EP2368252B1 - Method for producing energy and apparatus therefor - Google Patents

Method for producing energy and apparatus therefor Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2368252B1
EP2368252B1 EP09806118A EP09806118A EP2368252B1 EP 2368252 B1 EP2368252 B1 EP 2368252B1 EP 09806118 A EP09806118 A EP 09806118A EP 09806118 A EP09806118 A EP 09806118A EP 2368252 B1 EP2368252 B1 EP 2368252B1
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clusters
hydrogen
temperature
active core
transition metal
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2368252A1 (en
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Francesco Piantelli
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Ghidini Tiziano
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Ghidini Tiziano
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Priority to SI200930574T priority patent/SI2368252T1/sl
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
    • G21B3/002—Fusion by absorption in a matrix
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for producing energy by nuclear reactions between a metal and hydrogen that is adsorbed on the crystalline structure of the metal. Furthermore, the invention relates to an energy generator that carries out such reactions.
  • a further critical aspect is the core sizing and design to attain a desired power.
  • DE4024515 a process is described for obtaining energy from the nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes, in which the atoms are brought into contact with clusters that contains from three to one hundred thousand atoms of a transition metal, and in which the clusters are obtained by cooling finely subdivided metal particles.
  • said step of prearranging is carried out in such a way that said determined quantity of crystals of said transition metal in the form of micro/nanometric clusters is proportional to said power.
  • the number of clusters is the variable through which the predetermined power can be obtained from an active core that comprises a predetermined amount of metal.
  • the micro/nanometric clusters structure is a requirement for producing H - ions and for the above cited orbital and nuclear capture processes.
  • a critical number of atoms can be identified below which a level discrete structure (electronic density, functional of the electronic density and Kohn-Sham effective potential) and Pauli antisymmetry, tend to prevail over a band structure according to Thomas-Fermi approach.
  • the discrete levels structure is at the origin of the main properties of the clusters, some of which have been cited above. Such features can be advantageously used for analysing the nature of the surface, i.e. for establishing whether clusters are present or not.
  • each cluster is a site where a reaction takes place, therefore the power that can be obtained is substantially independent from the clusters size, i.e. from the number of atoms that form the cluster.
  • the number of atoms of the clusters is selected from a group of numbers that are known for giving rise to structures that are more stable than other aggregates that comprise a different number of atoms.
  • Such stability is a condition to attain a high reactivity of the clusters with respect to hydrogen to give H- ions.
  • a stability function has been identified for Nickel, which depends upon the number of atoms that form the clusters, obtaining specific stability peaks that correspond to that particular numbers.
  • the hydrogen that is used in the method can be natural hydrogen, i.e., in particular, hydrogen that contains deuterium with an isotopic abundance substantially equal to 0,015%.
  • such hydrogen can be hydrogen with a deuterium content which is distinct from that above indicated, and/or hydrogen with a significant tritium content.
  • the hydrogen in use is molecular hydrogen H 2 ; alternatively, the hydrogen is preliminarily ionized as H - , or it can be a mixture that contains H - and H 2 .
  • the transition metal can be selected from the group comprised of: Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Pd, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, lanthanoids, actinoids.
  • Such metals belong to one of the four transition groups , i.e.:
  • the metal in use can also be an alloy of two or more than two of the above listed metals.
  • transition metals or their alloys, the ones are preferred those that crystallize with a crystalline structure selected from the group comprised of:
  • metals are used that have a crystalline open face structure, in order to assist the H- ions adsorption into the clusters.
  • said transition metal is Nickel.
  • said Nickel is selected from the group comprised of:
  • the H- ions can be obtained by treating, under particular operative conditions, hydrogen H 2 molecules that have been previously adsorbed on said transition metal surface, where the semi-free valence electrons form a plasma.
  • a heating is needed to cause lattice vibrations, i.e. phonons, whose energy is higher than a first activation energy threshold, through nonlinear and anharmonic phenomena.
  • lattice vibrations i.e. phonons
  • the H- ions can also be adsorbed into the lattice interstices, but
  • the H- ions interact with the atoms of the clusters, provided that a second activation threshold is exceeded, which is higher than the first threshold.
  • a second activation threshold is exceeded, which is higher than the first threshold.
  • the H- ion Bohr radius is comparable with the metal core radius, the H- ions can be captured by the metal core, causing a structural reorganization and freeing energy by mass defect; the H- ions can now be expelled as protons, and can generate nuclear reactions with the neighbouring cores.
  • the complex atom that has formed by the metal atom capturing the H- ion in the full respect of the energy conservation principle, of the Pauli exclusion principle, and of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, is forced towards an excited status, therefore it reorganizes itself by the migration of the H- ion towards deeper orbitals or levels, i.e. towards a minimum energy state, thus emitting Auger electrons and X rays during the level changes.
  • the H- ion falls into a potential hole and concentrates the energy which was previously distributed upon a volume whose radius is about 10 -12 m into a smaller volume whose radius is about 5x10 -15 m.
  • the H- ion is at a distance from the core that is comparable with the nuclear radius; in fact in the fundamental status of the complex atom that is formed by adding the H- ion, due to its mass that is far greater the mass of the electron, the H- ion is forced to stay at such deep level at a distance from the core that is comparable with the nuclear radius, in accordance with Bohr radius calculation.
  • the actual process cannot be considered as a fusion process of hydrogen atoms, in particular of particular hydrogen isotopes atoms; instead, the process has to be understood as an interaction of a transition metal and hydrogen in general, in its particular form of H- ion.
  • said predetermined number of said transition metal atoms of said clusters is such that a portion of material of said transition metal in the form of clusters or without clusters shows a transition of a physical property of said metal, said property selected from the group comprised of:
  • said step of preparing a determined quantity of micro/nanometric clusters comprises a step of depositing a predetermined amount of said transition metal in the form of micro/nanometric clusters on a surface of a substrate, i.e. a solid body that has a predetermined volume and a predetermined shape, wherein said substrate surface contains at least 10 9 clusters per square centimetre.
  • the step of prearranging a determined quantity of clusters can also provide a step of sintering said determined quantity of micro/nanometric clusters, said sintering preserving the crystalline structure and preserving substantially the size of said clusters.
  • the step of preparing the determined quantity of clusters can provide collecting a powder of clusters into a container, i.e. collecting a determined quantity of clusters or aggregation of loose clusters.
  • said substrate contains in its surface at least 10 10 clusters per square centimetre, in particular at least 10 11 clusters per square centimetre, more in particular at least 10 12 clusters per square centimetre.
  • said clusters form on said substrate a thin layer of said metal, whose thickness is lower than 1 micron; in particular such thickness is of the same magnitude of the lattice of the crystalline structure of the transition metal.
  • the core activation by adsorption of the H- ions into the clusters concerns only a few surface crystal layers.
  • said step of depositing said transition metal is effected by a process of physical deposition of vapours of said metal.
  • Said process of depositing can be a process of sputtering, in which the substrate receives under vacuum a determined amount of the metal in the form of atoms that are emitted by a body that is bombarded by a beam of particles.
  • the process of depositing can comprise an evaporation step or a thermal sublimation step and a subsequent condensation step in which the metal condensates onto said substrate.
  • the process of depositing can be performed by means of an epitaxial deposition, in which the deposit attains a crystalline structure that is similar to the structure of the substrate, thus allowing the control of such parameters.
  • the transition metal can be deposited also by a process of spraying.
  • the step of depositing the transition metal can provide a step of heating the metal up to a temperature that is close to the melting point of the metal, followed by a step of slow cooling.
  • the slow cooling proceeds up to an average core temperature of about 600°C.
  • the step of depositing the metal is followed by a step of quickly cooling the substrate and the transition metal as deposited, in order to cause a "freezing" of the metal in the form of clusters that have a predetermined crystalline structure.
  • said quickly cooling occurs by causing a current of hydrogen to flow in a vicinity of said transition metal as deposited on said substrate, said current having a predetermined temperature that is lower than the temperature of said substrate.
  • said step of bringing hydrogen into contact with said clusters is preceded by a step of cleaning said substrate.
  • said step of cleaning is made by applying a vacuum of at least 10 -9 bar at a temperature set between 350°C and 500°C for a predetermined time.
  • said vacuum is applied according to a predetermined number, preferably not less than 10, of vacuum cycles and subsequent restoration of a substantially atmospheric pressure of hydrogen.
  • a predetermined number preferably not less than 10
  • said vacuum is applied according to a predetermined number, preferably not less than 10, of vacuum cycles and subsequent restoration of a substantially atmospheric pressure of hydrogen.
  • said hydrogen has a partial pressure set between 0,001 millibar and 10 bar, in particular set between 1 millibar and 2 bar, in order to ensure an optimal number of hits between the surface of said clusters and the hydrogen molecules: in fact, an excessive pressure increases the frequency of the hits, such that it can cause surface desorption, as well as other parasitic phenomena.
  • the hydrogen flows with a speed less than 3 m/s.
  • Said hydrogen flows preferably according to a direction that is substantially parallel to the surface of said clusters.
  • the hits between the hydrogen molecules and the metal substrate occur according to small impact angles, which assist the adsorption on the surface of the clusters and prevents re-emission phenomena in the subsequent steps of H- ions formation.
  • said step of creating an active core by hydrogen adsorption into said clusters is carried out at a temperature that is close to a temperature at which a sliding of the reticular planes of the transition metal, said temperature at which a sliding occurs is set between the respective temperatures that correspond to the absorption peaks ⁇ and ⁇ .
  • the concentration of H- ions with respect to the transition metal atoms of said clusters is larger than 0,01, to improve the efficiency of the energy production process.
  • this concentration is larger than 0,08.
  • a step is provided of cooling said active core down to the room temperature, and said step of triggering a succession of nuclear reactions provides a quick rise of the temperature of said active core from said room temperature to said temperature which is higher than said predetermined critical temperature.
  • said quick temperature rise takes place in a time that is shorter than five minutes.
  • the critical temperature is normally set between 100 and 450°C, more often between 200 and 450°C. More in detail, the critical temperature is larger than the Debye temperature of said metal.
  • said step of triggering said nuclear reactions provides an impulsive triggering action selected from the group comprised of:
  • Such impulsive triggering action generates lattice vibrations, i.e. phonons, whose amplitude is such that the H- ions can exceed the second activation threshold thus creating the conditions that are required for replacing electrons of atoms of the metal, to form temporary metal-hydrogen complex ions.
  • said step of triggering said nuclear reactions is associated with a step of creating a gradient, i.e. a temperature difference, between two points of said active core.
  • This gradient is preferably set between 100°C and 300°C. This enhances the conditions for anharmonic lattice motions, which is at the basis of the mechanism by which H- ions are produced.
  • a step is provided of modulating said energy that is delivered by said nuclear reactions.
  • said step of modulating comprises removing and/or adding active cores or active core portions from/to a generation chamber which contains one or more active cores during said step of removing said heat.
  • Said step of modulating comprises a step of approaching/spacing apart sheets of said transition metal which form said active core in the presence of an hydrogen flow.
  • the step of modulating can furthermore be actuated by absorption protons and alpha particles in lamina-shaped absorbers that are arranged between sheets of said transition metal which form said active core.
  • the density of such emissions is an essential feature for adjusting said power.
  • a step is provided of shutting down said nuclear reactions in the active core, that comprises an action selected from the group comprised of:
  • said step of shutting down said nuclear reactions can comprise lowering the heat exchange fluid inlet temperature below said critical temperature.
  • said succession of reactions with production of heat is carried out in the presence of a predetermined sector selected from the group comprised of:
  • an energy generator that is obtained from a succession of nuclear reactions between hydrogen and a metal, wherein said metal is a transition metal, said generator comprising:
  • said determined quantity of crystals of said transition metal in the form of micro/nanometric clusters is proportional to said power.
  • said clusters contain hydrogen that is adsorbed as H-ions.
  • said means for heating said active core comprises an electric resistance in which, in use an electric current flows.
  • said active core comprises a substrate, i.e. a solid body that has a predetermined volume and a predetermined shape, on whose surface said determined quantity of micro/nanometric clusters of said transition metal is deposited, for at least 10 9 clusters per square centimetre, preferably at least 10 10 clusters per square centimetre, in particular at least 10 11 clusters per square centimetre, more in particular at least 10 12 clusters per square centimetre.
  • said active core has an extended surface, i.e. a surface whose area is larger than the area of a convex envelope of said active core, in particular an area A and a volume V occupied by said active core with respect to a condition selected from the group comprised of:
  • said transition metal is selected from the group comprised of: Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Pd, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, lanthanoids, actinoids, an alloy of two or more than two of the above listed metals; in particular said Nickel is selected from the group comprised of:
  • Said means for triggering can be:
  • a means is associated with said means for triggering that is adapted to create a gradient, i.e. a temperature difference between two points of said active core, in particular said temperature difference set between 100°C and 300°C.
  • said active core is arranged in use at a distance less than 2 mm from an inner wall of said generation chamber. This way, the production of H- ions is enhanced, since this distance is comparable with the mean free path of the hydrogen molecules at the working temperature and the working pressure.
  • said generator comprises a means for modulating said energy that is released by said nuclear reactions.
  • Said means for modulating can comprise a means for removing/adding active cores or active core portions from/into said generation chamber.
  • said active core comprises a set of thin sheets, preferably said thin sheets having a thickness that is less than one micron, that are arranged facing one another and said means for modulating comprises a structure that is adapted to approach and/or to space apart said sheets while a hydrogen flow is modulated that flows in a vicinity of said core.
  • said means for modulating can comprise lamina-shaped absorbers that are arranged between the sheets of said transition metal which form said active core, said absorbers adapted to absorb protons and alpha particles that are emitted by the active core during the reactions.
  • said generator comprises furthermore a means for shutting down said reaction in the active core.
  • said means for shutting down are selected from the group comprised of:
  • said active core comprises a set of thin sheets, preferably said sheets having a thickness that is less than one micron, said sheets arranged facing one another and said means for modulating provided by said structure and by said absorbers.
  • said generator comprises a means for creating a predetermined field at said active core, said field selected from the group comprised of:
  • said generator comprises a section for producing a determined quantity of clusters on a solid substrate, said section comprising:
  • said section for producing a determined quantity of clusters comprises a means for detecting a transition of a physical property during said step of depositing, in particular of a physical property selected from the group comprised of:
  • said section for producing a determined quantity of clusters comprises a means for detecting a clusters surface density, i.e. a mean number of clusters in one square centimetre of said surface during said step of depositing.
  • said section for producing a determined quantity of clusters comprises a concentration control means for controlling the H- ions concentration with respect to the transition metal atoms of said clusters.
  • said section for producing a determined quantity of clusters comprises a thickness control means for controlling the thickness of a layer of said clusters, in order to ensure that said thickness is set between 1 nanometre and 1 micron.
  • said generator comprises a section for producing an active core, said section for producing an active core comprising:
  • said means for causing said hydrogen to flow are such that said hydrogen flows according to a direction that is substantially parallel to an exposed surface of said substrate, In particular, said hydrogen having a speed that is less than 3 m/s.
  • said section for producing an active core comprises a means for cooling down to room temperature said prepared active core, and said means for heating said active core within said generation chamber are adapted to heat said active core up to said predetermined temperature which is set between 100 and 450°C in a time less than five minutes.
  • said quickly cooling in said clusters preparation chamber and/or said cooling down to room temperature in said hydrogen treatment chamber is/are obtained by means of said hydrogen flow on said active core, said flow having a predetermined temperature that is lower than the temperature of said active core.
  • an apparatus for producing energy that comprises:
  • thermodynamic fluid is an organic fluid that has a critical temperature and a critical pressure that are at least high as in the case of toluene, or of an ORC fluid, in particular of a fluid that is based on 1,1,1,3,3 pentafluoropropane, also known as HFC 245fa or simply as 245fa.
  • the method provides a step 110 of prearranging clusters 21, for example a layer of clusters 20 on a substrate 22, this layer 20 defined by a surface 23.
  • a crystal layer 20 of thickness d preferably set between 1 nanometre and 1 micron is diagrammatically shown.
  • the metal is deposited with a process adapted to ensure that the crystals as deposited have normally a number of atoms of the transition metal less than a predetermined critical number, beyond which the crystal matter looses the character of clusters.
  • the process of depositing is adapted to ensure that 1 square centimetre of surface 23 defines on average at least 10 9 clusters 21.
  • the method provides then a treatment step 120 of the clusters with hydrogen 31, in which hydrogen 31 is brought into contact with surface 23 of the clusters 21, in order to obtain a population of molecules 33 of hydrogen that is adsorbed on surface 23, as shown in Fig. 3 .
  • the bonds between the atoms of the hydrogen molecules are weakened, up to having a homolytic or heterolytic scission of the molecules 33, obtaining, respectively, a couple of hydrogen atoms 34 or a couple consisting of a hydrogen negative H - ion 35 and a hydrogen positive H + ion 36, from each diatomic molecule 33 of hydrogen.
  • a contribution to this process of weakening the bond and of making, in particular H- ions 35, is given by a heating step 130 of surface 23 of the clusters up to a temperature T 1 larger than a predetermined critical temperature T D , as shown in Fig. 15 ; this heating causes furthermore, an adsorption of the hydrogen in the form of H- ions 37 into clusters 21 ( Fig. 3 ).
  • the clusters 21 with the adsorbed hydrogen 37 in this form represent an active core that is available for nuclear reactions, which can be started place by a triggering step 140; such step consists of supplying an impulse of energy 26 that causes the capture 150 by an atom 38 of the clusters of the H- ions 37 adsorbed within the clusters, with a consequent exchange of an electron 42, as diagrammatically shown in Fig. 5 , such that the succession of reactions causes a release of energy 43 to which a step 160 of production of heat 27 is associated, which requires a step of removal 170 of this heat towards an use, not shown.
  • the predetermined number of atoms of the transition metal of the clusters is controlled by observing a physical property of the transition metal, chosen for example between thermal conductivity, electric conductivity, refraction index.
  • a physical property of the transition metal chosen for example between thermal conductivity, electric conductivity, refraction index.
  • Fig. 4 in the periodic table of the chemical elements the position is indicated of the transition metals that are adapted for the process. They are in detail, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Pd, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, lanthanoids, actinoids, an alloy of two or more than two of the above listed metals. They belong to one of the four transition metals groups, i.e.:
  • the clusters 21 ( Figs. 2 and 3 ) have a crystalline structure 19 that is typical of the chosen transition metals or alloy of transition metals.
  • Figs. from 6 to 10 crystal reticules with open faces are shown, which assist the process for adsorption of the hydrogen, in the form of H- ion 37 ( Fig. 3 ), into a cluster 21, characterised by such structural arrangement. They comprise:
  • the Nickel can crystallize according to the face-centred cubic structure shown in the perspective view of Fig. 6 , where six atoms 2 are shown arranged according to a diagonal plane.
  • Fig. 7 a top plan view is shown of a three-dimensional model comprising a plurality of atoms arranged according to the structure of Fig. 6
  • Fig. 8 is a further perspective view of a model that shows, between the atoms of the upper level, six atoms 2 that are arranged on two different rows separate from a space 60.
  • the hydrogen atoms 37 are arranged in the form of adsorbed H- ions in the above described crystalline structure. This occurs also for transition metals that crystallize in a body-centred cubic crystalline structure, as shown in the perspective view of Fig. 9 , where the five atoms 2 are shown arranged at the vertices and at the centre of a diagonal plane of a cube, and also for metals that crystallize in the structure of Fig. 10 .
  • the step of prearranging clusters 110 in case of an active core that is obtained by depositing a predetermined amount of said transition metal in the form of micro/nanometric clusters on a surface of a substrate, is shown with higher detail in the block diagram of Fig. 12 and in the temperature profile of Fig. 13 .
  • a step 113 is provided of depositing the transition metal on the substrate preferably by means of sputtering, or spraying, or epitaxial deposition; the deposited metal is then heated further up to a temperature close to the melting temperature T f ( Fig.
  • Fig. 14 a block diagram is shown an alternative step of prearranging clusters 110, in which the depositing step 113 is followed by a step 114 of cleaning the substrate, which is carried out preferably by means of repeatedly creating and removing a vacuum of at least 10 -9 bar at a temperature of at least 350°C.
  • a vacuum of at least 10 -9 bar at a temperature of at least 350°C.
  • Such operative conditions in particular the ultra high vacuum, have the object for quantitatively removing any gas that is adsorbed on or adsorbed in the substrate, which would reduce drastically the interactions between the valence electron plasma of surface 23 and the hydrogen ions H - , avoiding the adsorption of the hydrogen 31 in the clusters 21 even if a physical surface adsorption has been achieved.
  • a treatment step 120 follows of the clusters 21 with a flow of cold hydrogen, which causes also the quick cooling step 119.
  • the temperature of the active core is higher than the critical temperature T D , which allows an adsorption of the hydrogen negative ions 37 in the clusters 21 ( Fig. 3 ), such that at the end of step 110, after the quick cooling step 119, an active core is obtained that is adapted to be triggered, without that a specific treatment with hydrogen and a specific heating step 130 are necessary (v. Fig. 1 ).
  • the step 120 of feeding hydrogen is carried out in order to provide a relative pressure between 0,001 millibar and 10 bar, preferably between 1 millibar and 2 bar, to ensure an optimal number of hits of the hydrogen molecules 31 against surface 23, avoiding in particular surface desorption and other undesired phenomena caused by excessive pressure; furthermore, the speed 32 of the hydrogen molecules 31 ( Fig. 3 ) is less than 3 m/s, and has a direction substantially parallel to surface 23, in order to obtain small angles of impact 39 that assist the adsorption and avoid back emission phenomena.
  • Fig. 15 furthermore, the temperature is shown beyond which the reticular planes start sliding, which is set between the temperatures corresponding to the absorption peaks ⁇ and ⁇ , above which the adsorption of the H- ions 37 in the clusters 21 is most likely.
  • Figure 15 refers also to the case in which, after the step of adsorption of hydrogen, that is effected at a temperature that is higher than critical temperature T D , a cooling step 119 is carried out at room temperature of the active core.
  • the step of triggering 140 follows then a specific heating step 130 starting from the room temperature up to the predetermined temperature T 1 that is larger than the Debye temperature of the metal TD, in a time t* that is as short as possible, preferably less than 5 minutes, in order not to affect the structure of the clusters and/or to cause desorbing phenomena before triggering step 140.
  • the critical temperature T D is normally set between 100 and 450°C, more preferably between 200 and 450°C; hereafter the Debye temperature is indicated for some of the metals above indicated: Al 426K; Cd 186K; Cr 610K; Cu 344.5K; Au 165K; ⁇ -Fe 464K; Pb 96K; ⁇ -Mn 476K; Pt 240K; Si 640K; Ag 225K; Ta 240K; Sn 195K; Ti 420K; W 405K; Zn 300K.
  • Such impulsive triggering action generates lattice vibrations, or phonons, having an amplitude such that the H- ions can pass the second activation threshold and achieve the conditions necessary for replacing electrons of atoms of the metal, creating metal-hydrogen complex ions ( Fig. 5 ).
  • the orbital capture of the H- ions 37 is assisted by a gradient of temperature between two points of the active core, in particular set between 100°C and 300°C, which has a trend like the example shown in Fig. 24 .
  • an energy generator 50 comprising an active core 1 housed in a generation chamber 53.
  • the active core can be heated by an electric winding 56 that can be connected to a source of electromotive force, not shown.
  • a cylindrical wall 55 separates generation chamber 53 from an annular chamber 54, which is defined by a cylindrical external wall 51 and have an inlet 64 and an outlet 65 for a heat exchange fluid, which is used for removing the heat that is developed during the nuclear reactions.
  • the ends of central portion 51 are closed in a releasable way respectively by a portion 52 and a portion 59, which are adapted also for supporting the ends in an operative position.
  • Generator 50 furthermore, comprises a means 61, 62, 67 for triggering the nuclear reaction, consisting of:
  • an active core having an extended surface using as substrate a body that is permeable to hydrogen, for example a package 81 of sheets 82 of the transition metal, wherein a surface 83 can be in turn a porous surface; alternatively, the active core can also be a plurality of particles of whichever shape, preferably with nano- or micro- granulometry, in particular micro/nanometric clusters.
  • Such particles can be sintered as shown in Fig. 20 to form a body 85 having a desired geometry, or they can be loose, enclosed in a container 84, preferably of ceramic.
  • Another possibility, shown in Fig. 22 consists of a tube bundle 86 where tubes 87 act as substrate for a layer 88 of transition metal that is deposited in the form of clusters at least on a surface portion of each tube 87.
  • the device of Fig. 17 has an elongated casing 10, which is associated with a means for making and maintaining vacuum conditions inside, not shown.
  • the residual pressure during the step of cleaning the substrate is kept identical or less than 10 -9 absolute bar, for removing impurities, in particular gas that is not hydrogen.
  • a means is provided, not shown in the figures, for moving substrate 3 within casing 10, in turn on at least three stations 11, 12 and 13.
  • Station 11 is a chamber for preparation of the clusters where the surface of the substrate 3 is coated with a layer of a transition metal in the form of clusters by a process of sputtering.
  • a means is provided, not depicted, for bringing and maintaining the substrate at a temperature identical or higher than 350°C.
  • a cooling step 119 is carried out ( Figs. 14 and 15 ) of the deposited metal on the substrate, by feeding cold hydrogen and at a pressure preferably set between 1 millibar and 2 relative bar, so that they can be adsorbed on the metal.
  • a controlling step is carried out of the crystalline structure, for example by computing a physical property, such as thermal conductivity, electric conductivity, or refraction index, in order to establish the nature of clusters of the crystals deposited on the substrate 3; preferably, furthermore, a thickness control is carried out of the crystal layer and of the cluster surface density.
  • Figure 18 represents diagrammatically a device 80 that comprises a single closed casing 90, in which a section for preparing an active core 1 of the type shown in Fig. 17 and a reactor 50 are enclosed, thus preserving the core from contamination, in particular from gas that is distinct from hydrogen during the time between the step of depositing the clusters and the step of triggering the reactions.

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  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
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  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
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EP09806118A 2008-11-24 2009-11-24 Method for producing energy and apparatus therefor Revoked EP2368252B1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL09806118T PL2368252T3 (pl) 2008-11-24 2009-11-24 Sposób i urządzenie do wytwarzania energii
SI200930574T SI2368252T1 (sl) 2008-11-24 2009-11-24 Postopek proizvodnje energije in naprava zanj

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ITPI2008A000119A IT1392217B1 (it) 2008-11-24 2008-11-24 Metodo per produrre energia e generatore che attua tale metodo
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CN104534684A (zh) * 2014-12-12 2015-04-22 长春理工大学 利用氢气和镍金属产生盈余热能的设备及其热产生方法
US9540960B2 (en) 2012-03-29 2017-01-10 Lenr Cars Sarl Low energy nuclear thermoelectric system
WO2018122445A1 (en) * 2016-12-30 2018-07-05 Andras Kovacs Method and apparatus for producing energy from metal alloys

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ITPI20110079A1 (it) * 2011-07-14 2013-01-15 Chellini Fabio Metodo e apparato per generare energia mediante reazioni nucleari di idrogeno adsorbito per cattura orbitale da una nanostruttura cristallina di un metallo
ITPI20110107A1 (it) 2011-10-01 2013-04-02 Ciampoli Leonardo Metodo e dispositivo per trattare prodotti radioattivi
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EP2701157A3 (de) * 2012-08-22 2015-10-14 Andrej Galuga Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung der Kernfusion
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RU2538232C1 (ru) * 2013-06-26 2015-01-10 Владимир Анатольевич Сирота Сироты термоядерное взрывное устройство
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CN105407622B (zh) * 2014-09-11 2018-04-20 邱慈云 核素轰击的靶、轰击系统和方法
CN104564420A (zh) * 2015-01-16 2015-04-29 宁波华斯特林电机制造有限公司 一种镍氢冷聚变斯特林电机装置
CZ307004B6 (cs) * 2016-03-08 2017-11-08 Power Heat Energy S.R.O. Způsob výroby tepelné energie, zařízení k tomu určená a systémy tepelné generace
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WO2019070789A1 (en) * 2017-10-04 2019-04-11 Ih Ip Holdings Limited IN SITU NUCLEAR REACTOR
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WO2020021638A1 (ja) * 2018-07-24 2020-01-30 齊藤　公章 発熱装置
WO2020122098A1 (ja) * 2018-12-11 2020-06-18 株式会社クリーンプラネット 熱利用システムおよび発熱装置
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DE102020007914A1 (de) 2020-12-30 2022-06-30 Christoph Methfessel Verbessertes Reaktionsverhalten von Wasserstoff und Deuterium in Metallen
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US9540960B2 (en) 2012-03-29 2017-01-10 Lenr Cars Sarl Low energy nuclear thermoelectric system
DE102013110249A1 (de) 2013-09-17 2015-03-19 Airbus Defence and Space GmbH Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Energieerzeugung
WO2015040077A1 (de) 2013-09-17 2015-03-26 Airbus Defence and Space GmbH Energieerzeugungsvorrichtung und energieerzeugungsverfahren sowie steuerungsanordnung und reaktionsbehälter hierfür
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WO2018122445A1 (en) * 2016-12-30 2018-07-05 Andras Kovacs Method and apparatus for producing energy from metal alloys

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BRPI0922491A2 (pt) 2015-12-15
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KR20110103396A (ko) 2011-09-20
JP2012510050A (ja) 2012-04-26
ITPI20080119A1 (it) 2010-05-25
RU2011116098A (ru) 2012-12-27
CN102217001A (zh) 2011-10-12
EP2368252A1 (en) 2011-09-28
SI2368252T1 (sl) 2013-05-31
DK2368252T3 (da) 2013-04-15
AU2015221519A1 (en) 2015-10-15
IT1392217B1 (it) 2012-02-22

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