EP2431580A1 - Systèmes et procédés pour la génération d'électricité à partir de plusieurs sources de chaleur au moyen de fluides de travail adaptés - Google Patents

Systèmes et procédés pour la génération d'électricité à partir de plusieurs sources de chaleur au moyen de fluides de travail adaptés Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2431580A1
EP2431580A1 EP11250808A EP11250808A EP2431580A1 EP 2431580 A1 EP2431580 A1 EP 2431580A1 EP 11250808 A EP11250808 A EP 11250808A EP 11250808 A EP11250808 A EP 11250808A EP 2431580 A1 EP2431580 A1 EP 2431580A1
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
constituent
fluid
working fluid
fluids
heat
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP11250808A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Lance Woolley
Sean P Breen
Ahmad M Mahmoud
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Raytheon Technologies Corp
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United Technologies Corp
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Publication of EP2431580A1 publication Critical patent/EP2431580A1/fr
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/06—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
    • F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether

Definitions

  • the subject matter of the present disclosure relates generally to closed loop Rankine cycle power systems, and in one embodiment to a power system that comprises a customized working fluid configured as a mixture of constituent fluids, wherein the mixture is customized to the heat streams of the system.
  • Rankine cycle power systems and in particular organic Rankine cycle (“ORC”) systems are used for the purpose of generating electrical power. These systems implement a vapour power cycle that utilizes an organic fluid as the working fluid instead of water/steam. Functionally these ORC systems resemble the steam cycle power plant, in which a pump increases the pressure of the condensed working fluid, the condensed working fluid is vaporized, and the vaporized working fluid interacts with a turbine to generate power.
  • conventional solutions may utilize heat transfer systems for each of the heat sources. While effective in that the individual heat transfer systems can be customized to the specific heat source, such solutions are limited to transfer heat at the temperature prescribed by the properties of the working fluid. These properties include the pinch point at which temperature of the working fluid rises quickly to the vaporization point and then the remaining heat is transferred in the working fluid at one temperature.
  • a customized working fluid that comprises a mixture of working fluids including, but not limited to, organic fluids used in ORC systems.
  • the content of the mixture e.g., the selection of the working fluids, is configured so as to provide the customized working fluid with thermodynamic properties conducive to heat transfer from the multiple sources, and in one example each of the multiple sources is at their existing nominal operation points.
  • Each of the working fluids retains its initial chemical properties, thereby simplifying the implementation of the resultant customized working fluid and the control of the specific mixture.
  • the power generating system employs a Rankine cycle system.
  • the Rankine cycle system comprises a heat exchange system coupled to each of the first heat source and the second heat source and a customized working fluid flowing in the heat exchange system.
  • the customized working fluid comprises a first constituent fluid and a second constituent fluid.
  • the first constituent fluid undergoes a phase change before the second constituent fluid.
  • a system comprises a plurality of heat sources, a power generator coupled to each of the plurality of heat sources, and a plurality of customized working fluids flowing in the power generator.
  • each of the customized working fluids comprises a mixture of a plurality of constituent fluids.
  • the mixture exhibits a working fluid profile with at least one constituent phase point at which one of the plurality of constituent fluids undergoes a phase change before any of the other of the plurality of constituent fluids.
  • embodiments of the present disclosure are useful to convert thermal energy to mechanical energy and further to electrical energy by way of closed loop Rankine cycle systems, e.g., Organic Rankine Cycle ("ORC") systems and related technology.
  • ORC Organic Rankine Cycle
  • These heat transfer systems employ working fluids that allow their use in heat to mechanical conversions.
  • Such working fluids in the embodiments discussed below are particularly customized to the heat sources and related processes to which is coupled the heat transfer system.
  • This customization can occur in the form of formulated mixtures of constituent fluids, which comprise organic and inorganic compounds such as refrigerants for use in ORC systems.
  • the constituent fluids are mixed such as at relative percentages and weights, wherein the resulting mixture has thermodynamic properties that optimize the efficiency of heat transfer between the working fluid and the heat sources, and ultimately the amount of power generated.
  • the mixture of constituent fluids is provided so that each of the constituent fluids substantially retains its physical and chemical properties in the mixed fluid. That is, the mixture of organic fluids is a product of mechanical blending, without chemical bonding or other chemical changes as among and between the organic fluids in the mixture. Each ingredient substance thus retains its own chemical properties and makeup.
  • the inventors propose customized working fluids in which the selection and mixture of a plurality of constituent fluids result in a working fluid profile (e.g., as defined by a temperature-enthalpy diagram (T-H diagram)) without the characteristic pinch point(s) of conventional single-constituent working fluids.
  • the mixture is formulated so that, in place of the pinch point, there is found a temperature glide portion in which changes in the temperature of the working fluid occur gradually during the thermodynamic cycle. More particular to one example, the temperature glide portion comprises at least one operating temperature wherein one of the constituent fluids undergoes a phase change (e.g., from a liquid phase to a vapour phase) before the other constituent fluids of the mixture.
  • the system 100 includes a heat exchange system 102 and a heat source 104 coupled in thermal relation to the heat exchange system 102. This coupling permits the heat exchange system 102 to capture heat from the heat source 104, and in one construction the captured heat is transformed into power such as by way of a mechanical expander (e.g., a turbine).
  • the heat source 104 comprises a low temperature or first source 106 and a high temperature or second source 108. Each of the first source 106 and the second source 108 exhibit an operating temperature, generally identified in the present example as T 1 and T 2 . While two heat sources are schematically illustrated in the disclosed non-limiting embodiment, it should be understood that the disclosure is applicable to systems with multiple (more than two) sources.
  • the heat exchange system 102 comprises a fluid circuit 110 through which flows a customized working fluid 112.
  • the fluid circuit 110 can vary; however, those familiar with Rankine cycle systems will generally recognize that the customized working fluid 112 flows amongst various components of the fluid circuit 110, some of which are discussed in more detail below.
  • the fluid circuit 110 comprises a turbine generator 114, a pump 116, and a condenser 118. These components are typically coupled together as closed-loop systems, which are substantially hermetically sealed from the environment.
  • the fluid circuit 110 is configured to flow the customized working fluid 112 among the first source 106 and the second source 108. This flow facilitates heat transfer to and from the customized working fluid 112 and one or more of the first source 106 and the second source 108.
  • the transfer of heat effectuates changes in the temperature of the customized working fluid 112. These changes are influenced by the configuration of the system 100, and in the present example heat transfer is influenced by the operating temperatures of the first source 106 and the second source 108 (e.g., operating temperatures T 1 and T 2 ).
  • the system 100 is configured for pre-heating of the customized working fluid 112 at the first source 106 and vaporizing of the customized working fluid 112 at the second source 108.
  • system 100 is configured for pre-heating and partial vaporizing of the customized working fluid 112 at the first source 106, and complete vaporizing of the customized working fluid 112 at the second source 108.
  • system 100 is configured for partial pre-heating of the customized working fluid 112 at the first source 106 and partial pre-heating and complete vaporizing of the customized working fluid 112 at the second source 108.
  • Super-heating of the customized working fluid 112 is likewise possible such as in one or more of the examples above where the customized working fluid 112 is superheated in the second source 108.
  • Other configurations of the system 100 are also contemplated in which occurs super-critical heating of the customized working fluid 112.
  • the customized working fluid 112 passes to the turbine generator 114, thereby providing mechanical power to generate, e.g., electricity.
  • the vapour passes next to the condenser 118 wherein the vapour is condensed by way of heat exchange relationship with a cooling medium (not shown).
  • the resulting working fluid now substantially condensed as liquid, is then circulated by the pump 116 to the first source 106, which is at an operating temperature T 1 . This essentially completes the cycle of the system 100.
  • the heat source 104 including each of the first source 106 and the second source 108, is generally instantiated by heat rejection devices that exhibit heat streams of varying temperatures. Suitable heat streams are found, for example, in internal combustion engines (ICE) by way of, but not limited to, the exhaust gas, charge air cooler, and the jacket water. Other heat streams can be found in renewable power sources such as fuel cells, solar, and geothermal applications. Combinations (e.g., solar applications in combination with geothermal applications) and derivations of these and other devices, systems, and the like are also contemplated within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.
  • ICE internal combustion engines
  • Other heat streams can be found in renewable power sources such as fuel cells, solar, and geothermal applications.
  • Combinations e.g., solar applications in combination with geothermal applications
  • derivations of these and other devices, systems, and the like are also contemplated within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.
  • the customized working fluid 112 in heat transfer relation to these devices facilitates the exchange of heat.
  • This exchange can optimize the heat recovery of the system 100 and boost power generation of, e.g., the Rankine cycle system.
  • the customized working fluid 112 can be configured to match the operating conditions of the heat source 104, e.g., the operating temperature T 1 of the first source 106 and the operating temperature T 2 of the second source 108.
  • Such configuration can be in the form of a mixture of constituent fluids such as, but not limited to, organic fluids used as the working fluid in ORC systems.
  • the constituent fluids of the mixture are selected based on parameters of the system 100. These parameters include the operating temperatures T 1 and T 2 , desired heat recovery rates as between the resulting customized working fluid 112 and the heat source 104, desired power generation for the system 100, and other functional parameters, which will be recognized by those artisans with skill in the field of this disclosure.
  • mixtures for use as the customized working fluid 112 can comprise a plurality of constituent fluids such as a first fluid and a second fluid. These constituent fluids can be mixed together, with the amount (e.g., as a percentage and/or fraction of the whole) of each of the first fluid and the second fluid determined in accordance with the operating temperatures T 1 and T 2 .
  • the resulting customized working fluid 112 is compatible with operating temperatures for a low temperature (e.g., the first source 106) and for a high temperature (e.g., the second source 108).
  • the first fluid undergoes a phase change (e.g., from a liquid phase to a vapour phase) before the second fluid. While two heat sources are schematically illustrated in the disclosed non-limiting embodiment, it should be understood that the disclosure is applicable to systems with multiple (more than two) sources.
  • FIG. 2 there is illustrated an operating profile 200 for an example of a customized working fluid (e.g., the customized working fluid 112 ( Fig. 1 )) of the present disclosure.
  • the operating profile 200 is in the form of a T-H diagram (i.e., a temperature-enthalpy diagram) on which is illustrated a thermodynamic cycle 202.
  • superimposed on the thermodynamic cycle 202 is a set of temperature profiles, generally identified by 204, and which include a cooling profile 206, a first profile 208, and a second profile 210.
  • the first profile 208 and the second profile 210 are indicative of the heat source with which heat is exchanged with the customized working fluid.
  • the first profile 208 and the second profile 210 are consistent with, respectively, the first source 106 and the second source 108 of the system 100.
  • Each of the first profile 208 and the second profile 210 includes a maximum temperature and a minimum temperature, as well as a temperature difference that is measured therebetween.
  • the cooling profile 206 includes a minimum temperature 212 and a maximum temperature 214.
  • the first profile 208 e.g., the first high temperature profile
  • the second profile 210 e.g., the second higher temperature profile
  • a working fluid profile 224 that includes one or more temperature glide portions 226.
  • the temperature glide portions 226 include an evaporator glide portion 228 and a condenser glide portion 230.
  • Each of the temperature glide portions 226 comprises a constituent phase point 232, at which at least one of the constituent fluids of the mixture undergoes a phase change.
  • the evaporator glide portion 228 comprises a constituent vaporization point 234
  • the condenser glide portion 230 comprises a constituent condensation point 236.
  • the constituent vaporization point 234 identifies the operating conditions in which at least one of the constituent fluids of the mixture is completely vaporized.
  • the constituent condensation point 236 identifies the operating conditions in which at least one of the constituent fluids of the mixture is completely condensed.
  • the number and location of the constituent phase points 232 can vary as with, for example, the number of constituent fluids that are mixed together to form the customized working fluids of the present disclosure.
  • the example that is depicted in Fig. 2 is indicative of a mixture of two constituent fluids, wherein one of the constituent fluids undergoes a phase change before the other.
  • each of the temperature glide portions 226 may comprise constituent phase points 232 that identify the operating conditions at which each of the constituent fluids undergo the phase change.
  • fluids such as organic fluids are selected and mixed together in particular percentages to yield initial and final temperatures for the temperature glide portions 226, as well as the location of the constituent phase points 232.
  • the combination of constituent fluids can be used to define the slope and/or profile of the temperature glide portions 226. This combination is useful to reduce and/or eliminate the pinch points that are typical of conventional single constituent working fluids. These percentages may take into consideration characteristics, e.g., the temperature, of the cooling source 206 and the first profile 208 and the second profile 210, thereby allowing heat recovery with a single customized working fluid from each of the first source 106 ( Fig. 1 ) and the second source 108 ( Fig. 1 ) discussed above.
  • Manipulation of the working fluid profile 224 by way of the mixture is beneficial because it provides better matching in systems in which the heat source is defined by one or more of the first high temperature profile 208 and the second higher temperature profile 210.
  • the mixture of constituent fluids can be selected so as to define the characteristics, e.g., the slope and/or arc, of one or more of the evaporator glide portion 228 and/or the condenser glide portion 230. Such characteristics can be used to promote efficient heat exchange, and in one implementation the mixture is tuned so that the evaporator glide portion 228 is in the temperature range of at least one of the first high temperature profile 208 and the second higher temperature profile 210.
  • the working fluid profile 224 also includes several process stages, identified generally by the numerals 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, and 252 (collectively, "process stages"). These process stages describe the various states of the customized working fluid as the customized working fluid flows through the system, e.g., the system 100.
  • process stages identify generally by the numerals 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, and 252 (collectively, "process stages”).
  • process stages describe the various states of the customized working fluid as the customized working fluid flows through the system, e.g., the system 100.
  • the customized working fluid is preheated from stage 238 to stage 240 such as by way of heat transfer from the low temperature or first source (e.g., the first source 106).
  • the customized working fluid is then evaporated, from stage 240 to stage 242, when introduced to the high temperature or second source (e.g., the second source 108).
  • complete vaporization of the constituent fluids that comprise the customized working fluid can occur variously, such as at one or more of the constituent vaporization points 234.
  • the mixture of the constituent components causes vaporization of a first fluid from stage 240 to the constituent vaporization point 234 and then vaporization of a second fluid, such as by normal latent heating, from the constituent vaporization point 234 to stage 242.
  • Communication between the fluid and the second source can likewise superheat the vaporized customized working fluid, as illustrated in the working fluid profile 224 from stage 242 to stage 244.
  • the vapour is thereafter expanded between stage 244 and stage 246, de-superheated between stage 246 and stage 248, and condensed between stage 248 and stage 250.
  • complete condensation of the constituent fluids that comprise the customized working fluid can occur at one or more of the constituent condensation points 236.
  • the mixture of the constituent components causes condensation of a first fluid from stage 248 and constituent condensation point 236 and then condensation of a second fluid from constituent condensation point 236 to stage 250. Sub-cooling can occur between stage 250 and stage 252, before the customized working fluid is reflowed in proximity to the first source.
  • the composition of the customized working fluid e.g., the mixture of organic fluids
  • a customized working fluid comprises compounds such as, but not limited to, hydrofluorocarbons, hydrocarbons, fluorinated ketones, fluorinated ethers, chloro- and bromo-fluoro olefins, hydrofluoroolefins, hydrofluoroolefin ethers, hydrochlorofluoroolefin ethers, and linear and/or cyclic siloxanes.
  • these compounds can be further defined as one or more of propane, cyclopropane, isobutene, isobutane, n-butane, propylene, n-pentane, isopentane, cyclopentane, R-134a, R-30, R-32, R-123, R-125, R-143a, R-134, R-152a, R-161, R-1216, R-227ea, R-245fa, R-245cb, R-236ea, R-236fa, R-365mfc, HT-55, R-43-10mee, HFE-7000, Novec-649, CF 3 I, R-1234 (ye and yf), R-1234ze, R-1233 (zd(E) and zd(Z)), R-1225 (ye(Z) and ye(E)), C 5 F 9 Cl, C 5 H 2 F 10 , R-1243zf, E-134a, E134, E125
  • Still other compounds can be selected that have characteristics that can enhance system performance, enhance heat transfer characteristics, provide fire suppression, provide flame retardation, provide lubrication, provide compound stabilization, provide corrosion inhibition, as well as provide solubility compatibility, tracing, prognostics or diagnostics.
  • a customized working fluid is configured to utilize available energy from multiple heat sources generated by an internal combustion engine.
  • the temperature of first said heat source the higher of the two available sources, is about 90.5° C (195° F) and experiences a temperature drop of about 25-30° C throughout the evaporator of an embodiment of an ORC system (e.g., the system 100 ( Fig. 1 )).
  • the temperature of the second said heat source the lower of the two available sources, is about 71° C (160° F) and experiences a temperature drop of about 20-25° C throughout the pre-heater/evaporator of an embodiment of an ORC system (e.g., the system 100 ( Fig. 1 )).
  • implementation of the concepts contemplated herein may define the amount of heat available from the two heat sources as well to dictate whether pre-heating, evaporation, or superheat, will occur in the ORC system design.
  • the cooling water inlet temperature and cooling water outlet temperature to the condenser dictate the maximum allowable temperature glide of the customized working fluid. This characteristic will allow for matching of multiple heat sources.
  • the customized working fluid of the present example can comprise a binary mixture of about 40% isobutene and about 60% isopentane (by mass fraction).
  • This customized working fluid is designed for an embodiment of an ORC system (e.g., system 100) in which the pinch point in the evaporator is assumed to be about 5.6° C (10° F). This assumption defines the bubble temperature of the mixture of the customized working fluid at the high-side pressure be about 65-67.5° C (150-154° F).
  • Table 1 lists the temperature variation throughout the ORC system using the customized working fluid of the present example.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
EP11250808A 2010-09-17 2011-09-19 Systèmes et procédés pour la génération d'électricité à partir de plusieurs sources de chaleur au moyen de fluides de travail adaptés Withdrawn EP2431580A1 (fr)

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US12/884,491 US20120067049A1 (en) 2010-09-17 2010-09-17 Systems and methods for power generation from multiple heat sources using customized working fluids

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US20130160450A1 (en) * 2011-12-22 2013-06-27 Frederick J. Cogswell Hemetic motor cooling for high temperature organic rankine cycle system
CN110746936A (zh) * 2019-10-11 2020-02-04 金华永和氟化工有限公司 一种环保混合制冷剂
WO2022011995A1 (fr) * 2020-07-12 2022-01-20 李华玉 Cycle combiné à milieu de travail unique de second type

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DE102013205266A1 (de) * 2013-03-26 2014-10-02 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Wärmekraftmaschine und Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Wärmekraftmaschine
DE102014200820A1 (de) 2014-01-17 2015-07-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur Herstellung eines wenigstens eine Wärmeübertragungsfläche aufweisenden Wärmetauschers
CN109609103B (zh) * 2018-12-30 2020-05-19 天津大学 一种适用于内燃机余热回收动力循环的三组元混合工质

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WO2022011995A1 (fr) * 2020-07-12 2022-01-20 李华玉 Cycle combiné à milieu de travail unique de second type

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