EP2425521A1 - Rotary electric machine with compensation of the armature magnetic reaction - Google Patents

Rotary electric machine with compensation of the armature magnetic reaction

Info

Publication number
EP2425521A1
EP2425521A1 EP10714928A EP10714928A EP2425521A1 EP 2425521 A1 EP2425521 A1 EP 2425521A1 EP 10714928 A EP10714928 A EP 10714928A EP 10714928 A EP10714928 A EP 10714928A EP 2425521 A1 EP2425521 A1 EP 2425521A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
compensation
armature
permanent
machine according
magnet
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP10714928A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jean-Claude Mipo
Li Li
Luc Kobylanski
Albert Foggia
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Valeo Equipements Electriques Moteur SAS
Original Assignee
Valeo Equipements Electriques Moteur SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Valeo Equipements Electriques Moteur SAS filed Critical Valeo Equipements Electriques Moteur SAS
Publication of EP2425521A1 publication Critical patent/EP2425521A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K23/00—DC commutator motors or generators having mechanical commutator; Universal AC/DC commutator motors
    • H02K23/02—DC commutator motors or generators having mechanical commutator; Universal AC/DC commutator motors characterised by arrangement for exciting
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K21/00—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets
    • H02K21/02—Details
    • H02K21/04—Windings on magnets for additional excitation ; Windings and magnets for additional excitation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K23/00—DC commutator motors or generators having mechanical commutator; Universal AC/DC commutator motors
    • H02K23/02—DC commutator motors or generators having mechanical commutator; Universal AC/DC commutator motors characterised by arrangement for exciting
    • H02K23/04—DC commutator motors or generators having mechanical commutator; Universal AC/DC commutator motors characterised by arrangement for exciting having permanent magnet excitation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K23/00—DC commutator motors or generators having mechanical commutator; Universal AC/DC commutator motors
    • H02K23/02—DC commutator motors or generators having mechanical commutator; Universal AC/DC commutator motors characterised by arrangement for exciting
    • H02K23/22—DC commutator motors or generators having mechanical commutator; Universal AC/DC commutator motors characterised by arrangement for exciting having compensating or damping windings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a rotating electrical machine such as an alternator, a starter or an alternator-starter for a motor vehicle. More particularly, the invention relates to a rotary electric machine equipped with means for compensating the magnetic armature reaction.
  • the phenomenon of the armature magnetic reaction is known to those skilled in the art. The armature magnetic reaction occurs when a current flows in the armature of the rotating electrical machine.
  • the magnetic armature reaction occurs when the alternator is charging and discharging a current.
  • the stator windings in which a current flows then produce a so-called magnetic field of armature reaction which can cause saturation and degrade the magnetic field of the inductor.
  • the electromotive force f.e.m
  • This deformation of the EM produces harmonics which cause an increase in Joule losses and iron losses of the machine.
  • acoustic vibration and electromagnetic compatibility performance can also be affected by the armature reaction.
  • the present invention provides a rotating electrical machine comprising an inductor in the form of a rotor, an armature in the form of a stator and means for compensating the armature magnetic reaction.
  • the armature magnetic reaction compensation means comprise at least one permanent compensation magnet implanted in a pole of the inductor.
  • the armature magnetic reaction compensation means comprise a permanent compensation magnet implanted in each of the poles of the inductor.
  • the armature magnetic reaction compensation means comprise two permanent compensation magnets implanted in each of the poles of the inductor. Preferably, each of the two permanent compensation magnets is implanted in one half of the corresponding pole. According to particular embodiments, a length of the permanent compensation magnet occupies about 30 to 45% of a half-width of the corresponding pole.
  • the permanent compensation magnet has a remanent magnetic field between 0.8 and 1.4 Tesla, is positioned at a distance of between about 2 to 6 mm from an end of the corresponding pole, has a length included between about 1 and 6 mm, and a thickness of between about 1 and 4 mm.
  • the permanent compensation magnet is positioned at a distance equal to 5.3 mm with respect to an end of the corresponding pole, has a length equal to 4.4 mm, and a thickness equal to 2 mm .
  • the rotating electrical machine according to the invention also comprises a progressive air gap.
  • this progressive gap varies between about 0.4 and 0.7 mm.
  • the permanent compensation magnet of the rotating electrical machine according to the invention is of the surface type or of the buried type.
  • FIG. 1 shows a simplified general structure of FIG. a rotary type electrical machine with salient poles
  • Fig.2A-2C are schematic diagrams used for the explanation of the armature magnetic reaction phenomenon
  • Fig.3 is an actual measurement curve of the magnetic field present in a gap of the machine
  • Fig.4 is a partial sectional view of a rotating electrical machine according to the invention equipped with permanent magnets magnetic armature compensation compensation
  • Fig.5 is a measurement curve of the magnetic field present in an air gap of the machine, in which is shown the compensation effect of the armature magnetic reaction provided by the permanent compensation magnets
  • Fig.6 is a partial sectional view showing the position of a permanent compensation magnet in a corresponding pole of the machine
  • Fig.7 is a partial sectional view of a rotating electrical machine according to the invention equipped with two permanent magnetic armature magnetic compensation magnets
  • Fig.8 show torque curves obtained with and
  • Fig. 1 shows, in a simplified form, the structure of a rotating electrical machine 1 of salient pole type.
  • the machine 1 comprises a stator 10 and a rotor 11 and is devoid of current compensation means.
  • the stator 10 is provided with a plurality of notches 101 provided for receiving stator windings (not shown).
  • the rotor 1 1 has 4 pairs of poles of polarities North (N) and South (S), composed of poles S1 10, N1 10, S1 1 1, N1 1 1, S1 12, N1 12, S1 13 and N1 13.
  • An excitation winding 1 14 is provided in the rotor 1 1 of the machine 1 and comprises eight series windings, E0 to E7, which are respectively located at the eight projecting poles of the machine 1.
  • a lex excitation current feeds the excitation winding January 14 so as to produce magnetic fields with the desired polarity at the poles S1 10, N1 10, S1 1 1, N1 1 1, S1 12, N1 12, S1 13 and N1 13.
  • the machine 1 operates in alternator mode and delivers a current, there is a phenomenon of armature magnetic reaction which is now described with reference to FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C.
  • FIGS.2A, 2B and 2C show schematically the magnetic fields in an air gap e of the machine 1, at a pole N thereof.
  • FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C show the pole N with an excitation winding E as well as conductors CS of the stator winding housed in slots 101 (FIG. 1) of the stator.
  • Fig.2A shows a magnetic field Fl which is a magnetic field produced by the pole N in the air gap e when the machine 1 runs empty, that is to say, when no current flows in the stator winding.
  • the waveform of the field F1 is then substantially uniform throughout the air gap opposite the pole N.
  • FIG. 2B shows the effect of the armature magnetic reaction in the form of a field FRI which is a magnetic field of armature reaction produced by the conductors CS of the stator winding when a charge current circulates in those -this.
  • FRI field of armature reaction produced by the conductors CS of the stator winding when a charge current circulates in those -this.
  • the FRI field has a positive half cycle and a negative half cycle.
  • Fig.2C shows an FC field which is a resultant magnetic field present in the air gap when the machine is delivering a charging current.
  • the FC field is the sum of the Fl and FRI fields.
  • the FC field is significantly deformed and out of phase with the field Fl produced when the machine 1 runs empty.
  • FIG. 3 shows a real measurement curve of the magnetic field FC present in the air gap of a rotating electrical machine with salient poles.
  • the angular position of the rotor of the machine On the abscissa is indicated the angular position of the rotor of the machine and, on the ordinate, is indicated the value in Tesla corresponding to the magnetic field FC.
  • the waveform of the FC field has slots which are essentially due to the presence of the stator slots. Such a waveform has many harmonics that degrade the performance of the rotating electrical machine.
  • it is provided to incorporate in the rotor poles of the rotating electrical machine magnetic feedback compensation means in the form of permanent magnets. The magnetic flux produced by the permanent magnet is then opposed to that of the magnetic armature reaction thus reducing the effect thereof.
  • FIG. 4 permanent magnets AC N i and ACs 1 included in two successive N-type and S-shaped poles of a rotating pole electrical machine such as the machine 1 of FIG. 1 are shown.
  • the permanent magnets AC N i and ACsi form part of the armature magnetic reaction compensation means according to the present invention.
  • AC is included in each of the poles of the rotating electrical machine, which is not necessarily the case in other applications of the invention.
  • the effect of the permanent magnets AC on the magnetic field FC in the gap of the machine is shown in Fig.5.
  • the contribution of the permanent magnets AC to the magnetic field FC is shown by portions P A c in bold on the curve of FIG.
  • the AC permanent magnets provide compensation for the armature magnetic reaction by correcting the intensity of the magnetic field FC as shown in FIG. This correction improves the frequency spectrum of the magnetic field FC in the sense of a reduction of the harmonics which alter the performances of the machine.
  • Tests and simulations have been carried out by the inventive entity, in particular on a rotating electric machine for a motor vehicle having a nominal power of 40 kW, an outside diameter of 200 mm and a length of 240 mm.
  • Permanent magnets AC having a remanent magnetic field between 0.8 and 1.4 T give good results for automotive applications. However, other residual magnetic field strengths may also be suitable, depending on the application.
  • the dimensions and position characteristics of the AC magnets are defined by the following parameters:
  • Da distance between the AC magnet and one end of the pole.
  • Lp width of the pole.
  • the magnet AC is located in the first half of width Y 2 Lp of the pole.
  • the first half of the pole is considered here to be that corresponding to the front part of the pole, determined by the direction of rotation of the rotor of the machine.
  • the length La of the magnet AC may represent approximately 30 to 45% of the half-width 1 / 4Lp of the pole.
  • the magnet AC may advantageously be positioned at a distance Da which will be between about 2 and 6 mm.
  • the length La of the magnet AC may be between about 1 and 6 mm and the thickness Ha between about 1 and 4 mm. It is shown in Fig.7, an embodiment in which two armature magnetic reaction compensation magnets AC1 and AC2 are provided for each pole.
  • the magnets AC1 and AC2 have opposite polarities and are located in first and second halves of the pole.
  • one of the magnets, for example AC1 will have the effect of enhancing the intensity of the magnetic field FC in the first part of the alternation and the another magnet, for example AC2, will have the effect of reducing it in the second part of the alternation.
  • a correction of the deformation, due to the armature reaction, of the waveform of the magnetic field is thus performed so as to obtain a more regular waveform with fewer harmonics.
  • the present invention also has the advantage of a marked improvement in the mechanical torque provided when the rotating electrical machine is operating in motor mode.
  • FIG. 8 shows, as a function of the current density in the stator, the torque provided by the 40 kW machine indicated above, operating in motor mode at a speed of 3000 rpm, depending on whether it is equipped with or without permanent magnets AC armature magnetic feedback compensation.
  • a first curve with square points is that of the machine without the AC magnets.
  • a second curve with diamond points is that of the machine with the AC magnets and displays torque values greater than that of the first curve.
  • the embodiments described above comprise permanent surface-type AC magnets, that is to say, flush with the surface of the pole located opposite the air gap. However, it should be noted that buried type permanent AC magnets can also be used in certain applications of the invention.
  • a progressive gap ep as shown in Fig.9, can be associated with permanent magnets
  • the air gap ep varies progressively from about 0.4 mm to about 0.7 mm, from one end to the other of the pole.
  • the face of the pole opposite the air gap ep and notches of the stator is machined in such a way as to obtain this progressive air gap ep.
  • Fig.1 O shows an example of the compensation provided by the progressive air gap ep.
  • the effect of the progressive air gap ep on the waveform of the magnetic field is indicated by the bold portions P E p.
  • the curve of FIG. 10 only shows the compensation effect provided by the progressive air gap ep, that is to say, without the compensation magnets.
  • a compensation magnet AC may be provided in a fractional manner, i.e. in the form of at least two magnets which are arranged side by side and separated by a thin wall of material magnetic (the iron of the rotor). Such an embodiment makes it possible to reduce the losses in the AC magnet.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Permanent Field Magnets Of Synchronous Machinery (AREA)
  • Permanent Magnet Type Synchronous Machine (AREA)

Abstract

The machine of the invention includes an inductor (11), an armature (10) and means for compensating the armature magnetic reaction. According to the invention, the means for compensation the armature magnetic reaction includes at least one permanent magnet (AC) implanted in a pole of the inductor. According to one particular embodiment, the compensation means includes a magnet implanted in each of the inductor poles. According to another embodiment, the compensation means includes two magnets implanted in each of the inductor poles. The machine may comprise surface or buried compensation permanent magnets.

Description

MACHINE ELECTRIQUE TOURNANTE AVEC COMPENSATION DE LA REACTION MAGNETIQUE D'INDUIT ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINE WITH MAGNETIC REACTION COMPENSATION COMPENSATION
La présente invention concerne une machine électrique tournante telle qu'un alternateur, un démarreur ou un alterno-démarreur pour véhicule automobile. Plus particulièrement, l'invention concerne une machine électrique tournante équipée de moyens de compensation de la réaction magnétique d'induit. Le phénomène de la réaction magnétique d'induit est connu de l'homme du métier. La réaction magnétique d'induit se produit lorsqu'un courant circule dans l'induit de la machine électrique tournante.The present invention relates to a rotating electrical machine such as an alternator, a starter or an alternator-starter for a motor vehicle. More particularly, the invention relates to a rotary electric machine equipped with means for compensating the magnetic armature reaction. The phenomenon of the armature magnetic reaction is known to those skilled in the art. The armature magnetic reaction occurs when a current flows in the armature of the rotating electrical machine.
En prenant pour exemple un alternateur pour véhicule automobile dans lequel l'induit est le stator de la machine et l'inducteur est le rotor de celle-ci, la réaction magnétique d'induit se produit lorsque l'alternateur est en charge et débite un courant. Les bobinages statoriques dans lesquels circule un courant produisent alors un champ magnétique dit de réaction d'induit qui peut entrainer une saturation et dégrader le champ magnétique de l'inducteur. Consécutivement, la force électromotrice (f.e.m) est déformée (avec une possible saturation) et les performances de l'alternateur, notamment en termes de rendement, sont altérées. Cette déformation de la f.e.m produit des harmoniques qui provoquent un accroissement des pertes Joule et des pertes fer de la machine. De plus, les performances relatives aux vibrations acoustiques et à la compatibilité électromagnétique peuvent également être affectées par la réaction d'induit.Taking for example an alternator for a motor vehicle in which the armature is the stator of the machine and the inductor is the rotor thereof, the magnetic armature reaction occurs when the alternator is charging and discharging a current. The stator windings in which a current flows then produce a so-called magnetic field of armature reaction which can cause saturation and degrade the magnetic field of the inductor. Subsequently, the electromotive force (f.e.m) is deformed (with a possible saturation) and the performance of the alternator, particularly in terms of efficiency, are altered. This deformation of the EM produces harmonics which cause an increase in Joule losses and iron losses of the machine. In addition, acoustic vibration and electromagnetic compatibility performance can also be affected by the armature reaction.
Dans le domaine des machines électriques tournantes de forte puissance, il est connu dans l'état de la technique de prévoir des bobinages auxiliaires dits de compensation de réaction d'induit. Ces bobinages, inclus dans le stator de la machine, produisent un champ magnétique de compensation qui s'oppose au champ magnétique de réaction d'induit de manière à en réduire les effets. La solution ci-dessus est à même d'apporter une compensation satisfaisante de la réaction magnétique d'induit dans une machine électrique tournante, mais elle est mal adaptée au domaine automobile dans lequel les contraintes de poids, de compacité et de coût sont extrêmement sévères.In the field of rotating electrical machines of high power, it is known in the state of the art to provide auxiliary coils said armature reaction compensation. These coils, included in the stator of the machine, produce a compensating magnetic field which opposes the magnetic field of reaction of armature so as to reduce the effects. The above solution is able to provide a satisfactory compensation of the armature magnetic reaction in a rotating electrical machine, but it is poorly suited to the automotive field in which the constraints of weight, compactness and cost are extremely severe. .
Il est donc souhaitable de proposer une solution de compensation de réaction magnétique d'induit qui soit adaptée pour les machines électriques tournantes utilisées dans l'automobile.It is therefore desirable to provide an armature magnetic reaction compensation solution that is suitable for rotating electrical machines used in the automobile.
Selon un premier aspect, la présente invention fournit une machine électrique tournante comprenant un inducteur sous la forme d'un rotor, un induit sous la forme d'un stator et des moyens de compensation de la réaction magnétique d'induit. Conformément à l'invention, les moyens de compensation de réaction magnétique d'induit comprennent au moins un aimant permanent de compensation implanté dans un pôle de l'inducteur.According to a first aspect, the present invention provides a rotating electrical machine comprising an inductor in the form of a rotor, an armature in the form of a stator and means for compensating the armature magnetic reaction. According to the invention, the armature magnetic reaction compensation means comprise at least one permanent compensation magnet implanted in a pole of the inductor.
Selon une caractéristique particulière, les moyens de compensation de réaction magnétique d'induit comprennent un aimant permanent de compensation implanté dans chacun des pôles de l'inducteur. Selon une autre caractéristique particulière, les moyens de compensation de réaction magnétique d'induit comprennent deux aimants permanents de compensation implantés dans chacun des pôles de l'inducteur. De préférence, chacun des deux aimants permanents de compensation est implanté dans une moitié du pôle correspondant. Selon des formes de réalisation particulières, une longueur de l'aimant permanent de compensation occupe environ 30 à 45% d'une demi-largeur du pôle correspondant. De plus, l'aimant permanent de compensation a un champ magnétique rémanent compris entre 0,8 et 1 ,4 Tesla, est positionné à une distance comprise entre environ 2 à 6 mm par rapport à une extrémité du pôle correspondant, a une longueur comprise entre environ 1 et 6 mm, et une épaisseur comprise entre environ 1 et 4 mm.According to one particular characteristic, the armature magnetic reaction compensation means comprise a permanent compensation magnet implanted in each of the poles of the inductor. According to another particular characteristic, the armature magnetic reaction compensation means comprise two permanent compensation magnets implanted in each of the poles of the inductor. Preferably, each of the two permanent compensation magnets is implanted in one half of the corresponding pole. According to particular embodiments, a length of the permanent compensation magnet occupies about 30 to 45% of a half-width of the corresponding pole. In addition, the permanent compensation magnet has a remanent magnetic field between 0.8 and 1.4 Tesla, is positioned at a distance of between about 2 to 6 mm from an end of the corresponding pole, has a length included between about 1 and 6 mm, and a thickness of between about 1 and 4 mm.
Selon une forme de réalisation préférée, l'aimant permanent de compensation est positionné à une distance égale à 5,3 mm par rapport à une extrémité du pôle correspondant, a une longueur égale à 4,4 mm, et une épaisseur égale à 2 mm.According to a preferred embodiment, the permanent compensation magnet is positioned at a distance equal to 5.3 mm with respect to an end of the corresponding pole, has a length equal to 4.4 mm, and a thickness equal to 2 mm .
Selon une autre caractéristique, la machine électrique tournante selon l'invention, brièvement décrite ci-dessus, comprend également un entrefer progressif. Selon une forme de réalisation particulière, cet entrefer progressif varie entre environ 0,4 et 0,7 mm.According to another characteristic, the rotating electrical machine according to the invention, briefly described above, also comprises a progressive air gap. According to a particular embodiment, this progressive gap varies between about 0.4 and 0.7 mm.
Selon encore une autre caractéristique, l'aimant permanent de compensation de la machine électrique tournante selon l'invention est de type surfacique ou de type enterré.According to yet another characteristic, the permanent compensation magnet of the rotating electrical machine according to the invention is of the surface type or of the buried type.
D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention ressortiront à la lecture de la description suivante d'une de ses formes de réalisation particulières, en référence aux figures ci-dessous, dans lesquelles : la Fig .1 montre une structure générale simplifiée d'une machine électrique tournante de type à pôles saillants ; les Fig.2A à 2C sont des schémas de principe utilisés pour l'explication du phénomène de réaction magnétique d'induit ; la Fig.3 est une courbe de mesure réelle du champ magnétique présent dans un entrefer de la machine ; la Fig.4 est une vue partielle en coupe d'une machine électrique tournante selon l'invention équipée d'aimants permanents de compensation de réaction magnétique d'induit ; la Fig.5 est une courbe de mesure du champ magnétique présent dans un entrefer de la machine, dans laquelle est montré l'effet de compensation de la réaction magnétique d'induit apporté par les aimants permanents de compensation ; la Fig.6 est une vue partielle en coupe montrant la position d'un aimant permanent de compensation dans un pôle correspondant de la machine ; la Fig.7 est une vue partielle en coupe d'une machine électrique tournante selon l'invention équipée de deux aimants permanents de compensation de réaction magnétique d'induit ; la Fig.8 montrent des courbes de couples obtenues avec et sans aimants de compensation lorsque la machine électrique tournante fonctionne en mode moteur ; - la Fig.9 est une vue partielle en coupe d'une machine électrique tournante selon l'invention comportant un entrefer progressif ; et la Fig.1 O est une courbe de mesure du champ magnétique présent dans un entrefer de la machine, dans laquelle est montré l'effet de compensation de la réaction magnétique d'induit apporté par l'entrefer progressif de la machine de la Fig.9.Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will emerge on reading the following description of one of its particular embodiments, with reference to the figures below, in which: FIG. 1 shows a simplified general structure of FIG. a rotary type electrical machine with salient poles; Fig.2A-2C are schematic diagrams used for the explanation of the armature magnetic reaction phenomenon; Fig.3 is an actual measurement curve of the magnetic field present in a gap of the machine; Fig.4 is a partial sectional view of a rotating electrical machine according to the invention equipped with permanent magnets magnetic armature compensation compensation; Fig.5 is a measurement curve of the magnetic field present in an air gap of the machine, in which is shown the compensation effect of the armature magnetic reaction provided by the permanent compensation magnets; Fig.6 is a partial sectional view showing the position of a permanent compensation magnet in a corresponding pole of the machine; Fig.7 is a partial sectional view of a rotating electrical machine according to the invention equipped with two permanent magnetic armature magnetic compensation magnets; Fig.8 show torque curves obtained with and without compensating magnets when the rotating electrical machine is operating in motor mode; - Fig.9 is a partial sectional view of a rotary electric machine according to the invention comprising a progressive air gap; and FIG. 10 is a measurement curve of the magnetic field present in an air gap of the machine, in which the compensation effect of the magnetic reaction of armature brought by the progressive air gap of the machine of FIG. .9.
La Fig .1 montre, sous une forme simplifiée, la structure d'une machine électrique tournante 1 de type à pôles saillants. La machine 1 comprend un stator 10 et un rotor 1 1 et est dépourvue de moyens de compensation de courant.Fig. 1 shows, in a simplified form, the structure of a rotating electrical machine 1 of salient pole type. The machine 1 comprises a stator 10 and a rotor 11 and is devoid of current compensation means.
Le stator 10 est muni d'une pluralité d'encoches 101 prévues pour recevoir des bobinages statoriques (non représentés). Le rotor 1 1 comporte 4 paires de pôles de polarités Nord (N) et Sud (S), composées de pôles S1 10, N1 10, S1 1 1 , N1 1 1 , S1 12, N1 12, S1 13 et N1 13.The stator 10 is provided with a plurality of notches 101 provided for receiving stator windings (not shown). The rotor 1 1 has 4 pairs of poles of polarities North (N) and South (S), composed of poles S1 10, N1 10, S1 1 1, N1 1 1, S1 12, N1 12, S1 13 and N1 13.
Un bobinage d'excitation 1 14 est prévu dans le rotor 1 1 de la machine 1 est comporte huit enroulements en série, EO à E7, qui sont localisés respectivement au niveau des huit pôles saillants de la machine 1 . Un courant d'excitation lex alimente le bobinage d'excitation 1 14 de manière à produire des champs magnétiques avec les polarités voulues au niveau des pôles S1 10, N1 10, S1 1 1 , N1 1 1 , S1 12, N1 12, S1 13 et N1 13. Lorsque la machine 1 fonctionne en mode alternateur et débite un courant, il se produit un phénomène de réaction magnétique d'induit qui est maintenant décrit en référence aux Figs.2A, 2B et 2C.An excitation winding 1 14 is provided in the rotor 1 1 of the machine 1 and comprises eight series windings, E0 to E7, which are respectively located at the eight projecting poles of the machine 1. A lex excitation current feeds the excitation winding January 14 so as to produce magnetic fields with the desired polarity at the poles S1 10, N1 10, S1 1 1, N1 1 1, S1 12, N1 12, S1 13 and N1 13. When the machine 1 operates in alternator mode and delivers a current, there is a phenomenon of armature magnetic reaction which is now described with reference to FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C.
Les Figs.2A, 2B et 2C montrent de manière schématique les champs magnétiques dans un entrefer e de la machine 1 , au niveau d'un pôle N de celle-ci. Les Figs.2A, 2B et 2C montrent le pôle N avec un enroulement d'excitation E ainsi que des conducteurs CS du bobinage statorique logés dans des encoches 101 (Fig.1 ) du stator.Figs.2A, 2B and 2C show schematically the magnetic fields in an air gap e of the machine 1, at a pole N thereof. FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C show the pole N with an excitation winding E as well as conductors CS of the stator winding housed in slots 101 (FIG. 1) of the stator.
La Fig.2A montre un champ magnétique Fl qui est un champ magnétique produit par le pôle N dans l'entrefer e lorsque la machine 1 fonctionne à vide, c'est-à-dire, lorsque aucun courant ne circule dans le bobinage statorique. La forme d'onde du champ Fl est alors sensiblement uniforme dans l'ensemble de l'entrefer en regard du pôle N.Fig.2A shows a magnetic field Fl which is a magnetic field produced by the pole N in the air gap e when the machine 1 runs empty, that is to say, when no current flows in the stator winding. The waveform of the field F1 is then substantially uniform throughout the air gap opposite the pole N.
La Fig.2B montre l'effet de la réaction magnétique d'induit sous la forme d'un champ FRI qui est un champ magnétique de réaction d'induit produit par les conducteurs CS du bobinage statorique lorsqu'un courant de charge circule dans ceux-ci. Comme montré à la Fig.2B, le champ FRI comporte une alternance positive et une alternance négative.FIG. 2B shows the effect of the armature magnetic reaction in the form of a field FRI which is a magnetic field of armature reaction produced by the conductors CS of the stator winding when a charge current circulates in those -this. As shown in Fig.2B, the FRI field has a positive half cycle and a negative half cycle.
La Fig.2C montre un champ FC qui est un champ magnétique résultant, présent dans l'entrefer e lorsque la machine débite un courant de charge. Le champ FC est la somme des champ Fl et FRI. Comme cela apparaît à la Fig.2C, le champ FC est notablement déformé et déphasé par rapport au champ Fl produit lorsque la machine 1 fonctionne à vide.Fig.2C shows an FC field which is a resultant magnetic field present in the air gap when the machine is delivering a charging current. The FC field is the sum of the Fl and FRI fields. As shown in Fig.2C, the FC field is significantly deformed and out of phase with the field Fl produced when the machine 1 runs empty.
De plus, une saturation du circuit magnétique (cf. repère SA à la Fig.2C) est susceptible de se produire du fait de cette réaction magnétique d'induit. Une telle saturation peut entraîner une perte de rendement importante.In addition, a saturation of the magnetic circuit (see reference SA in Fig.2C) is likely to occur due to this magnetic reaction armature. Such saturation can result in a significant loss of efficiency.
Les formes d'onde des champs magnétiques Fl, FRI et FC montrées aux Figs.2A, 2B et 2C sont des courbes théoriques, simplifiées pour les besoins de l'explication. La Fig.3 montre une courbe de mesure réelle du champ magnétique FC présent dans l'entrefer d'une machine électrique tournante à pôles saillants. En abscisse est indiquée la position angulaire du rotor de la machine et, en ordonnée, est indiquée la valeur en Tesla correspondant au champ magnétique FC. La forme d'onde du champ FC comporte des créneaux qui sont essentiellement dus à la présence des encoches du stator. Une telle forme d'onde comporte de nombreuses harmoniques qui dégradent les performances de la machine électrique tournante. Conformément à la présente invention, il est prévu d'incorporer dans les pôles du rotor de la machine électrique tournante des moyens de compensation de réaction magnétique sous la forme d'aimants permanents. Le flux magnétique produit par l'aimant permanent s'oppose alors à celui de la réaction magnétique d'induit diminuant ainsi l'effet de celle-ci .The waveforms of the magnetic fields Fl, FRI and FC shown in Figs.2A, 2B and 2C are theoretical curves, simplified for the purposes of the explanation. FIG. 3 shows a real measurement curve of the magnetic field FC present in the air gap of a rotating electrical machine with salient poles. On the abscissa is indicated the angular position of the rotor of the machine and, on the ordinate, is indicated the value in Tesla corresponding to the magnetic field FC. The waveform of the FC field has slots which are essentially due to the presence of the stator slots. Such a waveform has many harmonics that degrade the performance of the rotating electrical machine. According to the present invention, it is provided to incorporate in the rotor poles of the rotating electrical machine magnetic feedback compensation means in the form of permanent magnets. The magnetic flux produced by the permanent magnet is then opposed to that of the magnetic armature reaction thus reducing the effect thereof.
A la Fig.4, il est montré des aimants permanents ACNi et ACsi inclus dans deux pôles successifs de type N et S d'une machine électrique tournante à pôles saillants telle que la machine 1 de la Fig .1 .In FIG. 4, permanent magnets AC N i and ACs 1 included in two successive N-type and S-shaped poles of a rotating pole electrical machine such as the machine 1 of FIG. 1 are shown.
Les aimants permanents ACNi et ACsi forment une partie des moyens de compensation de réaction magnétique d'induit selon la présente invention. Dans cette forme de réalisation, un aimant permanentThe permanent magnets AC N i and ACsi form part of the armature magnetic reaction compensation means according to the present invention. In this embodiment, a permanent magnet
AC est inclus dans chacun des pôles de la machine électrique tournante, ce qui n'est pas forcément le cas dans d'autres applications de l'invention.AC is included in each of the poles of the rotating electrical machine, which is not necessarily the case in other applications of the invention.
L'effet des aimants permanents AC sur le champ magnétique FC dans l'entrefer de la machine est montré à la Fig.5. L'apport des aimants permanents AC sur le champ magnétique FC est montré par des portions PAc en gras sur la courbe de la Fig.5. Les aimants permanents AC apportent une compensation de la réaction magnétique d'induit en corrigeant l'intensité du champ magnétique FC comme montré à la Fig.5. Cette correction améliore le spectre fréquentiel du champ magnétique FC dans le sens d'une réduction des harmoniques qui altèrent les performances de la machine.The effect of the permanent magnets AC on the magnetic field FC in the gap of the machine is shown in Fig.5. The contribution of the permanent magnets AC to the magnetic field FC is shown by portions P A c in bold on the curve of FIG. The AC permanent magnets provide compensation for the armature magnetic reaction by correcting the intensity of the magnetic field FC as shown in FIG. This correction improves the frequency spectrum of the magnetic field FC in the sense of a reduction of the harmonics which alter the performances of the machine.
Pour obtenir la compensation voulue de la réaction magnétique d'induit, il est souhaitable d'optimiser différents paramètres, notamment la position de l'aimant permanent AC dans le pôle ainsi que les caractéristiques dimensionnelles et de champ magnétique rémanent de celui-ci.To obtain the desired compensation of the armature magnetic reaction, it is desirable to optimize various parameters, in particular the position of the permanent magnet AC in the pole as well as the dimensional and magnetic field characteristics of the latter.
Des essais et simulations ont été réalisés par l'entité inventive, notamment sur une machine électrique tournante pour véhicule automobile ayant une puissance nominale de 40 kW, un diamètre extérieur de 200 mm et une longueur de 240 mm.Tests and simulations have been carried out by the inventive entity, in particular on a rotating electric machine for a motor vehicle having a nominal power of 40 kW, an outside diameter of 200 mm and a length of 240 mm.
Des aimants permanents AC présentant un champ magnétique rémanent compris entre 0,8 et 1 ,4 T donnent de bons résultats pour les applications automobiles. Cependant, d'autres intensités de champ magnétiques rémanents pourront également convenir, selon les applications.Permanent magnets AC having a remanent magnetic field between 0.8 and 1.4 T give good results for automotive applications. However, other residual magnetic field strengths may also be suitable, depending on the application.
En référence à la Fig.6, les caractéristiques de dimensions et de position des aimants AC sont définies par les paramètres suivants :With reference to FIG. 6, the dimensions and position characteristics of the AC magnets are defined by the following parameters:
La = longueur de l'aimant AC Ha = épaisseur de l'aimant ACLa = length of the magnet AC Ha = thickness of the magnet AC
Da = distance entre l'aimant AC et une extrémité du pôle. Lp = largeur du pôle.Da = distance between the AC magnet and one end of the pole. Lp = width of the pole.
Dans cette forme de réalisation avec un seul aimant AC par pôle, l'aimant AC est situé dans la première moitié de largeur Y2Lp du pôle. La première moitié du pôle est considérée ici comme étant celle correspondant à la partie frontale du pôle, déterminée par le sens de rotation du rotor de la machine.In this embodiment with a single AC magnet per pole, the magnet AC is located in the first half of width Y 2 Lp of the pole. The first half of the pole is considered here to be that corresponding to the front part of the pole, determined by the direction of rotation of the rotor of the machine.
Pour la machine électrique tournante pour véhicule automobile indiquée plus haut, il a été déterminé les valeurs optimales suivantes La = 4,4 mm et Da = 5,3 mm pour une épaisseur d'aimant Ha = 2 mm : Bien entendu, les valeurs optimales indiquées ci-dessus ne sont pas limitatives, car selon les applications des valeurs différentes pourront être déterminées par l'homme du métier.For the rotary electric machine for a motor vehicle indicated above, the following optimum values were determined: La = 4.4 mm and Da = 5.3 mm for a magnet thickness Ha = 2 mm: Of course, the optimum values indicated above are not limiting because, depending on the applications, different values may be determined by those skilled in the art.
Ainsi, selon les applications, la longueur La de l'aimant AC pourra représenter environ 30 à 45% de la demi-largeur 1/4Lp du pôle. De plus, l'aimant AC pourra avantageusement être positionné à une distance Da qui sera comprise entre environ 2 et 6 mm. La longueur La de l'aimant AC pourra être comprise entre environ 1 et 6 mm et l'épaisseur Ha entre environ 1 et 4 mm. II est montré à la Fig.7, une forme de réalisation dans laquelle deux aimants de compensation de réaction magnétique d'induit AC1 et AC2 sont prévus pour chaque pôle.Thus, depending on the applications, the length La of the magnet AC may represent approximately 30 to 45% of the half-width 1 / 4Lp of the pole. In addition, the magnet AC may advantageously be positioned at a distance Da which will be between about 2 and 6 mm. The length La of the magnet AC may be between about 1 and 6 mm and the thickness Ha between about 1 and 4 mm. It is shown in Fig.7, an embodiment in which two armature magnetic reaction compensation magnets AC1 and AC2 are provided for each pole.
Dans cette machine de la Fig.7, les aimants AC1 et AC2 ont des polarités opposées et sont situés dans des première et seconde moitiés du pôle. Sur une alternance du champ magnétique FC, telle que montrée à la Fig.3, l'un des aimants, par exemple AC1 , aura pour effet de rehausser l'intensité du champ magnétique FC dans la première partie de l'alternance et l'autre aimant, par exemple AC2, aura pour effet de réduire celle-ci dans la seconde partie de l'alternance. Une correction de la déformation, due à la réaction d'induit, de la forme d'onde du champ magnétique est ainsi réalisée de manière à obtenir une forme d'onde plus régulière, comportant moins d'harmoniques.In this machine of Fig.7, the magnets AC1 and AC2 have opposite polarities and are located in first and second halves of the pole. On an alternation of the magnetic field FC, as shown in Fig.3, one of the magnets, for example AC1, will have the effect of enhancing the intensity of the magnetic field FC in the first part of the alternation and the another magnet, for example AC2, will have the effect of reducing it in the second part of the alternation. A correction of the deformation, due to the armature reaction, of the waveform of the magnetic field is thus performed so as to obtain a more regular waveform with fewer harmonics.
La présente invention offre également l'avantage d'une nette amélioration du couple mécanique fourni lorsque la machine électrique tournante fonctionne en mode moteur.The present invention also has the advantage of a marked improvement in the mechanical torque provided when the rotating electrical machine is operating in motor mode.
La Fig.8 montre, en fonction de la densité de courant dans le stator, le couple fourni par la machine de 40 kW indiquée ci-dessus, fonctionnant en mode moteur à un régime de 3000 tr/mn, selon que celle- ci est équipée ou pas d'aimants permanents AC de compensation de réaction magnétique d'induit. Une première courbe avec des points en carré est celle de la machine sans les aimants AC. Une seconde courbe avec des points en losange est celle de la machine avec les aimants AC et affiche des valeurs de couple supérieures à celle de la première courbe. Les formes de réalisation décrites ci-dessus comprennent des aimants permanents AC de type surfacique, c'est-à-dire, affleurant à la surface du pôle située en regard de l'entrefer. Cependant, on notera que des aimants permanents AC de type enterré peuvent aussi être utilisés dans certaines applications de l'invention. Conformément à la présente invention, un entrefer progressif ep, comme montré à la Fig.9, peut être associé aux aimants permanentsFIG. 8 shows, as a function of the current density in the stator, the torque provided by the 40 kW machine indicated above, operating in motor mode at a speed of 3000 rpm, depending on whether it is equipped with or without permanent magnets AC armature magnetic feedback compensation. A first curve with square points is that of the machine without the AC magnets. A second curve with diamond points is that of the machine with the AC magnets and displays torque values greater than that of the first curve. The embodiments described above comprise permanent surface-type AC magnets, that is to say, flush with the surface of the pole located opposite the air gap. However, it should be noted that buried type permanent AC magnets can also be used in certain applications of the invention. According to the present invention, a progressive gap ep, as shown in Fig.9, can be associated with permanent magnets
AC de compensation de réaction d'induit.AC armature feedback compensation.
Dans la forme de réalisation de la Fig.9, l'entrefer ep varie progressivement de environ 0,4 mm à environ 0,7mm, d'une extrémité à l'autre du pôle. La face du pôle en regard de l'entrefer ep et des encoches du stator est usinée de telle manière à obtenir cet entrefer progressif ep. La Fig.1 O montre un exemple de la compensation apportée par l'entrefer progressif ep. L'effet de l'entrefer progressif ep sur la forme d'onde du champ magnétique est indiqué par les portions en gras PEp. La courbe de la Fig.10 ne montre que l'effet de compensation apporté par l'entrefer progressif ep, c'est-à-dire, sans les aimants de compensationIn the embodiment of Fig.9, the air gap ep varies progressively from about 0.4 mm to about 0.7 mm, from one end to the other of the pole. The face of the pole opposite the air gap ep and notches of the stator is machined in such a way as to obtain this progressive air gap ep. Fig.1 O shows an example of the compensation provided by the progressive air gap ep. The effect of the progressive air gap ep on the waveform of the magnetic field is indicated by the bold portions P E p. The curve of FIG. 10 only shows the compensation effect provided by the progressive air gap ep, that is to say, without the compensation magnets.
AC.AC.
On notera également qu'un aimant de compensation AC peut être prévu de manière fractionnée, c'est-à-dire, sous la forme d'au moins deux aimants qui sont disposés côte-à-côte et séparés par une mince paroi de matériau magnétique (le fer du rotor). Une telle réalisation permet de réduire les pertes dans l'aimant AC.It will also be appreciated that a compensation magnet AC may be provided in a fractional manner, i.e. in the form of at least two magnets which are arranged side by side and separated by a thin wall of material magnetic (the iron of the rotor). Such an embodiment makes it possible to reduce the losses in the AC magnet.
L'invention a été décrite ici dans le cadre d'une machine électrique tournante particulière. Il doit être clair que l'invention trouvera des applications dans un domaine plus large, à savoir, celui des machines synchrones. Plus particulièrement, l'invention a une application The invention has been described herein in the context of a particular rotating electrical machine. It should be clear that the invention will find applications in a wider field, namely that of synchronous machines. More particularly, the invention has an application

Claims

importante dans les machines électriques tournantes avec rotor à griffes, c'est-à-dire, les machines de type Lundell très utilisées dans l'automobile. On notera également que l'invention est utilisable dans des rotors comportant des aimants permanents interpolaires. REVENDICATIONS important in rotating electrical machines with claw rotor, that is to say, Lundell type machines widely used in the automobile. It will also be noted that the invention can be used in rotors comprising interpolar permanent magnets. CLAIMS
1 . Machine électrique tournante comprenant un inducteur sous la forme d'un rotor (1 1 ), un induit sous la forme d'un stator (10) et des moyens de compensation de la réaction magnétique d'induit, caractérisée en ce que lesdits moyens de compensation de réaction magnétique d'induit comprennent au moins un aimant permanent de compensation (AC) implanté dans un pôle dudit inducteur.1. Rotating electric machine comprising an inductor in the form of a rotor (1 1), an armature in the form of a stator (10) and means for compensating the magnetic armature reaction, characterized in that said means for armature magnetic reaction compensation comprise at least one permanent compensation magnet (AC) implanted in a pole of said inductor.
2. Machine selon la revendication 1 , caractérisée en ce que lesdits moyens de compensation de réaction magnétique d'induit comprennent un aimant permanent de compensation (AC) implanté dans chacun des pôles dudit inducteur.2. Machine according to claim 1, characterized in that said armature magnetic reaction compensation means comprise a permanent compensation magnet (AC) implanted in each of the poles of said inductor.
3. Machine selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que lesdits moyens de compensation de réaction magnétique d'induit comprennent deux aimants permanents de compensation (AC) implantés dans chacun des pôles dudit inducteur, chacun desdits deux aimants permanents de compensation (AC) étant implanté dans une moitié du pôle correspondant.3. Machine according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said armature magnetic reaction compensation means comprise two permanent compensation magnets (AC) implanted in each of the poles of said inductor, each of said two permanent compensation magnets (AC). ) being implanted in one half of the corresponding pole.
4. Machine selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée en ce qu'une longueur (La) d'un dit aimant permanent de compensation (AC) occupe environ 30 à 45% d'une demi-largeur (1/2Lp) du pôle correspondant.4. Machine according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that a length (La) of a said permanent compensation magnet (AC) occupies about 30 to 45% of a half-width (1 / 2Lp) of the corresponding pole.
5. Machine selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée en qu'un dit aimant permanent de compensation (AC) a un champ magnétique rémanent compris entre 0,8 et 1 ,4 Tesla, est positionné à une distance (Da) comprise entre environ 2 et 6 mm par rapport à une extrémité du pôle correspondant, a une longueur (La) comprise entre environ 1 et 6 mm, et une épaisseur (Ha) comprise entre environ 1 et 4 mm.5. Machine according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a said permanent compensation magnet (AC) has a remanent magnetic field between 0.8 and 1.4 Tesla, is positioned at a distance (Da ) between about 2 and 6 mm with respect to an end of the corresponding pole, has a length (La) between about 1 and 6 mm, and a thickness (Ha) of between about 1 and 4 mm.
6. Machine selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisée en qu'un dit aimant permanent de compensation (AC) est positionné à une distance (Da) égale à 5,3 mm par rapport à une extrémité du pôle correspondant, a une longueur (La) égale à 4,4 mm, et une épaisseur (Ha) égale à 2 mm.6. Machine according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that a said permanent compensation magnet (AC) is positioned at a distance (Da) equal to 5.3 mm with respect to an end of the corresponding pole, has a length (La) equal to 4.4 mm, and a thickness (Ha) equal to 2 mm.
7. Machine selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend un entrefer progressif (ep).7. Machine according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it comprises a progressive air gap (ep).
8. Machine selon la revendication 7, caractérisée en ce que ledit entrefer (ep) varie progressivement entre environ 0,4 mm et environ 0,7 mm.8. Machine according to claim 7, characterized in that said gap (ep) varies gradually between about 0.4 mm and about 0.7 mm.
9. Machine selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisée en ce qu'un dit aimant permanent de compensation (AC) est de type surfacique ou de type enterré. 9. Machine according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that a said permanent compensation magnet (AC) is of the surface type or buried type.
EP10714928A 2009-04-29 2010-03-08 Rotary electric machine with compensation of the armature magnetic reaction Withdrawn EP2425521A1 (en)

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PCT/FR2010/050393 WO2010125262A1 (en) 2009-04-29 2010-03-08 Rotary electric machine with compensation of the armature magnetic reaction

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WO2010125262A1 (en) 2010-11-04
CN102414967B (en) 2013-12-18

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