EP2436240B1 - Cascade accelerator - Google Patents
Cascade accelerator Download PDFInfo
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- EP2436240B1 EP2436240B1 EP10717563.0A EP10717563A EP2436240B1 EP 2436240 B1 EP2436240 B1 EP 2436240B1 EP 10717563 A EP10717563 A EP 10717563A EP 2436240 B1 EP2436240 B1 EP 2436240B1
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- cascade
- electrodes
- accelerator
- voltage
- cascade accelerator
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H5/00—Direct voltage accelerators; Accelerators using single pulses
- H05H5/06—Multistage accelerators
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
Definitions
- the invention relates to a cascade accelerator with two sets of each connected in series, connected via diodes in the manner of a Greinacherkaskade capacitors. It further relates to a radiotherapy device with such a cascade accelerator.
- ionizing radiation is used to cure or delay disease progression.
- high-energy beams mainly gamma radiation, X-rays and electrons are used.
- Particle accelerators are commonly used to generate an electron beam either for direct therapy or X-ray generation.
- charged particles are brought to high speeds and thus kinetic energies by electric fields, with the electric fields in some types of accelerators being produced by electromagnetic induction in variable magnetic fields.
- the particles acquire a kinetic energy that corresponds to a multiple of their own rest energy.
- the particle accelerators distinguish between cyclic acceleration particle accelerators such as the betatron or cyclotron and those with straight acceleration.
- the latter allow a more compact design and also include so-called cascade accelerators (also Cockcroft Walton accelerator) in which by means of a Greinacher circuit, which is repeatedly cascaded, by multiplication and rectification an AC voltage high DC voltage and thus a strong electric field can be generated.
- the functioning of the Greinacher circuit is based on an arrangement of diodes and capacitors.
- the negative half-wave of an AC voltage source charges via a first diode to a first capacitor to the voltage of the AC voltage source.
- the subsequent positive half-wave then adds the voltage of the first capacitor to the voltage of the AC voltage source, so that a second capacitor is charged via a second diode now to twice the output voltage of the AC voltage source.
- the respective first capacitors form a first set of capacitors of the cascade connected directly in series, the respective second capacitors a corresponding second set.
- the diodes form the cross-connection between the sets.
- a cascade accelerator according to the preamble of claim 1 is made EP 0 412 896 A1 known.
- the electrodes of the capacitors of this cascade accelerator are insulated from one another by a pressurized gas, in particular SF 6
- the invention is therefore based on the object to provide a cascade accelerator having a particularly high achievable particle energy in a compact design.
- a cascade accelerator with a formed by openings in the electrodes of the capacitors of a set to one in the area Acceleration channel directed to the electrode with the highest voltage arranged particle source, wherein the electrodes of the capacitors are insulated from one another with the exception of the acceleration channel with a solid or liquid insulating material.
- the invention is based on the consideration that an increase in the energy of the generated particle beam of the cascade accelerator would be possible by increasing the acceleration voltage.
- the distance between the individual capacitor plates of the cascade accelerator could be increased.
- the capacitors should therefore be otherwise protected against electrical flashovers.
- appropriate liquid or solid insulators should be used, which allow a reliable insulation of the capacitor plates. This can be achieved by the interstices of the electrodes is filled to the acceleration channel with a solid or liquid insulating material.
- a cascade accelerator high voltages should be secured in addition to a corresponding insulation thickness by a corresponding design of the geometry against electrical breakdown. Therefore, voltage generation and particle accelerators should be integrated and the components with particularly high voltage should be accommodated within the smallest possible volume.
- a spherical or ellipsoid geometry is of particular advantage.
- a spherical geometry means a particularly small volume in terms of the maximum possible electric field strength within the insulator and therefore also a particularly small mass.
- deformation towards an ellipsoid may be desired.
- a plurality of electrodes are formed as concentric hollow ellipsoidal segments spaced apart from the particle source.
- a particularly simple construction which combines the advantages of an ellipsoid geometry with the simple generation of stress within a Greinach cascade is possible in that the electrodes designed as hollow ellipsoidal segments are each half-hollow ellipsoids, i. that is, separation at the equator of the respective hollow ellipsoid so that the resulting multiple layers of semi-hollow ellipsoids form the two sets of capacitors needed for the Greinach cascade.
- the acceleration channel then advantageously leads through the vertex of the respective semi-hollow ellipsoid, whereby a particularly simple geometry is achieved.
- the respective diodes are arranged in the region of a great circle of the respective semi-hollow ellipsoid. Namely, when the half-hollow ellipsoids each form the two sets of capacitors connected in series, the diodes each connect half-hollow ellipsoids on alternating hemispheres. The diodes can then be arranged for an especially simple construction within an equatorial section.
- a uniform voltage gradient along the acceleration path, d. H. be provided between the individual electrodes of the Greinacherkaskade. This can be achieved by a plurality of electrodes are equidistant from each other. Since the electrodes of each set have a linear voltage increase, this results in a practically linear increase in the voltage along the acceleration channel.
- the particle source is a cold cathode. Electrodes of a cold cathode are unheated and remain so cold during operation that no glow emission takes place on them. This allows a particularly simple construction of the cascade accelerator.
- the acceleration channel allows the particle stream to be extracted from the cascade accelerator.
- the acceleration channel should comprise a cylindrical wall coated with diamond-like carbon and / or oxidized diamond. These materials are able to withstand these comparatively high voltages.
- such a cascade accelerator is used in a radiotherapy device.
- the advantages achieved by the invention are in particular that in a cascade accelerator based on a Greinacherkaskade by embedding particle source and / or electrodes in a solid or liquid insulating material, a particularly high acceleration voltage for the acceleration of charged particles can be generated.
- a particularly high acceleration voltage for the acceleration of charged particles can be generated.
- the electrodes in a spherical or ellipsoidal geometry a particularly compact design is possible and the two capacitor sets of the Greinacher circuit are additionally used as concentric potential equilibration electrodes for the electric field distribution around the particle source and high voltage electrode.
- Such a cascade accelerator enables a particularly high voltage with a particularly compact design, as is particularly desirable in medical applications.
- the cascade generator 1 after the FIG. 1 has a first set 2 and a second set 4 of semi-hollow spherical electrodes. These are arranged concentrically around a particle source 6.
- an acceleration channel 8 which is directed to the particle source 6 and allows extraction of the particle stream 10, which emanates from the particle source 6 and receives a high acceleration voltage from the hollow-spherical high-voltage electrode 12.
- the particle source 6 can be completely embedded in a solid or liquid insulating material 14, so that the space between high voltage electrode 12 and particle source 6 except for the acceleration channel 8 with the insulating material 14 is completed.
- particularly high voltages can be applied to the high-voltage electrode 12, which results in a particularly high particle energy.
- the electrodes or the capacitor plates of the electrodes can be insulated from one another substantially up to the acceleration channel 8 by the solid or liquid insulating material 14.
- the voltage generation of the high voltage on the high voltage electrode 12 is done by means of a Greinacherkaskade 20, which serves as a circuit diagram in the FIG. 2 is shown.
- a Greinacherkaskade 20 which serves as a circuit diagram in the FIG. 2 is shown.
- At the input 22 an AC voltage U is applied.
- the first half-wave charges the capacitor 26 to the voltage U via the diode 24.
- the voltage U from the capacitor 26 is added to the voltage U at the input 22, so that the capacitor 28 is now charged via the diode 30 to the voltage 2U.
- This process is repeated in the subsequent diodes and capacitors, so that in the in FIG. 2 shown circuit total at the output 32, the voltage 6U is achieved.
- the FIG. 2 also clearly shows how each of the first set 2 of capacitors and the second set 4 of capacitors is formed by the illustrated circuit.
- each in the FIG. 2 interconnected electrodes of two capacitors are now in the cascade accelerator 1 after the FIG. 1 each formed as a semi-hollow spherical shell concentric.
- the voltage U of the voltage source 22 is applied to the outermost shells 40, 42.
- the diodes for forming the circuit are arranged in the region of the great circle of the respective semi-hollow sphere, ie in the equatorial section of the respective hollow spheres.
- This field strength is quadratically dependent on the radius and thus increases strongly towards the inner electrode.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Radiation-Therapy Devices (AREA)
- Particle Accelerators (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Kaskadenbeschleuniger mit zwei Sätzen von jeweils in Reihe geschalteten, über Dioden in der Art einer Greinacherkaskade verschalteten Kondensatoren. Sie betrifft weiterhin ein Strahlentherapiegerät mit einem derartigen Kaskadenbeschleuniger.The invention relates to a cascade accelerator with two sets of each connected in series, connected via diodes in the manner of a Greinacherkaskade capacitors. It further relates to a radiotherapy device with such a cascade accelerator.
In der medizinischen Strahlentherapie wird ionisierende Strahlung verwendet, um Krankheiten zu heilen oder deren Fortschreiten zu verzögern. Als ionisierende, hochenergetische Strahlen werden vorwiegend Gammastrahlung, Röntgenstrahlung und Elektronen verwendet.In medical radiotherapy, ionizing radiation is used to cure or delay disease progression. As ionizing, high-energy beams mainly gamma radiation, X-rays and electrons are used.
Zur Erzeugung eines Elektronenstrahls entweder zum direkten Therapieeinsatz oder zur Erzeugung von Röntgenstrahlung werden üblicherweise Teilchenbeschleuniger verwendet. In Teilchenbeschleunigern werden geladene Teilchen durch elektrische Felder auf große Geschwindigkeiten und damit kinetische Energien gebracht, wobei die elektrischen Felder bei einigen Beschleunigertypen durch elektromagnetische Induktion in veränderlichen Magnetfeldern entstehen. Dabei erlangen die Teilchen eine Bewegungsenergie, die einem Vielfachen ihrer eigenen Ruheenergie entspricht.Particle accelerators are commonly used to generate an electron beam either for direct therapy or X-ray generation. In particle accelerators, charged particles are brought to high speeds and thus kinetic energies by electric fields, with the electric fields in some types of accelerators being produced by electromagnetic induction in variable magnetic fields. The particles acquire a kinetic energy that corresponds to a multiple of their own rest energy.
Bei den Teilchenbeschleunigern wird zwischen Teilchenbeschleunigern mit zyklischer Beschleunigung wie beispielsweise dem Betatron oder dem Zyklotron und solchen mit geradliniger Beschleunigung unterschieden. Letztere ermöglichen eine kompaktere Bauweise und umfassen auch so genannte Kaskadenbeschleuniger (auch Cockcroft-Walton-Beschleuniger), bei denen mittels einer Greinacherschaltung, welche mehrfach hintereinander geschaltet (kaskadiert) wird, durch Vervielfachung und Gleichrichtung eine Wechselspannung eine hohe Gleichspannung und damit ein starkes elektrisches Feld erzeugt werden kann.The particle accelerators distinguish between cyclic acceleration particle accelerators such as the betatron or cyclotron and those with straight acceleration. The latter allow a more compact design and also include so-called cascade accelerators (also Cockcroft Walton accelerator) in which by means of a Greinacher circuit, which is repeatedly cascaded, by multiplication and rectification an AC voltage high DC voltage and thus a strong electric field can be generated.
Die Funktionsweise der Greinacherschaltung basiert dabei auf einer Anordnung von Dioden und Kondensatoren. Die negative Halbwelle einer Wechselspannungsquelle lädt über eine erste Diode einen ersten Kondensator auf die Spannung der Wechselspannungsquelle auf. Bei der darauf folgenden positiven Halbwelle addiert sich dann die Spannung des ersten Kondensators mit der Spannung der Wechselspannungsquelle, so dass ein zweiter Kondensator über eine zweite Diode nun auf die doppelte Ausgangsspannung der Wechselspannungsquelle aufgeladen wird. Durch mehrfache Kaskadierung in der Art einer Greinacherkaskade erhält man so einen Spannungsvervielfacher. Die jeweils ersten Kondensatoren bilden dabei einen ersten Satz von unmittelbar in Serie geschalteten Kondensatoren der Kaskade, die jeweils zweiten Kondensatoren einen entsprechenden zweiten Satz. Die Dioden bilden die Querverbindung zwischen den Sätzen.The functioning of the Greinacher circuit is based on an arrangement of diodes and capacitors. The negative half-wave of an AC voltage source charges via a first diode to a first capacitor to the voltage of the AC voltage source. In the subsequent positive half-wave then adds the voltage of the first capacitor to the voltage of the AC voltage source, so that a second capacitor is charged via a second diode now to twice the output voltage of the AC voltage source. By multiple cascading in the manner of a Greinacherkaskade one obtains such a voltage multiplier. The respective first capacitors form a first set of capacitors of the cascade connected directly in series, the respective second capacitors a corresponding second set. The diodes form the cross-connection between the sets.
In einem derartigen Kaskadenbeschleuniger ist es möglich, vergleichsweise hohe Teilchenenergien im Megaelektronenvoltbereich zu erreichen. Dabei besteht jedoch insbesondere bei unter normalem Luftdruck aufgestellten Kaskadenbeschleunigern die Gefahr elektrischer Überschläge (Durchschlagsspannung Luft: 3 kV/mm), wodurch die maximale Teilchenenergie in unerwünschter Weise limitiert wird.In such a cascade accelerator, it is possible to achieve comparatively high particle energies in the megaelectron volt range. However, there is the risk of electrical flashovers (breakdown voltage air: 3 kV / mm), especially in the case of cascade accelerators set up under normal atmospheric pressure, whereby the maximum particle energy is undesirably limited.
Ein Kaskadenbeschleuniger gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1 ist aus
Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Kaskadenbeschleuniger anzugeben, der bei kompakter Bauweise eine besonders hohe erreichbare Teilchenenergie aufweist.The invention is therefore based on the object to provide a cascade accelerator having a particularly high achievable particle energy in a compact design.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß gelöst durch einen Kaskadenbeschleuniger mit einem durch Öffnungen in den Elektroden der Kondensatoren eines Satzes gebildeten, auf eine im Bereich der Elektrode mit der höchsten Spannung angeordneten Teilchenquelle gerichteten Beschleunigungskanal, wobei die Elektroden der Kondensatoren zueinander bis auf den Beschleunigungskanal mit einem festen oder flüssigen Isoliermaterial isoliert sind.This object is achieved by a cascade accelerator with a formed by openings in the electrodes of the capacitors of a set to one in the area Acceleration channel directed to the electrode with the highest voltage arranged particle source, wherein the electrodes of the capacitors are insulated from one another with the exception of the acceleration channel with a solid or liquid insulating material.
Die Erfindung geht dabei von der Überlegung aus, dass eine Erhöhung der Energie des erzeugten Teilchenstrahls des Kaskadenbeschleunigers durch eine Erhöhung der Beschleunigungsspannung möglich wäre. Um die dabei entstehende Gefahr des elektrischen Überschlages zu minimieren, könnte der Abstand der einzelnen Kondensatorplatten des Kaskadenbeschleunigers vergrößert werden. Allerdings würde dies einer kompakten Bauweise widersprechen, die gerade für die Einsatzfähigkeit im medizinischen Bereich erwünscht ist. Um eine Erhöhung der Beschleunigungsspannung bei gleichzeitig kompakter Bauweise zu ermöglichen, sollten die Kondensatoren daher anderweitig gegen elektrische Überschläge geschützt werden. Dazu sollten entsprechende flüssige oder feste Isolatoren verwendet werden, die eine zuverlässige Isolierung der Kondensatorplatten ermöglichen. Dies ist erreichbar, indem die Zwischenräume der Elektroden bis auf den Beschleunigungskanal mit einem festen oder flüssigen Isoliermaterial ausgefüllt ist.The invention is based on the consideration that an increase in the energy of the generated particle beam of the cascade accelerator would be possible by increasing the acceleration voltage. In order to minimize the resulting risk of electrical flashover, the distance between the individual capacitor plates of the cascade accelerator could be increased. However, this would contradict a compact design, which is just wanted for the use in the medical field. In order to allow an increase in the acceleration voltage at the same time compact design, the capacitors should therefore be otherwise protected against electrical flashovers. For this purpose, appropriate liquid or solid insulators should be used, which allow a reliable insulation of the capacitor plates. This can be achieved by the interstices of the electrodes is filled to the acceleration channel with a solid or liquid insulating material.
Die in einem Kaskadenbeschleuniger entstehenden hohen Spannungen sollten neben einer entsprechenden Isolierungsdicke auch durch eine entsprechende Ausgestaltung der Geometrie gegen ein elektrisches Durchschlagen gesichert sein. Daher sollten Spannungserzeugung und Teilchenbeschleuniger integriert sein und die Bauteile mit besonders hoher Spannung innerhalb des kleinstmöglichen Volumens untergebracht sein. Da die maximale elektrische Feldstärke proportional zur Krümmung der Elektroden ist, ist eine Kugel- oder Ellipsoidgeometrie von besonderem Vorteil. Insbesondere eine Kugelgeometrie bedeutet hinsichtlich der maximal möglichen elektrischen Feldstärke innerhalb des Isolators ein besonders kleines Volumen und demzufolge zudem eine besonders kleine Masse. Allerdings kann in bestimmten Bauformen eine Verformung hin zu einem Ellipsoid erwünscht sein. Daher ist vorteilhafterweise eine Mehrzahl von Elektroden als konzentrische, um die Teilchenquelle voneinander beabstandet angeordnete Hohlellipsoidsegmente ausgebildet.The resulting in a cascade accelerator high voltages should be secured in addition to a corresponding insulation thickness by a corresponding design of the geometry against electrical breakdown. Therefore, voltage generation and particle accelerators should be integrated and the components with particularly high voltage should be accommodated within the smallest possible volume. Since the maximum electric field strength is proportional to the curvature of the electrodes, a spherical or ellipsoid geometry is of particular advantage. In particular, a spherical geometry means a particularly small volume in terms of the maximum possible electric field strength within the insulator and therefore also a particularly small mass. However, in certain designs, deformation towards an ellipsoid may be desired. Thus, advantageously, a plurality of electrodes are formed as concentric hollow ellipsoidal segments spaced apart from the particle source.
Eine besonders einfache Bauweise, die die Vorteile einer Ellipsoidgeometrie mit der einfachen Spannungserzeugung innerhalb einer Greinacherkaskade verbindet, ist möglich, indem die als Hohlellipsoidsegmente ausgebildeten Elektroden jeweils Halbhohlellipsoide sind, d. h., eine Trennung am Äquator des jeweiligen Hohlellipsoids erfolgt, so dass die so entstehenden mehrfachen Schichten von Halbhohlellipsoiden die beiden Sätze von Kondensatoren bilden, die für die Greinacherkaskade benötigt werden. Der Beschleunigungskanal führt dann vorteilhafterweise durch den Scheitelpunkt des jeweiligen Halbhohlellipsoids, wodurch eine besonders einfache Geometrie erreicht wird.A particularly simple construction which combines the advantages of an ellipsoid geometry with the simple generation of stress within a Greinach cascade is possible in that the electrodes designed as hollow ellipsoidal segments are each half-hollow ellipsoids, i. that is, separation at the equator of the respective hollow ellipsoid so that the resulting multiple layers of semi-hollow ellipsoids form the two sets of capacitors needed for the Greinach cascade. The acceleration channel then advantageously leads through the vertex of the respective semi-hollow ellipsoid, whereby a particularly simple geometry is achieved.
In weiterer vorteilhafter Ausgestaltung sind die jeweiligen Dioden im Bereich eines Großkreises des jeweiligen Halbhohlellipsoids angeordnet. Wenn nämlich die Halbhohlellipsoide jeweils die beiden Sätze von jeweils in Reihe geschalteten Kondensatoren bilden, verbinden die Dioden jeweils Halbhohlellipsoide auf alternierenden Halbkugeln. Die Dioden können dann für eine besonders einfache Konstruktion innerhalb eines äquatorialen Schnitts angeordnet werden.In a further advantageous embodiment, the respective diodes are arranged in the region of a great circle of the respective semi-hollow ellipsoid. Namely, when the half-hollow ellipsoids each form the two sets of capacitors connected in series, the diodes each connect half-hollow ellipsoids on alternating hemispheres. The diodes can then be arranged for an especially simple construction within an equatorial section.
Um eine besondere hohe Stabilität des Kaskadenbeschleunigers gegen Durchschlagen zu erzielen, sollte ein gleichmäßiger Spannungsgradient entlang der Beschleunigungsstrecke, d. h. zwischen den einzelnen Elektroden der Greinacherkaskade vorgesehen werden. Dies ist erreichbar, indem eine Mehrzahl von Elektroden äquidistant voneinander beabstandet sind. Da die Elektroden jedes Satzes einen linearen Spannungsanstieg aufweisen, ergibt sich dadurch entlang des Beschleunigungskanals ein praktisch linearer Anstieg der Spannung.In order to achieve a particularly high stability of the cascade accelerator against breakdown, a uniform voltage gradient along the acceleration path, d. H. be provided between the individual electrodes of the Greinacherkaskade. This can be achieved by a plurality of electrodes are equidistant from each other. Since the electrodes of each set have a linear voltage increase, this results in a practically linear increase in the voltage along the acceleration channel.
In weiterer vorteilhafter Ausgestaltung ist die Teilchenquelle eine Kaltkathode. Elektroden einer Kaltkathode sind ungeheizt und bleiben auch im Betrieb so kalt, dass keine Glühemission an ihnen stattfindet. Dadurch wird eine besonders einfache Konstruktion des Kaskadenbeschleunigers ermöglicht.In a further advantageous embodiment, the particle source is a cold cathode. Electrodes of a cold cathode are unheated and remain so cold during operation that no glow emission takes place on them. This allows a particularly simple construction of the cascade accelerator.
Der Beschleunigungskanal erlaubt es, den Teilchenstrom aus dem Kaskadenbeschleuniger zu extrahieren. Damit auch der Beschleunigungskanal den tangentialen elektrischen Feldern ohne Durchschlag widersteht, sollte der Beschleunigungskanal eine zylinderförmige Wand umfassen, welche mit diamantartigem Kohlenstoff und/oder oxidiertem Diamant beschichtet ist. Diese Werkstoffe sind in der Lage, diesen vergleichsweise hohen Spannungen zu widerstehen.The acceleration channel allows the particle stream to be extracted from the cascade accelerator. In order for the acceleration channel also to resist the tangential electric fields without breakdown, the acceleration channel should comprise a cylindrical wall coated with diamond-like carbon and / or oxidized diamond. These materials are able to withstand these comparatively high voltages.
Vorteilhafterweise kommt ein derartiger Kaskadenbeschleuniger in einem Strahlentherapiegerät zum Einsatz.Advantageously, such a cascade accelerator is used in a radiotherapy device.
Die mit der Erfindung erzielten Vorteile bestehen insbesondere darin, dass bei einem Kaskadenbeschleuniger auf Basis einer Greinacherkaskade durch die Einbettung von Teilchenquelle und/oder Elektroden in ein festes oder flüssiges Isoliermaterial eine besonders hohe Beschleunigungsspannung zur Beschleunigung von geladenen Teilchen erzeugt werden kann. Bei Ausbildung der Elektroden in einer sphärischen oder ellipsoiden Geometrie ist außerdem eine besonders kompakte Bauweise möglich und die zwei Kondensatorsätze der Greinacherschaltung werden als konzentrische Potentialäquilibrierungselektroden für die elektrische Feldverteilung um die Teilchenquelle und Hochspannungselektrode zusätzlich genutzt. Ein derartiger Kaskadenbeschleuniger ermöglicht eine besonders hohe Spannung bei besonders kompaktem Design, wie es insbesondere in medizinischen Anwendungen erwünscht ist.The advantages achieved by the invention are in particular that in a cascade accelerator based on a Greinacherkaskade by embedding particle source and / or electrodes in a solid or liquid insulating material, a particularly high acceleration voltage for the acceleration of charged particles can be generated. In addition, when forming the electrodes in a spherical or ellipsoidal geometry, a particularly compact design is possible and the two capacitor sets of the Greinacher circuit are additionally used as concentric potential equilibration electrodes for the electric field distribution around the particle source and high voltage electrode. Such a cascade accelerator enables a particularly high voltage with a particularly compact design, as is particularly desirable in medical applications.
Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung wird anhand einer Zeichnung näher erläutert. Darin zeigen:
- FIG 1
- eine schematische Darstellung eines Schnitts durch einen Kaskadenbeschleuniger, und
- FIG 2
- eine schematische Darstellung einer Greinacherschaltung.
- FIG. 1
- a schematic representation of a section through a cascade accelerator, and
- FIG. 2
- a schematic representation of a Greinacherschaltung.
Gleiche Teile sind in beiden Figuren mit denselben Bezugszeichen versehen.Identical parts are provided in both figures with the same reference numerals.
Der Kaskadengenerator 1 nach der
Durch den zweiten Satz von Elektroden 4 führt ein Beschleunigungskanal 8, welcher auf die Teilchenquelle 6 gerichtet ist und eine Extraktion des Teilchenstroms 10 ermöglicht, der von der Teilchenquelle 6 ausgeht und von der hohlkugelförmigen Hochspannungselektrode 12 eine hohe Beschleunigungsspannung erfährt.Through the second set of electrodes 4 leads an acceleration channel 8, which is directed to the particle source 6 and allows extraction of the
Um im Inneren ein Durchschlagen der Hochspannung von der Hochspannungselektrode 12 auf die Teilchenquelle 6 zu verhindern, kann die Teilchenquelle 6 vollständig in ein festes oder flüssiges Isoliermaterial 14 eingebettet, so dass der Raum zwischen Hochspannungselektrode 12 und Teilchenquelle 6 bis auf den Beschleunigungskanal 8 mit den Isoliermaterial 14 ausgefüllt ist. Dadurch können besonders hohe Spannungen auf der Hochspannungselektrode 12 angelegt werden, was eine besonders hohe Teilchenenergie zur Folge hat. Zudem können die Elektroden bzw. die Kondensatorplatten der Elektroden zueinander im Wesentlichen bis auf den Beschleunigungskanal 8 durch das feste oder flüssige Isoliermaterial 14 zueinander isoliert sein.In order to prevent internal breakdown of the high voltage from the
Die Spannungserzeugung der hohen Spannung auf der Hochspannungselektrode 12 geschieht mittels einer Greinacherkaskade 20, welche als Schaltbild in der
Die jeweils in der
Ein Kugelkondensator mit innerem Radius r0 und äußerem Radius r1 hat die Kapazität
Die Feldstärke bei Radius r ist dann
Diese Feldstärke ist quadratisch abhängig vom Radius und nimmt zur inneren Elektrode hin somit stark zu.This field strength is quadratically dependent on the radius and thus increases strongly towards the inner electrode.
Dadurch, dass im Kaskadenbeschleuniger 1 die Elektroden der Kondensatoren der Greinacherkaskade 20 als Zwischenelektroden auf klar definiertem Potential eingefügt sind, wird die Feldstärkeverteilung über den Radius linear angeglichen, da für dünnwandige Hohlkugeln die elektrische Feldstärke ungefähr gleich dem flachen Fall
Durch die Zusatznutzung der zwei Kondensatorsätze 2, 4 einer Greinacherkaskade 20 als konzentrische Potentialäquilibrierungselektroden für die elektrische Feldverteilung in einer im Wesentlichen vollständig in einem festen oder flüssigen Isoliermaterial 14 gekapselten Hochspannungselektrode 12 und Teilchenquelle 6 wird eine besonders hohen Beschleunigungsspannung in einem Kaskadenbeschleuniger 1 erreicht. Gleichzeitig ist das Design sehr kompakt, was eine flexible Anwendung insbesondere in der Strahlentherapie ermöglicht.Due to the additional use of the two
- 11
- Kaskadengeneratorcascade generator
- 22
- erster Satzfirst sentence
- 44
- zweiter Satzsecond sentence
- 66
- Teilchenquelleparticle
- 88th
- Beschleunigungskanalaccelerating channel
- 1010
- Teilchenstromparticle
- 1212
- HochspannungselektrodeHigh-voltage electrode
- 1414
- Isoliermaterialinsulating material
- 2020
- GreinacherkaskadeGreinacher cascade
- 2222
- Spannungsquellevoltage source
- 2424
- Diodediode
- 26, 2826, 28
- Kondensatorcapacitor
- 3030
- Diodediode
- 3232
- Ausgangoutput
- 40, 4240, 42
- äußerste Schalenextreme shells
- r0 r 0
- innerer Radius eines Kugelkondensatorsinner radius of a ball capacitor
- r1 r 1
- äußerer Radius eines Kugelkondensatorsouter radius of a ball capacitor
- UU
- Spannungtension
Claims (8)
- Cascade accelerator (1) which has two sets (2, 4) of respectively series-connected capacitors (26, 28) connected up via diodes (24, 30) in the manner of a Greinacher cascade (20), and an acceleration channel (8) formed by openings in the electrodes of the capacitors of a set (4) and directed at a particle source (6) arranged in the region of the electrode with the highest voltage (12), characterized in that the electrodes are insulated from one another, except for the acceleration channel (8), by a solid or liquid insulating material (14).
- Cascade accelerator (1) according to Claim 1, in which a plurality of electrodes are designed as hollow ellipsoidal segments arranged concentrically around the particle source (6) in a fashion separated from one another.
- Cascade accelerator (1) according to Claim 2, in which the respective hollow ellipsoidal segment is a hollow half ellipsoid, and the acceleration channel (8) is guided through the vertex of the hollow half ellipsoid.
- Cascade accelerator (1) according to Claim 3, in which the respective diode (24, 30) is arranged in the region of a great circle of the respective hollow half ellipsoid.
- Cascade accelerator (1) according to one of Claims 1 to 4, in which a plurality of electrodes are spaced apart equidistantly from one another.
- Cascade accelerator (1) according to one of Claims 1 to 5, in which the particle source (6) is a cold cathode.
- Cascade accelerator (1) according to one of Claims 1 to 6, in which the acceleration channel (8) comprises cylindrical wall that is coated with diamond-like carbon and/or oxidized diamond.
- Beam therapy device having a cascade accelerator (1) according to one of Claims 1 to 7.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102009023305.9A DE102009023305B4 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2009-05-29 | cascade accelerator |
PCT/EP2010/054021 WO2010136235A1 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2010-03-26 | Cascade accelerator |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2436240A1 EP2436240A1 (en) | 2012-04-04 |
EP2436240B1 true EP2436240B1 (en) | 2017-03-22 |
Family
ID=42790689
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP10717563.0A Not-in-force EP2436240B1 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2010-03-26 | Cascade accelerator |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8653761B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2436240B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5507672B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN102440080B (en) |
CA (1) | CA2763577C (en) |
DE (1) | DE102009023305B4 (en) |
RU (1) | RU2531635C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010136235A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102009023305B4 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2019-05-16 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | cascade accelerator |
DE102010008991A1 (en) | 2010-02-24 | 2011-08-25 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, 80333 | Accelerator for charged particles |
DE102010008995A1 (en) | 2010-02-24 | 2011-08-25 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, 80333 | DC high voltage source and particle accelerator |
DE102010023339A1 (en) | 2010-06-10 | 2011-12-15 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Accelerator for two particle beams to create a collision |
DE102010040615A1 (en) * | 2010-09-13 | 2012-03-15 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Particle accelerator with integrated in the accelerator cell voltage multiplier |
DE102010040855A1 (en) | 2010-09-16 | 2012-03-22 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | DC particle accelerator |
WO2014048496A1 (en) * | 2012-09-28 | 2014-04-03 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | High-voltage electrostatic generator |
EP2997799A4 (en) * | 2013-05-17 | 2016-11-02 | Martin A Stuart | Dielectric wall accelerator utilizing diamond or diamond like carbon |
EP3072369B1 (en) * | 2013-11-21 | 2021-04-28 | Martin A. Stuart | Nuclear reactor and method of controlling a nuclear reaction in a nuclear reactor |
JP7321536B2 (en) | 2018-04-30 | 2023-08-07 | ニュートロン・セラピューティクス・インコーポレイテッド | Small motor-driven insulated electrostatic particle accelerator |
US10772185B1 (en) * | 2019-09-13 | 2020-09-08 | SpaceFab.US, Inc. | Modular beam amplifier |
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US2887599A (en) * | 1957-06-17 | 1959-05-19 | High Voltage Engineering Corp | Electron acceleration tube |
US4092712A (en) * | 1977-05-27 | 1978-05-30 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Regulated high efficiency, lightweight capacitor-diode multiplier dc to dc converter |
FR2650935B1 (en) * | 1989-08-08 | 1991-12-27 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | ELECTROSTATIC ELECTRON ACCELERATOR |
US5135704A (en) * | 1990-03-02 | 1992-08-04 | Science Research Laboratory, Inc. | Radiation source utilizing a unique accelerator and apparatus for the use thereof |
US5757146A (en) * | 1995-11-09 | 1998-05-26 | Carder; Bruce M. | High-gradient compact linear accelerator |
US5821705A (en) * | 1996-06-25 | 1998-10-13 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Dielectric-wall linear accelerator with a high voltage fast rise time switch that includes a pair of electrodes between which are laminated alternating layers of isolated conductors and insulators |
US5811944A (en) * | 1996-06-25 | 1998-09-22 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy | Enhanced dielectric-wall linear accelerator |
RU2104595C1 (en) * | 1996-10-16 | 1998-02-10 | Центральный научно-исследовательский рентгено-радиологический институт МЗМП РФ | Method for exposition of three-dimensional brain tumors to ionizing radiation and device which implements said method |
JP2003522398A (en) * | 2000-02-11 | 2003-07-22 | バリアン・セミコンダクター・エクイップメント・アソシエイツ・インコーポレイテッド | Method and apparatus for operating a high energy accelerator in a low energy mode |
US6459766B1 (en) * | 2000-04-17 | 2002-10-01 | Brookhaven Science Associates, Llc | Photon generator |
TWI287950B (en) * | 2003-11-28 | 2007-10-01 | Kobe Steel Ltd | High-voltage generator and accelerator using same |
US7173385B2 (en) | 2004-01-15 | 2007-02-06 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Compact accelerator |
US7710051B2 (en) * | 2004-01-15 | 2010-05-04 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | Compact accelerator for medical therapy |
DE202004009421U1 (en) | 2004-06-16 | 2005-11-03 | Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH | Particle accelerator for ion beam radiation therapy |
US7227297B2 (en) * | 2004-08-13 | 2007-06-05 | Brookhaven Science Associates, Llc | Secondary emission electron gun using external primaries |
EP1949769B1 (en) * | 2005-11-14 | 2011-05-11 | Lawrence Livermore National Security LLC | Cast dielectric composite linear accelerator |
US7924121B2 (en) * | 2007-06-21 | 2011-04-12 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | Dispersion-free radial transmission lines |
JP5158585B2 (en) * | 2007-10-12 | 2013-03-06 | 株式会社ネットコムセック | Power supply device and high-frequency circuit system |
US7994739B2 (en) * | 2008-12-14 | 2011-08-09 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Internal injection betatron |
DE102009023305B4 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2019-05-16 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | cascade accelerator |
DE102010008991A1 (en) * | 2010-02-24 | 2011-08-25 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, 80333 | Accelerator for charged particles |
DE102010008992A1 (en) * | 2010-02-24 | 2011-08-25 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, 80333 | DC high voltage source and particle accelerator |
DE102010008995A1 (en) * | 2010-02-24 | 2011-08-25 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, 80333 | DC high voltage source and particle accelerator |
-
2009
- 2009-05-29 DE DE102009023305.9A patent/DE102009023305B4/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2010
- 2010-03-26 US US13/375,049 patent/US8653761B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-03-26 EP EP10717563.0A patent/EP2436240B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2010-03-26 WO PCT/EP2010/054021 patent/WO2010136235A1/en active Application Filing
- 2010-03-26 CA CA2763577A patent/CA2763577C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-03-26 JP JP2012512266A patent/JP5507672B2/en active Active
- 2010-03-26 CN CN201080022262.8A patent/CN102440080B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-03-26 RU RU2011154159/07A patent/RU2531635C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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RU2531635C2 (en) | 2014-10-27 |
CA2763577C (en) | 2017-07-04 |
JP2012528427A (en) | 2012-11-12 |
US8653761B2 (en) | 2014-02-18 |
EP2436240A1 (en) | 2012-04-04 |
RU2011154159A (en) | 2013-07-10 |
DE102009023305A1 (en) | 2010-12-02 |
CN102440080B (en) | 2014-09-10 |
CA2763577A1 (en) | 2010-12-02 |
CN102440080A (en) | 2012-05-02 |
WO2010136235A1 (en) | 2010-12-02 |
JP5507672B2 (en) | 2014-05-28 |
DE102009023305B4 (en) | 2019-05-16 |
US20120068632A1 (en) | 2012-03-22 |
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