüche und damit einhergehenden Krakelees kann das spezifisch eingebrachte Merkmal nicht von Nichteingeweihten ausfindig gemacht werden. Ebensowenig können vergangene Zustände rekonstruiert oder zukünftige erahnt und dauerhaft kopiert werden. Anhand von gespeicherten Mustern in Datenbanken und vordefinierten Scanbereichen ist ein fälschungssicheres Sicherheitsmerkmal gegeben.Like a fingerprint, the crackle pattern represents a unique, individual, specific structure, which can be clearly assigned to a specific origin. By comparing an existing or an artificially created crackle pattern, a part of it or its dynamic development over a certain period of time, an original can be distinguished from a counterfeit. Crackles, as well as outbreaks, shrinkage, scuffs, or stains, can be applied to an object and even a living thing (e.g., high-quality breeding horses, plants) as recognizable signs, thus acting like a kind of living watermark. Due to the numerous changes such as further fractures and associated crackles, the specific feature introduced can not be found by uninitiated people. Nor can past states be reconstructed or future ones anticipated and permanently copied. Based on stored patterns in databases and predefined scan areas, a forgery-proof security feature is provided.
Besondere Sicherheit erhält man durch periodische Aktualisierung des ursprünglichen Merkmals des Krakeleemusters mit neu hinzugekommenen Merkmalen wie Krakelees, Ausbrüchen, Schrumpfungen, Abnutzungen oder Verschmutzungen. Auf diese Weise können selbst identische Fälschungen identifiziert werden, da sie sich nach einiger Zeit von selbst wieder vom Original unterscheiden werden, sobald neue Krakelees, Ausbrüche, Schrumpfungen, Abnutzungen oder Verschmutzungen hinzukommen (sowohl beim Original als auch bei der Fälschung, aber jeweils unterschiedliche). Demnach kommt es zu einer fortlaufenden Änderung und Aktualisierung der Datenbank. Selbst wenn es einem Hacker gelingen würde, einen Datenbestand auszulesen, so würde er nur eine Momentaufnahme des Krakeleemusters erhalten. Durch die laufende dynamische Aktualisierung der Datenbank verlieren jedoch diese alten Daten wieder ihren Wert und eine Fälschung kann relativ schnell ausfindig gemacht werden.Special security is obtained by periodically updating the original feature of the crackle pattern with newly added features such as crackles, eruptions, shrinkage, wear or contamination. In this way, even identical counterfeits can be identified, since they will automatically be different from the original after some time, as soon as new crackles, outbreaks, Shrinkage, wear or staining (both original and counterfeit, but different). Accordingly, there is a continuous change and update of the database. Even if a hacker managed to extract a dataset, he would only get a snapshot of the crackle pattern. However, due to the ongoing dynamic updating of the database, these old data lose their value again and a forgery can be located relatively quickly.
Unter dem Ausdruck "Krakeleemuster-bildende Schicht" wird/werden im Zusammenhang mit der vorliegenden Erfindung die Schicht oder Schichten des Sicherheitselementes verstanden, in der/denen sich Krakeleemuster entwickeln können oder bereits vorhanden sind. Dabei können die Krakelees, Ausbrüche, Abnutzungen oder Schrumpfungen durchaus mehrere Schichten umfassen (z.B. tiefe Risse oder grobe Abplatzungen). Es ist daher in einer Variante bevorzugt, dass sich das Krakeleemuster des Sicherheitselements über mehrere Schichten erstreckt, wobei die Schichten in ihrem Aufbau oder ihrer Zusammensetzung entweder gleich oder unterschiedlich sein können.In the context of the present invention, the term "crackle pattern-forming layer" is understood to mean the layer or layers of the security element in which crackle patterns can develop or already exist. The crackles, eruptions, erosions or shrinkage may well comprise multiple layers (e.g., deep cracks or coarse flaking). It is therefore preferred in a variant that the crackle pattern of the security element extends over several layers, wherein the layers may be either the same or different in their construction or their composition.
Neben der Kennzeichnung und Identifikation von Gegenständen eignet sich das erfindungsgemäße Sicherheitselement auch zur Kennzeichnung von Lebewesen, beispielsweise von Menschen, Tieren oder Pflanzen. Das Sicherheitselement kann beispielsweise als Stempel oder über Klebeetiketten lösbar auf dem Handrücken einer Person angebracht werden. Bei Tieren oder Pflanzen kann das Sicherheitselement ebenfalls zur Kennzeichnung des Originals verwendet werden, was insbesondere im Zuchtbereich von hoher Relevanz ist. Es kann auch mit anderen Merkmalen wie zum Beispiel biometrischen Merkmalen kombiniert werden, um eine sichere Authentifikation von Gegenständen oder Lebewesen zu gewährleisten.In addition to the identification and identification of objects, the security element according to the invention is also suitable for the identification of living beings, for example of humans, animals or plants. The security element can be attached, for example as a stamp or adhesive labels releasably on the back of a person. In animals or plants, the security element can also be used to identify the original, which is particularly important in the breeding area of high relevance. It may also be combined with other features such as biometric features to ensure secure authentication of items or animals.
Die erfindungsgemäße Krakeleebildung kann physikalisch, magnetisch oder chemisch herbeigeführt oder beeinflusst werden. Die chemische Krakeleebildung erfolgt beispielsweise durch das Einbringen chemischer Substanzen wie Lösungsmittel oder Bindemittel oder Gemischen davon auf oder In die betreffende Schicht, was zur Krakeleebildung führt. Bevorzugt werden solche Lösungs- oder Bindemittel in flüssiger oder gelartiger Form eingesetzt. Es liegen damit konsistente sowie flüchtige (flüssige) Bestandteile nebeneinander vor. Die flüssigen Bestandteile evaporieren, d.h. verdampfen mit der Zeit. Dadurch erfolgt eine Volumenreduktion in den betroffenen Bereichen, was letztendlich zu Oberflächenspannungen führt. Diese Oberflächenspannungen im Material sind häufig die Ursache für die später entstehenden Risse und Spalten. Nimmt die Austrocknung und damit die Oberflächenspannung zu, reichen die bestehenden Kohäsionskräfte nicht aus, um eine flächige Struktur zusammenzuhalten. Es bilden sich Risse.The formation of spider lines according to the invention can be brought about or influenced physically, magnetically or chemically. The chemical kink formation occurs, for example, by the introduction of chemical substances such as solvents or binders or mixtures thereof on or in the layer in question, which leads to the formation of pterylosis. Preferably, such solvents or binders are used in liquid or gel form. There are thus consistent and volatile (liquid) components next to each other. The liquid components evaporate, ie evaporate over time. This results in a volume reduction in the affected areas, which ultimately leads to surface tensions. These surface tensions in the material are often the cause of the later resulting cracks and crevices. Takes the dehydration and with it the surface tension, the existing cohesive forces are not sufficient to hold a flat structure together. Cracks form.
Neben modernen Erzeugnissen sind klassische, bevorzugte Bindemittel beispielsweise komplexe Polymere wie zum Beispiel Aminosäurenpolymere. Ferner eignen sich natürliche Polymere wie tierische Leime, Kasein, Eiweiß, Eigelb, Geeignet sind auch wasserlösliche Polymere, die zahlreich in pflanzlichen Gummis vorkommen, wie z.B. Gummi arabicum, Tragantgummi etc. Weitere Beispiele sind Stärke, Guarkernmehl, Tamarindensamen und andere Leinsamen. Diese Substanzen werden vor allem bei Aquarellen, aber auch bei Miniaturen, Manuskripten und anderen, insbesondere auf Papier aufgebrachten Farben benutzt.In addition to modern products, classical, preferred binders are, for example, complex polymers such as, for example, amino acid polymers. Also suitable are natural polymers such as animal glues, casein, egg white, egg yolk. Also suitable are water-soluble polymers, which are abundant in vegetable gums, e.g. Gum arabic, gum tragacanth etc. Further examples are starch, guar gum, tamarind seeds and other linseed. These substances are used primarily in watercolors, but also in miniatures, manuscripts and other, especially applied to paper colors.
Weitere bevorzugte Bindemittel sind Öle und Fette. Trocknende Öle beinhalten mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren, die eine Oxidation und Polymerisation vorantreiben und daher für die erwünschte Krakeleebildung vorteilhaft sind. Auch die Verwendung von Wachsen oder Harzen ist möglich, wie z.B. Ozokerite, Bienenwachs oder Carnaubawachs.Other preferred binders are oils and fats. Drying oils include polyunsaturated fatty acids that promote oxidation and polymerization and are therefore beneficial to the desired formation of pixies. The use of waxes or resins is also possible, e.g. Ozokerite, beeswax or carnauba wax.
Des Weiteren sind auch sämtliche nicht natürlich vorkommenden Farben, Bindemittel, Lösungsmittel oder sonstige nutzbare Substanzen geeignet.Furthermore, all non-naturally occurring colors, binders, solvents or other usable substances are suitable.
Die Krakeleebildung kann je nach Wahl der Schichtzusammensetzung in einer Ausführungsform auch durch eine darüber oder darunter angeordnete Schicht eingeleitet, gefördert oder beschleunigt werden.Depending on the choice of layer composition, in one embodiment the formation of the spideris can also be initiated, promoted or accelerated by a layer arranged above or below it.
Das Krakelee kann in Abhängigkeit von der Schichtstärke unterschiedlich intensiv sein. Beispielsweise kann das Krakelee in solchen Bereichen intensiver ausfallen, in denen die Schicht dicker ist, und weniger stark in solchen Bereichen, in denen die Schichtstärke geringer ist. Die Schichtstärke kann somit als gezieltes Gestaltungsmittel zur Herbeiführung des Krakelees genutzt werden. Je nach Art des eingesetzten Lösungsmittels kann diese Schicht entweder schneller oder langsamer trocknen, was wiederum bedeutet, dass die Geschwindigkeit der Bildung des Krakeleemusters beeinflusst werden kann. Dies kann man sich zunutze machen, wenn beispielsweise ein Dokument nur für einen bestimmten Zeitraum gültig sein soll. Unterscheidet sich das in der Datenbank vorhandene Krakeleemuster zu sehr von dem zu authentifizierenden Krakeleemuster, so ist das Dokument entweder abgelaufen, manipuliert oder gefälscht. Anhand eines Schwellenwertes kann die Muster-Toleranz festgelegt werden. Je nach Art der verwendeten Schichtzusammensetzung kann der Krakelee-Effekt stärker oder weniger stark ausfallen und damit diese Zeitspanne beeinflussen. Abhängig von der physikalischen oder chemischen Methode kann das Krakelee fixiert werden oder einen dynamischen Alterungsprozess (Veränderungsprozess oder Weiterentwicklungsprozess) durchlaufen.The crackle gland may vary in intensity depending on the layer thickness. For example, the crackle may be more intense in those areas where the layer is thicker and less so in those areas where the layer thickness is less. The layer thickness can thus be used as a targeted design means for bringing about the crackle. Depending on the type of solvent used, this layer can either dry faster or more slowly, which in turn means that the speed of formation of the crackle pattern can be influenced. This can be used, for example, if a document should only be valid for a certain period of time. If the crackle patterns present in the database are too different from the crackle pattern to be authenticated, the document is either expired, manipulated or counterfeited. Based on a threshold value, the pattern tolerance can be specified. Depending on the type of layer composition used, the crackle effect may be stronger or less pronounced, and thus this period of time influence. Depending on the physical or chemical method, the crackle can be fixed or undergo a dynamic aging process (change process or further development process).
Zur Generierung eines künstlichen Krakelees wird in einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform vorzugsweise Asphalt, Teer oder Bitumen verwendet.To generate an artificial crackle, in a preferred embodiment asphalt, tar or bitumen is preferably used.
Asphalt bezeichnet hier ein Gemisch aus dem Bindemittel Bitumen und feinen Mineralstoffen oder Pigmenten. Besonders bevorzugt unter den Asphalten ist Asphaltit mit seinem sehr hohen Bitumen-Gehalt (bzw. geringen Mineralstoffgehalt). Bitumen bezeichnet ein natürlich vorkommendes oder durch Vakuumdestillation aus Erdöl hergestelltes Gemisch, das aus verschiedenen organischen Substanzen besteht. Teer ist wie Bitumen ebenfalls ein Bindemittel, hat seinen Ursprung jedoch in der Steinkohle. Bitumen oder Teer können je nach Zusammensetzung während oder nach der Aushärtung aufgrund ihrer Stoffeigenschaften entweder selbst schrumpfen oder ein Krakelee bilden oder (zum Beispiel im Fall von Asphalt) eine darüber oder darunter liegende Farbschicht zur Krakeleebildung oder Schrumpfung anregen.Asphalt here refers to a mixture of the binder bitumen and fine minerals or pigments. Particularly preferred among the asphalts is Asphaltite with its very high bitumen content (or low mineral content). Bitumen refers to a naturally occurring or by vacuum distillation of petroleum produced mixture consisting of various organic substances. Like bitumen, tar is also a binder, but it has its origin in hard coal. Depending on their composition, bitumen or tar, either during or after hardening, either shrink themselves or form a crackle due to their material properties or (for example in the case of asphalt) stimulate an overlying or underneath layer of paint for formation of pits or shrinkage.
Grundsätzlich können jegliche Arten künstlicher oder natürlicher Asphalte, Teere oder Bitumen eingesetzt werden, um das Spannungs- und Trocknungsverhalten der einzelnen Ebenen zu beeinflussen. Die natürlichen und künstlichen Asphalte, Teere oder Bitumen besitzen eine Reihe von positiven Eigenschaften, welche durch ihre Aufbereitung bzw. Oxidation oder Destillation beeinflusst werden können. Für die Krakeleebildung sind bei Asphalt, Teer oder Bitumen grundsätzlich drei Faktoren von Bedeutung. Zum einen gibt es materialbedingte, innere Faktoren, welche auf die chemische Zusammensetzung der Kolloidalstruktur des Bitumens und den Gehalt an Mineralstoffen in dem jeweiligen Asphalt zurückzuführen sind. Ferner gibt es äußere Faktoren, wie beispielsweise der temperaturbedingte Aggregatzustand von Asphalt, Teer oder Bitumen. Schließlich wirkt sich auch die Filmdicke des Aufstrichs aus.In principle, any kind of artificial or natural asphalts, tars or bitumen can be used to influence the tension and drying behavior of the individual layers. The natural and artificial asphalts, tars or bitumen have a number of positive properties which can be influenced by their treatment or oxidation or distillation. For the formation of spider lines in asphalt, tar or bitumen basically three factors are of importance. On the one hand, there are material-related, internal factors, which are due to the chemical composition of the colloidal structure of the bitumen and the content of minerals in the respective asphalt. There are also external factors, such as the temperature-related state of aggregation of asphalt, tar or bitumen. Finally, the film thickness of the spread also affects.
Da Asphalte. Teere oder Bitumen durch Erwärmung viskos bis flüssig werden, lässt sich das Material leicht als Schicht auf ein Substrat auftragen. Nach dem Aushärten wird das Material je nach Zusammensetzung zu einer flexiblen oder aber nahezu glasharten Oberfläche. Die Bruchflächen bei Verwendung von Asphalt sind typischerweise Muschelfarben und glänzend, können jedoch Je nach Mineralstoffgehalt des Asphalts stumpf sein und glatte Brüche aufweisen.Asphalt. Tars or bitumen become viscous to liquid by heating, the material can be easily applied as a layer on a substrate. After curing, depending on the composition, the material becomes a flexible or almost glass-hard surface. The fracture surfaces when using asphalt are typically shell-colored and shiny, but may be blunt, depending on the mineral content of the asphalt, and have smooth fractures.
Wenn erwünscht, kann die Schmelztemperatur von Asphalt, Teer oder Bitumen durch Mischung mit Ölen herabgesenkt werden. Die Aushärtung von Asphalt ist von unterschiedlichen Faktoren abhängig. Beispielsweise spielt der Gehalt an Mineralstoffen und der direkte Kontakt mit Sauerstoff eine Rolle, was den Aushärtungsvorgang verändern (z,B, beschleunigen) kann. Ähnlich verhält es sich auch mit Teer und Pech oder anderen artverwandten Substanzen. Bitumen lässt sich ferner mit Bindemitteln wie Ölen oder Tempera mischen und als Farbschicht oder Film auf eine geeignete Unterlage aufbringen. Insofern können die erwähnten Erdölrückstände mit oder ohne Vermischung mit Stoffen künstlicher oder natürlicher Herkunft zur Generierung eines Krakelees genutzt werden.If desired, the melting temperature of asphalt, tar or bitumen can be lowered by blending with oils. The curing of asphalt depends on various factors. For example, the content of minerals and the direct contact with oxygen play a role, which can change the hardening process (z, B, accelerate). The situation is similar with tar and pitch or other related substances. Bitumen can also be mixed with binders such as oils or tempera and applied as a paint or film on a suitable surface. In this respect, the oil residues mentioned can be used with or without mixing with substances of artificial or natural origin to generate a crackle.
Wie schon erwähnt, können auf die Asphalt-, Teer- oder Bitumenschicht weitere Farbschichten aufgebracht werden, die mit der Zeit ausgeprägte, oft strahlenförmige Frühschwundrisse aufweisen. In einer weiteren Ausführungsform wird das Krakeleemuster, beispielsweise das künstliche Krakelee, die Abplatzung oder die Schrumpfung durch das Auf- oder Einbringen von Farben, Katalysatoren, Lösungsmitteln oder Bindemitteln oder Lösungs- und Bindemittel enthaltenden Substanzen oder Gemische davon sowie deren anschließende Evaporation in der Krakeleernuster-bildenden Schicht oder einer darunter oder darüber liegenden Schicht eingeleitet oder beeinflusst. Beim Einbringen eines Katalysators kann eine Aktivierung und damit Krakeleebildung beispielsweise durch Bestrahlung erfolgen. Ein Beispiel eines photoaktiven Katalysators ist Titanapatit, dessen Aktivierung durch Bestrahlung oder elektrische Spannung erfolgen kann.As already mentioned, further color layers can be applied to the asphalt, tar or bitumen layer, which have pronounced, often radiating, early shrinkage cracks over time. In a further embodiment, the crackle pattern, for example the artificial crackle, the spalling or the shrinkage, is obtained by the application or incorporation of paints, catalysts, solvents or binders or solvents and binders or mixtures thereof and their subsequent evaporation in the crackle pattern. initiating layer or an underlying or overlying layer or influenced. Upon introduction of a catalyst, activation and thus formation of pixies, for example by irradiation, can take place. An example of a photoactive catalyst is titanium apatite, which can be activated by irradiation or electrical voltage.
Die Krakeleebildung kann neben dem Einsatz von Löse- und/oder Bindemittel auch durch äußere Einflüsse, wie Kälte- und Hitzeeinfluss, Trocken- und Feuchtigkeltseinflüsse, Temperaturwechsel, Licht- oder Sauerstoffbehandlung, Ultraschall, Induktion oder elektrische Spannung angeregt, eingeleitet, gefördert, beschleunigt, geändert oder gebremst werden. Dabei können einzelne Bereiche der Krakeleemuster-bildenden Schicht/en von diesen Einflüssen isoliert sein, so dass die Veränderung im Krakeleemuster in diesen Bereichen unterschiedlich stark ausfällt.In addition to the use of solvents and / or binders, the formation of spider lines can also be induced, initiated, promoted, accelerated by external influences such as influence of cold and heat, effects of moisture and moisture, temperature changes, light or oxygen treatment, ultrasound, induction or electrical voltage. be changed or braked. In this case, individual regions of the crackle pattern-forming layer (s) can be isolated from these influences, so that the change in the crackle pattern in these regions varies to a different extent.
In einer weiteren Ausführungsform kann auch ein magnetisches Krakelee vorgesehen sein. Hierbei ist vorzugsweise ein magnetisierendes Gitter vorgesehen, das zu einer Magnetisierung von Metallpigmenten oder einer Metallschicht führt. Feine und grobe Metallpartikel werden von dem magnetisierenden Gitter angezogen und migrieren in dessen Richtung. Durch die Verwendung von Eisen und Chrom sowie anderer feiner Metallgranulate können unterschiedliche Krakelee-Effekte hervorgerufen werden. Durch die Zufälligkeit des entstehenden Musters ist ein hohes Maß an Sicherheit gegeben. Andererseits ist es möglich, durch die darunter liegende magnetisierte Schicht diese Zufälligkeit einzuschränken bzw. zu steuern und einen relativ gezielten Krakelierungsvorgang ablaufen zu lassen, welcher im Extremfall sogar eine exakte Altersbestimmung des Dokuments zulässt.In a further embodiment, a magnetic crackle may also be provided. In this case, a magnetizing grid is preferably provided, which leads to a magnetization of metal pigments or a metal layer. Fine and coarse metal particles are attracted to the magnetizing grid and migrate in its direction. The use of iron and chromium as well as other fine metal granules can cause different crackle effects. The randomness of the resulting pattern gives a high degree of security. On the other hand, it is possible to limit or control this randomness by the underlying magnetized layer and to run a relatively targeted Krakelierungsvorgang, which even allows an exact age determination of the document in extreme cases.
In einer weiteren Ausführungsform kann die Krakeleemuster-bildende Schicht eine transparente Schicht sein, bei der das Krakeleemuster für das bloße Auge kaum oder nicht erkennbar ist und bei der das Krakeleemuster erst unter bestimmten Bedingungen oder mit speziellen Verfahren sichtbar wird. Beispielsweise kann das Krakeleemuster erst bei Vorliegen von Verunreinigungen oder durch Auftrag von Pigmenten (Einfärben) oder Metallpulver sichtbar werden, das sich in den feinen Rissen und Sprüngen absetzt. Ein solches Krakelee kann sich visuell nach seiner Verunreinigung mit einem normalen Krakelee so kombinieren, dass insgesamt ein anderes Krakelee sichtbar erscheint. Wenn dem Prüfvorgang ein Reinigungsvorgang mit einem geeigneten, einem nicht eingeweihten Dritten unbekannten Mittel vorangestellt wird, dann wird die transparente Schicht wieder unsichtbar, gegebenenfalls ohne dabei durch den Reinigungsvorgang beschädigt zu werden. Auch kann beim Prüfvorgang erst bei Wahl eines richtigen Winkels, einer korrekten Lichtquelle oder durch gezielte Einschränkung auf eine bestimmte Krakeleefarbe ein solches Muster sichtbar gemacht werden.In a further embodiment, the crackle patterning-forming layer may be a transparent layer in which the crackle pattern is barely visible or unrecognizable to the naked eye and in which the crackle pattern becomes visible only under certain conditions or with special methods. For example, the crackle pattern can be seen only in the presence of impurities or by application of pigments (coloring) or metal powder, which settles in the fine cracks and cracks. Such a crackle visually can, after its contamination, combine with a normal crackle so that altogether another crackle appears visible. If the inspection process is preceded by a cleaning process with a suitable agent unknown to a third party, then the transparent layer becomes invisible again, possibly without being damaged by the cleaning process. Also, during the inspection process, such a pattern can only be made visible by choosing a correct angle, a correct light source, or by deliberate restriction to a certain crackle color.
Umgekehrt kann das unsichtbare Krakelee vor dem Prüfvorgang durch Anwendung obiger Methoden gezielt sichtbar und nach dem Prüfvorgang wieder ganz oder teilweise unsichtbar gemacht werden. Wenn unterhalb der transparenten Krakeleemuster-bildenden Schicht eine weitere Schicht mit einem Krakeleemuster angeordnet ist, dann wird der Fälscher nur diese erkennen können und bei einer Nachahmung ein falsches Resultat erhalten.Conversely, the invisible crackle echo can be made visible before the test procedure by applying the above methods and after the test process again completely or partially made invisible. If another layer with a crackle pattern is arranged below the transparent crackle pattern-forming layer, then the counterfeiter will only be able to recognize these and, if imitated, obtain a false result.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform kann die Krakeleemusterbildung oder Krakeleebildung auch reversibel gemacht werden, so dass das Krakeleemuster sozusagen in den ursprünglichen Zustand zurückgesetzt wird ("Reset"), wodurch der Musterbildungsprozess erneut beginnen oder eingeleitet werden kann.In a preferred embodiment, the crackle patterning or spider formation may also be made reversible so that the crackle pattern is reset to the original state, so to speak, whereby the patterning process can be restarted or initiated.
Die Wiederherstellung des ursprünglichen Zustandes kann durch die Zusammensetzung der Schicht bewusst vorgesehen oder verhindert werden. Im Falle der magnetisierenden Schicht erfolgt sie vorzugsweise mit Hilfe einer Störung oder Polaritätsumpolung des magnetisierenden Gitters, so dass die Struktur der Metallelemente verändert, bzw. wieder aufgelöst wird. Vorzugsweise kann dieser Selbstheilungsprozess verhindert werden, indem die Metallteile in einer Schicht eingebracht sind, welche mit der Zeit durch einen Austrocknungsprozess zunehmende Adhäsionskräfte entwickelt, welche die Metallpartikel an ihrer jeweiligen Stelle mehr oder weniger stark bindet.The restoration of the original state can be intentionally provided or prevented by the composition of the layer. In the case of the magnetizing layer, it is preferably carried out by means of a disturbance or polarity reversal of the magnetizing grid, so that the structure of the metal elements is changed or dissolved again. Preferably, this self-healing process can be prevented by the metal parts are incorporated in a layer which with time through a Drying process developed increasing adhesive forces, which binds the metal particles in their respective place more or less strong.
Die Wiederherstellung des ursprünglichen Zustandes kann ferner durch einen Selbstheilungsprozess erfolgen, welcher reversibel ist. Beispielsweise kann der Krakelee-Effekt durch Wärme oder UV-Licht wieder teilweise oder ganz aufgehoben werden. Auch das Auf- oder Einbringen spezieller Lösungsmittel kann den Krakeleemuster-Effekt teilweise oder ganz aufheben, beispielsweise indem bestehende Schichten angelöst oder verflüssigt werden, so dass sich die Oberfläche glättet bzw. sich die Rissstruktur auflöst. Das Zurücksetzen kann auch durch Umverteilung von eingebrachten Partikeln erreicht werden, wobei nicht zwingend dieselbe Verteilung, wie zu Anfang erreicht werden muss, sondern lediglich eine neue Verteilung, welche mit der vorherigen nicht mehr übereinstimmt. Anstelle oder zusammen mit einer solchen Umverteilung können auch weitere Partikel neu mit eingebracht werden, beispielsweise mit Hilfe des erwähnten Lösungsmittels.The restoration of the original state can also be done by a self-healing process, which is reversible. For example, the crackle effect can be partially or completely canceled by heat or UV light. The application or incorporation of special solvents can partially or completely eliminate the crackle pattern effect, for example by dissolving or liquefying existing layers, so that the surface is smoothed or the crack structure dissolves. The reset can also be achieved by redistribution of introduced particles, whereby not necessarily the same distribution as at the beginning must be achieved, but only a new distribution, which no longer matches the previous one. Instead of or together with such redistribution, other particles can also be newly introduced, for example with the aid of the mentioned solvent.
Ein Zurücksetzen oder eine Verlängerung eines Sicherheitskennzeichens ist auch durch das Aufbringen einer neuen Schicht auf bereits bestehende Schichten möglich. Auf diese Weise kann eine neue Schicht mit neuen Sicherheitsmerkmalen (z.B. Krakelees, Ausbrüchen, Schrumpfungen) geschaffen werden.A reset or extension of a safety mark is also possible by applying a new layer to already existing layers. In this way, a new layer with new security features (e.g., crackles, breakouts, shrinks) can be created.
Eine weitere Möglichkeit besteht in der Kontaktierung mit einem Katalysator oder in der Begasung. Auf diese Weise kann ein temporär gültiges Dokument mit dem Sicherheitselement hergestellt werden. Durch die Verwendung verschiedenartig ausgestalteter Schichten, welche zufällige sowie fixe Bestandteile enthält, ist ein hoher Grad an Kopiersicherheit gegeben, insbesondere wenn ein gültiges Krakeleemuster zum jeweiligen Ausgabezeitpunkt in einer zentralen Datenbank abgespeichert und abrufbar ist.Another possibility is to contact with a catalyst or in the fumigation. In this way, a temporary valid document can be created with the security element. The use of variously configured layers, which contain random as well as fixed components, gives a high degree of copy security, in particular if a valid crackle pattern is stored and retrievable at the respective output time in a central database.
Vorzugsweise ist die Krakeleemuster-bildende Schicht von einer oder mehreren darunter und/oder darüber liegenden Schicht(en) bedeckt. Die obere Schicht kann so ausgebildet sein, dass das Krakeleemuster für das menschliche Auge nicht, oder nur teilweise sichtbar ist oder es anders erscheint. Bei einer Ausführungsform kann die Krakeleemuster-bildende Schicht von einem Schutzfilm überzogen sein, der nur Licht einer bestimmten Wellenlänge durchlässt, um das Krakeleemuster, die Ausbrüche oder die Schrumpfungen sichtbar zu machen.Preferably, the crackle patterning-forming layer is covered by one or more underlying and / or overlying layers. The top layer may be formed so that the crackle pattern is not or only partially visible to the human eye or it may appear different. In one embodiment, the crackle patterning layer may be covered by a protective film that transmits only light of a particular wavelength to visualize the crackle pattern, the breakouts, or the shrinkages.
Vorzugsweise ist das Sicherheitselement auf einer Oberfläche aufklebbar oder in ein Material wie einem Textilstück einbringbar.Preferably, the security element can be glued on a surface or introduced into a material such as a textile piece.
Die untere Schicht kann vorzugsweise eine Leimschicht sein, die es dem Sicherheitselement ermöglicht, auf einem beliebigen Untergrund selbstklebend zu haften. Diese Schicht ist vorzugsweise so ausgebildet, dass das Sicherheitselement sich nicht mehr ablösen lässt. In einer anderen Ausführungsform ist vorgesehen, dass eine Ablösung nur unter Anwendung eines zuvor festgesetzten Verfahrens erfolgen kann, beispielsweise nach Erwärmen auf eine bestimmte Temperatur oder durch Behandlung mit einem bestimmten Lösungsmittel.The lower layer may preferably be a glue layer which enables the security element to adhere to any surface in a self-adhesive manner. This layer is preferably designed so that the security element can no longer be detached. In another embodiment, it is provided that a detachment can be carried out only using a previously determined method, for example after heating to a certain temperature or by treatment with a specific solvent.
Durch den gezielten Aufbau verschiedener Schichten und deren Modifikation kann gezielt ein künstliches Krakelee erzeugt werden. Je nach Schichtaufbau kann ein typisches Krakeleemuster erzeugt werden, beispielsweise ein zackiges, unregelmäßiges oder spinnennetzartiges Krakelee. Künstlich gebrochene Krakelees weisen oftmals eine rechteckige Struktur auf, weil sie häufig in zwei Richtungen gebrochen sind. Auch die mechanische Prägung einer Schicht ist möglich, um ein künstliches Krakelee zu erzeugen. Als Werkzeug kann ein Prägestempel oder Laser dienen. Je nach Material ist auch der Einsatz von Dampf, Hitze und Wasserstrahltechnik denkbar.Through the targeted construction of different layers and their modification, an artificial crackle can be created. Depending on the layer structure, a typical crackle pattern may be produced, for example a ragged, irregular or spider-web-like crackle. Artificially broken crackles often have a rectangular structure because they are often broken in two directions. The mechanical embossing of a layer is also possible to produce an artificial crackle. As a tool can serve a die or laser. Depending on the material, the use of steam, heat and water jet technology is conceivable.
Die Krakeleebildung kann durch den Einsatz von Ultraschall beschleunigt werden. Eine Behandlung kann beispielsweise nach einem Auslesevorgang erfolgen, um zu verhindern, dass eventuell existierende Kopien bei einer nachfolgenden Prüfung unerkannt bleiben. Bevorzugt ist der Einsatz einer punktuellen Ultraschallquelle, so dass nur vorab definierte oder zufällig ausgewählte Bereiche behandelt werden. Werden diese Bereiche in eine nachfolgende Durchmusterung aufgenommen und die Datenbank aktualisiert, dann ist es nicht möglich, dieses Merkmal dauerhaft zu fälschen. Zusätzliche Sicherheit entsteht durch eine definierte Auswahl der zu durchmusternden Bereiche oder durch eine Auswahl mit Hilfe eines Algorithmus. In einer Variante kann eine der Schichten so ausgebildet sein, dass sie keiner Krakeleemuster-Bildung unterliegt. Eine weitere Variante kann aus einem Material bestehen, welches nur einzelne Veränderungen zulässt, also beispielsweise Krakelee bildet, aber keine Schrumpfungen oder Ausbrüche.The formation of spider lines can be accelerated by the use of ultrasound. For example, a treatment may be performed after a read-out process to prevent any existing copies from becoming unrecognized in a subsequent test. Preference is given to the use of a punctual ultrasound source, so that only pre-defined or randomly selected areas are treated. If these areas are included in a subsequent survey and the database is updated, then it is not possible to falsify this feature permanently. Additional security is provided by a defined selection of the areas to be screened or by a selection using an algorithm. In one variant, one of the layers may be formed such that it does not undergo crackle pattern formation. Another variant may consist of a material that allows only individual changes, so, for example, forms Krakelee, but no shrinkage or breakouts.
In einer weiteren Variante kann eine abschließende Schicht vorgesehen sein, die sich über die oberste Schicht legt und die selbst nicht Krakelee-bildend ist. Diese besteht vorzugsweise aus einem flüssigen oder gelartigen Material. Dieses Material kann dauerhaft oder zeitlich begrenzt durch einen Schutzfilm vor dem Austrocknen geschützt sein, wobei in einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Schutzfilm zur Aktivierung des Sicherheitsmerkmales entfernt wird. In einer weiteren Ausführungsform ist eine solche Schicht über der Krakeleemuster-bildenden Schicht so ausgebildet, dass das Krakelee selbst nicht mehr für das menschliche Auge sichtbar ist. Eine Sichtbarmachung kann beispielsweise durch Prüfung mit infrarotem Licht erfolgen, was eine Fälschung weiter erheblich erschwert. Diese Schicht kann zusätzlich bei einer gewissen Erwärmung ein eigenes Krakeleemuster bilden oder ihre Zusammensetzung und damit ihr Aussehen verändern. Das Material ist vorzugsweise so zusammengesetzt, dass bei einem Versuch, das Sicherheitselement abzulösen oder die Schichten zu trennen, ein Bestandteil der Flüssigkeit oder des Gels andere Schichten zerstört, wodurch eine nochmals verbesserte Fälschungssicherheit gegeben ist.In a further variant, a final layer can be provided which lays over the uppermost layer and which itself is not crackle-forming. This preferably consists of a liquid or gelatinous material. This material can be permanently or temporarily protected by a protective film from drying out, wherein in a preferred embodiment, the protective film for activating the security feature is removed. In another embodiment, such a layer is formed over the crackle pattern forming layer so that the crackle itself is no longer visible to the human eye. A visualization can be done for example by testing with infrared light, which further complicates a fake considerably. This layer may additionally form its own crackle pattern with a certain warming or change its composition and thus its appearance. The material is preferably composed so that in an attempt to peel off the security element or to separate the layers, a constituent of the liquid or gel destroys other layers, thereby providing further improved tamper resistance.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform werden einzelne oder sämtliche Risse der obersten Krakeleeschicht von einer zusätzlich anliegenden Schutzschicht überzogen. Dadurch werden die mit dieser Schutzschicht überzogenen Risse konserviert. Dabei können einzelne Risse ausgelassen werden, so dass diese sich gegebenenfalls anders als die geschützten Bereiche weiterentwickeln. Auf diese Weise hat man sowohl fixierte als auch dynamische Risse. Der Fälscher weiß nicht, welche Bereiche nun zufällig oder bewusst geschützt sind. Auch weiß der Fälscher nicht, welche Bereiche des Sicherheitselementes, d.h. welche Krakeleestrukturen letztendlich Bestandteil der später durchgeführten Durchmusterung (Scan) sind. Es ist daher unmöglich, dieses Sicherheitselement nachzuahmen, Insbesondre wenn der Scan-Bereich bei jedem Auslesevorgang leicht verschoben wird.In a preferred embodiment, any or all of the cracks in the top crackle layer are covered by an additional protective layer. As a result, the cracks coated with this protective layer are preserved. In this case, individual cracks can be omitted, so that they may evolve differently than the protected areas. In this way you have both fixed and dynamic cracks. The forger does not know which areas are now accidentally or deliberately protected. Also, the counterfeiter does not know which areas of the security element, i. which fracture structures are ultimately part of the later performed scan. It is therefore impossible to mimic this security element, especially if the scan area is slightly shifted each time it is read.
Grundsätzlich erfolgt die Sicherheitsprüfung des mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Sicherheitselement gekennzeichneten Gegenstandes oder Lebewesens anhand von Strukturdaten, die das Krakeleemuster oder Teile davon zu einem fixen Zeitpunkt wiedergeben. Diese Strukturdaten werden in einen Datensatz oder mehrere Datensätze umgewandelt, der/die einer oder mehreren Datenbanken über einen oder mehrere getrennte Verbindungswege zur Verfügung gestellt wird/werden. Die neu hinzugekommenen Datensätze werden gegebenenfalls bei jeder Prüfung neu aktualisiert. Bei einer erneuten Prüfung wird sich zumindest ein Teil des Krakeleemusters seit diesem Zeitpunkt weiterentwickelt haben, während ein anderer Teil die noch charakteristischen Strukturen aufweist. Anhand von mehreren Scans kann festgestellt werden, ob es sich um ein Original oder eine Fälschung handelt. Dabei können sich die durchmusterten Bereiche nicht, einfach oder mehrfach überlappen. Ferner ist es möglich, dass neben den überlappenden Bereichen zusätzlich ein unabhängiger oder mehrere unabhängige Prüfbereiche außerhalb der Überlappung abgetastet und erfasst wird/werden. Dabei werden die von dem Prüfvorgang oder den Prüfvorgängen erfassten Sicherheitsmerkmale mit den in einer oder mehreren Datenbanken hinterlegten Merkmalen abgeglichen und veränderte oder neue Merkmale werden gespeichert. Anhand solcher Scans ist es nahezu unmöglich, ein Krakeleemuster erfolgreich nachzuahmen und insbesondere nicht über einen längeren Zeitraum unerkannt zu bleiben.In principle, the security check of the object or living being marked with the security element according to the invention takes place on the basis of structural data which reproduce the crackle pattern or parts thereof at a fixed point in time. This structural data is converted into one or more data records that are provided to one or more databases via one or more separate connection paths. If necessary, the newly added data records will be updated each time they are checked. Upon re-examination, at least part of the crackle pattern will have evolved since then, while another part will still have the characteristic structures. Multiple scans can be used to determine if it is an original or a fake. The scanned areas can not overlap one or more times. It is also possible that, in addition to the overlapping areas, an independent or several independent test areas are scanned and recorded outside of the overlap. In this case, the security features detected by the checking process or the checking processes are compared with the features stored in one or more databases and changed or new features are stored. On the basis of such scans, it is almost impossible, a crackle pattern successful imitation and, in particular, not to remain unrecognized over a longer period of time.
Das erfindungsgemäße Sicherheitselement ist vorzugsweise mehrschichtig aufgebaut. Neben der Krakeleemusterschicht können noch weitere sicherheitsrelevante Schichten über, unter und/oder innerhalb der Krakeleemusterschicht angeordnet sein. Eine der untersten Schichten kann auch eine stabile Trägerschicht sein. Durch die Kombination einer Krakeleemusterschicht mit weiteren Sicherheitsmerkmalen wird die Fehlerquote noch weiter herabgesenkt, z.B. können sogenannte Falsch-Negativ-Fehler vermieden werden. Auch wird eine situationsbedingt flexible Identifikation einer Person im Rahmen einer Authentifikation möglich.The security element according to the invention is preferably constructed in multiple layers. In addition to the crackle pattern layer, further security-relevant layers may be arranged above, below and / or within the crackle pattern layer. One of the lowermost layers can also be a stable carrier layer. The combination of a crackle pattern layer with other security features further reduces the error rate, e.g. So-called false-negative errors can be avoided. Also, a situation-dependent flexible identification of a person in the context of an authentication is possible.
Das Auslesen der Krakeleemuster-bildenden Schicht kann teilweise oder vollständig durch die Eigenschaften einer darüber oder darunter angeordneten Schicht beeinflusst oder gar erst ermöglicht werden.The readout of the crackle pattern-forming layer can be partially or completely influenced or even made possible by the properties of a layer arranged above or below it.
Bestimmte Bereiche einer oder mehrerer Schichten des Sicherheitselementes können zumindest bereichsweise abgedeckt sein. Beispielsweise kann eine transluzide oder deckende Schutzschicht oder Firnissschicht auf die Krakeleeschicht aufgetragen sein, so dass das Krakelee beispielsweise unter UV-, IR-,oder Normallicht nicht oder nur teilweise sichtbar ist oder eben gerade erst dann sichtbar wird.Certain areas of one or more layers of the security element can be covered at least in certain areas. For example, a translucent or opaque protective layer or Firnissschicht be applied to the crackle layer, so that the crackle, for example, under UV, IR, or normal light is not or only partially visible or just then becomes visible.
Bei der durchgeführten Durchmusterung kann ein weiterer Sicherheitsfaktor mit einbezogen werden, indem unterschiedliche, übereinander angeordnete Schichten mit unterschiedlichen Licht-Wellenlängen durchmustert werden. Je nach Auslesevorgang können Krakeleemuster mit Normallicht (380 bis 780 nm), UV-Licht (1 bis 380 nm) oder IR-A1 (780 bis 1100 nm) oder IR-A2-Licht (1100 bis 1400 nm) sichtbar gemacht werden. Beispielsweise kann die oberste Ebene mit einer IR1-Lichtquelle mit einer Wellenlänge von 900 nm durchmustert werden, so dass lediglich das Krakeleemuster dieser Schicht sichtbar gemacht wird. Die darunter liegende Schicht und deren Krakeleemuster kann dann mit einer anderen Wellenlänge von beispielsweise 1200 nm sichtbar gemacht werden. Bevorzugte IR-Bereiche, mit denen verschiedene Scans gemacht werden und die trotzdem ausreichend beabstandet sind, liegen bei etwa 780 nm bis etwa 1100 nm (IR-A1) und etwa 1100 nm bis 1400 nm (1R-A2). Durch die Kombination verschiedener Wellenlängen und/oder Meßmethoden wird ein weiterer Sicherheitsfaktor mit einbezogen, der sich für das erfindungsgemäße Sicherheitselement nutzen lässt. Der Fälscher weiß nicht, welcher Bereich wann mit welcher Wellenlänge durchmusterst wird, und welches Krakeleemuster (oder sonstiges Sicherheitsmerkmal oder Kombination von Sicherheitsmerkmalen) er zu erwarten bzw. auszuwerten hat.In the survey performed, a further safety factor can be included by screening different superimposed layers of different light wavelengths. Depending on the reading process, crackle patterns can be visualized with standard light (380 to 780 nm), UV light (1 to 380 nm) or IR-A1 (780 to 1100 nm) or IR-A2 light (1100 to 1400 nm). For example, the top level can be screened with an IR1 light source having a wavelength of 900 nm, so that only the crackle pattern of this layer is made visible. The underlying layer and its crackle pattern can then be made visible at a different wavelength of, for example, 1200 nm. Preferred IR regions with which different scans are made, yet sufficiently spaced, are from about 780 nm to about 1100 nm (IR-A1) and about 1100 nm to 1400 nm (1R-A2). The combination of different wavelengths and / or measurement methods, a further safety factor is included, which can be used for the security element according to the invention. The counterfeiter does not know which region is patterned when, at what wavelength, and which crackle pattern (or otherwise) Security feature or combination of security features) it has to expect or evaluate.
Vorzugsweise wird das Krakeleemuster mit seinen Rissen, Ausbrüchen, Schrumpfungen, Abnutzungen und/oder Verschmutzungen sowie gegebenenfalls weiteren Sicherheitsmerkmalen in gleichen oder aber unterschiedlichen Bereichen einer Schicht mit unterschiedlichen Messmethoden oder Parametern abgetastet und erfasst, wobei jede Messmethode oder jeder Parameter einen eigenen Datensatz ilefern kann, der zusammen oder getrennt in einer oder mehreren bestehenden Datenbanken erfasst und gegebenenfalls aktualisiert wird. Ein getrenntes Übermitteln und/oder Abspeichern der Daten erhöht hierbei den Schutz vor Datenzugriff durch unbefugte Dritte ganz erheblich. Das Festlegen dieser Parameter und die Auswahl der Messmethoden kann flexibel sein. Es kann zufällig erfolgen oder gemäss einer vordefinierten Logik oder Algorithmus.Preferably, the crackle pattern is scanned and recorded with its cracks, breakouts, shrinkage, wear and / or contamination and optionally other security features in the same or different areas of a layer with different measurement methods or parameters, each measurement method or parameter can ilefern their own record, collected together or separately in one or more existing databases and updated as appropriate. Separate transmission and / or storage of the data considerably increases the protection against data access by unauthorized third parties. Setting these parameters and choosing the measurement methods can be flexible. It can be done randomly or according to a predefined logic or algorithm.
In einer Ausführungsform wird das Krakeleemuster, insbesondere Risse, Ausbrüche, Abnutzungen, Schrumpfungen oder Verunreinigungen in unterschiedlichen Bereichen einer Schicht mit unterschiedlichen Messmethoden oder Parametern abgetastet und erfasst, wobei jede Messmethode oder jeder Parameter einen eigenen Datensatz liefern kann, der in einer oder mehreren gegebenenfalls unabhängigen Datenbanken auf einem oder mehreren gegebenenfalls unabhängigen Übertragungswegen erfasst, gespeichert sowie bei Bedarf ausgelesen oder aktualisiert wird, wobei frühere Datensätze gegebenenfalls nicht überschrieben, sondern durch die neuen Daten und eine neue Versionsnummer mit Zeitstempel ergänzt werden.In one embodiment, the crackle pattern, in particular cracks, eruptions, erosions, shrinkages or impurities in different regions of a layer is scanned and recorded with different measurement methods or parameters, wherein each measurement method or parameter can provide its own data set, which may be independent or independent Databases are recorded on one or more independent independent transmission paths, stored and read out or updated as needed, where previous records may not be overwritten, but supplemented by the new data and a new version number with timestamp.
Auch durch die Wahl eines bestimmten Abtastwinkels für die Scanvorrichtung und/oder die Art und den Einstrahlwinkel für das zur Abtastung verwendete Licht (z. B. polarisiertes Licht, Streif- oder Schräglicht oder Kombinationen davon) lässt sich ein weiteres Sicherheitsmerkmal schaffen Je nach Wahl des Lichtes oder des Winkels wird das erhaltene Bild des Krakeleemusters anders ausfallen. Dasselbe gilt für den Einsatz von fluoreszierendem Licht und anderen Lichtarten.The choice of a particular scanning angle for the scanning device and / or the type and angle of incidence for the light used for scanning (eg polarized light, striped or oblique light or combinations thereof) can also provide a further security feature Light or angle, the resulting image of the crackle pattern will turn out differently. The same applies to the use of fluorescent light and other types of light.
Vorzugsweise kann daher das Krakeleemuster in einem variablen Abtast- und/oder Einstrahlwinkel abgetastet und erfasst werden, wobei der Abtastwinkel/Einstrahlwinkel und/oder die Abtastwellenlänge gegebenenfalls als zusätzliche Sicherheitsmerkmale in die Datenbank/en aufgenommen werden können.Preferably, therefore, the crackle pattern can be scanned and detected at a variable scanning and / or angle of incidence, wherein the scanning angle / angle of incidence and / or the scanning wavelength can optionally be included in the database (s) as additional security features.
Die vorliegende Erfindung wird in den nachfolgenden Zeichnungen näher erläutert.
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Fig. 1 zeigt den grundsätzlichen Aufbau eines Sicherheitselementes mit Krakeleeschichten und deren Analyse/Prüfung/Abtastung (Scan), -
Fig. 2 zeigt einen weiteren Aufbau sowie Methoden zur Prüfung eines Sicherheitselementes, -
Fig. 3 zeigt die Anordnung einer Krakeleeschicht mit darüber liegender Schutzschicht.
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Fig. 1 shows the basic structure of a security element with crackle layers and their analysis / testing / scanning (scan), -
Fig. 2 shows a further structure and methods for testing a security element, -
Fig. 3 shows the arrangement of a crackle layer with overlying protective layer.
In
Die einzelnen Schichten 10, 12 können zur Datenerfassung oder Identifikation mit verschiedenen Messmethoden durchmustert werden. Dabei können die einzelnen Risse 14, 16, 18 mit Licht unterschiedlicher Beschaffenheit und Wellenlänge oder unter unterschiedlichen Einstrahl-/Abtastwinkeln durchmustert werden, wie in der vorliegenden Ausführungsform gezeigt. Je nach Wellenlänge werden auf diese Weise unterschiedliche Rissfraktionen in den einzelnen Schichten 10, 12 erkennbar. In der gezeigten Ausführungsform wird die oberste Schicht 12 mit einer ersten Wellenlänge 22 (Normallicht) durchmustert, wodurch die Krakeleerisse 16, 18 dieser Schicht 12 sichtbar gemacht werden, Die oberste Schicht 12 ist dabei so ausgelegt, dass jeweils nur Infrarotstrahlen einer Wellenlängen 20 hindurchgehen. Mit dieser zweiten Wellenlänge 20 (z.B. IR-Licht bei 900 nm oder 1200 nm) können die Krakeleerisse 14 der darunter liegenden Schicht 10 sichtbar gemacht werden. Mit den so erhaltenen Strukturdaten hat man ein fälschungssicheres Sicherheitsmerkmal in der Hand, das sich nicht nachahmen lässt. Der Fälscher weiß nicht, bei welcher Wellenlänge eine Abtastung zu erfolgen hat, um ein bestimmtes Bild des Krakeleemusters zu generieren. Als weiteres Sicherheitsmerkmal kann der Abtastwinkel oder Einstrahlwinkel für das Licht herangezogen werden. Je nach Winkel erhält man ein unterschiedliches Bild von dem Krakeleemuster. Die Angabe des Winkels stellt ein weiteres Sicherheitsmerkmal dar. Es kann zudem über einen Algorithmus individuell bei jeder Prüfung der Winkel für die nächste Prüfung neu berechnet werden und weitere Scans zur Datenerfassung für eine nachfolgende Prüfung erfolgen. Der Winkel kann auch manuell festgelegt werden. Des Weiteren kann das Prüfergebnis auch mit einem vorhandenen 3D-Bild des Krakeleemusters verglichen werden. Durch einfache mechanische Behandlung oder die Behandlung mit Ultraschall kann die Krakeleebildung in bestimmten Bereichen eingeleitet, beschleunigt oder verändert werden.The
In Flg. 2 erkennt man ein mehrschichtiges Sicherheltselement. In den einzelnen Schichten sind einzelne Risse und Sprünge als Krakelee sichtbar. In der obersten Schicht 4 erkennt man zudem Stellen, an denen Gebrauchsspuren bestehen, Ausbrüche stattgefunden haben oder welche unbedeckt blieben. Durch die Trocknungs-, Alterungs- oder Abnutzungsprozesse erkennt man in der darunter liegenden Schicht 3 Krakeleerisse und Wölbungen. Zur Prüfung wird zunächst ein übereinstimmendes Merkmal aus der Datenbank für den ersten Prüfungsvorgang durchmustert (Prüfung 1). Bei der zweiten Prüfung wird der zu prüfende Bereich ausgedehnt und weitere Krakelüre erfasst (Prüfung 2). Bei der dritten Prüfung wird der Ist-Zustand der Oberfläche erfasst und weitere Merkmale mit aufgenommen, zum Beispiel weitere Karkeleestrukturen, Schrumpfungen oder Oberflächenmuster Durch diese ständige Aktualisierung einer bereits bestehenden Datenbank und den Vergleich der Prüfergebnisse von einer nachfolgenden Prüfung mit denen einer zuvor durchgeführten Prüfung wird ein hoher Sicherheitsstandard erreicht. Die Prüfschritte 1-3 können auch einzeln oder In anderer Reihenfolge oder Kombination mit anderen Prüfschritten durchgeführt werden.In Flg. 2 one recognizes a multilayer security element. In the individual layers, individual cracks and cracks are visible as crackles. In the
Eine Methode zur Erhöhung der Sicherheit und Schaffung weiterer Sicherheitsmerkmale besteht in dem Einsatz von Prüfgeräten mit unterschiedlichen Wellenlängenbereichen während eines der Prüfschritte 1-3 oder durch Ergänzung mit weiteren Prüfschritten (Vorgängen). Die einzelnen Prüfvorgänge bei den hier gezeigten Wellenlängen W1 (1 bis 380 nm; UV-A bis UV-C), W2 (380 bis 780 nm; Normallicht), W3 (780 bis 1100 nm; IR-A1) und W4 (1100 bis 1400 nm; IR-A2) sind dargestellt. IR-A3 deckt den Bereich 1400 nm - 1700 nm ab und wurde hier nicht abgebildet. Schutzfilme, wie Schutzlacke können beispielsweise mit einer ersten Wellenlänge W1, also mit UV-Licht sichtbar abgetastet werden und für das Auge sonst unsichtbare Veränderungen oder Muster zeigen. Schrumpfungen können mit Normallicht sichtbar abgetastet werden (W2). Diese zeichnen sich durch Runzelungen aus, welche beispielsweise auf hohe Bindemittelanteile zurückzuführen sind. Mit der Wellenlänge W1 oder W3 kann je nach Beschaffenheit des Schutzlackes die Krakelüre der darunter liegenden Schicht sichtbar gemacht und analysiert werden, falls diese bspw. vom Schutzlack überdeckt oder ausgefüllt wurde und für W2 unsichtbar war. Der gezeigte Krakeleeriss greift bis zur untersten Schicht 1 durch. Um Krakeleemuster der Zwischenschichten sichtbar zu machen, welche von darüber oder darunter liegenden verdeckt sind, werden bevorzugt Scan-Methoden im Infrarotbereich (IR) verwendet. Bei einer Durchmusterung mit der Wellenlänge W3 können beispielsweise speziell die Krakeleemuster der obersten Schichten 2 und 3 sichtbar gemacht werden. Das Krakelee der darunter liegenden Schicht 1 bleibt verborgen. Eine nachfolgende Durchmusterung bei einer Wellelänge W4 bringt dann auch Krakeleemuster hervor, welche in der untersten Schicht 1 ausgebildet sind. Die einzelnen Daten gelangen In Datenbanken und werden bevorzugt bei jedem Scan-Vorgang neu aktualisiert.One method to increase safety and provide additional safety features is to use test equipment with different wavelength ranges during one of test steps 1-3 or by supplementing with further test steps (operations). The individual test procedures at the wavelengths W1 shown here (1 to 380 nm, UV-A to UV-C), W2 (380 to 780 nm, normal light), W3 (780 to 1100 nm, IR-A1) and W4 (1100 to 1400 nm; IR-A2) are shown. IR-A3 covers the range 1400 nm - 1700 nm and was not shown here. Protective films, such as protective coatings, for example, can be scanned visibly with a first wavelength W1, that is to say with UV light, and show otherwise invisible changes or patterns to the eye. Shrinkage can be scanned visibly with normal light (W2). These are characterized by wrinkles, which are due for example to high binder levels. With the wavelength W1 or W3, depending on the nature of the Protective varnish Krakelüre the underlying layer can be made visible and analyzed if it was, for example, covered by the protective coating or filled and was invisible to W2. The crackle crack shown reaches through to the
Die Sicherheit kann noch welter erhöht werden, indem nicht nur die Wellenlänge des Abtastlichtes variiert wird, sondern auch der Abtastwinkel. Je nach Winkelgrad können unterschiedliche Krakeleemuster oder Schrumpfungsmuster entstehen. Winkelgrade. Abtast- und Einstrahlbereiche oder Wellenlänge sind dem Fälscher völlig unbekannt, so dass es nahezu unmöglich ist, dass er eine Sicherheitsprüfung übersteht. Die Krakeleebildung kann darüber hinaus beispielsweise mit Ultraschall beeinflusst werden, so dass zeitlich eng beabstandete Abfragezeitpunkte unterschiedliche Muster ermöglichen.The safety can be increased welter by not only the wavelength of the scanning light is varied, but also the scanning angle. Depending on the degree of angularity, different crackle pattern or shrinkage patterns can occur. Degrees. Scanning and irradiation areas or wavelengths are completely unknown to the counterfeiter, so that it is almost impossible for him to survive a safety test. In addition, the formation of spider lines can be influenced by ultrasound, for example, so that sampling times which are closely spaced in time enable different patterns.
Das gezeigte mehrschichtige Sicherheitselement kann auf beliebigen Oberflächen angebracht werden. Vorzugsweise wird hierfür eine Klebfläche auf der Vorder- oder Rückseite verwendet.The multilayer security element shown can be mounted on any surfaces. Preferably, an adhesive surface on the front or back is used for this purpose.
In
Beispielsweise kann die Prüfung und Auswahl der Wellenlänge so erfolgen, dass das unter der Schutzschicht 13 angeordnete Krakelee (oder Schrumpfung) für Normallicht nicht sichtbar ist. Die Schutzschicht 13 schirmt das Krakelee wirksam ab. Erst unter Zuhilfenahme anderer Analysenmethoden (z.B. IR-Licht bei einer bestimmten Wellenlänge; IR-A1 oder IR-A2) wird das Krakeleemuster sichtbar. Denkbar ist auch der Einsatz von UV-Strahlung, polarisiertem Licht, Fluoreszenz, Lumineszenz und Röntgenstrahlung zur Sichtbarmachung eines Krakeleemusters, wobei die Abtast- und Einstrahlwinkel variieren können.For example, the examination and selection of the wavelength may be such that the crackle (or shrinkage) under the
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Claims (15)
- Security element for marking, authenticating or identifying objects, in particular documents, securities, stamps, labels, currency notes, banknotes, identity documents, personal identity cards, other ID cards, passports, (chip) cards, access cards, credit cards, access control cards, tickets, driver's licenses, vehicle documents, banknotes, cheques, postage stamps, labels, vignettes, paintings, art objects, furniture, measuring devices, machine parts, machines, vehicles, cameras, mobile phones, computers, computer-like apparatuses, data storage media, printed materials, books, fabric, fashion items and sporting goods, technical devices, tools, paper and cardboard boxes, packaging, and products and the like, or living beings such as people, animals or plants, the security element comprising one or more layers (10, 12) of material which are arranged one next to or on top of the other or are overlapping and which can contain security markings, characterised in that at least one layer (10,12) of the security element comprises, at least in regions, a crackle pattern in the form of tears or cracks (14, 16, 18), nicks, wear or shrinkages (11), with or without possible soiling, which can be scanned and detected together or separately as a security feature, and the crackle pattern undergoes, at least in regions, a dynamic change process, as a result of which changes in the crackle pattern such as new tears or cracks (14, 16, 18) in the relevant layer(s) (10, 12) occur and can be detected.
- Security element according to claim 1, characterised in that the crackle pattern is produced or influenced physically, magnetically or chemically, the crackle pattern in the layer(s) (10, 12) being produced, influenced or made able to be influenced by means of primary or secondary drying, use or wear, the influence of heat, the influence of drying and moisture, temperature change, light or oxygen treatment, ultrasound treatment, soiling, cleaning, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, electric voltage or current, or by means of a colourant, a solvent or binder, or by means of solvent-containing and binder-containing substances or mixtures thereof, asphalt, tar, bitumen, oils, fats, resins, waxes, natural or synthetic polymers, oxidants or related substances or mixtures thereof.
- Security element according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the crackle pattern formation in a layer (10, 12) is produced, influenced or made able to be influenced by means of a layer (10, 12) arranged on top of or beneath it, or the natural or artificial crackle pattern is produced, influenced or made able to be influenced by means of UV light, heat, contact with a catalyst, gassing, soiling or a solvent which produces the crackle pattern formation by means of primary or secondary drying, use or wear, the influence of heat, the influence of drying and moisture, temperature change, light or oxygen treatment, ultrasound treatment, soiling, cleaning, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, electric voltage or current.
- Security element according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the crackle pattern formation in the crackle pattern-forming layer (10, 12) is reversible.
- Security element according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the crackle pattern-forming layer (10) is covered with a layer (12) arranged on top thereof which makes the crackle pattern invisible or only partly visible to the human eye or changes the appearance thereof to the human eye, or the crackle pattern-forming layer (10) is coated with a protective film (13) which only lets light of a certain wavelength through in order to protect the crackle pattern, the nicks, wear, shrinkages (11) and/or soiling or to make them visible or invisible.
- Method for producing a security element for marking, authenticating of identifying objects, in particular documents, securities, stamps, labels, currency notes, banknotes, identity documents, personal identity cards, other ID cards, passports, (chip) cards, access cards, credit cards, access control cards, tickets, driver's licenses, vehicle documents, banknotes, cheques, postage stamps, labels, vignettes, paintings, art objects, furniture, measuring devices, machine parts, machines, vehicles, cameras, mobile phones, computers, computer-like apparatuses, data storage media, printed materials, books, fabric, fashion items and sporting goods, technical devices, tools, paper and cardboard boxes, packaging, and products and the like, or living beings such as people, animals or plants, the security element comprising one or more layers of material which are arranged one next to or on top of the other or are overlapping and which can contain security markings, characterised in that in at least regions of at least one layer of the security element, a crackle pattern is produced, influenced or made able to be influenced, which pattern is in the form of tears or cracks, nicks, wear or shrinkages, with or without possible soiling, and can be scanned and detected as a security feature, and the crackle pattern undergoes, at least in regions, a dynamic change process, as a result of which changes in the crackle pattern such as new tears or cracks in the relevant layer(s) occur and can be detected.
- Method according to claim 6, characterised in that the entirety of or regions of the natural or artificial crackle pattern is influenced, made able to be influenced, activated, initiated, produced, introduced, accelerated, strengthened, promoted, altered, or slowed down, stopped or cancelled, i.e. made reversible, by the introduction of colourants, catalysts, solvents or binders, or by means of solvent-containing and binder-containing substances or mixtures thereof, and by the subsequent evaporation thereof in the crackle pattern-forming layer or a layer arranged on top of or beneath it.
- Method according to either claim 6 or claim 7, characterised in that the natural or artificial crackle pattern is produced, influenced or made able to be influenced by means of UV light, heat, contact with a catalyst, gassing, soiling or a solvent, primary or secondary drying, use or wear, the influence of heat, the influence of drying and moisture, temperature change, light or oxygen treatment, ultrasound treatment, soiling, cleaning, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, electric voltage or current, asphalt, tar, bitumen, oils, fats, resins, waxes, natural or synthetic polymers, oxidants or other chemical substances or mixtures thereof.
- Method for marking, authenticating or identifying objects, in particular documents, securities, stamps, labels, currency notes, banknotes, identity documents, personal identity cards, other ID cards, passports, (chip) cards, access cards, credit cards, access control cards, tickets, driver's licenses, vehicle documents, banknotes, cheques, postage stamps, labels, vignettes, paintings, art objects, furniture, measuring devices, machine parts, machines, vehicles, cameras, mobile phones, computers, computer-like apparatuses, data storage media, printed materials, books, fabric, fashion items and sporting goods, technical devices, tools, paper and cardboard boxes, packaging, and products and the like, or living beings such as people, animals or plants, by means of scanning and detecting one or more layers of material that are arranged one next to or on top of the other or are overlapping and can contain security markings, or individual regions thereof, characterised in that in at least regions of at least one layer, a crackle pattern is produced, influenced or made able to be influenced, which pattern is in the form of tears or cracks, nicks, wear or shrinkages, with or without possible soiling, and can be scanned and detected as a security feature, as well as by means of comparing the data obtained in this manner with one or more databases on one or more optionally separate transmission routes in an individual or collective manner.
- Method according to claim 9, characterised in that the region to be checked comprises one or more overlapping portions of the security element and instead of or in addition to the overlapping checking regions an independent checking region or a plurality of independent checking regions is/are optionally scanned and detected and the security features detected by the checking process(es) are compared with the features stored in one or more databases and altered or new features are stored.
- Method according to either claim 9 or claim 10, characterised in that the crackle pattern, in particular tears, nicks, wear, shrinkages or soiling, is scanned and detected in different layers at different wavelengths or by means of polarised light, glancing or oblique light, UV, IR, X-rays or combinations thereof.
- Method according to any of claims 9 to 11, characterised in that the crackle pattern, in particular the tears, nicks, wear, shrinkages or soiling, is scanned and detected in different regions of a layer by means of different measuring methods or parameters, each measuring method or parameter providing a separate data set which is detected, stored and read out or updated as required in one or more optionally independent databases on one of more optionally independent transmission routes, earlier data sets not being overwritten, but rather extended by means of the new data and a new version number together with a time stamp.
- Method according to any of claims 9 to 12, characterised in that the crackle pattern, in particular tears, nicks, wear, shrinkages or soiling, is scanned and detected at a variable scanning angle and/or radiation angle, the scanning/radiation angle and/or the scanning wavelength is/are optionally recorded as additional security features in the database.
- Method according to any of claims 9 to 13, characterised in that instead of or in addition to the crackle pattern, in particular the tears, nicks, wear or shrinkages, additional features of the surface topography of one or more of the layers are analysed and/or detected.
- Use of a security element according to any of claims 1 to 5 for authenticating a person or an object or for authorising, triggering, continuing, carrying out or ending an activity.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102009033221A DE102009033221A1 (en) | 2009-07-14 | 2009-07-14 | Security element for marking or identification of objects and living beings |
PCT/EP2010/004270 WO2011006640A2 (en) | 2009-07-14 | 2010-07-14 | Security element for marking or identifying objects and living beings |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP2454103A2 EP2454103A2 (en) | 2012-05-23 |
EP2454103B1 true EP2454103B1 (en) | 2018-05-30 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP10734455.8A Active EP2454103B1 (en) | 2009-07-14 | 2010-07-14 | Security element for marking or identifying objects and living beings and manifacturing method |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
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US (2) | US20120175866A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2454103B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5665865B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BR112012000891B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102009033221A1 (en) |
RU (1) | RU2527374C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2011006640A2 (en) |
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RU2012105004A (en) | 2013-08-20 |
JP5665865B2 (en) | 2015-02-04 |
WO2011006640A3 (en) | 2011-06-16 |
DE102009033221A1 (en) | 2011-01-27 |
US9600951B2 (en) | 2017-03-21 |
BR112012000891A2 (en) | 2016-02-23 |
RU2527374C2 (en) | 2014-08-27 |
EP2454103A2 (en) | 2012-05-23 |
US20120175866A1 (en) | 2012-07-12 |
WO2011006640A2 (en) | 2011-01-20 |
BR112012000891B1 (en) | 2019-12-31 |
JP2012532776A (en) | 2012-12-20 |
US20140231511A1 (en) | 2014-08-21 |
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