EP2417665A1 - Battery system comprising an external electric circuit - Google Patents

Battery system comprising an external electric circuit

Info

Publication number
EP2417665A1
EP2417665A1 EP10706206A EP10706206A EP2417665A1 EP 2417665 A1 EP2417665 A1 EP 2417665A1 EP 10706206 A EP10706206 A EP 10706206A EP 10706206 A EP10706206 A EP 10706206A EP 2417665 A1 EP2417665 A1 EP 2417665A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
battery
external circuit
battery system
circuit
short circuit
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP10706206A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jake Christensen
Volker Doege
Jens Grimminger
Niluefer Baba
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP2417665A1 publication Critical patent/EP2417665A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H01M10/443—Methods for charging or discharging in response to temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/486—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for measuring temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
    • H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
    • H01M10/625—Vehicles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/63—Control systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
    • H01M10/657—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by electric or electromagnetic means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • Vehicles that include an electric machine for driving also require an energy storage, which usually has an output voltage of ⁇ 60 V DC or 25 V AC. With such high voltage sources special requirements for the protection of persons are required, so that appropriate protective measures are provided.
  • a short circuit within a battery can cause the battery or a battery cell to reach a critical state.
  • a battery or battery cell in critical condition there is an unusual increase in temperature and pressure. The result is often a so-called "burn through" of the battery or the battery cell, which can lead to the destruction and even explosion of the battery.
  • One known source of local short circuiting within a lithium ion battery is based on dendrite formation in the lithium ion secondary battery. When a dendrite has reached a certain size, the dendrite can penetrate and perforate the separator film. This perforation then leads to a short circuit inside the battery.
  • the object of the present invention is to reduce or overcome one or more disadvantages of the prior art. In particular, it is an object of the invention to provide a battery system that reduces or limits the consequences of a short circuit within the battery.
  • a battery system comprising: a) a battery having one or more cells; b) a measuring and control unit which determines the temperature and / or the voltage of individual, several or all battery cells continuously or periodically; c) an external circuit electrically connectable to the poles of the battery via one or more switches so that power can flow from one battery terminal to the other battery terminal via the external circuit; wherein the control unit controls the position of the switch or switches such that when exceeding a predetermined heat output and / or exceeding a predetermined voltage drop rate, the external circuit is conductively connected to the battery poles.
  • the solution according to the invention is characterized in that the consequences of an internal short circuit within a battery are reduced.
  • the battery system according to the invention has an external circuit, which is then conductively connected to the battery poles as soon as signs of an internal short circuit are detected. Once the external circuit has been coupled in, a current can flow from the battery via the external circuit. The conductive parts of the external circuit heat up. This removes energy from the short-circuited battery and is no longer available to cause further damage to the battery. The heat generated inevitably in the event of a short circuit is thus distributed from the short-circuit region to the entire battery cell or battery and the external circuit.
  • the solution according to the invention it also comes to a Reduction of the absolute discharge time of the battery cell or the battery. This results in an overall reduced maximum maximum temperature at the location of the short circuit.
  • the battery system according to the invention has one or more batteries, wherein a battery may each have one or more cells.
  • a battery can be understood to mean any energy store which stores energy by means of electrochemical processes. In particular, these are understood to mean energy stores which contain one or more accumulator and / or battery cells connected in series and possibly also in parallel.
  • Preferred electrochemical energy storage devices can be battery cells, in particular of the Pb lead battery type, NiCd nickel cadmium rechargeable battery, NiH.sub.2 nickel-hydrogen rechargeable battery, NiMH nickel metal hydride rechargeable battery, Li ion lithium ion rechargeable battery, LiPo lithium Polymer Battery, LiFe - Lithium Metal Battery, Li-Mn - Lithium Manganese Battery, LiFePO 4 - Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery, LiTi - Lithium Titanium Battery, RAM - Rechargeable Alkaline Manganese, Ni Fe - Nickel-Iron Battery, Na / NiCI - Sodium Nickel Chloride High Temperature Battery SCiB - Super Charge Ion Battery, Silver Zinc Battery, Silicone Battery, Vanadium Redox Battery and / or Zinc Bromine Battery ,
  • the energy store can have one or more cells.
  • the battery preferably has at least one lithium-ion cell.
  • the battery system according to the invention has at least one external circuit, which is electrically conductively connected to the poles of the battery via one or more switches, so that current can flow from one battery pole via the external circuit to the other battery pole.
  • the external circuit preferably has a material with good conductivity, preferably of> 10 6 S / m (at 25 ° C.), particularly preferably of> 10 * 10 6 S / m, very particularly preferably of> 50 * 10 6 S / m.
  • the material having particularly good conductivity may be, for example, copper or a material having a conductivity not inferior to that of copper.
  • the external circuit has one or more switches.
  • the switches are designed and positioned such that on the position of the switch Current flow from a first battery pole via the external circuit to a second battery pole can be made and / or controlled controllable and / or interrupted.
  • the switches are in a position which interrupts such a flow of current and are only closed when a corresponding signal is emitted by the measuring and control unit.
  • all rule and / or controllable switch types can be used, which can be used in electrical circuits.
  • the skilled person has no difficulty in selecting switch types and dimensions that can be used in combination with a selected battery.
  • a relay can be used as a switch.
  • the switches are preferably open and interrupt a flow of current through the external circuit.
  • the external circuit has substantially no further electrical consumers in addition to one or more switches and conductive connections.
  • the external circuit may preferably have a resistance Re which is lower than the resistance Rs of a standard short circuit for a battery of the same type and dimensions as the battery used in the battery system. This ensures that the current preferably flows through the external circuit and not via the location of the battery-internal short circuit.
  • the value of a standardized short circuit Rs can not be specified absolutely for all battery systems, but varies from battery type to battery type and depends on the size of the battery used for the same battery type. The person skilled in the art has no difficulty in determining the value of a standardized short circuit Rs for a particular battery of known type and dimensions. For this purpose, the expert can test batteries of the same type and the same dimensioning under different, standardized short-circuit conditions to the respective achievable Rs value.
  • the batteries of the same type and dimensions are tested under standardized conditions, the conditions being oriented to the respective expected operating conditions of the battery to be used.
  • the value of a standardized short circuit Rs can then be expressed, for example, as the arithmetic mean of all or selected measured Rs values.
  • the value of a standardized However, short circuit Rs may also correspond to or based on the lowest expected or measured resistance value of a battery short under the respectively permitted battery operating conditions.
  • the external circuit is isolated from the battery.
  • the external circuit of the battery can be thermally insulated, and / or fire-resistant separated.
  • Battery, measuring and control unit and / or external circuit may be arranged in a common housing, wherein the external circuit may comprise an insulation and / or a device for at least partial cooling of the external circuit.
  • the external circuit can be configured at least partially cooled.
  • the electrical circuit preferably has air cooling, liquid cooling and / or one or more latent heat accumulators.
  • the basic function of a latent heat storage is to absorb heat and release it when needed.
  • a latent heat storage is characterized in that a phase transition between a solid phase and a liquid phase with increasing heat input is not continuous.
  • the temperature of a latent heat storage in the solid state increases continuously with increasing heat input. From a certain threshold temperature T schm ei z the temperature of the latent heat storage remains constant despite further increase in heat input until complete melting of the medium in the latent heat storage, and only then increases again.
  • Suitable latent heat storage are known in the art. In particular, latent heat storage can be used which contain paraffin or similar compounds.
  • the battery system has at least one measuring and control unit, which is designed such that the temperature and / or the voltage of individual, several or all battery cells can be determined continuously or periodically. Suitable temperature and / or voltage measuring devices are known to the person skilled in the art. In this case, the measuring function and the control function can be realized in two separate devices present or summarized to form a common unit.
  • the control unit is configured and positioned in the battery system so that it can control the position of the switch or switches. Upon exceeding a predetermined heat output and / or exceeding a predetermined voltage decay rate, the control unit controls the position of the switch such that the external circuit is conductively connected to the battery poles and current flow is established from a first battery terminal via the external circuit towards a second battery pole.
  • Absolute values for the predetermined heat output and / or voltage reduction rate can not be binding for all battery systems according to the invention and depend on the selected battery type, the selected battery dimensioning and / or possibly on the operating state.
  • the person skilled in the art has no difficulty in setting appropriate values for the heat output and / or voltage reduction rate for a selected battery.
  • values are selected for the predetermined heat output and / or voltage reduction rate that occur in the event of a short circuit, but not during normal operation or charging of the battery used.
  • the value (s) can be set in such a way that, if one or both values are exceeded with a significant probability, there is an internal short circuit in the battery or a battery cell.
  • the values are selected such that the probability is greater than 80%, more preferably greater than 95%, most preferably greater than 99%.
  • the present invention also includes an electrical load containing a battery system according to the invention. It is not important that consumer and battery system form a structural unit, but that consumers and battery system according to the invention are so functionally in contact that the battery system can provide the consumer with electrical energy.
  • the consumer may be a motor vehicle.
  • the term "motor vehicle” is to be understood as meaning all driven vehicles which have a battery for supplying energy to at least one component of the motor vehicle, regardless of which drive these motor vehicles have. hybrid vehicles), PHEV (plug-in hybrid vehicles), EV (electric vehicles), fuel cell vehicles, as well as all vehicles that use a battery for at least partial supply of electrical energy.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of a battery system according to the invention.
  • heat_internal sum of the heat output at the location of the short circuit and heat output of the entire battery cell
  • heat_short heat output at the location of the short circuit
  • heat_gen heat output of the whole battery cell
  • heat_external heat output of the external circuit
  • heat_trans_internal heat transfer from the battery cell to the location of the short circuit
  • heat_trans_surround Heat transfer from the environment to the battery cell.
  • Fig. 3 shows the heat output (W) of a battery system without external circuit at a diameter of the short circuit of 4.62 microns (designation as in Fig. 2).
  • Fig. 4 shows the temperature ( 0 C) and the voltage (V) over time in the battery cell and at the location of the short circuit with a diameter of the short circuit of 4.62 microns.
  • Cell temp, i 0: temperature of the battery cell without external circuit
  • Short temp, i 0: temperature at the location of the short circuit without external circuit
  • Voltage, i 0: Voltage during short-circuit without external NEN circuit
  • Fig. 5 shows the electrochemical energy (Wh) released at one at a short circuit diameter of 4.62 ⁇ m.
  • I 0: total electrochemical energy without external circuit;
  • the battery system 1 has a battery 2 with two poles, one plus and one minus.
  • the poles of the battery 2 are connected via a switch 4 to an external circuit 3.
  • the external circuit 3 has a resistance Re.
  • the switch 4 is open, so that a current flow between the battery 2 and the external circuit 3 is interrupted.
  • the battery system 1 has a measuring and control unit 5, which measures the temperature and the voltage of the battery 2 over time. If an internal short circuit 6 with a resistance Rs occurs in the battery 2, the temperature in the battery 2 suddenly rises and the voltage across the battery 2 suddenly decreases.
  • FIGS. 2 to 5 Parameters for the calculation of the simulation The results of the simulation are summarized in FIGS. 2 to 5.
  • the released heat output is shown for an external circuit model (Fig. 2) and without an external circuit (Fig. 3).
  • the connection of an external circuit leads to a reduction in the heat output released at the location of the short circuit. As shown in FIG. 4, this also leads to a reduced maximum temperature peak at the location of the short circuit.
  • the released heat output of the whole battery cell increases through the external circuit, but is now distributed over the entire battery cell and less concentrated at the location of the short circuit.
  • the connection of an external circuit also significantly reduces the absolute discharge time of the battery cell. That is, the absolute amount of energy released in the battery cell is reduced (see FIG.
  • FIG. 5 internal only curve), which in turn leads to a reduced temperature rise at the location of the short circuit.
  • FIG. 5 also shows that the absolute energy evolution curve for a cell having an external circuit has a steeper slope. Since the absolute energy of the two cells is constant and equal, the absolute discharge time is significantly reduced for a battery cell with an external circuit.
  • connection of an external circuit leads to a reduction of the absolute discharge time and to a reduction in the absolute temperature peak at the location of the short circuit.
  • the heat is distributed from a local location of the short circuit now to the entire cell and the external circuit. The risk of further damage or endangerment of the system and the environment by the short circuit is thus reduced.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a battery system, comprising: a) a battery having one or more cells; b) a measuring and control unit which continuously or periodically determines the temperatures and/or the voltages of individual, several or all battery cells; c) an external electric circuit which can be connected to the poles of the battery via one or more switches in an electrically conductive manner, so that current can flow from a battery pole via the external electric circuit to the other battery pole; wherein the control unit controls the position of the switch or switches such that the external electric circuit is connected to the battery poles in a conductive manner if a predetermined thermal output is exceeded and/or if a predetermined voltage drop rate is exceeded.

Description

Beschreibung description
Titeltitle
Batteriesvstem mit externem StromkreisBattery system with external circuit
Stand der TechnikState of the art
Fahrzeuge, die eine Elektromaschine zum Antrieb enthalten, benötigen auch einen Energiespeicher, der üblicherweise eine Ausgangsspannung von ≥ 60 V DC bzw. 25 V AC aufweist. Bei solch hohen Spannungsquellen werden besondere Anforderungen an den Schutz von Personen gefordert, so dass entsprechende Schutzmaßnahmen vorgesehen werden.Vehicles that include an electric machine for driving also require an energy storage, which usually has an output voltage of ≥ 60 V DC or 25 V AC. With such high voltage sources special requirements for the protection of persons are required, so that appropriate protective measures are provided.
Üblicherweise wird daher ein Überstromschutz mit Hilfe von Schmelzsicherungen realisiert. Auf diese Weise werden die Leitungen innerhalb des Traktionsnetzes gegen Überhitzung und somit gegen Brand geschützt.Usually, therefore, an overcurrent protection is realized by means of fuses. In this way, the lines within the traction network are protected against overheating and thus against fire.
Tritt innerhalb des Energiespeichers ein Kurzschluss auf, beispielsweise durch eine Perforation eines Separators, so kann man diesen mit oben beschriebenen Vorrichtungen und Verfahren nicht erkennen.Occurs within the energy storage on a short circuit, for example by a perforation of a separator, so you can not recognize this with the above-described devices and methods.
Durch einen Kurzschluss innerhalb einer Batterie kann die Batterie oder eine Batteriezelle in einen kritischen Zustand gelangen. In einer Batterie oder Batteriezelle im kritischen Zustand findet ein ungewöhnlicher Temperatur- und Druckanstieg statt. Die Folge ist häufig ein sog. „Durchbrennen" der Batterie oder der Batteriezelle, welches zur Zerstörung und sogar zur Explosion der Batterie führen kann.A short circuit within a battery can cause the battery or a battery cell to reach a critical state. In a battery or battery cell in critical condition, there is an unusual increase in temperature and pressure. The result is often a so-called "burn through" of the battery or the battery cell, which can lead to the destruction and even explosion of the battery.
Eine bekannte Quelle für einen lokalen Kurzschluss innerhalb einer Lithium- Ionen Batterie basiert auf einer Dendritenbildung im Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator. Wenn ein Dendrit eine bestimmte Größe erreicht hat, kann der Dendrit die Separatorfolie durchdringen und perforieren. Diese Perforation führt dann zu einem Kurzschluss innerhalb der Batterie. Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es einen oder mehrere Nachteile des Standes der Technik zu vermindern oder zu überwinden. Insbesondere ist es Aufgabe der Erfindung ein Batteriesystem bereitzustellen das die Folgen eines Kurzschlusses innerhalb der Batterie vermindert oder begrenzt.One known source of local short circuiting within a lithium ion battery is based on dendrite formation in the lithium ion secondary battery. When a dendrite has reached a certain size, the dendrite can penetrate and perforate the separator film. This perforation then leads to a short circuit inside the battery. The object of the present invention is to reduce or overcome one or more disadvantages of the prior art. In particular, it is an object of the invention to provide a battery system that reduces or limits the consequences of a short circuit within the battery.
Offenbarung der ErfindungDisclosure of the invention
Die Aufgabe wird gelöst durch Bereitstellung eines Batteriesystems, umfassend: a) eine Batterie mit einer oder mehreren Zellen; b) eine Mess- und Steuereinheit, die die Temperatur und/oder die Spannung einzelner, mehrerer oder aller Batteriezellen kontinuierlich oder periodisch bestimmt; c) einen externen Stromkreis, der mit den Polen der Batterie über einen oder mehrere Schalter elektrisch leitend verbindbar ist, so dass Strom von einem Batteriepol über den externen Stromkreis zum anderen Batteriepol fließen kann; wobei die Steuereinheit die Stellung des oder der Schalter derart steuert, dass, bei Überschreitung einer vorher festgelegten Wärmeleistung und/oder bei Überschreitung einer vorher festgelegten Spannungsabnahmerate, der externe Stromkreis mit den Batteriepolen leitend verbunden wird.The object is achieved by providing a battery system comprising: a) a battery having one or more cells; b) a measuring and control unit which determines the temperature and / or the voltage of individual, several or all battery cells continuously or periodically; c) an external circuit electrically connectable to the poles of the battery via one or more switches so that power can flow from one battery terminal to the other battery terminal via the external circuit; wherein the control unit controls the position of the switch or switches such that when exceeding a predetermined heat output and / or exceeding a predetermined voltage drop rate, the external circuit is conductively connected to the battery poles.
Die erfindungsgemäße Lösung zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass die Folgen eines internen Kurzschlusses innerhalb einer Batterie vermindert werden. Das erfindungsgemäße Batteriesystem weist einen externen Stromkreis auf, der erst dann leitend mit den Batteriepolen verbunden wird, sobald Anzeichen für einen internen Kurzschluss detektiert werden. Sobald der externe Stromkreis eingekoppelt worden ist, kann ein Strom von der Batterie über den externen Stromkreis fließen. Die leitenden Teile des externen Stromkreises erwärmen sich. Dadurch wird Energie aus der Batterie mit dem Kurzschluss entzogen und steht nicht mehr zur Verfügung, um in der Batterie weiteren Schaden zu verursachen. Die Wärmeentwicklung die unweigerlich beim Kurzschluss entsteht, wird somit von der Kurzschlussregion auf die gesamte Batteriezelle oder Batterie und den externen Stromkreis verteilt. Durch die erfindungsgemäße Lösung kommt es auch zu einer Reduktion der absoluten Entladezeit der Batteriezelle oder der Batterie. Dadurch kommt es am Ort des Kurzschlusses zu einer insgesamt verringerten absoluten Höchsttemperatur.The solution according to the invention is characterized in that the consequences of an internal short circuit within a battery are reduced. The battery system according to the invention has an external circuit, which is then conductively connected to the battery poles as soon as signs of an internal short circuit are detected. Once the external circuit has been coupled in, a current can flow from the battery via the external circuit. The conductive parts of the external circuit heat up. This removes energy from the short-circuited battery and is no longer available to cause further damage to the battery. The heat generated inevitably in the event of a short circuit is thus distributed from the short-circuit region to the entire battery cell or battery and the external circuit. By the solution according to the invention, it also comes to a Reduction of the absolute discharge time of the battery cell or the battery. This results in an overall reduced maximum maximum temperature at the location of the short circuit.
Das erfindungsgemäße Batteriesystem weist eine oder mehrere Batterien auf, wobei eine Batterie jeweils eine oder mehrere Zellen aufweisen kann. Unter einer Batterie kann für die Zwecke der vorliegenden Erfindung jeder Energiespeicher verstanden werden, der eine Energie mittels elektrochemischer Prozesse speichert. Insbesondere sind darunter Energiespeicher zu verstehen, die eine oder mehrere in Reihe und gegebenenfalls auch parallel geschaltete Akkumulator- und/oder Batteriezellen enthalten. Bevorzugte elektrochemische Energiespeicher können Akkumulatorzellen, insbesondere vom Typ Pb - Bleiakku, NiCd - Nickel-Cadmium-Akku, NiH2 - Nickel-Wasserstoff- Akkumulator, NiMH - Nickel-Metallhydrid-Akkumulator, Li-Ion - Lithium-Ionen- Akku, LiPo - Lithium-Polymer-Akku, LiFe - Lithium-Metall-Akku, Li-Mn - Lithium- Mangan-Akku, LiFePO4 - Lithium-Eisen-Phosphat-Akkumulator, LiTi - Lithium- Titanat-Akku, RAM - Rechargeable Alkaline Manganese, Ni-Fe - Nickel-Eisen- Akku, Na/NiCI - Natrium-Nickelchlorid-Hochtemperaturbatterie-Batterie SCiB - Super Charge Ion Battery, Silber-Zink-Akku, Silikon-Akku, Vanadium-Redox- Akkumulator und/oder Zink-Brom-Akku aufweisen. Der Energiespeicher kann eine oder mehrere Zellen aufweisen. Bevorzugt weist die Batterie mindestens eine Lithium-Ionen-Zelle auf.The battery system according to the invention has one or more batteries, wherein a battery may each have one or more cells. For the purposes of the present invention, a battery can be understood to mean any energy store which stores energy by means of electrochemical processes. In particular, these are understood to mean energy stores which contain one or more accumulator and / or battery cells connected in series and possibly also in parallel. Preferred electrochemical energy storage devices can be battery cells, in particular of the Pb lead battery type, NiCd nickel cadmium rechargeable battery, NiH.sub.2 nickel-hydrogen rechargeable battery, NiMH nickel metal hydride rechargeable battery, Li ion lithium ion rechargeable battery, LiPo lithium Polymer Battery, LiFe - Lithium Metal Battery, Li-Mn - Lithium Manganese Battery, LiFePO 4 - Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery, LiTi - Lithium Titanium Battery, RAM - Rechargeable Alkaline Manganese, Ni Fe - Nickel-Iron Battery, Na / NiCI - Sodium Nickel Chloride High Temperature Battery SCiB - Super Charge Ion Battery, Silver Zinc Battery, Silicone Battery, Vanadium Redox Battery and / or Zinc Bromine Battery , The energy store can have one or more cells. The battery preferably has at least one lithium-ion cell.
Das erfindungsgemäße Batteriesystem weist mindestens einen externen Stromkreis auf, der mit den Polen der Batterie über einen oder mehrere Schalter elektrisch leitend verbindbar ist, so dass Strom von einem Batteriepol über den externen Stromkreis zum anderen Batteriepol fließen kann. Der externe Stromkreis weist bevorzugt ein Material mit guter Konduktivität auf, bevorzugt von > 106 S/m (bei 25°C), besonders bevorzugt von > 10 * 106 S/m, ganz besonders bevorzugt von > 50 * 106 S/m. Das Material mit besonders guter Konduktivität kann beispielsweise Kupfer sein oder ein Material mit einer Konduktivität, die nicht schlechter ist als die von Kupfer.The battery system according to the invention has at least one external circuit, which is electrically conductively connected to the poles of the battery via one or more switches, so that current can flow from one battery pole via the external circuit to the other battery pole. The external circuit preferably has a material with good conductivity, preferably of> 10 6 S / m (at 25 ° C.), particularly preferably of> 10 * 10 6 S / m, very particularly preferably of> 50 * 10 6 S / m. The material having particularly good conductivity may be, for example, copper or a material having a conductivity not inferior to that of copper.
Der externe Stromkreis weist einen oder mehrere Schalter auf. Die Schalter sind dabei derart ausgestaltet und positioniert, dass über die Stellung der Schalter ein Stromfluss von einem ersten Batteriepol über den externen Stromkreis hin zu einem zweiten Batteriepol regel- und/oder steuerbar hergestellt und/oder unterbrochen werden kann. Dabei liegen die Schalter in einer Stellung vor, die einen solchen Stromfluss unterbricht und werden erst geschlossen, wenn ein entsprechendes Signal von der Mess- und Steuereinheit ausgesandt wird. Grundsätzlich können alle regel- und/oder steuerbaren Schaltertypen verwendet werden, die in elektrischen Schaltungen einsetzbar sind. Der Fachmann hat keine Schwierigkeiten Schaltertypen und -dimensionen auszuwählen, die in Kombination mit einer ausgewählten Batterie eingesetzt werden können. Insbesondere kann ein Relais als Schalter eingesetzt werden. Solange das Batteriesystem im Normalbetrieb oder im Ladebetrieb läuft, liegen die Schalter bevorzugt offen vor und unterbrechen einen Stromfluss über den externen Stromkreis.The external circuit has one or more switches. The switches are designed and positioned such that on the position of the switch Current flow from a first battery pole via the external circuit to a second battery pole can be made and / or controlled controllable and / or interrupted. The switches are in a position which interrupts such a flow of current and are only closed when a corresponding signal is emitted by the measuring and control unit. Basically, all rule and / or controllable switch types can be used, which can be used in electrical circuits. The skilled person has no difficulty in selecting switch types and dimensions that can be used in combination with a selected battery. In particular, a relay can be used as a switch. As long as the battery system is running in normal operation or in charging mode, the switches are preferably open and interrupt a flow of current through the external circuit.
Bevorzugt weist der externe Stromkreis neben einem oder mehreren Schaltern und leitenden Verbindungen im Wesentlichen keine weiteren elektrischen Verbraucher auf.Preferably, the external circuit has substantially no further electrical consumers in addition to one or more switches and conductive connections.
Der externe Stromkreis kann bevorzugt einen Widerstand Re aufweisen, der niedriger ist, als der Widerstand Rs eines standardisierten Kurzschlusses für eine Batterie gleichen Typs und gleicher Dimensionierung wie die im Batteriesystem verwendete Batterie. Dadurch wird erreicht, dass der Strom bevorzugt über den externen Stromkreis fließt und nicht über den Ort des batterieinternen Kurzschlusses. Der Wert eines standardisierten Kurzschlusses Rs kann nicht absolut für alle Batteriesysteme angegeben werden, sondern ist von Batterietyp zu Batterietyp unterschiedlich und hängt bei gleichem Batterietyp von der Dimensionierung der verwendeten Batterie ab. Der Fachmann hat keine Schwierigkeiten für eine bestimmte Batterie bekannten Typs und bekannter Dimensionierung den Wert eines standardisierten Kurzschlusses Rs zu bestimmen. Dazu kann der Fachmann Batterien gleichen Typs und gleicher Dimensionierung unter verschiedenen, standardisierten Kurzschlussbedingungen auf den jeweils erzielbaren Rs-Wert testen. Bevorzugt werden die Batterien gleichen Typs und gleicher Dimensionierung unter standardisierten Bedingungen getestet, wobei die Bedingungen an den jeweiligen, zu erwartenden Betriebsbedingungen der zu verwendenden Batterie orientiert sind. Der Wert eines standardisierten Kurzschlusses Rs kann dann beispielsweise als arithmetisches Mittel aller oder ausgewählter gemessenen Rs-Werte ausgedrückt werden. Der Wert eines standardisierten Kurzschlusses Rs kann aber auch dem niedrigsten, unter den jeweils zulässigen Batteriebetriebsbedingungen zu erwartenden oder gemessenen Widerstandswert eines Batteriekurzschlusses entsprechen oder darauf basieren.The external circuit may preferably have a resistance Re which is lower than the resistance Rs of a standard short circuit for a battery of the same type and dimensions as the battery used in the battery system. This ensures that the current preferably flows through the external circuit and not via the location of the battery-internal short circuit. The value of a standardized short circuit Rs can not be specified absolutely for all battery systems, but varies from battery type to battery type and depends on the size of the battery used for the same battery type. The person skilled in the art has no difficulty in determining the value of a standardized short circuit Rs for a particular battery of known type and dimensions. For this purpose, the expert can test batteries of the same type and the same dimensioning under different, standardized short-circuit conditions to the respective achievable Rs value. Preferably, the batteries of the same type and dimensions are tested under standardized conditions, the conditions being oriented to the respective expected operating conditions of the battery to be used. The value of a standardized short circuit Rs can then be expressed, for example, as the arithmetic mean of all or selected measured Rs values. The value of a standardized However, short circuit Rs may also correspond to or based on the lowest expected or measured resistance value of a battery short under the respectively permitted battery operating conditions.
Bevorzugt liegt der externe Stromkreis isoliert von der Batterie vor. Dabei kann der externe Stromkreis von der Batterie wärmeisoliert sein, und/oder feuerbeständig getrennt vorliegen. Batterie, Mess- und Steuereinheit und/oder externer Stromkreis können in einem gemeinsamen Gehäuse angeordnet sein, wobei der externe Stromkreis eine Isolierung und/oder eine Vorrichtung zur mindestens teilweisen Kühlung des externen Stromkreises umfassen kann.Preferably, the external circuit is isolated from the battery. In this case, the external circuit of the battery can be thermally insulated, and / or fire-resistant separated. Battery, measuring and control unit and / or external circuit may be arranged in a common housing, wherein the external circuit may comprise an insulation and / or a device for at least partial cooling of the external circuit.
Der externe Stromkreis kann mindestens teilweise gekühlt ausgestaltet sein. Dabei kann grundsätzlich jedes Kühlprinzip genutzt werden. Bevorzugt weist der e- lektrische Stromkreis eine Luftkühlung, eine Flüssigkeitskühlung und/oder einen oder mehrere Latentwärmespeicher auf. Die Grundfunktion eines Latentwärmespeichers besteht darin, Wärme aufzunehmen und bei Bedarf wieder abzugeben. Dabei zeichnet sich ein Latentwärmespeicher dadurch aus, dass ein Phasenübergang zwischen einer festen Phase und einer flüssigen Phase bei zunehmendem Wärmeeintrag nicht kontinuierlich verläuft. Die Temperatur eines Latentwärmespeichers im festen Zustand nimmt bei steigendem Wärmeeintrag kontinuierlich zu. Ab einer bestimmten Schwellentemperatur Tschmeiz bleibt die Temperatur des Latentwärmespeichers trotz weiter zunehmenden Wärmeeintrags konstant, bis zum vollständigen Schmelzen des Mediums im Latentwärmespeicher, und steigt erst danach wieder weiter an. Geeignete Latentwärmespeicher sind dem Fachmann bekannt. Insbesondere können Latentwärmespeicher eingesetzt werden, die Paraffin enthalten oder ähnliche Verbindungen.The external circuit can be configured at least partially cooled. In principle, any cooling principle can be used. The electrical circuit preferably has air cooling, liquid cooling and / or one or more latent heat accumulators. The basic function of a latent heat storage is to absorb heat and release it when needed. In this case, a latent heat storage is characterized in that a phase transition between a solid phase and a liquid phase with increasing heat input is not continuous. The temperature of a latent heat storage in the solid state increases continuously with increasing heat input. From a certain threshold temperature T schm ei z the temperature of the latent heat storage remains constant despite further increase in heat input until complete melting of the medium in the latent heat storage, and only then increases again. Suitable latent heat storage are known in the art. In particular, latent heat storage can be used which contain paraffin or similar compounds.
Das Batteriesystem weist mindestens eine Mess- und Steuereinheit auf, die derart ausgestaltet ist, dass die Temperatur und/oder die Spannung einzelner, mehrerer oder aller Batteriezellen kontinuierlich oder periodisch bestimmbar ist. Geeignete Temperatur- und/oder Spannungsmessvorrichtungen sind dem Fachmann bekannt. Dabei können die Messfunktion und die Steuerfunktion in zwei voneinander getrennt vorliegenden Vorrichtungen verwirklicht sein oder zu einer gemeinsamen Einheit zusammengefasst vorliegen. Die Steuereinheit ist derart ausgebildet und in dem Batteriesystem positioniert, dass sie die Stellung des oder der Schalter steuern kann. Bei Überschreitung einer vorher festgelegten Wärmeleistung und/oder bei Überschreitung einer vorher festgelegten Spannungsabnahmerate, steuert die Steuereinheit die Stellung des oder der Schalter derart, dass der externe Stromkreis mit den Batteriepolen leitend verbunden wird und ein Stromfluss hergestellt wird von einem ersten Batteriepol über den externen Stromkreis hin zu einem zweiten Batteriepol.The battery system has at least one measuring and control unit, which is designed such that the temperature and / or the voltage of individual, several or all battery cells can be determined continuously or periodically. Suitable temperature and / or voltage measuring devices are known to the person skilled in the art. In this case, the measuring function and the control function can be realized in two separate devices present or summarized to form a common unit. The control unit is configured and positioned in the battery system so that it can control the position of the switch or switches. Upon exceeding a predetermined heat output and / or exceeding a predetermined voltage decay rate, the control unit controls the position of the switch such that the external circuit is conductively connected to the battery poles and current flow is established from a first battery terminal via the external circuit towards a second battery pole.
Absolute Werte für die vorher festgelegte Wärmeleistung und/oder Spannungsabnahmerate lassen sich nicht für alle erfindungsgemäßen Batteriesysteme verbindlich angeben und hängen vom ausgewählten Batterietyp, der ausgewählten Batteriedimensionierung und/oder ggf. vom Betriebszustand ab. Der Fachmann hat keine Schwierigkeiten für eine ausgewählte Batterie entsprechende Werte für die Wärmeleistung und/oder Spannungsabnahmerate festzulegen. Bevorzugt sind für die vorher festgelegte Wärmeleistung und/oder Spannungsabnahmerate Werte ausgewählt, die bei einem Kurzschluss, nicht aber während eines Normalbetriebs oder eines Ladevorgangs der verwendeten Batterie auftreten. Dabei können der oder die Werte derart festgelegt werden, dass bei einer Überschreitung eines oder beider Werte mit einer signifikanten Wahrscheinlichkeit ein interner Kurzschluss in der Batterie oder einer Batteriezelle vorliegt. Bevorzugt sind die Werte so ausgewählt, dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit bei mehr als 80% liegt, besonders bevorzugt bei mehr als 95%, ganz besonders bevorzugt bei mehr als 99%.Absolute values for the predetermined heat output and / or voltage reduction rate can not be binding for all battery systems according to the invention and depend on the selected battery type, the selected battery dimensioning and / or possibly on the operating state. The person skilled in the art has no difficulty in setting appropriate values for the heat output and / or voltage reduction rate for a selected battery. Preferably, values are selected for the predetermined heat output and / or voltage reduction rate that occur in the event of a short circuit, but not during normal operation or charging of the battery used. In this case, the value (s) can be set in such a way that, if one or both values are exceeded with a significant probability, there is an internal short circuit in the battery or a battery cell. Preferably, the values are selected such that the probability is greater than 80%, more preferably greater than 95%, most preferably greater than 99%.
Die vorliegende Erfindung umfasst auch einen elektrischen Verbraucher, der ein erfindungsgemäßes Batteriesystem enthält. Dabei kommt es nicht darauf an, dass Verbraucher und Batteriesystem eine bauliche Einheit bilden, sondern, dass Verbraucher und erfindungsgemäßes Batteriesystem derart funktional in Kontakt stehen, dass das Batteriesystem den Verbraucher mit elektrischer Energie versorgen kann. Insbesondere kann der Verbraucher ein Kraftfahrzeug sein. Dabei sind unter dem Begriff „Kraftfahrzeug" alle angetriebenen Fahrzeuge zu verstehen, die eine Batterie zur Energieversorgung von mindestens einer Komponente des Kraftfahrzeugs aufweisen, unabhängig davon welchen Antrieb diese Kraftfahrzeuge aufweisen. Insbesondere umfasst der Begriff „Kraftfahrzeug" HEV (elektri- sche Hybridfahrzeuge), PHEV (Plug-In-Hybridfahrzeuge), EV (Elektrofahr- zeuge), Brennstoffzellenfahrzeuge, sowie alle Fahrzeuge, die eine Batterie zur mindestens teilweisen Versorgung mit elektrischer Energie einsetzen.The present invention also includes an electrical load containing a battery system according to the invention. It is not important that consumer and battery system form a structural unit, but that consumers and battery system according to the invention are so functionally in contact that the battery system can provide the consumer with electrical energy. In particular, the consumer may be a motor vehicle. The term "motor vehicle" is to be understood as meaning all driven vehicles which have a battery for supplying energy to at least one component of the motor vehicle, regardless of which drive these motor vehicles have. hybrid vehicles), PHEV (plug-in hybrid vehicles), EV (electric vehicles), fuel cell vehicles, as well as all vehicles that use a battery for at least partial supply of electrical energy.
Die Erfindung wird nachstehend anhand der beigefügten Zeichnung beispielhaft erläutert.The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 zeigt eine schematische Darstellung eines erfindungsgemäßen Batteriesystems.Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of a battery system according to the invention.
Fig. 2 zeigt die Wärmeleistung (W) eines erfindungsgemäßen Batteriesystems mit externem Stromkreis bei einem Stromfluss über den externen Stromkreis von 200 A/m2 und einem Durchmesser des Kurzschlusses von 4,62 μm. Dabei ist heat_internal = Summe der Wärmeleistung am Ort des Kurzschlusses und Wärmeleistung der ganzen Batteriezelle; heat_short = Wärmeleistung am Ort des Kurzschlusses; heat_gen = Wärmeleistung der ganzen Batteriezelle; heat_external = Wärmeleistung des externen Stromkreises; heat_trans_internal = Wärmetransfer aus der Batteriezelle zum Ort des Kurzschlusses; heat_trans_surround = Wärmetransfer von der Umgebung zur Batteriezelle.2 shows the thermal output (W) of a battery system according to the invention with an external circuit with a current flow via the external circuit of 200 A / m 2 and a diameter of the short circuit of 4.62 μm. Here, heat_internal = sum of the heat output at the location of the short circuit and heat output of the entire battery cell; heat_short = heat output at the location of the short circuit; heat_gen = heat output of the whole battery cell; heat_external = heat output of the external circuit; heat_trans_internal = heat transfer from the battery cell to the location of the short circuit; heat_trans_surround = Heat transfer from the environment to the battery cell.
Fig. 3 zeigt die Wärmeleistung (W) eines Batteriesystems ohne externen Stromkreis bei einem Durchmesser des Kurzschlusses von 4,62 μm (Bezeichnung wie bei Fig. 2).Fig. 3 shows the heat output (W) of a battery system without external circuit at a diameter of the short circuit of 4.62 microns (designation as in Fig. 2).
Fig. 4 zeigt die Temperatur (0C) und die Spannung (V) über die Zeit in der Batteriezelle und am Ort des Kurzschlusses bei einem Durchmesser des Kurzschlusses von 4,62 μm. Dabei ist Cell temp, i=0: Temperatur der Batteriezelle ohne externen Stromkreis; Cell temp, i=200A/m2: Temperatur der Batteriezelle mit externem Stromkreis bei einem Stromfluss von 200 A/m2; Short temp, i=0: Temperatur am Ort des Kurzschlusses ohne externen Stromkreis; Short temp, i=200 A/m2: Temperatur am Ort des Kurzschlusses mit externem Stromkreis bei einem Stromfluss von 200 A/m2; Voltage, i=0: Spannung während des Kurzschlusses ohne exter- nen Stromkreis; Voltage, i=200 A/m : Spannung während des Kurzschlusses mit externem Stromkreis bei einem Stromfluss von 200 A/m2.Fig. 4 shows the temperature ( 0 C) and the voltage (V) over time in the battery cell and at the location of the short circuit with a diameter of the short circuit of 4.62 microns. Here, Cell temp, i = 0: temperature of the battery cell without external circuit; Cell temp, i = 200A / m 2 : temperature of the battery cell with external circuit at a current flow of 200 A / m 2 ; Short temp, i = 0: temperature at the location of the short circuit without external circuit; Short temp, i = 200 A / m 2 : temperature at the location of the short circuit with external circuit at a current flow of 200 A / m 2 ; Voltage, i = 0: Voltage during short-circuit without external NEN circuit; Voltage, i = 200 A / m: voltage during short-circuit with external circuit at a current flow of 200 A / m 2 .
Fig. 5 zeigt die elektrochemische Energie (Wh), die freigesetzt wird bei einem bei einem Durchmesser des Kurzschlusses von 4,62 μm. Dabei ist i=0: gesamte elektrochemische Energie ohne externen Stromkreis; i=200 A/m2: gesamte elektrochemische Energie mit externem Stromkreis bei einem Stromfluss von 200 A/m2; internal only, i=200 A/m2: intern freigesetzte elektrochemische Energie mit externem Stromkreis bei einem Stromfluss von 200 A/m2.Fig. 5 shows the electrochemical energy (Wh) released at one at a short circuit diameter of 4.62 μm. I = 0: total electrochemical energy without external circuit; i = 200 A / m 2 : total electrochemical energy with external circuit at a current flow of 200 A / m 2 ; internal only, i = 200 A / m 2 : internally released electrochemical energy with external circuit at a current flow of 200 A / m 2 .
Bezugszeichenliste:LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
1 Batteriesystem1 battery system
2 Batterie mit Plus- und Minuspol2 battery with plus and minus pole
3 externer Stromkreis mit Widerstand Re3 external circuit with resistance Re
4 Schalter4 switches
5 Mess- und Steuereinheit5 measuring and control unit
6 interner Kurzschluss mit Widerstand Rs6 internal short circuit with resistance Rs
Beispielhafte Ausführungsform der Erfindung:Exemplary embodiment of the invention:
In Fig. 1 ist eine beispielhafte Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Batteriesystems gezeigt. Das Batteriesystem 1 weist eine Batterie 2 mit zwei Polen, einem Plus- und einem Minuspol, auf. Die Pole der Batterie 2 sind über einen Schalter 4 mit einem externen Stromkreis 3 verbunden. Der externe Stromkreis 3 weist einen Widerstand Re auf. Im Normalbetrieb und/oder im Ladebetrieb der Batterie 2 liegt der Schalter 4 geöffnet vor, so dass ein Stromfluss zwischen Batterie 2 und externem Stromkreis 3 unterbrochen ist. Des weiteren weist das Batteriesystem 1 eine Mess- und Steuereinheit 5 auf, die die Temperatur und die Spannung der Batterie 2 über die Zeit misst. Tritt in der Batterie 2 ein interner Kurzschluss 6 mit einem Widerstand Rs auf, so steigt die Temperatur in der Batterie 2 plötzlich an und die Spannung über die Batterie 2 nimmt plötzlich ab. Bei Überschreitung einer vorher festgelegten Wärmeleistung und/oder bei Überschreitung einer vorher festgelegten Spannungsabnahmerate veranlasst die Mess- und Steuereinheit 5 die Schließung des Schalters 4 und der externe Stromkreis 3 wird mit den Polen der Batterie 2 leitend verbunden. Nun kann mindestens ein Teil der Energie der Zelle über den angeschlossenen externen Stromkreis 3 aus der Batterie 2 abgezogen werden. Ist der Widerstand Rs > Re, so fließt der Strom sogar bevorzugt über den externen Stromkreis 3 und die Folgen des internen Kurzschlusses 6 für die Batterie 2 werden vermindert.In Fig. 1, an exemplary embodiment of the battery system according to the invention is shown. The battery system 1 has a battery 2 with two poles, one plus and one minus. The poles of the battery 2 are connected via a switch 4 to an external circuit 3. The external circuit 3 has a resistance Re. During normal operation and / or during charging operation of the battery 2, the switch 4 is open, so that a current flow between the battery 2 and the external circuit 3 is interrupted. Furthermore, the battery system 1 has a measuring and control unit 5, which measures the temperature and the voltage of the battery 2 over time. If an internal short circuit 6 with a resistance Rs occurs in the battery 2, the temperature in the battery 2 suddenly rises and the voltage across the battery 2 suddenly decreases. Exceeding a predetermined heat output and / or exceeding a predetermined voltage reduction causes the Measuring and control unit 5, the closure of the switch 4 and the external circuit 3 is conductively connected to the poles of the battery 2. Now at least a part of the energy of the cell can be removed from the battery 2 via the connected external circuit 3. If the resistance Rs> Re, the current even flows preferably via the external circuit 3 and the consequences of the internal short circuit 6 for the battery 2 are reduced.
Simulation eines erfindungsgemäßen Batteriesystems mit einem Kurzschlussdurchmesser von 4,62 μm (entspricht einem Widerstand Rs von 0,01 Ohm m2):Simulation of a battery system according to the invention with a short-circuit diameter of 4.62 μm (corresponds to a resistance Rs of 0.01 ohm m 2 ):
Die Simulation wurde mit dem „Dualfoil" Modell nach Doyle et al. (M. Doyle, T. F. Füller and J. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc. 140 (1993), 1526) und Füller et al. (T.F. Füller, M. Doyle and J. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc. 141 (1994), 1 ; T.F. Füller, M. Doyle and J. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc. 141 (1994), 982) gerechnet. Die dabei verwendeten Parameter sind in Tabelle 1 dargestellt.The simulation was performed on the "Dualfoil" model according to Doyle et al. (Doyle, TF Filler and J. Newman, J. Electrochem., Soc., 140: 1526, 1993) and Füller et al (TF Füller, M.A. Doyle and J. Newman, J. Electrochem., Soc.141 (1994), 1; TF Filler, M. Doyle and J. Newman, J. Electrochem., Soc., 141: 982 (1994)) shown in Table 1.
Tabelle 1: Parameter für die Berechnung der Simulation Die Ergebnisse der Simulation sind in den Figuren Fig. 2 bis Fig. 5 zusammenge- fasst. In Fig. 2 und 3 ist die freigesetzte Wärmeleistung dargestellt für ein Modell mit externem Stromkreis (Fig. 2) und ohne externen Stromkreis (Fig. 3). Es zeigt sich, dass die Zuschaltung eines externen Stromkreises dazu führt, dass die am Ort des Kurzschlusses freigesetzte Wärmeleistung verringert wird. Wie in Fig. 4 gezeigt führt dies auch zu einer verringerten maximalen Temperaturspitze am Ort des Kurzschlusses. Die freigesetzte Wärmeleistung der ganzen Batteriezelle nimmt durch den externen Stromkreis zu, ist aber nun über die gesamte Batteriezelle verteilt und am Ort des Kurzschlusses weniger konzentriert. Die Zuschaltung eines externen Stromkreises reduziert auch signifikant die absolute Entladezeit der Batteriezelle. D.h. die absolute Energiemenge, die in der Batteriezelle freigesetzt wird ist reduziert (siehe Fig. 5, internal only-Kurve), was wiederum zu einem verringerten Temperaturanstieg am Ort des Kurzschlusses führt. Fig. 5 zeigt auch, dass die absolute Energieentwicklungskurve für eine Zelle mit externem Stromkreis einen steileren Anstieg aufweist. Da die absolute Energie der beiden Zellen konstant und gleich ist, ist die absolute Entladezeit bei einer Batteriezelle mit einem externen Stromkreis deutlich verkürzt.Table 1: Parameters for the calculation of the simulation The results of the simulation are summarized in FIGS. 2 to 5. In Figs. 2 and 3, the released heat output is shown for an external circuit model (Fig. 2) and without an external circuit (Fig. 3). It turns out that the connection of an external circuit leads to a reduction in the heat output released at the location of the short circuit. As shown in FIG. 4, this also leads to a reduced maximum temperature peak at the location of the short circuit. The released heat output of the whole battery cell increases through the external circuit, but is now distributed over the entire battery cell and less concentrated at the location of the short circuit. The connection of an external circuit also significantly reduces the absolute discharge time of the battery cell. That is, the absolute amount of energy released in the battery cell is reduced (see FIG. 5, internal only curve), which in turn leads to a reduced temperature rise at the location of the short circuit. FIG. 5 also shows that the absolute energy evolution curve for a cell having an external circuit has a steeper slope. Since the absolute energy of the two cells is constant and equal, the absolute discharge time is significantly reduced for a battery cell with an external circuit.
Insgesamt führt die Zuschaltung eines externen Stromkreises zu einer Reduktion der absoluten Entladezeit und zu einer Verringerung der absoluten Temperaturspitze am Ort des Kurzschlusses. Die Wärmeentwicklung wird von einem lokalen Ort des Kurzschlusses nun auf die gesamte Zelle und den externen Stromkreis verteilt. Die Gefahr einer weiteren Schädigung bzw. Gefährdung des Systems und der Umwelt durch den Kurzschluss ist somit verringert. Overall, the connection of an external circuit leads to a reduction of the absolute discharge time and to a reduction in the absolute temperature peak at the location of the short circuit. The heat is distributed from a local location of the short circuit now to the entire cell and the external circuit. The risk of further damage or endangerment of the system and the environment by the short circuit is thus reduced.

Claims

Ansprüche claims
1. Batteriesystem, umfassend: a) eine Batterie mit einer oder mehreren Zellen; b) eine Mess- und Steuereinheit, die die Temperatur und/oder die Spannung einzelner, mehrerer oder aller Batteriezellen kontinuierlich oder periodisch bestimmt; c) einen externen Stromkreis, der mit den Polen der Batterie über einen oder mehrere Schalter elektrisch leitend verbindbar ist, so dass Strom von einem Batteriepol über den externen Stromkreis zum anderen Batteriepol fließen kann; wobei die Steuereinheit die Stellung des oder der Schalter derart steuert, dass, bei Überschreitung einer vorher festgelegten Wärmeleistung und/oder bei Überschreitung einer vorher festgelegten Spannungsabnahmerate, der externe Stromkreis mit den Batteriepolen leitend verbunden wird.A battery system comprising: a) a battery having one or more cells; b) a measuring and control unit which determines the temperature and / or the voltage of individual, several or all battery cells continuously or periodically; c) an external circuit electrically connectable to the poles of the battery via one or more switches so that power can flow from one battery terminal to the other battery terminal via the external circuit; wherein the control unit controls the position of the switch or switches such that when exceeding a predetermined heat output and / or exceeding a predetermined voltage drop rate, the external circuit is conductively connected to the battery poles.
2. Batteriesystem nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Batterie mindestens eine Lithium-Ionen-Zelle aufweist.2. Battery system according to claim 1, characterized in that the battery has at least one lithium-ion cell.
3. Batteriesystem nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass für die vorher festgelegte Wärmeleistung und/oder Spannungsabnahmerate Werte ausgewählt sind, die bei einem Kurzschluss, nicht aber während eines Normalbetriebs oder eines Ladevorgangs der verwendeten Batterie auftreten.3. Battery system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that for the predetermined heat output and / or voltage reduction rate values are selected which occur in the event of a short circuit, but not during a normal operation or a charging process of the battery used.
4. Batteriesystem nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der externe Stromkreis einen Widerstand Re aufweist, der niedriger ist, als der Widerstand Rs eines standardisierten Kurzschlusses für eine Batterie gleichen Typs und gleicher Dimensionierung wie die im Batteriesystem verwendete Batterie. 4. Battery system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the external circuit has a resistance Re which is lower than the resistance Rs of a standardized short circuit for a battery of the same type and the same dimensions as the battery used in the battery system.
5. Batteriesystem nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der externe Stromkreis keinen weiteren elektrischen Verbraucher aufweist.5. Battery system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the external circuit has no further electrical load.
6. Batteriesystem nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der externe Stromkreis von der Batterie isoliert vorliegt.6. Battery system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the external circuit is isolated from the battery.
7. Batteriesystem nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der externe Stromkreis mindestens teilweise gekühlt ausgestaltet ist.7. Battery system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the external circuit is configured at least partially cooled.
8. Batteriesystem nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der externe Stromkreis luftgekühlt, flüssigkeitsgekühlt und/oder über einen oder mehrere Latentwärmespeicher gekühlt wird.8. Battery system according to claim 7, characterized in that the external circuit is air-cooled, liquid-cooled and / or cooled by one or more latent heat storage.
9. Verbraucher mit einem Batteriesystem nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8.9. Consumer with a battery system according to one of claims 1 to 8.
10. Verbraucher nach Anspruch 9, wobei der Verbraucher ein Fahrzeug ist. 10. Consumer according to claim 9, wherein the consumer is a vehicle.
EP10706206A 2009-04-07 2010-02-25 Battery system comprising an external electric circuit Withdrawn EP2417665A1 (en)

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DE200910002253 DE102009002253A1 (en) 2009-04-07 2009-04-07 Battery system with external circuit
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WO2013107614A1 (en) * 2012-01-18 2013-07-25 Li-Tec Battery Gmbh Battery having at least two electrochemical energy converters, and method for operating said battery
DE102012000872A1 (en) * 2012-01-18 2013-07-18 Li-Tec Battery Gmbh Electrochemical energy storage device, battery with at least two of these electrochemical energy storage devices, and method for operating this electrochemical energy storage device

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US3877996A (en) * 1973-05-09 1975-04-15 Us Navy Battery hot short control method and means
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US6531847B1 (en) * 2001-11-07 2003-03-11 Quallion Llc Safety method, device and system for an energy storage device

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