EP2431533B1 - Shaft lid - Google Patents

Shaft lid Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2431533B1
EP2431533B1 EP11175754.8A EP11175754A EP2431533B1 EP 2431533 B1 EP2431533 B1 EP 2431533B1 EP 11175754 A EP11175754 A EP 11175754A EP 2431533 B1 EP2431533 B1 EP 2431533B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
manhole cover
accordance
strips
main body
edge
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EP11175754.8A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2431533A2 (en
EP2431533A3 (en
Inventor
Thomas Lorenz
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Thomas Lorenz Industrietechnik GmbH and Co KG
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Thomas Lorenz Industrietechnik GmbH and Co KG
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Publication of EP2431533A2 publication Critical patent/EP2431533A2/en
Publication of EP2431533A3 publication Critical patent/EP2431533A3/en
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Publication of EP2431533B1 publication Critical patent/EP2431533B1/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/12—Manhole shafts; Other inspection or access chambers; Accessories therefor
    • E02D29/14—Covers for manholes or the like; Frames for covers
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/12—Manhole shafts; Other inspection or access chambers; Accessories therefor
    • E02D29/14—Covers for manholes or the like; Frames for covers
    • E02D29/1463—Hinged connection of cover to frame

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a manhole cover according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Non-generic manhole covers are made of iron, for example. You can either have a completely made of iron lid surface, or they can in the central region of the lid surface a concrete insert o. The like. Have. These manhole covers are highly resilient, but require a relatively complex production and are therefore expensive.
  • a generic manhole cover known to have a low weight. It consists of an outer shell, which surrounds an inner core and which also forms the outside around the core surrounding support area, with which the manhole cover rests on a shaft edge.
  • the core of the manhole cover is made of balsa or a composite material.
  • the shell consists both above and below the core each of several layers of fiber-reinforced plastic.
  • Each layer consists of several radially staggered strips. The strips are each reinforced with unidirectionally extending fibers, and each run parallel to each other, so that each layer defines a "direction" according to the fiber path. Superimposed, adjacent layers have different directions, which are offset by the center of the manhole cover each by a few degrees to each other.
  • a manhole cover is known with a cover for covering manholes in traffic areas, for example rain drains, slide caps, hydrant caps and the like, in which the cover is designed as a polymer concrete molding.
  • a manhole cover known with a frame-shaped element which is at least partially filled in its interior with concrete, wherein a plate-shaped reinforcing element is at least partially embedded in concrete within the frame-shaped element.
  • the invention has for its object to improve a generic manhole cover to the extent that this is economical to produce and highly resilient.
  • the invention proposes to produce the manhole cover in principle using a hardenable potting compound, so that the manhole cover is optimally protected against the effects of weather, is rustproof and thus durable.
  • the processability of the proposed casting compounds at low temperatures, for example at room temperature simplifies the manufacture of the manhole cover and is economical because neither the energy costs for heating the cast material to several hundred degrees Celsius incurred nor corresponding claims must be made to the facilities and tools with where the potting compound is processed. Therefore, a cold-curing potting compound can preferably be used.
  • the manhole cover in contrast to the Balsaholzkern a generic manhole cover - the manhole cover a high load capacity.
  • This high level of stability in turn makes it possible to dispense with a technically and economically complex ring design.
  • the manhole cover must therefore not be placed with an outer support ring on a shaft edge, but the main body, which consists of the potting compound extends as a supporting element radially to the support area to the outside.
  • the strips with the reinforcing fibers provide support that reinforces the body towards the bottom, ie against deflections.
  • the proposed casting compound is also - again, for example, in contrast to the balsa wood core of a generic manhole cover - weather resistant.
  • An upper cover of the body, which would serve as weather protection, is therefore not required, which affects the production cost economically beneficial.
  • thermosetting polymer materials As potting compound in particular thermoset polymer materials or concrete materials in question.
  • thermosetting polymer materials can be considerably facilitated by the comparatively light weight of the transport of the manhole cover from the factory to the installation site, and also the handling of the manhole cover by authorized personnel.
  • securing means can be used, as they are already known and commercially available for the known manhole cover.
  • a possible brittleness of the material used is compensated by the proposed proposed reinforcement, which is provided in the form of reinforcing fibers.
  • separate strips may be arranged in a star shape and extend in different directions from a common center, or a multi-axial layer may be used.
  • the reinforcing fibers are not arranged in a plurality of layers, which as plates, discs or shells cover the underside of the main body over the entire surface, but rather that they are each arranged within a strip having a smaller width than the manhole cover, material and Saves weight and thus improves the economy in the production of the manhole cover.
  • the strips do not run at the edge under the base body, but in each case from one end to the opposite end of the manhole cover and through the center thereof, so that they have a high efficiency as reinforcing elements and allow a high load capacity of the manhole cover, so that it can be loaded, for example, with 40t ,
  • the material forming the body reinforced is using reinforcing fibers.
  • This fiberglass or technically equivalent basalt fibers can be used, or, for example, carbon fibers, if a particularly low weight of the manhole cover is desired and the carbon fibers can be provided economically.
  • the reinforcing fibers are not arranged individually in favor of a simpler production of the manhole cover, but each combined into strips, for example in the form of a fabric or a fabric, wherein the strips are so long that the strips each from one edge to the opposite edge of the manhole cover extend and thus allow uninterrupted support of the manhole cover over its entire bottom.
  • the reinforcing fibers are rectilinear in order to optimally absorb the tensile forces acting on them and thus reinforce the base material.
  • the reinforcing fibers may be present as rovings or as a scrim instead of a woven or knitted fabric.
  • a plurality of separate strips can be provided, wherein these are arranged in a star shape and overlap accordingly in the central region of the manhole cover, so that here a comparatively thicker layer of reinforcing material in the form of several overlapping strips of reinforcing fibers is provided.
  • a multi-axial layer may be provided which may be considered as a disk of reinforcing material containing many strips of parallel reinforcing fibers.
  • An optimal adaptation to, for example, a curved running surface on which the stripes to be applied, is possible by a plurality of separate strips easily and possible wrinkle-free, while a Multiaxialgelege be provided, for example, on a possible flat surface of the base material or in the interior of the base material and run there flat.
  • thermosetting polymer material for the main body for example, a polyester material or a polyester concrete in question, wherein the polyester concrete as SMC or BMC, ie as a "sheet molding compound” or as a “bulk molding compound” may be present.
  • This base material is both economically available and highly resilient and weather-resistant, so that it is well suited for the production of manhole covers according to proposal.
  • the reinforcing fibers can be arranged within a strip or multi-axial plies as parallel rovings, which extend over the entire length of the strip, so that in this way the reinforcing fibers can develop optimum tensile strength and in this way an optimum reinforcing effect for the manhole cover, So can cause the existing of a polymer material body.
  • separate strips of reinforcing fibers can each be dimensioned so narrow that strip-free segments result towards the edge of the manhole cover.
  • approximately triangular segments are created, which are free of reinforcing fibers and in which, for example, the manhole cover openings may have, so that, as in conventional manhole covers also, manhole cover with or without perforated ring can be produced.
  • an edge protection ring which consists of other material than the main body.
  • the edge protection ring may be made of the same material as the strips of reinforcing fibers.
  • the edge protection ring and the strips represent a common component, so that this reinforcing component can be created in manufacturing technology as economically as possible and then the remaining material is added as potting compound, which then forms the main body of the manhole cover.
  • the manhole cover lies along its outer edge with its underside on a support, for example, the mouth of a shaft.
  • a circumferential support ring which consists of a material other than that of the reinforcing material.
  • This support ring thus represents a kind of damping or protection for the strips and the reinforcing fibers contained therein. It may for example consist of the same material as the base material.
  • the manhole cover where it has its support area, be provided on its underside with a buffer which ensures a rattle-free support of the manhole cover on the respective support surface, for example on the mentioned manhole mouth.
  • This buffer may, for example, at the same time also have the already mentioned support ring.
  • the buffer from a particularly good damping material, such as an elastomeric material, and is disposed below the reinforcing fibers or is provided below the support ring, if such is provided.
  • individual buffer elements can be provided, so that, for example, expensive materials can be used for the buffer and a good economy is made possible by a correspondingly low material consumption of this expensive material.
  • in favor of a particularly simple production of the buffer can also be particularly easily configured in that the manhole cover in its support area on its underside has a circumferential groove into which an elastomeric strip is inserted.
  • the mentioned strips of reinforcing fibers can advantageously be configured as fiber-reinforced plastic strips, for example, consist of a fiberglass material, ie of glass fiber reinforced plastic.
  • 1 denotes in each case a total of a manhole cover, which has a base body 2, which according to the Fig. 1 and 2 consists of a polymeric material, such as a polyester material, which may be filled and / or reinforced in a conventional manner.
  • the main body 2 consist of a polyester concrete, or according to the embodiment of the Fig. 3 concrete.
  • the main body 2 is circumferentially edged by an edge protection ring 3, which consists of a glass fiber reinforced plastic.
  • the edge protection ring 3 At a distance from the outer edge, so of the edge protection ring 3 are in the embodiment of the Fig. 1 and 2 many perforations 4 provided, in each case between two adjacent openings 4, a strip 5 extends from the edge protection ring 3 to the opposite side of the manhole cover 1 and there again connects to the edge protection ring 3. Accordingly, the number of strips 5 and 4 openings even, so that in each case two openings 4 face each other or between two adjacent openings 4 a continuous area over the center of the manhole cover 1 across the entire diameter of the manhole cover 1 to the opposite edge, also extends between two openings 4, so that the strips 5 can run without interruption transversely below the manhole cover 1 from one to the opposite edge. In the middle region of the manhole cover 1 results in its underside a very large material thickness of reinforcing material, because there overlap all strips 5.
  • the support ring 6 is made of the same material as the base body 2 and protects in this contact area of the manhole cover 1, the strip 5 from mechanical damage.
  • a circumferential groove 7 is provided, in which an elastomeric strip is used, which serves as a buffer 8 and ensures a rattle-free support of the manhole cover 1.
  • the manhole cover 1 is shown in a mounting situation in which it is inserted into a shaft top 9 made of concrete or polyester concrete, for example.
  • the main body 2 of the manhole cover 1 is made of concrete.
  • the strip 5 and the edge protection ring 3 are in this embodiment as in the the Fig. 1 and 2 executed.
  • neither the openings 4 are provided by the body, nor the support ring 6 nor the buffer 8 at the bottom of the manhole cover 1.
  • the strips 5 are angled in accordance with the cross-sectional contour of the base body 2 to the edge of the manhole cover 1, so that they rest flat on a shoulder of the collar 10. A risk of breakage as in the oblique strip 5 of the embodiment of Fig. 1 and 2 is therefore not due to the support on the mentioned paragraph of the collar 10.
  • the edge protection ring 3 and the strips 5 have been produced in both embodiments as a common compact, which is designed approximately cup-shaped and is then filled with the respective potting compound. In the embodiment of Fig. 1 and 2 the potting compound also reaches the bottom of the compact and forms there the support ring. 6
  • a surface coating in the form of a coating or a polyurethane coating for example by means of a two-component PU system, may be provided.
  • an adhesion promoter may be provided on the potting compound facing surfaces of these elements or of the compact formed from these elements. It may be a chemical adhesion promoter, or it may be effected mechanically, for example by sanding the corresponding surfaces, a better cohesion with the potting compound.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Schachtdeckel nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a manhole cover according to the preamble of claim 1.

Gattungsfremde Schachtdeckel bestehen beispielsweise aus Eisen. Sie können entweder eine vollständig aus Eisen bestehende Deckeloberfläche aufweisen, oder sie können im mittleren Bereich der Deckeloberfläche einen Einsatz aus Beton o. dgl. aufweisen. Diese Schachtdeckel sind hoch belastbar, erfordern jedoch eine vergleichsweise aufwendige Herstellung und sind dementsprechend teuer.Non-generic manhole covers are made of iron, for example. You can either have a completely made of iron lid surface, or they can in the central region of the lid surface a concrete insert o. The like. Have. These manhole covers are highly resilient, but require a relatively complex production and are therefore expensive.

Aus der US 5 378 078 ist ein gattungsgemäßer Schachtdeckel bekannt, der ein geringes Gewicht aufweisen soll. Er besteht aus einer äußeren Hülle, die einen inneren Kern umgibt und die auch den außen um den Kern umlaufenden Auflagebereich bildet, mit welchem der Schachtdeckel auf einem Schachtrand aufliegt. Der Kern des Schachtdeckels besteht aus Balsa oder einem Verbundmaterial. Die Hülle besteht sowohl oberhalb als auch unterhalb des Kerns jeweils aus mehreren Lagen faserverstärkten Kunststoffs. Jede Lage besteht aus mehreren radial versetzt zueinander angeordneten Streifen. Die Streifen sind jeweils mit unidirektional verlaufenden Fasern verstärkt, und verlaufen jeweils parallel zueinander, so dass jede Lage entsprechend dem Faserverlauf eine "Richtung" definiert. Übereinander angeordnete, benachbarte Lagen weisen unterschiedliche Richtungen auf, die um den Mittelpunkt des Schachtdeckels jeweils um einige Winkelgrade zueinander versetzt sind.From the US 5,378,078 is a generic manhole cover known to have a low weight. It consists of an outer shell, which surrounds an inner core and which also forms the outside around the core surrounding support area, with which the manhole cover rests on a shaft edge. The core of the manhole cover is made of balsa or a composite material. The shell consists both above and below the core each of several layers of fiber-reinforced plastic. Each layer consists of several radially staggered strips. The strips are each reinforced with unidirectionally extending fibers, and each run parallel to each other, so that each layer defines a "direction" according to the fiber path. Superimposed, adjacent layers have different directions, which are offset by the center of the manhole cover each by a few degrees to each other.

Aus der DE 298 01 640 U1 ist eine Schachtabdeckung bekannt mit einem Deckel zum Abdecken von Schächten in Verkehrsflächen zum Beispiel von Regenabläufen, Schieberkappen, Hydrantenkappen und dergleichen, bei welcher der Deckel als Polymerbetonformteil ausgebildet ist.From the DE 298 01 640 U1 For example, a manhole cover is known with a cover for covering manholes in traffic areas, for example rain drains, slide caps, hydrant caps and the like, in which the cover is designed as a polymer concrete molding.

Aus der DE 299 21 532 U1 ist eine Schachtabdeckung bekannt mit einem rahmenförmigen Element, das zumindest teilweise in seinem Inneren mit Beton ausgefüllt ist, wobei ein plattenförmiges Bewehrungselement innerhalb des rahmenförmigen Elements zumindest teilweise einbetoniert ist.From the DE 299 21 532 U1 is a manhole cover known with a frame-shaped element which is at least partially filled in its interior with concrete, wherein a plate-shaped reinforcing element is at least partially embedded in concrete within the frame-shaped element.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen gattungsgemäßen Schachtdeckel dahingehend zu verbessern, dass dieser möglichst wirtschaftlich herstellbar und hoch belastbar ist.The invention has for its object to improve a generic manhole cover to the extent that this is economical to produce and highly resilient.

Diese Aufgabe wird durch einen Schachtdeckel mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 gelöst.This object is achieved by a manhole cover with the features of claim 1.

Die Erfindung schlägt mit anderen Worten vor, den Schachtdeckel grundsätzlich unter Verwendung einer aushärtbaren Vergussmasse herzustellen, so dass der Schachtdeckel gegen Witterungseinflüsse optimal geschützt, rostfrei und somit langlebig ist. Die Verarbeitbarkeit der vorschlagsgemäßen Vergussmassen bei niedrigen Temperaturen, beispielsweise bei Raumtemperatur, vereinfacht die Herstellung des Schachtdeckels und ist wirtschaftlich, weil weder die Energiekosten für das Aufheizen des Gussmaterials auf mehrere hundert Grad Celsius anfallen noch dementsprechende Ansprüche an die Einrichtungen und Werkzeuge gestellt werden müssen, mit denen die Vergussmasse verarbeitet wird. Daher kann vorzugsweise eine kalt aushärtende Vergussmasse verwendet werden. Zugunsten eines optimalen Fertigungsablaufs kann es jedoch auch vorteilhaft sein, eine Vergussmasse zu verwenden, die bei erhöhter Temperatur und in besonders kurzer Zeit aushärtet. Im nachfolgenden Text wird jedoch stets - und rein beispielhaft - von der Verwendung einer kalt aushärtenden Vergussmasse ausgegangen.In other words, the invention proposes to produce the manhole cover in principle using a hardenable potting compound, so that the manhole cover is optimally protected against the effects of weather, is rustproof and thus durable. The processability of the proposed casting compounds at low temperatures, for example at room temperature, simplifies the manufacture of the manhole cover and is economical because neither the energy costs for heating the cast material to several hundred degrees Celsius incurred nor corresponding claims must be made to the facilities and tools with where the potting compound is processed. Therefore, a cold-curing potting compound can preferably be used. However, for the benefit of an optimal production sequence, it may also be advantageous to use a potting compound which cures at elevated temperature and in a particularly short time. In the following text However, it is always - and purely by way of example - assumed the use of a cold-curing potting compound.

Zudem verleihen derartige Vergussmassen - beispielsweise im Unterschied zu dem Balsaholzkern eines gattungsgemäßen Schachtdeckels - dem Schachtdeckel eine hohe Belastbarkeit. Dieses hohe Maß an Stabilität ermöglicht wiederum, auf eine technisch und wirtschaftlich aufwendige Ringkonstruktion zu verzichten. Vorschlagsgemäß muss der Schachtdeckel daher nicht mit einem äußeren Auflagering auf einen Schachtrand aufgelegt werden, sondern der Grundkörper, der aus der Vergussmasse besteht, erstreckt sich als tragendes Element radial bis in den Auflagebereich nach außen. Die Streifen mit den Verstärkungsfasern stellen eine Unterstützung dar, die den Grundkörper nach unten hin, also gegen Durchbiegungen, verstärkt.In addition, such casting compounds - for example, in contrast to the Balsaholzkern a generic manhole cover - the manhole cover a high load capacity. This high level of stability in turn makes it possible to dispense with a technically and economically complex ring design. According to the proposal, the manhole cover must therefore not be placed with an outer support ring on a shaft edge, but the main body, which consists of the potting compound extends as a supporting element radially to the support area to the outside. The strips with the reinforcing fibers provide support that reinforces the body towards the bottom, ie against deflections.

Die vorschlagsgemäße Vergussmasse ist zudem - auch hier wiederum beispielsweise im Unterschied zu dem Balsaholzkern eines gattungsgemäßen Schachtdeckels - witterungsbeständig. Eine obere Abdeckung des Grundkörpers, die als Witterungsschutz dienen würde, ist daher nicht erforderlich, was den Herstellungsaufwand wirtschaftlichen positiv beeinflusst.The proposed casting compound is also - again, for example, in contrast to the balsa wood core of a generic manhole cover - weather resistant. An upper cover of the body, which would serve as weather protection, is therefore not required, which affects the production cost economically beneficial.

Als Vergussmasse kommen insbesondere duroplastische Polymerwerkstoffe oder Betonwerkstoffe in Frage. Bei Verwendung duroplastischer Polymerwerkstoffe kann durch das vergleichsweise leichte Gewicht der Transport der Schachtdeckel vom Herstellerwerk zum Verlegeort, und auch die Handhabung des Schachtdeckels durch autorisiertes Personal erheblich erleichtert werden. Um Vandalismus oder ähnliche unbefugte Zugriffe auf den Schachtdeckel zuverlässig zu vermeiden, können Sicherungsmittel verwendet werden, wie sie an sich auch bereits für die bekannten Schachtdeckel bekannt und handelsüblich sind.As potting compound in particular thermoset polymer materials or concrete materials in question. When using thermosetting polymer materials can be considerably facilitated by the comparatively light weight of the transport of the manhole cover from the factory to the installation site, and also the handling of the manhole cover by authorized personnel. In order to reliably avoid vandalism or similar unauthorized access to the manhole cover, securing means can be used, as they are already known and commercially available for the known manhole cover.

Eine eventuelle Sprödigkeit des verwendeten Werkstoffs wird durch die vorschlagsgemäß vorgesehene Verstärkung ausgeglichen, die in Form von Verstärkungsfasern vorgesehen ist. Dadurch, dass die Verstärkungsfasern in mehreren unterschiedlichen Richtungen verlaufen, können Kräfte in unterschiedlichen Richtungen optimal aufgenommen werden. Beispielsweise können separate Streifen sternförmig angeordnet sein und von einem gemeinsamen Mittelpunkt aus in unterschiedlichen Richtungen verlaufen, oder es kann ein Multiaxialgelege verwendet werden.A possible brittleness of the material used is compensated by the proposed proposed reinforcement, which is provided in the form of reinforcing fibers. The fact that the reinforcing fibers run in several different directions, forces in different directions can be optimally absorbed. For example, separate strips may be arranged in a star shape and extend in different directions from a common center, or a multi-axial layer may be used.

Dadurch, dass die Verstärkungsfasern nicht in mehreren Schichten angeordnet sind, die als Platten, Scheiben oder Schalen die Unterseite des Grundkörpers jeweils vollflächig abdecken, sondern dass sie vielmehr jeweils innerhalb eines Streifens angeordnet sind, der eine geringere Breite aufweist als der Schachtdeckel, wird Material und Gewicht gespart und somit die Wirtschaftlichkeit bei der Herstellung des Schachtdeckels verbessert. Dabei verlaufen die Streifen nicht randseitig under dem Grundkörper, sondern jeweils von einem Ende zum gegenüberliegenden Ende des Schachtdeckels und durch dessen Mittelpunkt, so dass sie eine hohe Wirksamkeit als Verstärkungselemente aufweisen und eine hohe Belastbarkeit des Schachtdeckels ermöglichen, so dass dieser beispielsweise mit 40t belastbar ist.Due to the fact that the reinforcing fibers are not arranged in a plurality of layers, which as plates, discs or shells cover the underside of the main body over the entire surface, but rather that they are each arranged within a strip having a smaller width than the manhole cover, material and Saves weight and thus improves the economy in the production of the manhole cover. In this case, the strips do not run at the edge under the base body, but in each case from one end to the opposite end of the manhole cover and through the center thereof, so that they have a high efficiency as reinforcing elements and allow a high load capacity of the manhole cover, so that it can be loaded, for example, with 40t ,

Um je nach Anwendungsgebiet des Schachtdeckels, beispielsweise auf Gehwegen oder auf Straßen wenn sie im Bereich der öffentlichen Kanalisation verwendet werden, die entsprechende Belastung durch Personen oder durch Fahrzeuge zuverlässig aufnehmen zu können, ist vorschlagsgemäß vorgesehen, dass der Werkstoff, der den Grundkörper bildet, verstärkt ist und zwar mithilfe von Verstärkungsfasern. Dabei können Glasfaser- oder technisch etwa gleichwertige Basaltfasern eingesetzt werden, oder beispielsweise auch Kohlefasern, wenn ein besonders niedriges Gewicht des Schachtdeckels gewünscht ist und die Kohlefasern wirtschaftlich bereitgestellt werden können.Depending on the field of application of the manhole cover, for example, on sidewalks or on roads when they are used in the public sewer system to be able to reliably absorb the corresponding burden by persons or vehicles, is proposed by the proposal that the material forming the body reinforced is using reinforcing fibers. This fiberglass or technically equivalent basalt fibers can be used, or, for example, carbon fibers, if a particularly low weight of the manhole cover is desired and the carbon fibers can be provided economically.

Die Verstärkungsfasern sind dabei zu Gunsten einer einfacheren Herstellung des Schachtdeckels nicht einzeln angeordnet, sondern jeweils zu Streifen zusammengefasst, beispielsweise in Form eines Gewebes oder eines Geleges, wobei die Streifen derart lang sind, dass sich die Streifen jeweils von einem Rand zum gegenüberliegenden Rand des Schachtdeckels erstrecken und somit eine unterbrechungsfreie Unterstützung des Schachtdeckels über seine gesamte Unterseite ermöglichen.The reinforcing fibers are not arranged individually in favor of a simpler production of the manhole cover, but each combined into strips, for example in the form of a fabric or a fabric, wherein the strips are so long that the strips each from one edge to the opposite edge of the manhole cover extend and thus allow uninterrupted support of the manhole cover over its entire bottom.

Dabei verlaufen die Verstärkungsfasern geradlinig, um auf sie einwirkende Zugkräfte optimal aufnehmen und den Grundwerkstoff somit verstärken zu können. Insbesondere können aus demselben Grund die Verstärkungsfasern als Rovings vorliegen bzw. als Gelege an Stelle eines Gewebes oder Gestricks.The reinforcing fibers are rectilinear in order to optimally absorb the tensile forces acting on them and thus reinforce the base material. In particular, for the same reason, the reinforcing fibers may be present as rovings or as a scrim instead of a woven or knitted fabric.

Mit "gegenüberliegend" ist im Rahmen des vorliegenden Vorschlags nicht notwendigerweise bezeichnet, dass die Verstärkungsfasern bzw. die Streifen durch den Mittelpunkt des Schachtdeckels verlaufen müssen, sondern dass sie entsprechend der Linie, entlang welcher der jeweilige Streifen verläuft, sich von dem einem bis zu dem anderen Rand des Schachtdeckels erstrecken. Außermittige Streifen können also kürzer sein als über den Deckelmittelpunkt verlaufende Streifen.By "opposite" is in the context of the present proposal does not necessarily mean that the reinforcing fibers or the strips must pass through the center of the manhole cover, but that they correspond to the line along which the respective strip extends from the one to the extend the other edge of the manhole cover. Off-center strips can thus be shorter than strips extending over the center of the cover.

Dabei kann eine Mehrzahl von separaten Streifen vorgesehen sein, wobei diese insgesamt sternförmig angeordnet sind und sich im mittleren Bereich des Schachtdeckels dementsprechend überlappen, so dass hier eine vergleichsweise dickere Schicht aus Verstärkungsmaterial in Form der mehreren einander überlappenden Streifen von Verstärkungsfasern vorgesehen ist.In this case, a plurality of separate strips can be provided, wherein these are arranged in a star shape and overlap accordingly in the central region of the manhole cover, so that here a comparatively thicker layer of reinforcing material in the form of several overlapping strips of reinforcing fibers is provided.

Alternativ kann ein Multiaxialgelege vorgesehen sein, welches als eine Scheibe aus Verstärkungsmaterial angesehen werden kann, die viele Streifen aus jeweils parallel verlaufenden Verstärkungsfasern enthält. Eine optimale Anpassung an beispielsweise eine gewölbt verlaufende Oberfläche, auf welche die Streifen aufgebracht werden sollen, ist durch eine Mehrzahl separater Streifen problemlos und möglichst faltenfrei möglich, während ein Multiaxialgelege beispielsweise an einer möglichst planen Oberfläche des Grundwerkstoffs oder im Inneren des Grundwerkstoffs vorgesehen sein und dort plan verlaufen kann.Alternatively, a multi-axial layer may be provided which may be considered as a disk of reinforcing material containing many strips of parallel reinforcing fibers. An optimal adaptation to, for example, a curved running surface on which the stripes to be applied, is possible by a plurality of separate strips easily and possible wrinkle-free, while a Multiaxialgelege be provided, for example, on a possible flat surface of the base material or in the interior of the base material and run there flat.

Als duroplastischer Polymerwerkstoff für den Grundkörper kommen beispielsweise ein Polyestermaterial infrage oder ein Polyesterbeton, wobei das Polyesterbeton als SMC bzw. BMC, also als "Sheet Moulding Compound" oder als "Bulk Moulding Compound" vorliegen kann. Dieses Grundmaterial ist sowohl wirtschaftlich günstig erhältlich als auch hochbelastbar und witterungsbeständig, so dass es sich gut für die Herstellung vorschlagsgemäßer Schachtdeckel eignet.As a thermosetting polymer material for the main body, for example, a polyester material or a polyester concrete in question, wherein the polyester concrete as SMC or BMC, ie as a "sheet molding compound" or as a "bulk molding compound" may be present. This base material is both economically available and highly resilient and weather-resistant, so that it is well suited for the production of manhole covers according to proposal.

Vorteilhaft können die Verstärkungsfasern innerhalb eines Streifens bzw. Multiaxialgeleges als parallele Rovings angeordnet sein, die sich jeweils über die gesamte Länge des Streifens erstrecken, so dass auf diese Weise die Verstärkungsfasern eine optimale Zugfestigkeit entfalten können und auf diese Weise eine optimale Verstärkungswirkung für den Schachtdeckel, also für den aus einem Polymerwerkstoff bestehenden Grundkörper bewirken können.Advantageously, the reinforcing fibers can be arranged within a strip or multi-axial plies as parallel rovings, which extend over the entire length of the strip, so that in this way the reinforcing fibers can develop optimum tensile strength and in this way an optimum reinforcing effect for the manhole cover, So can cause the existing of a polymer material body.

Vorteilhaft können separate Streifen aus Verstärkungsfasern jeweils so schmal bemessen sein, dass sich zum Rand des Schachtdeckels hin streifenfreie Segmente ergeben. Auf diese Weise werden etwa dreieckige Segmente geschaffen, die frei von Verstärkungsfasern sind und in denen beispielsweise der Schachtdeckel Durchbrechungen aufweisen kann, so dass, wie bei herkömmlichen Schachtdeckeln auch, wahlweise Schachtdeckel mit oder ohne Lochkranz hergestellt werden können.Advantageously, separate strips of reinforcing fibers can each be dimensioned so narrow that strip-free segments result towards the edge of the manhole cover. In this way, approximately triangular segments are created, which are free of reinforcing fibers and in which, for example, the manhole cover openings may have, so that, as in conventional manhole covers also, manhole cover with or without perforated ring can be produced.

Um den Werkstoff des Grundkörpers vor Beschädigungen zu schützen, beispielsweise während des Transports oder auch wenn der Schachtdeckel in einer entsprechenden Vertiefung einer Bodenoberfläche liegt, kann vorteilhaft entlang dem umlaufenden Rand des Schachtdeckels ein Kantenschutzring vorgesehen sein, der aus anderem Material als der Grundkörper besteht. Beispielsweise kann der Kantenschutzring aus demselben Material bestehen wie die Streifen von Verstärkungsfasern. Dabei kann dann insbesondere vorteilhaft vorgesehen sein, dass der Kantenschutzring und die Streifen ein gemeinsames Bauteil darstellen, so dass in herstellungstechnisch möglichst wirtschaftlicher Weise zunächst dieses Verstärkungsbauteil geschaffen werden kann und anschließend der übrige Werkstoff als Vergussmasse hinzugefügt wird, welcher dann den Grundkörper des Schachtdeckels bildet.To protect the material of the body from damage, for example during transport or even if the manhole cover in a corresponding recess of a Floor surface is located, can advantageously be provided along the peripheral edge of the manhole cover an edge protection ring, which consists of other material than the main body. For example, the edge protection ring may be made of the same material as the strips of reinforcing fibers. In this case, it can then be provided, in particular advantageous, that the edge protection ring and the strips represent a common component, so that this reinforcing component can be created in manufacturing technology as economically as possible and then the remaining material is added as potting compound, which then forms the main body of the manhole cover.

Der Schachtdeckel liegt entlang seinem äußeren Rand mit seiner Unterseite auf einer Auflage auf, beispielsweise der Mündung eines Schachtes. Dort, wo der Schachtdeckel diesen Auflagebereich aufweist, kann vorteilhaft unterhalb des Verstärkungsmaterials ein umlaufender Auflagering vorgesehen sein, welcher aus einem anderen Material als dem des Verstärkungs-materials besteht. Auf diese Weise wird das Verstärkungsmaterial vor Brüchen geschützt, die ansonsten ggf. auftreten könnten, wenn der Schachtdeckel schlagartig stark belastet wird, wie dies beispielsweise nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann, wenn der Schachtdeckel von Fahrzeugen befahren wird. Dieser Auflagering stellt also eine Art Dämpfung oder Schutz für die Streifen und die darin enthaltenen Verstärkungsfasern dar. Er kann beispielsweise aus demselben Werkstoff wie der Grundwerkstoff bestehen.The manhole cover lies along its outer edge with its underside on a support, for example, the mouth of a shaft. Where the manhole cover has this support area, it is advantageously possible to provide below the reinforcing material a circumferential support ring, which consists of a material other than that of the reinforcing material. In this way, the reinforcing material is protected from fractures that might otherwise occur if the manhole cover is suddenly heavily loaded, as can not be excluded, for example, when the manhole cover is used by vehicles. This support ring thus represents a kind of damping or protection for the strips and the reinforcing fibers contained therein. It may for example consist of the same material as the base material.

Vorteilhaft kann der Schachtdeckel dort, wo er seinen Auflagebereich aufweist, an seiner Unterseite mit einem Puffer versehen sein, der eine klapperfreie Auflage des Schachtdeckels auf der jeweiligen Auflagefläche sicherstellt, beispielsweise auf der erwähnten Schachtmündung. Dieser Puffer kann beispielsweise gleichzeitig auch den bereits erwähnten Auflagering aufweisen. Es kann jedoch auch vorgesehen sein, dass der Puffer aus einem besonders gut dämpfenden Material, beispielsweise einem Elastomerwerkstoff, besteht und unterhalb der Verstärkungsfasern angeordnet ist oder unterhalb des Auflagerings vorgesehen ist, falls ein solcher vorgesehen ist. Dabei können einzelne Pufferelemente vorgesehen sein, so dass beispielsweise teure Werkstoffe für den Puffer verwendet werden können und eine gute Wirtschaftlichkeit durch einen entsprechend niedrigen Materialverbrauch dieses teuren Werkstoffs ermöglicht wird. Zu Gunsten einer besonders einfachen Herstellung kann der Puffer jedoch auch besonders einfach dadurch ausgestaltet sein, dass der Schachtdeckel in seinem Auflagebereich an seiner Unterseite eine umlaufende Nut aufweist, in welche ein Elastomerstreifen eingesetzt ist.Advantageously, the manhole cover, where it has its support area, be provided on its underside with a buffer which ensures a rattle-free support of the manhole cover on the respective support surface, for example on the mentioned manhole mouth. This buffer may, for example, at the same time also have the already mentioned support ring. However, it can also be provided that the buffer from a particularly good damping material, such as an elastomeric material, and is disposed below the reinforcing fibers or is provided below the support ring, if such is provided. In this case, individual buffer elements can be provided, so that, for example, expensive materials can be used for the buffer and a good economy is made possible by a correspondingly low material consumption of this expensive material. However, in favor of a particularly simple production of the buffer can also be particularly easily configured in that the manhole cover in its support area on its underside has a circumferential groove into which an elastomeric strip is inserted.

Die erwähnten Streifen aus Verstärkungsfasern können vorteilhaft als faserverstärkte Kunststoffstreifen ausgestaltet sein, beispielsweise aus einem GFK-Material, also aus glasfaserverstärktem Kunststoff bestehen.The mentioned strips of reinforcing fibers can advantageously be configured as fiber-reinforced plastic strips, for example, consist of a fiberglass material, ie of glass fiber reinforced plastic.

Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung werden anhand der rein schematischen Darstellungen nachfolgend näher erläutert. Dabei zeigt

Fig. 1
eine Ansicht auf die Unterseite eines ersten Schachtdeckels,
Fig. 2
einen Querschnitt durch den ersten Schachtdeckel von Fig. 1, und
Fig. 3
eine perspektivische Ansicht auf einen quer geschnittenen zweiten Schachtdeckel.
Embodiments of the invention are explained in more detail below with reference to the purely schematic representations. It shows
Fig. 1
a view of the underside of a first manhole cover,
Fig. 2
a cross section through the first manhole cover of Fig. 1 , and
Fig. 3
a perspective view of a transversely cut second manhole cover.

In den Zeichnungen ist mit 1 jeweils insgesamt ein Schachtdeckel bezeichnet, der einen Grundkörper 2 aufweist, welcher gemäß den Fig. 1 und 2 aus einem Polymerwerkstoff besteht, wie beispielsweise einem Polyestermaterial, welches in an sich bekannter Weise gefüllt und / oder verstärkt sein kann. Alternativ kann der Grundkörper 2 aus einem Polyesterbeton bestehen, oder gemäß dem Ausführungsbeispiel der Fig. 3 aus Beton. Der Grundkörper 2 ist zirkumferent eingefasst von einem Kantenschutzring 3, der aus einem glasfaserverstärkten Kunststoff besteht.In the drawings, 1 denotes in each case a total of a manhole cover, which has a base body 2, which according to the Fig. 1 and 2 consists of a polymeric material, such as a polyester material, which may be filled and / or reinforced in a conventional manner. Alternatively, the main body 2 consist of a polyester concrete, or according to the embodiment of the Fig. 3 concrete. The main body 2 is circumferentially edged by an edge protection ring 3, which consists of a glass fiber reinforced plastic.

Im Abstand vom äußeren Rand, also von dem Kantenschutzring 3, sind bei dem Ausführungsbeispiel der Fig. 1 und 2 viele Durchbrechungen 4 vorgesehen, wobei jeweils zwischen zwei benachbarten Durchbrechungen 4 ein Streifen 5 vom Kantenschutzring 3 bis zur gegenüberliegenden Seite des Schachtdeckels 1 verläuft und dort wiederum an den Kantenschutzring 3 anschließt. Dementsprechend ist die Anzahl an Streifen 5 sowie an Durchbrechungen 4 geradzahlig, so dass jeweils zwei Durchbrechungen 4 einander gegenüberliegen bzw. sich zwischen zwei benachbarten Durchbrechungen 4 ein ununterbrochener Bereich über den Mittelpunkt des Schachtdeckels 1 hinweg quer über den gesamten Durchmesser des Schachtdeckels 1 bis zu dessen gegenüberliegenden Rand, erstreckt ebenfalls zwischen zwei Durchbrechungen 4, so dass die Streifen 5 unterbrechungsfrei quer unterhalb des Schachtdeckels 1 von einem zum gegenüberliegenden Rand verlaufen können. Im mittleren Bereich des Schachtdeckels 1 ergibt sich an seiner Unterseite eine sehr große Materialstärke an Verstärkungsmaterial, weil sich dort sämtliche Streifen 5 überlappen.At a distance from the outer edge, so of the edge protection ring 3 are in the embodiment of the Fig. 1 and 2 many perforations 4 provided, in each case between two adjacent openings 4, a strip 5 extends from the edge protection ring 3 to the opposite side of the manhole cover 1 and there again connects to the edge protection ring 3. Accordingly, the number of strips 5 and 4 openings even, so that in each case two openings 4 face each other or between two adjacent openings 4 a continuous area over the center of the manhole cover 1 across the entire diameter of the manhole cover 1 to the opposite edge, also extends between two openings 4, so that the strips 5 can run without interruption transversely below the manhole cover 1 from one to the opposite edge. In the middle region of the manhole cover 1 results in its underside a very large material thickness of reinforcing material, because there overlap all strips 5.

Dem Kantenschutzring 3 radial nach innen benachbart verläuft an der Unterseite des Schachdeckels 1 ein Auflagering 6 unterhalb der Streifen 5. Der Auflagering 6 besteht aus demselben Material wie der Grundkörper 2 und schützt in diesem Auflagebereich des Schachtdeckels 1 die Streifen 5 vor mechanischen Beschädigungen.The edge protection ring 3 adjacent radially inwardly extends at the bottom of the chess cover 1, a support ring 6 below the strips 5. The support ring 6 is made of the same material as the base body 2 and protects in this contact area of the manhole cover 1, the strip 5 from mechanical damage.

In diesem Auflagering 6 ist eine umlaufende Nut 7 vorgesehen, in welche ein Elastomerstreifen eingesetzt ist, der als Puffer 8 dient und eine klapperfreie Auflage des Schachtdeckels 1 gewährleistet.In this support ring 6, a circumferential groove 7 is provided, in which an elastomeric strip is used, which serves as a buffer 8 and ensures a rattle-free support of the manhole cover 1.

Bei dem Ausführungsbeispiel der Fig. 3 ist der Schachtdeckel 1 in einer Einbausituation dargestellt, bei der er in ein Schachtoberteil 9 aus beispielsweise Beton oder Polyesterbeton eingesetzt ist. Der Grundkörper 2 des Schachtdeckels 1 besteht aus Beton. Ein Kragen 10, der aus demselben Material besteht wie der Kantenschutzring 3 und die Streifen 5, ist als Verschleißschutz in das Schachtoberteil 9 eingesetzt und bildet auch die befahrbare ringförmige Oberfläche des Schachtoberteils 9. Die Streifen 5 und der Kantenschutzring 3 sind bei diesem Ausführungsbeispiel wie bei dem der Fig. 1 und 2 ausgeführt. Allerdings sind weder die Durchbrechungen 4 durch den Grundkörper, noch der Auflagering 6 noch der Puffer 8 an der Unterseite dieses Schachtdeckels 1 vorgesehen. Vielmehr verlaufen die Streifen 5 entsprechend der Querschnittskontur des Grundkörpers 2 zum Rand des Schachtdeckels 1 hin abgewinkelt, so dass sie plan auf einem Absatz des Kragens 10 aufliegen. Eine Bruchgefahr wie bei den schräg verlaufenden Streifen 5 des Ausführungsbeispiels der Fig. 1 und 2 besteht daher durch die Auflage auf dem erwähnten Absatz des Kragens 10 nicht.In the embodiment of the Fig. 3 the manhole cover 1 is shown in a mounting situation in which it is inserted into a shaft top 9 made of concrete or polyester concrete, for example. The main body 2 of the manhole cover 1 is made of concrete. A collar 10, which consists of the same material as the edge protection ring 3 and the strips 5, is used as wear protection in the shaft top 9 and also forms the drivable annular surface of the shaft top 9. The strip 5 and the edge protection ring 3 are in this embodiment as in the the Fig. 1 and 2 executed. However, neither the openings 4 are provided by the body, nor the support ring 6 nor the buffer 8 at the bottom of the manhole cover 1. Rather, the strips 5 are angled in accordance with the cross-sectional contour of the base body 2 to the edge of the manhole cover 1, so that they rest flat on a shoulder of the collar 10. A risk of breakage as in the oblique strip 5 of the embodiment of Fig. 1 and 2 is therefore not due to the support on the mentioned paragraph of the collar 10.

Der Kantenschutzring 3 und die Streifen 5 sind bei beiden Ausführungsbeispielen als ein gemeinsamer Presskörper hergestellt worden, der etwa schalenförmig ausgestaltet ist und anschließend mit der jeweiligen Vergussmasse gefüllt wird. Beim Ausführungsbeispiel der Fig. 1 und 2 gelangt die Vergussmasse auch auf die Unterseite des Presskörpers und bildet dort den Auflagering 6.The edge protection ring 3 and the strips 5 have been produced in both embodiments as a common compact, which is designed approximately cup-shaped and is then filled with the respective potting compound. In the embodiment of Fig. 1 and 2 the potting compound also reaches the bottom of the compact and forms there the support ring. 6

Um den Kantenschutzring 3 und die Streifen 5 gegen aggressive chemische Einflüsse zu schützen, kann eine Oberflächenbeschichtung in Form einer Lackierung oder einer Polyurethanbeschichtung, beispielsweise mittels eine zweikomponentigen PU-Systems, vorgesehen sein.In order to protect the edge protection ring 3 and the strips 5 against aggressive chemical influences, a surface coating in the form of a coating or a polyurethane coating, for example by means of a two-component PU system, may be provided.

Um eine sichere und haltbare Verbindung des Kantenschutzrings 3 und der Streifen 5 mit der Vergussmasse zu unterstützen, kann ein Haftvermittler auf den der Vergussmasse zugewandten Oberflächen dieser Elemente bzw. des aus diesen Elementen gebildeten Presskörpers vorgesehen sein. Es kann sich dabei um einen chemischen Haftvermittler handeln, oder es kann mechanisch, etwa durch eine Besandung der entsprechenden Oberflächen, ein besserer Zusammenhalt mit der Vergussmasse bewirkt werden.In order to support a secure and durable connection of the edge protection ring 3 and the strip 5 with the potting compound, an adhesion promoter may be provided on the potting compound facing surfaces of these elements or of the compact formed from these elements. It may be a chemical adhesion promoter, or it may be effected mechanically, for example by sanding the corresponding surfaces, a better cohesion with the potting compound.

Claims (15)

  1. Manhole cover,
    with a central area,
    a circumferential support area around the outer edge for resting on the manhole outlet,
    a main body (2) of composite material, and reinforcing fibres which run in the central area of the manhole cover (1) beneath the main body (2),
    where several layers of reinforcing fibres are superimposed on one another, each extending in a different direction from one edge of the manhole cover (1) to the opposite edge,
    where each layer has at least one strip (5), where superimposed strips (5) are aligned at different angles with reference to the centre of the manhole cover and overlap in the central area of the manhole cover (1), characterised in
    that the manhole cover (1) has a main body (2) of a hardened pourable casting compound and the main body (2) extends in a radial direction into the support area.
  2. Manhole cover in accordance with claim 1,
    characterised in
    that the main body (2) consists of a concrete material.
  3. Manhole cover in accordance with claim 1,
    characterised in
    that the main body (2) consists of a duroplastic polymer material.
  4. Manhole cover in accordance with claim 3,
    characterised in
    that the main body (2) consists of a polyester material.
  5. Manhole cover in accordance with claims 2 and 3,
    characterised in
    that the main body (2) consists of polyester concrete,
  6. Manhole cover in accordance with any of the foregoing claims,
    characterised in
    that the reinforcing fibres within a strip (5) are arranged as parallel rovings, each of which extends over the entire length of the strip (5).
  7. Manhole cover in accordance with any of the foregoing claims,
    characterised in
    that each of the strips (5) is so narrow that strip-free segments are created towards the edge of the manhole cover (1).
  8. Manhole cover in accordance with any of the claims 1 to 6,
    characterised in
    that the strips (5) are grouped together into a common surface element which is formed as a multi-axial mat.
  9. Manhole cover in accordance with any of the foregoing claims,
    characterised in
    that a protective ring (3) is provided around the edge of the manhole cover (1).
  10. Manhole cover in accordance with claim 9,
    characterised in
    that the edge-protection ring (3) consists of the same material as the strips (5).
  11. Manhole cover in accordance with claim 10,
    characterised in
    that the edge-protection ring (3) and the strips (5) are formed as one single component.
  12. Manhole cover in accordance with any of the foregoing claims,
    characterised in
    that a circumferential support ring (6) is provided beneath the strips (5) wherever the manhole cover (1) has its support area, which support ring (6) consists of a different material from the strips (5).
  13. Manhole cover in accordance with any of the foregoing claims,
    characterised in
    that in the support area of the manhole cover (1) it is provided with a pad (8) of elastomer material on its underside.
  14. Manhole cover in accordance with any of the foregoing claims,
    characterised in
    that the reinforcing fibres consist of mineral fibres such as glass or basalt fibres.
  15. Manhole cover in accordance with any of the foregoing claims,
    characterised in
    that the strips (5) are formed as fibre-reinforced plastic strips.
EP11175754.8A 2010-09-17 2011-07-28 Shaft lid Active EP2431533B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE201010037641 DE102010037641A1 (en) 2010-09-17 2010-09-17 manhole cover

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EP2431533A2 EP2431533A2 (en) 2012-03-21
EP2431533A3 EP2431533A3 (en) 2015-09-09
EP2431533B1 true EP2431533B1 (en) 2016-11-16

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Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2692951B1 (en) 2012-07-31 2015-05-06 Senn AG Shaft cover and method for manufacturing a shaft cover
CN102852163A (en) * 2012-10-15 2013-01-02 上海交通大学 Concrete manhole cover and manufacturing method thereof
US11536003B1 (en) * 2017-02-08 2022-12-27 Michael Forlong Manhole inserts and manhole insert gasket fabrication methods
DE102022113426A1 (en) 2022-05-27 2023-11-30 HATIBA Handelsgesellschaft für Tiefbauprodukte mbH Method for producing a functional element for construction and functional element for construction

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5378078A (en) * 1991-10-15 1995-01-03 Lewis; Michael E. Manhole cover
DE29801640U1 (en) * 1998-01-31 1998-05-20 Meyer Heike Manhole cover
DE29921532U1 (en) * 1999-12-01 2000-02-03 Ehd Eisenhammer Dresden Gmbh & Manhole cover

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EP2431533A3 (en) 2015-09-09
DE202011050837U1 (en) 2011-10-21

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