EP2354349A2 - Device for drying and decontaminating masonry, concrete, wood and other solids - Google Patents
Device for drying and decontaminating masonry, concrete, wood and other solids Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2354349A2 EP2354349A2 EP11151913A EP11151913A EP2354349A2 EP 2354349 A2 EP2354349 A2 EP 2354349A2 EP 11151913 A EP11151913 A EP 11151913A EP 11151913 A EP11151913 A EP 11151913A EP 2354349 A2 EP2354349 A2 EP 2354349A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- solid
- electrode
- electrodes
- zeolite
- pollutant
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 100
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 title claims description 21
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 title claims description 17
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 title claims description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 claims description 45
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 41
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003049 inorganic solvent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001867 inorganic solvent Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 abstract 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229960001866 silicon dioxide Drugs 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005202 decontamination Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000003588 decontaminative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 5
- -1 preferably masonry Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004886 process control Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007791 dehumidification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013590 bulk material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002957 persistent organic pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005067 remediation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000274 adsorptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001447 compensatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005672 electromagnetic field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003685 thermal hair damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002110 toxicologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000723 toxicological property Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/70—Drying or keeping dry, e.g. by air vents
- E04B1/7007—Drying or keeping dry, e.g. by air vents by using electricity, e.g. electro-osmosis
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F26—DRYING
- F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
- F26B3/00—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat
- F26B3/32—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by development of heat within the materials or objects to be dried, e.g. by fermentation or other microbiological action
- F26B3/34—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by development of heat within the materials or objects to be dried, e.g. by fermentation or other microbiological action by using electrical effects
- F26B3/347—Electromagnetic heating, e.g. induction heating or heating using microwave energy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
- H05B6/46—Dielectric heating
- H05B6/62—Apparatus for specific applications
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for drying and / or decontaminating a solid, preferably masonry, concrete or wood by increasing the temperature of the structure in which the water and / or pollutants are bound.
- the device has at least one electrode for introducing high-frequency energy, in the region of influence of which the solid to be treated is located at least partially, the electrode being connected to a high-frequency voltage source.
- the apparatus further comprises a structure having a medium adapted to receive the water and / or the pollutants and control means for monitoring and influencing the drying and / or decontamination process.
- the dehumidification of masonry, concrete or wood is a widespread task in the rehabilitation of old and historic buildings, but also in new buildings due to planning and design errors, as well as unwanted water ingress or water damage.
- the dehumidification of already soaked materials is an essential task.
- the content of pore water in building materials must be reduced as a prerequisite for the introduction of other chemicals that serve to rehabilitate the material.
- An example of such chemicals are substances that make the building material more hydrophobic and thus less sensitive to water.
- the agents used preferably contain acrylates, resins, paraffins or siloxanes. Such injection methods are generally only useful if the pore water content has not exceeded a value of 60% of the maximum value or if this value was previously achieved by preparatory measures such as thermal drying.
- An alternative possible target parameter for the rehabilitation success is also the achievement of the so-called compensatory moisture, which is an equilibrium value for the respective building material at a corresponding external air humidity and Temperature represents.
- the equilibrium moisture content in particular and the final moisture to be achieved in general are influenced by a number of material, environmental and usage-specific factors. The corresponding values can be found in the relevant specialist literature.
- Heating and dehydration of wood can also be used to damage or kill wood pests such as dry rot, or to deprive them of their own.
- the choice of the parameters to be set, such as final temperature, duration of heating or residual moisture depends on the concrete problematic case and in particular on the type of wood pests.
- the dehumidification of masonry can be achieved for example by increasing the temperature by means of infrared radiators.
- electromagnetic radiation of a certain frequency or a specific frequency range in this case in the area of infrared radiation, is directed onto the material.
- the surface of the material is heated and Water evaporates in this area, then escapes as water vapor into the room air and must be removed from it.
- the disadvantage of this method is that only the surface area is heated, since the infrared radiation can not practically penetrate into the material.
- the temperature inside the material is increased only by heat conduction. As a result, water from this area can be released only very slowly.
- disadvantageous are the large temperature gradients which can lead to damage to the material. Typical plants operating on this principle are designed for wall surfaces of less than 1 m 2 .
- this technique can be used in an analogous way, if the pollutants pass through the increase in temperature in the gas phase and transported to the surface analogous to water. In the same way, however, the low penetration depths and the corresponding large temperature gradients are also disadvantageous here.
- heating rods for drying are technically easier and better to realize and control the positioning of the rods in the inner volume of the component, but the component is mechanically damaged by the introduction of the heating elements.
- the large temperature gradients in the vicinity of the rod can additionally lead to thermal damage to the material.
- the volume between the heating elements can also be achieved only by heat conduction, ie in an indirect manner.
- the heating rods currently used have outputs of 100 to 200 W. They are introduced into boreholes of typically 15 to 20 mm in diameter.
- Another non-invasive method for masonry drying is based on the use of microwaves with frequencies in the GHz range.
- the warming is due here to the direct energy coupling into the water molecules or other polar structures in the masonry.
- the penetration depths are relatively low and the heating thus likewise focuses on the surface area of the component. This is with the disadvantages already described, i. associated with the formation of high temperature gradients and inhomogeneous desiccation.
- the object of the present invention to provide a device which overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art and can be efficiently thermally dried and / or decontaminated with the solids from materials such as stone, concrete or wood.
- the device is intended to enable a non-invasive procedure and avoid the formation of local temperature gradients.
- the device according to the invention should also be suitable for controlling wood pests.
- a device for drying and / or decontaminating a solid wherein the solid contains at least one liquid and / or a pollutant, comprising at least one electrode, wherein the solid is at least partially in the sphere of influence of the at least one electrode and wherein the at least one Electrode is connected to a feed means for supplying a high-frequency voltage and a control means and a structure comprising a substance which is adapted to receive the liquid and / or the pollutant, wherein the at least one electrode is designed so that it flows from the substance to be treated Allowed solid to the structure with the receiving substance.
- the latter contains at least one temperature sensor which is suitable for determining the temperature of the solid, the temperature sensor being positioned in the solid state and having an evaluation unit is connected and / or at least one control means for controlling the feed means for feeding the high-frequency voltage, wherein the control means is connected to the feed means and the evaluation unit for the temperature sensor.
- the structure is arranged on the second side of the at least one electrode.
- a temperature sensor is arranged on the first side of the at least one electrode.
- the solid is in particulate form.
- the temperature sensor is a fiber optic temperature sensor, an infrared sensor or an infrared camera for determining the surface temperature of the solid.
- liquid and pollutant are used here and below in summary for water and other substances which may be present in the solid to be treated both in adsorbed and absorbed form and as a liquid phase.
- pollutant is also used in the general form when several pollutants are present as individual substances simultaneously and are to be released by the device.
- the device according to the invention is thus a device for dielectric heating.
- similar basic principles as in microwave application eg orientation polarization of dipole molecules or other polar structures in solids, are relevant for heating, the use of high frequency energy offers the advantage of greater penetration depths for the relevant materials. In this way, practically homogeneous temperature profiles in the masonry or in the solid to be treated can generally be adjusted, which leads to the avoidance of the problems existing in the prior art.
- Another significant advantage of the device according to the invention is the potential of a non-invasive application, which also opens up the possibility of using valuable historic buildings and generally in the field of historic preservation.
- the device according to the invention can therefore always be used when the moisture content and / or the content of pollutants in a solid body are to be reduced efficiently.
- Preferred solids that can be dried and / or decontaminated with the device according to the invention are textiles, food, wood, building materials, masonry.
- Under construction material according to the invention preferably sand, clay, gravel, cement, concrete, brick, gypsum, plasterboard or a mixture thereof understood.
- the device according to the invention is particularly preferably used for drying and / or decontaminating masonry, building material or wood.
- the device by dielectric heating of the solid whose temperature is increased so far that the water and / or pollutants desorb and / or evaporate and are released from the matrix of the solid.
- the device can also be used to kill by increasing the temperature and / or dehydration wood pests or worsen the life and development basis permanently.
- the device according to the invention has at least one electrode which is connected to a means for supplying a high-frequency voltage.
- the feed means is preferably a radio frequency (RF) generator.
- RF radio frequency
- an electronic matching network is preferably arranged, which allows the adjustment of the variable impedance of the solid, for example, due to fluctuating humidity to the internal resistance of the HF generator. This results in the possibility of a very energy-efficient heating of the solid, since the emitted RF energy can be almost completely converted into process heat. The energy efficiency is therefore significantly increased by the use of the matching network. Continuous regulation of the electronic matching network during the drying and / or decontamination process makes it possible to maintain these favorable conditions even when the moisture content of the material changes. The temperature increase in the material then leads to the mobilization of water and / or pollutants and thus to the desired treatment success.
- the device allows different modes of energy input and in particular the heating of the fixed bed and the realization of different temperature profiles.
- it is possible to heat the solid homogeneously with technically relevant volumes can be treated to the cubic meter scale.
- the volume of the solid to be dried and / or decontaminated is in the range of 0.001 to 100 cubic meters, more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 10 cubic meters.
- the RF generator provides a voltage with a frequency between 500 kHz and 100 MHz, further preferred are frequencies between 1 MHz and 30 MHz. Particularly preferred is the use of frequencies that are approved for use in the industrial, scientific and medical fields. Particularly preferred are the ISM frequencies of about 6.9 MHz, 13.56 MHz or 27 MHz.
- the invention at least one electrode has a side which faces the solid to be heated and forms an interface with this.
- interface encompasses both the embodiment that the solid and the at least one electrode touch, as well as the configuration that the interface is a layer of a transmission medium, preferably air.
- the thickness of the layer (transition region) from a transmission medium is limited by the range of the at least one electrode. Small layer thicknesses, i. Distances between electrode and solid in the range of 0.1 to 50 cm are preferred.
- the at least one electrode is a plate electrode.
- Plate electrodes are preferably arranged such that the surface of the at least one electrode facing the solid to be treated is aligned parallel or substantially parallel to the solid to be dried and / or decontaminated.
- substantially parallel is meant according to the invention a mean deviation angle in the range of 0 to 20 °, preferably an angle in the range of 0 to 5 ° and particularly preferably an angle in the range of 0 to 1 °.
- the electrode is oriented so that on uneven surfaces as large as possible amounts of Electrode surface and solid surface are arranged in parallel.
- the electrodes are arranged in parallel, wherein the solid body is located between the electrodes.
- the areal extent of the at least one electrode is preferably in the range from 0.1 to 10 m 2 and particularly preferably in the range from 0.5 to 2 m 2 .
- the at least one electrode is permeable to the at least one liquid and / or the pollutant.
- the embodiments are particularly preferred as a perforated electrode or as a mesh electrode.
- the device according to the invention has two electrodes.
- one of the two electrodes is a cold electrode and one of the two electrodes is a hot electrode.
- the electrode which is grounded is defined as the cold electrode.
- the cold electrode is electrically conductively connected to the housings of the HF generator and the electronic matching network.
- parallel plate electrodes are used.
- Parallel plate electrodes ensure a temperature profile with small gradients for homogeneous solids and are thus best suited for homogeneous heating.
- both electrodes each have an interface with the solid (solid).
- the electrodes are arranged such that the surfaces of the plate electrodes form a common interface with the solid, wherein the electrodes are arranged side by side electrically isolated from each other and the common interface is a flat surface.
- the electrodes are on the same side of the solid. This arrangement is particularly suitable when the total expansion of the solid is greater than the range of influence of the one or more electrodes. Then, the device according to the invention can be moved along the solid and the drying and / or Decontamination is carried out sequentially.
- Preferred solids that are dried with this electrode assembly are structures and masonry.
- the electrodes are preferably arranged in parallel so that the solid is between the electrodes.
- This arrangement is particularly suitable for solid bodies, the spatial extent of which lies at least in one dimension within the influence range of the two electrodes at the present electrode spacing.
- This arrangement is suitable for example in wood, with a wooden beam is then positioned between the electrodes. If the beam is longer than the electrodes are wide, the device is moved along the beam and the drying and / or decontamination is also performed sequentially.
- the choice of the electrode geometry is determined by the requirements of the respective process (arrangement of the solid to be treated in a structure such as a building, necessary temperature homogeneity, mechanical requirements on the arrangement, heating rates to be achieved, etc.). and may optionally be optimized by the skilled person.
- more than two electrodes are provided, which are fed with a high-frequency AC voltage.
- one hot and a plurality of cold electrodes are provided.
- the solid to be treated is passed through the area of action of the at least one electrode.
- conveying devices such as belts can be used as mechanical aids.
- the solid for example a building material or natural mineral substance, is brought before the treatment in a form which allows the described mode of promotion by the influence of the at least one electrode.
- the device according to the invention has, in spatial proximity to the at least one electrode for dielectric heating, a structure with a substance which absorbs the released water and / or the at least one released pollutant.
- This substance is generically called Adsorbermaterial and may be in solid, liquid or gaseous form.
- the material transport between the solid to be treated and the adsorber material can be mediated in one embodiment of the device by an active gas flow, which allows an improved, convective transport of the released water and / or released at least one pollutant.
- the material to be removed from the solid is preferably a substance which is in the pure phase at ambient temperature as a liquid.
- Liquids which are removed according to the invention are preferably water and pollutants with different chemical, physical and toxicological properties.
- Contaminants which may preferably be removed from the solid with the apparatus of the present invention are preferably hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons, more preferably mineral oil hydrocarbons, organic solvents, paint ingredients, flame retardants, wood preservatives and other substances used to protect building materials against pests.
- the structure with the adsorbing substance is a hollow body with the outer shape of a cylinder or cuboid.
- the container is permeable to the liquids or pollutants to be adsorbed.
- the container has openings through which the water and / or pollutants can enter.
- the container is a mesh container, i. a cage, wherein the holes in the grid are chosen such that the adsorbent material remains in the container.
- the substance contained in the container is an adsorbing material, preferably a porous material, such as a suitable â -alumina, silica gel, Activated carbon, a zeolite or a mixture of these materials.
- a suitable â -alumina, silica gel, Activated carbon a zeolite or a mixture of these materials.
- a hydrophilic zeolite in particular an A, X or Y zeolite.
- hydrophobic zeolites or activated carbon are preferably to be used as adsorbent materials.
- a dealuminated Y zeolite with a high Si / Al ratio is particularly preferred.
- the adsorbents used preferably have a high porosity with large specific surface areas of preferably more than 100 m 2 / g, more preferably more than 250 m 2 / g and even more preferably more than 500 m 2 / g.
- a binder is added to these materials before pressing in order to achieve better mechanical stability. In the following, however, these mixed materials are referred to simply as the adsorption-active component.
- a component for eliminating the pollutants released from the solid can be used.
- the supply of the desorbed pollutants to the corresponding component can preferably again be effected by a gas stream.
- an additional catalyst component in the adsorbent material is advantageous.
- the catalysts used are, for example, metals, preferably platinum, palladium or other transition metals or noble metals, or perovskite.
- the catalytically active noble metals are preferably applied to porous support materials. These porous materials typically have porosities between 0.2 and 0.7.
- the substance which is used as an adsorber and / or as a catalyst is in particular a granulate or other bulk material, wherein the grain diameters are preferably in the millimeter range.
- Particularly suitable according to the invention are particle sizes in the range from 0.1 to 10 mm, preferably from 1 to 5 mm, more preferably from 1 to 3 mm.
- the bulk material is arranged in a container, particularly preferably in a cage-like container.
- the arrangement preferably contains at least one temperature sensor which is suitable for determining its temperature during the dielectric heating of the solid.
- this is a fiber optic temperature sensor, which can be used under the present conditions of an electromagnetic field and thus allows a continuous measurement during operation of the device.
- the temperature sensor is preferably arranged directly in the volume of the solid. Particularly preferred is the use of multiple temperature sensors that allow the detection of a representative three-dimensional temperature profile in the solid.
- the device has further sensors that allow the analysis of water and / or pollutants.
- the other sensors are preferably also connected to an evaluation unit.
- it is advantageously possible to register the water and / or pollutant discharge from the solid and to tune the dielectric heating to this data. In particular, it can be easily determined when the dielectric heating can be stopped.
- the device according to the invention also contains, in a preferred variant, a control means for controlling the HF generator, the control means being connected to the HF generator and preferably to the temperature sensor.
- a control means for controlling the HF generator the control means being connected to the HF generator and preferably to the temperature sensor.
- the control means is a personal computer (PC) or similar electronic control unit with process control system.
- the device has a means for determining the Baldung the adsorbent substance with respect to the liquid and / or the pollutant. This can advantageously be ensured that there is always sufficient adsorber for receiving the water and / or the pollutant available and the water and / or the pollutant from the Ambient air are removed.
- the determining means preferably has a sensor and an alarm system, which indicates the loading state when a predetermined limit value is exceeded and recommends an exchange of the adsorbent material.
- the device according to the invention also includes means for reusing the adsorption and / or reaction heat of the released substances in their interaction with the adsorber material and the elevated temperature of the gas stream directed away from the heated solid to heat the solid.
- This can be, for example, heat exchangers of different types.
- Fig. 1 shows a device according to the invention in which a solid body 12 between two plate electrodes 14, 16 is arranged.
- the solid body 12 is at least partially in the influence of the electrodes 14, 16.
- the two electrodes 14, 16 each have a first side 15 and a second side 17, wherein the first side 15 forms an interface 20 with the solid 12.
- a container 34 is arranged, which is filled with an adsorbing substance 22.
- at least the electrode 16 is perforated, designed as a mesh electrode or otherwise permeable to gas.
- the adsorbing substance 22 is suitable for adsorbing a liquid 10 and / or a pollutant 11 which has been released from the solid 12 by the dielectric heating of the solid 12, which in turn is realized by means of the electrodes 14, 16.
- the adsorbent 22 is here in particle form with a grain size of about 3 mm as a bed in the container 34 before.
- the container 34 is designed as a cage-like container 34 (also referred to as structure), so that the liquid 10 and / or the pollutant 11 can easily flow into the container 34 and is then adsorbed by the adsorbent 22.
- a means 36 for determining the loading state of the adsorbent 22 with the liquid 10 and / or the pollutant 11 is arranged inside the container 34. After exceeding a predetermined threshold value, a signal indicating that the adsorbent 22 must be replaced is sent by the determination means 36. This is always a sufficient amount of unloaded or not fully loaded adsorbent 22 is present.
- fiber optic temperature sensors 24 are arranged, which are connected to an evaluation unit 26.
- the temperature sensors 24 monitor the temperature of the solid 12 during the dielectric heating so that the process is monitored and, for example, local overheating is avoided.
- further sensors 28 are provided which register the degree of humidity or the state of contamination of the solid 12 or also the temperature at additional measuring points.
- the further sensors 28 are likewise connected to the evaluation unit 26 or optionally to another evaluation unit.
- the electrodes 14, 16 are connected via an electronic matching network 32 to a means 18 for supplying high-frequency voltage.
- the feed means 18 is preferably an HF generator.
- the control of the device is carried out by means of a control means 30.
- the control means 30 is preferably a personal computer (PC) with process control system, which is connected to the RF generator 18 and the evaluation unit 26.
- Fig. 2 shows an alternative arrangement of the device according to the invention.
- the plate electrodes 14, 16 are arranged side by side in a plane in this embodiment. At least one of the electrodes 14, 16 is perforated, designed as a mesh electrode or otherwise permeable to gas.
- the first side 15 of the plate electrodes 14, 16 faces towards the solid 12 and forms the interface 20 (not shown).
- the cage-like container 34 is arranged with the adsorbent 22.
- the adsorbent 22 is suitable for adsorbing the liquid 10 and / or the pollutant 11.
- the temperature of the solid 12 is monitored by temperature sensors 24 and the data becomes passed from an evaluation unit 26 to the PC with process control technology 30.
- further sensors 28 are provided which monitor temperatures or the moisture content and / or pollutant content 11 of the solid 12 and also pass on the data via the evaluation unit 26 to the PC 30 with process control technology.
- the PC controls the RF generator 18 and thus the dielectric heating, wherein via an electronic matching network 32 an optimal energy transfer from the RF generator 18 to the solid body 12 is realized with changing humidity.
- the electrode shape and arrangement can be varied for the many possible uses of the device according to the invention so that even complicated-shaped components and wooden structures can be effectively heated.
- the device is preferably designed so that the most homogeneous possible energy input into the solid 12 can be realized and thus a temperature profile with low gradients arises. In principle, the arrangements for the applications drying, decontamination and pest control are not significantly different.
- the device according to the invention was tested on a solid block 12 (50 cm â 50 cm â 20 cm) of sandstone having an initial moisture content of about 4.5% by weight.
- the stone block 12 was provided on both sides with massive plate electrodes 14, 16 of copper sheet. These contained on one side holes (diameter about 5 mm) for the implementation of fiber optic temperature sensors 24, with which the temperature profile in stone block 12 could be continuously monitored.
- an HF generator 18 with a maximum power of 5 kW and a constant operating frequency of 13.56 MHz was used.
- the continuously introduced during the heating phase RF power was 1.3 kW. After reaching an average temperature of 105 ° C, this was kept constant by the power was only temporarily introduced.
- As the adsorbing substance 22 in the container 34 a bed of zeolite 13X having an average grain size of 3 mm was used.
- Fig. 3 The temperature profiles in a middle level in the stone block are in Fig. 3 presented for different phases of the experiment.
- the occurring at higher temperatures to the edge of the stone 12 towards temperature gradients are mainly due to the lack of thermal insulation.
- the weight of the stone 12 positioned on a scale was continuously determined.
- Fig. 4 Figure 12 shows the decrease in normalized water content, measured as weight loss due to drying, in correlation with the average temperature of stone 12 during drying.
- a degree of drying of about 94% was achieved. It should be noted that the final moisture reached may not correspond to the equilibrium moisture content, which should be aimed for in a practical application. In order to avoid damage to the material, it may then be desirable to lower the discharge of water and the drying would therefore rather be stopped.
- Example 2 a solid body 12 of the same material as in Example 1 with the aid of grid electrodes 14, 16 was dried with the device according to the invention.
- the grid electrodes 14, 16 were designed as a stainless steel mesh with a mesh size of about 6 mm. This design of the electrodes 14, 16 offers greater flexibility in practical use and can be adapted to the outer shape of the solid 12 easier.
- the HF heating and the measured value acquisition were carried out analogously to Example 1.
- the power input was 1.6 kW.
- Fig. 5 shows the temperature profiles at different times of the experiment at a middle level in the solid 12.
- Fig. 6 represents the course of the drying of the stone block 12 with the development of the mean temperature during the experiment.
- the achieved degree of drying was about 91% and the energy efficiency, ie the efficiency, was 89%. Both values are for this Electrode shape in the same range as for solid copper electrodes, which emphasizes the flexibility in terms of electrode design.
- Fig. 8 a variant of the device according to the invention is shown, in which the material to be treated 12 is moved by means of a conveyor 40 between the electrodes 14, 16 such that the material 12 is at least temporarily in the range of action of the at least one electrode 14, 16.
- the material is applied to the conveyor 40 before treatment by means of a suitable, particularly preferably funnel-shaped device 50.
- the collection of the material 12 after treatment with a corresponding device 52 is preferred.
- the surface temperature of the material 14 is preferably measured continuously by means of a sensor 46.
- the material 14 is flowed through during the movement by means of the conveyor 40 by a gas flow 42 such that the released substances 10, 12 are received by this.
- the sensor is preferably connected to an evaluation unit 26.
- the feed of the RF energy is, as in the other variants by an RF voltage source 18, which is preferably connected via an electronic matching network 32 to the electrodes 14, 16 realized.
- the conveyor 40 is preferably at least partially perforated for the flow.
- the gas stream 42 flows through after receiving the components 10, 12 a solid 22 located in a suitable at least partially open container 34.
- the material for receiving the released substances 22 also has a component 44 which, under suitable boundary conditions (eg temperature), is able to render pollutants 11 harmless.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)
- Chemical And Physical Treatments For Wood And The Like (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zur Trocknung und/oder Dekontamination eines FestkĂśrpers, vorzugsweise von Mauerwerk, Beton oder Holz durch ErhĂśhung der Temperatur der Struktur, in welcher das Wasser und/oder die Schadstoffe gebunden sind. Die Vorrichtung weist zumindest eine Elektrode zum Einbringen von Hochfrequenz-Energie auf, in deren Einflussbereich sich der zu behandelnde FestkĂśrper zumindest teilweise befindet, wobei die Elektrode mit einer Hochfrequenz-Spannungsquelle verbunden ist. Die Vorrichtung weist weiterhin eine Struktur mit einem Medium, welches geeignet ist, das Wasser und/oder die Schadstoffe aufzunehmen sowie Steuerungsmittel zum Ăberwachen und Beeinflussen des Trocknungs- und/oder Dekontaminationsprozesses auf.The invention relates to a device for drying and / or decontaminating a solid, preferably masonry, concrete or wood by increasing the temperature of the structure in which the water and / or pollutants are bound. The device has at least one electrode for introducing high-frequency energy, in the region of influence of which the solid to be treated is located at least partially, the electrode being connected to a high-frequency voltage source. The apparatus further comprises a structure having a medium adapted to receive the water and / or the pollutants and control means for monitoring and influencing the drying and / or decontamination process.
Die Entfeuchtung von Mauerwerk, Beton oder Holz ist eine weit verbreitete Aufgabe bei der Sanierung von Alt- und historischen Bauten, jedoch auch bei neueren Bauwerken infolge von Planungs- und AusfĂźhrungsfehlern sowie nach ungewollten WassereinbrĂźchen oder Wasserschäden. Neben der Verhinderung des erneuten Wasserzutrittes durch geeignete bautechnische oder andere MaĂnahmen ist die Entfeuchtung bereits durchnässter Materialien eine essentielle Aufgabe.The dehumidification of masonry, concrete or wood is a widespread task in the rehabilitation of old and historic buildings, but also in new buildings due to planning and design errors, as well as unwanted water ingress or water damage. In addition to the prevention of re-entry of water by appropriate structural or other measures, the dehumidification of already soaked materials is an essential task.
Beispielsweise muss der Gehalt an Porenwasser in Baustoffen als Voraussetzung fĂźr das Einbringen von anderen Chemikalien, die zur Sanierung des Materials dienen, verringert werden. Ein Beispiel fĂźr entsprechende Chemikalien sind Substanzen, die den Baustoff hydrophober und damit wasserunempfindlicher machen. In den verwendeten Mitteln sind vorzugsweise Acrylate, Harze, Paraffine oder Siloxane enthalten. Derartige Injektionsverfahren sind in der Regel erst dann sinnvoll, wenn der Porenwassergehalt einen Wert von 60 % des Maximalwertes nicht Ăźberschritten hat oder wenn durch vorbereitende MaĂnahmen wie die thermische Trocknung dieser Wert vorher erreicht wurde.For example, the content of pore water in building materials must be reduced as a prerequisite for the introduction of other chemicals that serve to rehabilitate the material. An example of such chemicals are substances that make the building material more hydrophobic and thus less sensitive to water. The agents used preferably contain acrylates, resins, paraffins or siloxanes. Such injection methods are generally only useful if the pore water content has not exceeded a value of 60% of the maximum value or if this value was previously achieved by preparatory measures such as thermal drying.
Ein alternativer mĂśglicher Zielparameter fĂźr den Sanierungserfolg ist auch das Erreichen der so genannten Ausgleichsfeuchte, welche einen Gleichgewichtswert fĂźr den jeweiligen Baustoff bei einer entsprechenden äuĂeren Luftfeuchte und Temperatur darstellt. Die Ausgleichsfeuchte im Speziellen und die zu erreichende Endfeuchte im Allgemeinen werden jedoch von einer Reihe von material-, umgebungs- und nutzungsspezifischen Faktoren beeinflusst. Die entsprechenden Werte sind der relevanten Fachliteratur zu entnehmen.An alternative possible target parameter for the rehabilitation success is also the achievement of the so-called compensatory moisture, which is an equilibrium value for the respective building material at a corresponding external air humidity and Temperature represents. However, the equilibrium moisture content in particular and the final moisture to be achieved in general are influenced by a number of material, environmental and usage-specific factors. The corresponding values can be found in the relevant specialist literature.
Die Dekontamination von FestkĂśrpern, wie Mauerwerk, Beton oder Holz ist notwendig, wenn durch Verwendung belasteter Materialien oder durch äuĂere EinflĂźsse, wie z.B. Havarien von HeizĂśltanks oder Hochwasserschäden, Schadstoffe in den FestkĂśrpern vorliegen, deren Konzentrationen eine Sanierung bzw. Entfernung erforderlich machen. Es ist bekannt, dass eine TemperaturerhĂśhung die Freisetzung von Schadstoffen wie beispielsweise Kohlenwasserstoffen durch Thermodesorption stark beschleunigen kann. Die Ursache hierfĂźr ist die vorteilhafte Beeinflussung zahlreicher Parameter der Schadstoffe wie Dampfdruck, WasserlĂśslichkeit, Diffusivität oder Oberflächenspannung. Thermische Verfahren zur Schadstoffentfernung sind bereits im Bereich der Bodensanierung etabliert.The decontamination of solids, such as masonry, concrete or wood, is necessary when using contaminated materials or external influences, e.g. Disasters of fuel oil tanks or flood damage, pollutants in the solids are present, the concentrations of which require remediation or removal. It is known that a temperature increase can greatly accelerate the release of pollutants such as hydrocarbons by thermal desorption. The reason for this is the advantageous influencing of numerous parameters of the pollutants such as vapor pressure, water solubility, diffusivity or surface tension. Thermal processes for pollutant removal are already established in the field of soil remediation.
Eine Erwärmung und Austrocknung von Holz kann zudem dazu dienen, Holzschädlinge wie beispielsweise Hausschwamm zu schädigen, abzutÜten oder ihnen die Lebensgrundlage zu entziehen. Auch in diesem Bereich hängt die Wahl der einzustellenden Parameter wie Endtemperatur, Dauer der Aufheizung oder Restfeuchte vom konkreten Problemfall und insbesondere von der Art der Holzschädlinge ab.Heating and dehydration of wood can also be used to damage or kill wood pests such as dry rot, or to deprive them of their livelihood. In this area too, the choice of the parameters to be set, such as final temperature, duration of heating or residual moisture depends on the concrete problematic case and in particular on the type of wood pests.
Es gibt bereits eine Reihe von Verfahren zur Mauerwerkstrocknung, die den Wassertransport in den relevanten Bereichen unterbinden bzw. einschränken. Das Spektrum reicht dabei von invasiven Verfahren, wie dem Einbringen von Sperrschichten ßber elektrokinetische Verfahren bis hin zu Methoden, deren physikalisches Wirkprinzip unbekannt und deren Wirkungseffizienz in vielen Fällen kritisch zu hinterfragen ist.There are already a number of methods for masonry drying, which prevent or restrict the transport of water in the relevant areas. The spectrum ranges from invasive methods, such as the introduction of barrier layers, electrokinetic methods, to methods whose physical mode of action is unknown and whose effectiveness is critical in many cases.
Nach dem Stand der Technik kann die Entfeuchtung von Mauerwerk beispielsweise durch die TemperaturerhĂśhung mittels Infrarotstrahlern erreicht werden. In diesem Fall wird elektromagnetische Strahlung einer bestimmten Frequenz oder eines bestimmten Frequenzbereiches, hier im Bereich der Infrarotstrahlung, auf das Material gerichtet. Infolgedessen wird die Oberfläche des Materials erwärmt und Wasser verdunstet in diesem Bereich, entweicht dann als Wasserdampf in die Raumluft und muss aus dieser entfernt werden. Der Nachteil dieses Verfahrens ist, dass nur der Oberflächenbereich erwärmt wird, da die Infrarotstrahlung praktisch nicht in das Material eindringen kann. Die Temperatur im Inneren des Materials wird nur durch Wärmeleitung erhĂśht. Dadurch kann Wasser aus diesem Bereich nur sehr langsam freigesetzt werden. Nachteilig sind auch die auftretenden groĂen Temperaturgradienten, die zu einer Schädigung des Materials fĂźhren kĂśnnen. Typische Anlagen, die nach diesem Prinzip arbeiten, sind fĂźr Wandflächen von weniger als 1 m2 ausgelegt.According to the prior art, the dehumidification of masonry can be achieved for example by increasing the temperature by means of infrared radiators. In this case, electromagnetic radiation of a certain frequency or a specific frequency range, in this case in the area of infrared radiation, is directed onto the material. As a result, the surface of the material is heated and Water evaporates in this area, then escapes as water vapor into the room air and must be removed from it. The disadvantage of this method is that only the surface area is heated, since the infrared radiation can not practically penetrate into the material. The temperature inside the material is increased only by heat conduction. As a result, water from this area can be released only very slowly. Also disadvantageous are the large temperature gradients which can lead to damage to the material. Typical plants operating on this principle are designed for wall surfaces of less than 1 m 2 .
FĂźr die Dekontamination von Bauteilen kann diese Technik in analoger Weise zum Einsatz kommen, wenn die Schadstoffe durch die TemperaturerhĂśhung in die Gasphase Ăźbergehen und analog zum Wasser an die Oberfläche transportiert werden. In gleicher Weise sind jedoch auch hier die geringen Eindringtiefen und die damit entsprechenden groĂen Temperaturgradienten von Nachteil.For the decontamination of components, this technique can be used in an analogous way, if the pollutants pass through the increase in temperature in the gas phase and transported to the surface analogous to water. In the same way, however, the low penetration depths and the corresponding large temperature gradients are also disadvantageous here.
Die Verwendung von Heizstäben zur Trocknung ist zwar technisch einfacher und durch die Positionierung der Stäbe auch besser im inneren Volumen des Bauteils zu realisieren und zu kontrollieren, allerdings wird das Bauteil durch das Einbringen der Heizstäbe mechanisch geschädigt. Die groĂen Temperaturgradienten in der Umgebung des Stabes kĂśnnen auĂerdem zusätzlich zu einer thermischen Schädigung des Materials fĂźhren. Das Volumen zwischen den Heizstäben kann allerdings ebenfalls nur durch Wärmeleitung, also in indirekter Weise, erreicht werden. Die derzeit eingesetzten Heizstäbe besitzen Leistungen von 100 bis 200 W. Sie werden in BohrlĂścher von typischerweise 15 bis 20 mm Durchmesser eingebracht.The use of heating rods for drying is technically easier and better to realize and control the positioning of the rods in the inner volume of the component, but the component is mechanically damaged by the introduction of the heating elements. The large temperature gradients in the vicinity of the rod can additionally lead to thermal damage to the material. However, the volume between the heating elements can also be achieved only by heat conduction, ie in an indirect manner. The heating rods currently used have outputs of 100 to 200 W. They are introduced into boreholes of typically 15 to 20 mm in diameter.
Während der Einsatz dieses Verfahrens im Allgemeinen nur mit einer zwar in der Regel reversiblen, aber deutlichen Schädigung des Mauerwerks, Betons oder des Holzes verbunden ist und daher zu erhÜhten Aufwendungen im Zuge der Wiederherstellung fßhrt, verbietet sich die Anwendung von Heizstäben im Denkmalschutzbereich oft vÜllig. Dort muss in der Regel auf nicht-invasive Verfahren zurßckgegriffen werden.While the use of this method is generally associated only with a generally reversible, but significant damage to the masonry, concrete or wood and therefore leads to increased expenses in the course of restoration, the use of heating elements in the conservation area often completely forbids. There, as a rule, non-invasive procedures must be used.
Ein weiteres nicht-invasives Verfahren zur Mauerwerkstrocknung beruht auf dem Einsatz von Mikrowellen mit Frequenzen im GHz-Bereich. Die Erwärmung ist hier auf die direkte Energieeinkopplung in die Wassermolekßle bzw. andere polare Strukturen im Mauerwerk zurßckzufßhren. Allerdings sind auch hier die Eindringtiefen relativ gering und die Erwärmung fokussiert sich somit ebenfalls auf den Oberflächenbereich des Bauteils. Dies ist mit den bereits beschriebenen Nachteilen, d.h. der Ausbildung hoher Temperaturgradienten und einer inhomogenen Austrocknung verbunden.Another non-invasive method for masonry drying is based on the use of microwaves with frequencies in the GHz range. The warming is due here to the direct energy coupling into the water molecules or other polar structures in the masonry. However, here too, the penetration depths are relatively low and the heating thus likewise focuses on the surface area of the component. This is with the disadvantages already described, i. associated with the formation of high temperature gradients and inhomogeneous desiccation.
Es ist somit die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, eine Vorrichtung bereit zu stellen, die die Nachteile im Stand der Technik Ăźberwindet und mit der FestkĂśrper aus Materialien wie Stein, Beton oder Holz effizient thermisch getrocknet und/oder dekontaminiert werden kĂśnnen. Die Vorrichtung soll ein nicht-invasives Verfahren ermĂśglichen und die Entstehung von lokalen Temperaturgradienten vermeiden. Weiterhin soll die erfindungsgemäĂe Vorrichtung auch fĂźr die Bekämpfung von Holzschädlingen geeignet sein.It is thus the object of the present invention to provide a device which overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art and can be efficiently thermally dried and / or decontaminated with the solids from materials such as stone, concrete or wood. The device is intended to enable a non-invasive procedure and avoid the formation of local temperature gradients. Furthermore, the device according to the invention should also be suitable for controlling wood pests.
Die erfindungsgemäĂe Aufgabe wird mit einer Vorrichtung gemäà dem Hauptanspruch gelĂśst, vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen sind in den UnteransprĂźchen beschrieben.The object of the invention is achieved with a device according to the main claim, advantageous embodiments are described in the subclaims.
Erfindungsgemäà wird eine Vorrichtung zur Trocknung und/oder Dekontamination eines FestkÜrpers bereitgestellt, wobei der FestkÜrper mindestens eine Flßssigkeit und/oder einen Schadstoff enthält, aufweisend mindestens eine Elektrode, wobei sich der FestkÜrper zumindest teilweise im Einflussbereich der mindestens einen Elektrode befindet und wobei die mindestens eine Elektrode mit einem Einspeisungsmittel zur Einspeisung einer hochfrequenten Spannung und einem Steuerungsmittel verbunden ist sowie eine Struktur aufweisend eine Substanz, die geeignet ist, die Flßssigkeit und/oder den Schadstoff aufzunehmen, wobei die mindestens eine Elektrode so gestaltet ist, dass sie einen Stofffluss vom zu behandelnden Feststoff zu der Struktur mit der aufnehmenden Substanz gestattet. Bei einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Vorrichtung enthält diese mindestens einen Temperatursensor, der geeignet ist, die Temperatur des FestkÜrpers zu bestimmen, wobei der Temperatursensor im Feststoff positioniert und mit einer Auswerteeinheit verbunden ist und/oder mindestens ein Steuerungsmittel zur Steuerung des Einspeisungsmittels zur Einspeisung der hochfrequenten Spannung, wobei das Steuerungsmittel mit dem Einspeisungsmittel und der Auswerteeinheit fßr den Temperatursensor verbunden ist.According to the invention, a device for drying and / or decontaminating a solid is provided, wherein the solid contains at least one liquid and / or a pollutant, comprising at least one electrode, wherein the solid is at least partially in the sphere of influence of the at least one electrode and wherein the at least one Electrode is connected to a feed means for supplying a high-frequency voltage and a control means and a structure comprising a substance which is adapted to receive the liquid and / or the pollutant, wherein the at least one electrode is designed so that it flows from the substance to be treated Allowed solid to the structure with the receiving substance. In a preferred embodiment of the device, the latter contains at least one temperature sensor which is suitable for determining the temperature of the solid, the temperature sensor being positioned in the solid state and having an evaluation unit is connected and / or at least one control means for controlling the feed means for feeding the high-frequency voltage, wherein the control means is connected to the feed means and the evaluation unit for the temperature sensor.
Vorzugsweise ist die Struktur an der zweiten Seite der mindestens einen Elektrode angeordnet. Vorzugsweise ist ein Temperatursensor auf der ersten Seite der mindestens einen Elektrode angeordnet.Preferably, the structure is arranged on the second side of the at least one electrode. Preferably, a temperature sensor is arranged on the first side of the at least one electrode.
Vorzugsweise liegt der Feststoff in partikulärer Form vor.Preferably, the solid is in particulate form.
Vorzugsweise ist der Temperatursensor ein faseroptischer Temperatursensor, ein Infrarotsensor oder eine Infrarotkamera zur Bestimmung der Oberflächentemperatur des Feststoffes.Preferably, the temperature sensor is a fiber optic temperature sensor, an infrared sensor or an infrared camera for determining the surface temperature of the solid.
Die Begriffe FlĂźssigkeit und Schadstoff werden hier und im Folgenden zusammenfassend fĂźr Wasser und andere Stoffe verwendet, die in dem zu behandelnden Feststoff sowohl in adsorbierter und absorbierter Form sowie als flĂźssige Phase vorliegen kĂśnnen. FĂźr die Anwendung der erfindungsgemäĂen Vorrichtung sind durch die Art der Wechselwirkung der Substanzen mit dem Feststoff keine prinzipiellen Grenzen gegeben. Der Begriff Schadstoff wird in der allgemeinen Form auch gebraucht, wenn mehrere Schadstoffe als Einzelsubstanzen gleichzeitig vorliegen und durch die Vorrichtung freigesetzt werden sollen.The terms liquid and pollutant are used here and below in summary for water and other substances which may be present in the solid to be treated both in adsorbed and absorbed form and as a liquid phase. For the application of the device according to the invention are given by the nature of the interaction of the substances with the solid no principal limits. The term pollutant is also used in the general form when several pollutants are present as individual substances simultaneously and are to be released by the device.
Bei der erfindungsgemäĂen Vorrichtung handelt es sich somit um eine Vorrichtung zur dielektrischen Erwärmung. Obwohl ähnliche Grundprinzipien wie bei der Mikrowellen-Anwendung, z.B. die Orientierungspolarisation von DipolmolekĂźlen oder anderen polaren Strukturen im Feststoff, fĂźr die Erwärmung relevant sind, bietet der Einsatz Hochfrequenz-Energie den Vorteil grĂśĂerer Eindringtiefen fĂźr die relevanten Materialien. Damit kĂśnnen praktisch homogene Temperaturprofile im Mauerwerk bzw. im zu behandelnden FestkĂśrper im Allgemeinen eingestellt werden, was zur Vermeidung der im Stand der Technik vorhandenen Probleme fĂźhrt. Ein weiterer wesentlicher Vorteil der erfindungsgemäĂen Vorrichtung ist das Potenzial einer nichtinvasiven Anwendung, wodurch sich auch die MĂśglichkeit des Einsatzes an wertvollen historischen Gebäuden und allgemein im Bereich der Denkmalpflege erĂśffnet.The device according to the invention is thus a device for dielectric heating. Although similar basic principles as in microwave application, eg orientation polarization of dipole molecules or other polar structures in solids, are relevant for heating, the use of high frequency energy offers the advantage of greater penetration depths for the relevant materials. In this way, practically homogeneous temperature profiles in the masonry or in the solid to be treated can generally be adjusted, which leads to the avoidance of the problems existing in the prior art. Another significant advantage of the device according to the invention is the potential of a non-invasive application, which also opens up the possibility of using valuable historic buildings and generally in the field of historic preservation.
Die erfindungsgemäĂe Vorrichtung kann demnach immer dann eingesetzt werden, wenn die Feuchte und/oder der Gehalt an Schadstoffen in einem FestkĂśrper effizient reduziert werden sollen. Bevorzugte FestkĂśrper, die mit der erfindungsgemäĂen Vorrichtung getrocknet und/oder dekontaminiert werden kĂśnnen, sind Textilien, Lebensmittel, Holz, Baumaterialien, Mauerwerk. Unter Baumaterial wird erfindungsgemäà vorzugsweise Sand, Lehm, Kies, Zement, Beton, Ziegel, Gips, Gipskarton oder eine Mischung daraus verstanden.The device according to the invention can therefore always be used when the moisture content and / or the content of pollutants in a solid body are to be reduced efficiently. Preferred solids that can be dried and / or decontaminated with the device according to the invention are textiles, food, wood, building materials, masonry. Under construction material according to the invention preferably sand, clay, gravel, cement, concrete, brick, gypsum, plasterboard or a mixture thereof understood.
Besonders bevorzugt wird die erfindungsgemäĂe Vorrichtung zur Trocknung und/oder Dekontamination von Mauerwerk, Baumaterial oder Holz eingesetzt. Dabei wird durch dielektrische Erwärmung des FestkĂśrpers dessen Temperatur soweit erhĂśht, dass das Wasser und/oder die Schadstoffe desorbieren und/oder verdampfen und aus der Matrix des FestkĂśrpers freigesetzt werden. Die Vorrichtung kann darĂźber hinaus eingesetzt werden, um durch TemperaturerhĂśhung und/oder Austrocknung Holzschädlinge abzutĂśten oder deren Lebens- und Entwicklungsgrundlage dauerhaft zu verschlechtern.The device according to the invention is particularly preferably used for drying and / or decontaminating masonry, building material or wood. In this case, by dielectric heating of the solid whose temperature is increased so far that the water and / or pollutants desorb and / or evaporate and are released from the matrix of the solid. The device can also be used to kill by increasing the temperature and / or dehydration wood pests or worsen the life and development basis permanently.
Die erfindungsgemäĂe Vorrichtung weist mindestens eine Elektrode auf, die mit einem Mittel zur Einspeisung einer hochfrequenten Spannung verbunden ist. Bei dem Einspeisungsmittel handelt es sich vorzugsweise um einen Hochfrequenz- (HF-) Generator. Zwischen der mindestens einen Elektrode und dem HF-Generator ist vorzugsweise ein elektronisches Anpassnetzwerk angeordnet, das den Abgleich der variablen Impedanz des FestkĂśrpers beispielsweise auf Grund schwankender Feuchtigkeit an den Innenwiderstand des HF-Generators ermĂśglicht. Dadurch ergibt sich die MĂśglichkeit einer sehr energieeffizienten Erwärmung des FestkĂśrpers, da die abgegebene HF-Energie nahezu vollständig in Prozesswärme umgewandelt werden kann. Der energetische Wirkungsgrad ist daher durch den Einsatz des Anpassnetzwerkes deutlich erhĂśht. Eine kontinuierliche Regelung des elektronischen Anpassnetzwerkes während des Trocknungs- und/oder Dekontaminationsprozesses erlaubt es, diese gĂźnstigen Bedingungen auch bei sich verändernder Materialfeuchte aufrecht zu erhalten. Die TemperaturerhĂśhung im Material fĂźhrt dann zur Mobilisierung von Wasser und/oder Schadstoffen und somit zum erwĂźnschten Behandlungserfolg.The device according to the invention has at least one electrode which is connected to a means for supplying a high-frequency voltage. The feed means is preferably a radio frequency (RF) generator. Between the at least one electrode and the RF generator, an electronic matching network is preferably arranged, which allows the adjustment of the variable impedance of the solid, for example, due to fluctuating humidity to the internal resistance of the HF generator. This results in the possibility of a very energy-efficient heating of the solid, since the emitted RF energy can be almost completely converted into process heat. The energy efficiency is therefore significantly increased by the use of the matching network. Continuous regulation of the electronic matching network during the drying and / or decontamination process makes it possible to maintain these favorable conditions even when the moisture content of the material changes. The temperature increase in the material then leads to the mobilization of water and / or pollutants and thus to the desired treatment success.
Die Vorrichtung ermĂśglicht unterschiedliche Modi des Energieeintrages und insbesondere der Aufheizung des Festbettes und der Realisierung unterschiedlicher Temperaturprofile. Insbesondere ist es mĂśglich, den FestkĂśrper homogen zu erwärmen, wobei auch technisch relevante Volumina bis in den Kubikmeter-MaĂstab behandelt werden kĂśnnen. Vorzugsweise liegt das Volumen des zu trocknenden und/oder zu dekontaminierenden FestkĂśrpers im Bereich von 0,001 bis 100 Kubikmeter, noch bevorzugter im Bereich von 0,1 bis 10 Kubikmeter.The device allows different modes of energy input and in particular the heating of the fixed bed and the realization of different temperature profiles. In particular, it is possible to heat the solid homogeneously, with technically relevant volumes can be treated to the cubic meter scale. Preferably, the volume of the solid to be dried and / or decontaminated is in the range of 0.001 to 100 cubic meters, more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 10 cubic meters.
Vorzugsweise stellt der HF-Generator eine Spannung mit einer Frequenz zwischen 500 kHz und 100 MHz zur VerfĂźgung, weiter bevorzugt sind Frequenzen zwischen 1 MHz und 30 MHz. Besonders bevorzugt ist die Verwendung von Frequenzen, die fĂźr die Anwendung fĂźr den industriellen, wissenschaftlichen und medizinischen Bereich freigegeben sind. Besonders bevorzugt sind dabei die ISM-Frequenzen von etwa 6,9 MHz, 13,56 MHz oder 27 MHz.Preferably, the RF generator provides a voltage with a frequency between 500 kHz and 100 MHz, further preferred are frequencies between 1 MHz and 30 MHz. Particularly preferred is the use of frequencies that are approved for use in the industrial, scientific and medical fields. Particularly preferred are the ISM frequencies of about 6.9 MHz, 13.56 MHz or 27 MHz.
Die erfindungsgemäà mindestens eine Elektrode weist eine Seite auf, die dem zu erwärmenden FestkĂśrper zugewandt ist und mit diesem eine Grenzfläche ausbildet. Dabei umfasst der Begriff "Grenzfläche" sowohl die AusfĂźhrungsform, dass sich der FestkĂśrper und die mindestens eine Elektrode berĂźhren, als auch die Ausgestaltung, dass die Grenzfläche eine Schicht aus einem Ăbermittlungsmedium, vorzugsweise Luft, ist. Bei letzterer Ausgestaltung ist die Dicke der Schicht (Ăbergangsbereich) aus einem Ăbermittlungsmedium durch die Reichweite der mindestens einen Elektrode begrenzt. Kleine Schichtdicken, d.h. Abstände zwischen Elektrode und Feststoff im Bereich von 0,1 bis 50 cm, sind bevorzugt.The invention at least one electrode has a side which faces the solid to be heated and forms an interface with this. The term "interface" encompasses both the embodiment that the solid and the at least one electrode touch, as well as the configuration that the interface is a layer of a transmission medium, preferably air. In the latter embodiment, the thickness of the layer (transition region) from a transmission medium is limited by the range of the at least one electrode. Small layer thicknesses, i. Distances between electrode and solid in the range of 0.1 to 50 cm are preferred.
Vorzugsweise handelt es sich bei der mindestens einen Elektrode um eine Plattenelektrode. Plattenelektroden werden vorzugsweise derart angeordnet, dass die dem zu behandelnden Feststoff zugewandte Fläche der mindestens einen Elektrode parallel oder im Wesentlichen parallel zum zu trocknenden und/oder dekontaminierenden FestkĂśrper ausgerichtet ist. Unter "im Wesentlichen parallel" wird erfindungsgemäà ein mittlerer Abweichungswinkel im Bereich von 0 bis 20°, vorzugsweise ein Winkel im Bereich von 0 bis 5° und besonders bevorzugt ein Winkel im Bereich von 0 bis 1 ° verstanden. Vorzugsweise wird die Elektrode so ausgerichtet, dass bei unebenen Oberflächen mĂśglichst groĂe Anteile von Elektrodenfläche und FestkĂśrperoberfläche parallel angeordnet sind. Vorzugsweise sind die Elektroden parallel angeordnet, wobei sich der FestkĂśrper zwischen den Elektroden befindet.Preferably, the at least one electrode is a plate electrode. Plate electrodes are preferably arranged such that the surface of the at least one electrode facing the solid to be treated is aligned parallel or substantially parallel to the solid to be dried and / or decontaminated. By "substantially parallel" is meant according to the invention a mean deviation angle in the range of 0 to 20 °, preferably an angle in the range of 0 to 5 ° and particularly preferably an angle in the range of 0 to 1 °. Preferably, the electrode is oriented so that on uneven surfaces as large as possible amounts of Electrode surface and solid surface are arranged in parallel. Preferably, the electrodes are arranged in parallel, wherein the solid body is located between the electrodes.
Die flächige Ausdehnung der mindestens einen Elektrode liegt vorzugsweise im Bereich von 0,1 bis 10 m2 und besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,5 bis 2 m2.The areal extent of the at least one electrode is preferably in the range from 0.1 to 10 m 2 and particularly preferably in the range from 0.5 to 2 m 2 .
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausgestaltung ist die mindestens eine Elektrode fĂźr die mindestens eine FlĂźssigkeit und/oder den Schadstoff permeabel. Besonders bevorzugt sind die Ausgestaltungen als perforierte Elektrode oder als Netzelektrode. Durch eine permeable Ausgestaltung wird gewährleistet, dass das Wasser und/oder der mindestens eine Schadstoff aus dem FestkĂśrper austreten und sich anschlieĂend von der Oberfläche des FestkĂśrpers entfernen kĂśnnen.In a further preferred embodiment, the at least one electrode is permeable to the at least one liquid and / or the pollutant. The embodiments are particularly preferred as a perforated electrode or as a mesh electrode. By a permeable design ensures that the water and / or the at least one pollutant escape from the solid and then can be removed from the surface of the solid.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausgestaltung weist die erfindungsgemäĂe Vorrichtung zwei Elektroden auf. Vorzugsweise ist dabei eine der zwei Elektroden eine kalte Elektrode und eine der zwei Elektroden eine heiĂe Elektrode. Dabei wird als kalte Elektrode die Elektrode definiert, die geerdet ist. In einer besonders bevorzugten AusfĂźhrungsvariante ist die kalte Elektrode mit den Gehäusen des HF-Generators und des elektronischen Anpassnetzwerkes elektrisch leitend verbunden.In a further preferred embodiment, the device according to the invention has two electrodes. Preferably, one of the two electrodes is a cold electrode and one of the two electrodes is a hot electrode. In this case, the electrode which is grounded is defined as the cold electrode. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the cold electrode is electrically conductively connected to the housings of the HF generator and the electronic matching network.
In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung werden parallele Plattenelektroden verwendet. Parallele Plattenelektroden gewährleisten fßr homogene FestkÜrper ein Temperaturprofil mit geringen Gradienten und sind somit fßr eine homogene Erwärmung am besten geeignet. Vorzugsweise weisen beide Elektroden je eine Grenzfläche mit dem FestkÜrper (Feststoff) auf.In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, parallel plate electrodes are used. Parallel plate electrodes ensure a temperature profile with small gradients for homogeneous solids and are thus best suited for homogeneous heating. Preferably, both electrodes each have an interface with the solid (solid).
In einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Vorrichtung sind die Elektroden derart angeordnet, dass die Flächen der Plattenelektroden eine gemeinsame Grenzfläche mit dem FestkĂśrper bilden, wobei die Elektroden voneinander elektrisch isoliert nebeneinander angeordnet sind und die gemeinsame Grenzfläche eine ebene Fläche ist. Bei dieser Anordnung befinden sich die Elektroden auf derselben Seite des FestkĂśrpers. Diese Anordnung ist besonders geeignet, wenn die Gesamtausdehnung des FestkĂśrpers grĂśĂer ist als der Einflussbereich der einen oder der mehreren Elektroden. Dann kann die erfindungsgemäĂe Vorrichtung an dem FestkĂśrper entlang bewegt werden und die Trocknung und/oder Dekontamination wird sequentiell ausgefĂźhrt. Bevorzugte FestkĂśrper, die mit dieser Elektrodenanordnung getrocknet werden, sind Bauwerke und Mauerwerk.In a preferred embodiment of the device, the electrodes are arranged such that the surfaces of the plate electrodes form a common interface with the solid, wherein the electrodes are arranged side by side electrically isolated from each other and the common interface is a flat surface. In this arrangement, the electrodes are on the same side of the solid. This arrangement is particularly suitable when the total expansion of the solid is greater than the range of influence of the one or more electrodes. Then, the device according to the invention can be moved along the solid and the drying and / or Decontamination is carried out sequentially. Preferred solids that are dried with this electrode assembly are structures and masonry.
Alternativ werden die Elektroden vorzugsweise derart parallel angeordnet, dass sich der FestkÜrper zwischen den Elektroden befindet. Diese Anordnung ist besonders fßr FestkÜrper geeignet, deren räumliche Ausdehnung zumindest in einer Dimension innerhalb des Einflussbereichs der beiden Elektroden bei vorliegendem Elektrodenabstand liegt. Diese Anordnung ist beispielsweise bei Holz geeignet, wobei ein Holzbalken dann zwischen den Elektroden positioniert ist. Ist der Balken länger als die Elektroden breit sind, so wird die Vorrichtung entlang des Balkens verschoben und die Trocknung und/oder Dekontamination wird ebenfalls sequentiell vorgenommen. Die Wahl der Elektrodengeometrie, von denen noch weitere Varianten mÜglich sind, wird durch die Anforderungen des jeweiligen Prozesses bestimmt (Anordnung des zu behandelnden FestkÜrpers in einer Struktur wie z.B. einem Gebäude, notwendige Temperaturhomogenität, mechanische Anforderungen an die Anordnung, zu erzielende Aufheizraten usw.) und kann vom Fachmann gegebenenfalls optimiert werden.Alternatively, the electrodes are preferably arranged in parallel so that the solid is between the electrodes. This arrangement is particularly suitable for solid bodies, the spatial extent of which lies at least in one dimension within the influence range of the two electrodes at the present electrode spacing. This arrangement is suitable for example in wood, with a wooden beam is then positioned between the electrodes. If the beam is longer than the electrodes are wide, the device is moved along the beam and the drying and / or decontamination is also performed sequentially. The choice of the electrode geometry, of which further variants are possible, is determined by the requirements of the respective process (arrangement of the solid to be treated in a structure such as a building, necessary temperature homogeneity, mechanical requirements on the arrangement, heating rates to be achieved, etc.). and may optionally be optimized by the skilled person.
In einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sind mehr als zwei Elektroden vorgesehen, die mit einer hochfrequenten Wechselspannung gespeist werden. Vorzugsweise sind eine heiĂe und mehrere kalte Elektroden vorgesehen.In a further embodiment of the invention more than two electrodes are provided, which are fed with a high-frequency AC voltage. Preferably, one hot and a plurality of cold electrodes are provided.
In einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Vorrichtung wird der zu behandelnde Feststoff durch den Wirkungsbereich der mindestens einen Elektrode gefßhrt. Als mechanische Hilfsmittel kÜnnen dabei vorzugsweise FÜrdereinrichtungen wie Bänder zum Einsatz kommen. Gegebenenfalls wird der Feststoff, beispielsweise ein Baustoffe oder natßrlicher mineralischer Stoff, vor der Behandlung in eine Form gebracht, der die beschriebene Art der FÜrderung durch den Einflussbereich der mindestens einen Elektrode erlaubt.In a further embodiment of the device, the solid to be treated is passed through the area of action of the at least one electrode. In this case, preferably conveying devices such as belts can be used as mechanical aids. Optionally, the solid, for example a building material or natural mineral substance, is brought before the treatment in a form which allows the described mode of promotion by the influence of the at least one electrode.
Die erfindungsgemäĂe Vorrichtung weist in räumlicher Nähe zu der mindestens einen Elektrode zur dielektrischen Erwärmung eine Struktur mit einer Substanz auf, die das freigesetzte Wasser und/oder den mindestens einen freigesetzten Schadstoff aufnimmt. Diese Substanz wird verallgemeinernd Adsorbermaterial genannt und kann in fester, flĂźssiger oder gasfĂśrmiger Form vorliegen. Die Positionierung eines geeigneten Adsorbermaterials in der Nähe der mindestens einen Elektrode erlaubt einen effektiven Austrag der Problemstoffe durch deren schnelle Aufnahme in das Adsorbermaterial und die Initiierung vorteilhafter Konzentrationsgradienten.The device according to the invention has, in spatial proximity to the at least one electrode for dielectric heating, a structure with a substance which absorbs the released water and / or the at least one released pollutant. This substance is generically called Adsorbermaterial and may be in solid, liquid or gaseous form. The positioning of a suitable adsorber material in the vicinity of the at least one electrode allows an effective discharge of the problem substances by their rapid absorption into the adsorbent material and the initiation of advantageous concentration gradients.
Der Stofftransport zwischen dem zu behandelnden FestkĂśrper und dem Adsorbermaterial kann in einer Ausgestaltung der Vorrichtung durch eine aktive GasstrĂśmung vermittelt werden, die einen verbesserten, konvektiven Transport des freigesetzten Wasser und/oder des freigesetzten mindestens einen Schadstoffs ermĂśglicht.The material transport between the solid to be treated and the adsorber material can be mediated in one embodiment of the device by an active gas flow, which allows an improved, convective transport of the released water and / or released at least one pollutant.
Bei dem aus dem FestkĂśrper zu entfernenden Material handelt es sich vorzugsweise um eine Substanz, die in reiner Phase bei Umgebungstemperatur als FlĂźssigkeit vorliegt. FlĂźssigkeiten, die erfindungsgemäà entfernt werden, sind vorzugsweise Wasser und Schadstoffe mit unterschiedlichen chemischen, physikalischen und toxikologischen Eigenschaften. Schadstoffe, die vorzugsweise mit der erfindungsgemäĂen Vorrichtung aus dem Feststoff entfernt werden kĂśnnen, sind vorzugsweise Kohlenwasserstoffe oder halogenierte Kohlenwasserstoffe, besonders bevorzugt MineralĂślkohlenwasserstoffe, organische LĂśsungsmittel, Bestandteile von Anstrichstoffen, Flammschutzmitteln, Holzschutzmitteln und anderen Substanzen, die dem Schutz von Baumaterialien gegenĂźber Schädlingen dienen.The material to be removed from the solid is preferably a substance which is in the pure phase at ambient temperature as a liquid. Liquids which are removed according to the invention are preferably water and pollutants with different chemical, physical and toxicological properties. Contaminants which may preferably be removed from the solid with the apparatus of the present invention are preferably hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons, more preferably mineral oil hydrocarbons, organic solvents, paint ingredients, flame retardants, wood preservatives and other substances used to protect building materials against pests.
In einer bevorzugten AusfĂźhrungsform handelt es sich bei der Struktur mit der adsorbierenden Substanz um einen HohlkĂśrper mit der äuĂeren Form eines Zylinders oder Quaders. Die Erfindung ist jedoch grundsätzlich nicht an eine bestimmte Form der Struktur gebunden, es sind auch beliebige andere Geometrien mĂśglich, ohne dass die Funktionsfähigkeit der Anordnungen eingeschränkt wĂźrde. Vorteilhafterweise ist der Behälter permeabel fĂźr die zu adsorbierenden FlĂźssigkeiten oder Schadstoffe. Alternativ weist der Behälter Ăffnungen auf, durch die die Wasser und/oder Schadstoffe eintreten kĂśnnen. Besonders bevorzugt handelt es sich bei dem Behälter um einen Gitterbehälter, d.h. einen Käfig, wobei die LĂścher im Gitter derart gewählt werden, dass das adsorbierende Material im Behälter verbleibt.In a preferred embodiment, the structure with the adsorbing substance is a hollow body with the outer shape of a cylinder or cuboid. However, the invention is fundamentally not bound to any particular form of structure, any other geometries are possible without the functionality of the arrangements would be limited. Advantageously, the container is permeable to the liquids or pollutants to be adsorbed. Alternatively, the container has openings through which the water and / or pollutants can enter. Most preferably, the container is a mesh container, i. a cage, wherein the holes in the grid are chosen such that the adsorbent material remains in the container.
In einer bevorzugten Ausfßhrungsform der Erfindung handelt es sich bei der in dem Behälter enthaltenen Substanz, um ein adsorbierendes Material, bevorzugt ein porÜses Material, wie beispielsweise ein geeignetes γ-Aluminiumoxid, Silikagel, Aktivkohle, einen Zeolith oder eine Mischung dieser Materialien. Besonders bevorzugt im Fall der Trocknung eines Feststoffes ist ein hydrophiler Zeolith, insbesondere ein A-, X- oder Y-Zeolith. Fßr unpolare oder wenig polare organische Schadstoffe sind hydrophobe Zeolithe oder Aktivkohle bevorzugt als Adsorbermaterialien einzusetzen. Besonders bevorzugt ist dabei ein dealuminierter Y-Zeolith mit hohem Si/Al-Verhältnis. Bei der Suche nach geeigneten Adsorbermedien kann auf den Stand der Technik zurßckgegriffen werden.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the substance contained in the container is an adsorbing material, preferably a porous material, such as a suitable γ-alumina, silica gel, Activated carbon, a zeolite or a mixture of these materials. Particularly preferred in the case of drying a solid is a hydrophilic zeolite, in particular an A, X or Y zeolite. For nonpolar or slightly polar organic pollutants, hydrophobic zeolites or activated carbon are preferably to be used as adsorbent materials. Particularly preferred is a dealuminated Y zeolite with a high Si / Al ratio. In the search for suitable Adsorbermedien can be used in the prior art.
Die eingesetzten Adsorbenzien weisen vorzugsweise eine hohe Porosität mit groĂen spezifischen Oberflächen von vorzugsweise mehr als 100 m2/g, weiter bevorzugt mehr als 250 m2/g und noch bevorzugter mehr als 500 m2/g auf. In vielen Fällen wird diesen Materialien vor dem Verpressen ein Bindemittel beigemischt, um eine bessere mechanische Stabilität zu erreichen. Im Folgenden werden diese Mischmaterialien jedoch vereinfachend so bezeichnet wie die adsorptionsaktive Komponente.The adsorbents used preferably have a high porosity with large specific surface areas of preferably more than 100 m 2 / g, more preferably more than 250 m 2 / g and even more preferably more than 500 m 2 / g. In many cases, a binder is added to these materials before pressing in order to achieve better mechanical stability. In the following, however, these mixed materials are referred to simply as the adsorption-active component.
Im Rahmen einer modular aufgebauten erfindungsgemäĂen Vorrichtung kann eine Komponente zur Eliminierung der aus dem Feststoff freigesetzten Schadstoffe eingesetzt werden. Die ZufĂźhrung der desorbierten Schadstoffe zu der entsprechenden Komponente kann vorzugsweise wiederum durch einen Gasstrom erfolgen. In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Gestaltung der Vorrichtung ist der Einsatz einer zusätzlichen Katalysatorkomponente im Adsorbermaterial vorteilhaft. Als Katalysatoren werden beispielsweise Metalle, vorzugsweise Platin, Palladium oder andere Ăbergangs- bzw. Edelmetalle, oder Perowskit eingesetzt. Die katalytisch aktiven Edelmetalle sind vorzugsweise auf porĂśsen Trägermaterialien aufgebracht. Diese porĂśsen Materialien weisen typischerweise Porositäten zwischen 0,2 und 0,7 auf.In the context of a modular device according to the invention, a component for eliminating the pollutants released from the solid can be used. The supply of the desorbed pollutants to the corresponding component can preferably again be effected by a gas stream. In a further advantageous embodiment of the device, the use of an additional catalyst component in the adsorbent material is advantageous. The catalysts used are, for example, metals, preferably platinum, palladium or other transition metals or noble metals, or perovskite. The catalytically active noble metals are preferably applied to porous support materials. These porous materials typically have porosities between 0.2 and 0.7.
Die Substanz, die als Adsorber und/oder als Katalysator verwendet wird, ist insbesondere ein Granulat oder anderes SchĂźttgut, wobei die Korndurchmesser vorzugsweise im Millimeter-Bereich liegen. Erfindungsgemäà besonders geeignet, sind KorngrĂśĂen im Bereich von 0,1 bis 10 mm, vorzugsweise von 1 bis 5 mm, noch bevorzugter von 1 bis 3 mm.The substance which is used as an adsorber and / or as a catalyst is in particular a granulate or other bulk material, wherein the grain diameters are preferably in the millimeter range. Particularly suitable according to the invention are particle sizes in the range from 0.1 to 10 mm, preferably from 1 to 5 mm, more preferably from 1 to 3 mm.
Vorzugsweise ist das Schßttgut in einem Behälter, besonders bevorzugt in einem käfigartigen Behälter angeordnet.Preferably, the bulk material is arranged in a container, particularly preferably in a cage-like container.
Vorzugsweise enthält die Anordnung mindestens einen Temperatursensor, der geeignet ist, während der dielektrischen Erwärmung des FestkÜrpers dessen Temperatur zu bestimmen. Vorzugsweise handelt es sich dabei um einen faseroptischen Temperatursensor, der unter den vorliegenden Bedingungen eines elektromagnetischen Feldes eingesetzt werden kann und somit eine kontinuierliche Messung während des Betriebes der Vorrichtung gestattet. Der Temperatursensor ist vorzugsweise direkt im Volumen des FestkÜrpers angeordnet. Besonders bevorzugt ist der Einsatz mehrerer Temperatursensoren, die die Erfassung eines repräsentativen dreidimensionalen Temperaturprofils im Feststoff gestatten.The arrangement preferably contains at least one temperature sensor which is suitable for determining its temperature during the dielectric heating of the solid. Preferably, this is a fiber optic temperature sensor, which can be used under the present conditions of an electromagnetic field and thus allows a continuous measurement during operation of the device. The temperature sensor is preferably arranged directly in the volume of the solid. Particularly preferred is the use of multiple temperature sensors that allow the detection of a representative three-dimensional temperature profile in the solid.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausgestaltung weist die Vorrichtung weitere Sensoren auf, die die Analyse von Wasser und/oder Schadstoffen gestatten. Die weiteren Sensoren sind vorzugsweise ebenfalls mit einer Auswerteeinheit verbunden. In dieser Ausgestaltung ist es vorteilhafterweise mÜglich, den Wasser- und/oder den Schadstoffaustrag aus dem FestkÜrpers zu registrieren und die dielektrische Erwärmung auf diese Daten abzustimmen. Insbesondere kann so leicht ermittelt werden, wann die dielektrische Erwärmung beendet werden kann.In a further preferred embodiment, the device has further sensors that allow the analysis of water and / or pollutants. The other sensors are preferably also connected to an evaluation unit. In this embodiment, it is advantageously possible to register the water and / or pollutant discharge from the solid and to tune the dielectric heating to this data. In particular, it can be easily determined when the dielectric heating can be stopped.
Die erfindungsgemäĂe Vorrichtung enthält weiterhin in einer bevorzugten Variante ein Steuerungsmittel zur Steuerung des HF-Generators, wobei das Steuerungsmittel mit dem HF-Generator und bevorzugt mit dem Temperatursensor verbunden ist. Dadurch ist gewährleistet, dass die dielektrische Erwärmung an die Temperatur im FestkĂśrper angepasst ist und beispielsweise lokale Ăberhitzungen vermieden werden kĂśnnen. Vorzugsweise handelt es sich bei dem Steuerungsmittel um einen Personalcomputer (PC) oder eine ähnliche elektronische Steuereinheit mit Prozessleitsystem.The device according to the invention also contains, in a preferred variant, a control means for controlling the HF generator, the control means being connected to the HF generator and preferably to the temperature sensor. This ensures that the dielectric heating is adapted to the temperature in the solid state and, for example, local overheating can be avoided. Preferably, the control means is a personal computer (PC) or similar electronic control unit with process control system.
In einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung weist die Vorrichtung ein Mittel zur Bestimmung der Baldung der adsorbierenden Substanz in Bezug auf die FlĂźssigkeit und/oder den Schadstoff auf. Dadurch kann vorteilhafterweise gewährleistet werden, dass immer ausreichend Adsorbermaterial zur Aufnahme des Wassers und/oder des Schadstoffs zur VerfĂźgung steht und das Wasser und/oder der Schadstoff aus der Umgebungsluft entfernt werden. Das Bestimmungsmittel weist vorzugsweise einen Sensor und ein Alarmsystem auf, das bei Ăberschreiten eines vorher festgelegten Grenzwertes auf den Beladungszustand hinweist und einen Austausch des Adsorbermaterials empfiehlt.In a further embodiment of the invention, the device has a means for determining the Baldung the adsorbent substance with respect to the liquid and / or the pollutant. This can advantageously be ensured that there is always sufficient adsorber for receiving the water and / or the pollutant available and the water and / or the pollutant from the Ambient air are removed. The determining means preferably has a sensor and an alarm system, which indicates the loading state when a predetermined limit value is exceeded and recommends an exchange of the adsorbent material.
Vorteilhafterweise enthält die erfindungsgemäĂe Vorrichtung auch Einrichtungen dafĂźr, die Adsorptions- und/oder Reaktionswärme der freigesetzten Stoffe bei ihrer Wechselwirkung mit dem Adsorbermaterial sowie die erhĂśhte Temperatur des vom erwärmten Feststoff weg gerichteten Gasstromes wieder zur Erwärmung des Feststoffes zu nutzen. Dies kĂśnnen beispielsweise Wärmetauscher unterschiedlicher Bauart sein.Advantageously, the device according to the invention also includes means for reusing the adsorption and / or reaction heat of the released substances in their interaction with the adsorber material and the elevated temperature of the gas stream directed away from the heated solid to heat the solid. This can be, for example, heat exchangers of different types.
Es versteht sich, dass diese Erfindung nicht auf die spezifischen Vorrichtungen, Zusammensetzungen und Bedingungen beschränkt ist, wie sie hierin beschrieben sind, da diese variieren kĂśnnen. Es versteht sich des Weiteren, dass die vorliegend verwendete Terminologie ausschlieĂlich dem Zweck der Beschreibung besonderer AusfĂźhrungsformen dient und nicht den Schutzumfang der Erfindung einschränken soll. Wie vorliegend in der Spezifikation einschlieĂlich der anhängigen AnsprĂźche verwendet, schlieĂen Wortformen im Singular, wie z. B. "ein", "eine", "einer", "der", "die" oder "das" die Entsprechung im Plural ein, sofern der Kontext nicht eindeutig etwas anderes vorgibt.It should be understood that this invention is not limited to the specific devices, compositions, and conditions described herein as they may vary. It is further understood that the terminology used herein is for the sole purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. As used herein in the specification including the appended claims, word forms in the singular, such as words, include For example, "a", "an", "an", "the", "the" or "the" may be equivalents in the plural unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
Im Folgenden soll die Erfindung an Hand von Figuren und Ausfßhrungsbeispielen beispielhaft näher beschrieben werden. Es zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- eine erfindungsgemäĂe Vorrichtung bei der
ein FestkĂśrper 12 zwischen zwei Elektroden 14, 16 angeordnet ist; - Fig. 2
- eine erfindungsgemäĂe Vorrichtung bei der zwei Elektroden 14, 16 parallel auf einer Seite eines FestkĂśrpers 12 angeordnet sind;
- Fig. 3
- Temperaturprofile in
einem FestkÜrper 12 in einer mittleren Ebene bei verschiedenen Temperaturen gemäà Beispiel 1; - Fig. 4
- die Abnahme des normierten Wasseranteils im Verlaufe der Zeit und mit steigender Temperatur in
einem FestkÜrper 12gemäà Beispiel 1; - Fig. 5
- Temperaturprofile in
einem FestkÜrper 12 in einer mittleren Ebene bei verschiedenen Temperaturen gemäà Beispiel 2; - Fig. 6
- die Abnahme des normierten Wasseranteils im Verlaufe der Zeit und mit steigender Temperatur in
einem FestkÜrper 12gemäà Beispiel 2; - Fig. 7
- Adsorptionsisothermen von Wasser an drei verschiedenen Substanzen 22; und
- Fig. 8
- eine erfindungsgemäĂe Vorrichtung mit einer FĂśrdereinrichtung fĂźr
den Feststoff 12 zwischen 14, 16.den Elektroden
- Fig. 1
- a device according to the invention in which a
solid body 12 between two 14, 16 is arranged;electrodes - Fig. 2
- a device according to the invention in which two
14, 16 are arranged in parallel on one side of a solid 12;electrodes - Fig. 3
- Temperature profiles in a solid 12 in a middle plane at different temperatures according to Example 1;
- Fig. 4
- the decrease in the normalized water content over time and with increasing temperature in a solid 12 according to Example 1;
- Fig. 5
- Temperature profiles in a solid 12 in a middle plane at different temperatures according to Example 2;
- Fig. 6
- the decrease in the normalized water content over time and with increasing temperature in a solid 12 according to Example 2;
- Fig. 7
- Adsorption isotherms of water on three
different substances 22; and - Fig. 8
- a device according to the invention with a conveying device for the
solid material 12 between the 14, 16.electrodes
Die adsorbierende Substanz 22 ist geeignet, eine FlĂźssigkeit 10 und/oder einen Schadstoff 11 zu adsorbieren, welche durch die dielektrische Erwärmung des FestkĂśrpers 12, die wiederum mittels der Elektroden 14, 16 realisiert wird, aus dem FestkĂśrper 12 freigesetzt wurden. Das Adsorptionsmittel 22 liegt hier in Partikelform mit einer KorngrĂśĂe von ca. 3 mm als SchĂźttung in dem Behälter 34 vor. Der Behälter 34 ist als käfigartiger Behälter 34 (auch als Struktur bezeichnet) ausgestaltet, damit die FlĂźssigkeit 10 und/oder der Schadstoff 11 leicht in den Behälter 34 einstrĂśmen kann und dann von dem Adsorptionsmittel 22 adsorbiert wird. Im Inneren des Behälters 34 ist ein Mittel 36 zur Bestimmung des Beladungszustands des Adsorptionsmittels 22 mit der FlĂźssigkeit 10 und/oder dem Schadstoff 11 angeordnet. Nach Ăberschreiten eines vorher festgelegten Grenzwertes wird von dem Bestimmungsmittel 36 ein Signal ausgesandt, das anzeigt, dass das Adsorptionsmittel 22 ausgetauscht werden muss. Dadurch ist immer eine ausreichende Menge an unbeladenem oder nicht vollständig beladenem Adsorptionsmittel 22 vorhanden.The adsorbing
In dem FestkĂśrper 12 sind faseroptische Temperatursensoren 24 angeordnet, die mit einer Auswerteeinheit 26 verbunden sind. Die Temperatursensoren 24 Ăźberwachen die Temperatur des FestkĂśrpers 12 während der dielektrischen Erwärmung, so dass der Prozessverlauf beobachtet wird und beispielsweise lokale Ăberhitzungen vermieden werden. Vorteilhafterweise sind weitere Sensoren 28 vorgesehen, die den Feuchtigkeitsgrad bzw. den Kontaminationszustand des FestkĂśrpers 12 oder auch die Temperatur an zusätzlichen Messpunkten registrieren. Die weiteren Sensoren 28 sind ebenfalls mit der Auswerteeinheit 26 oder optional einer weiteren Auswerteeinheit verbunden.In the
Die Elektroden 14, 16 sind ßber ein elektronisches Anpassnetzwerk 32 mit einem Mittel 18 zur Einspeisung hochfrequenter Spannung verbunden. Bei dem Einspeisungsmittel 18 handelt es sich vorzugsweise um einen HF-Generator. Mit Hilfe eines elektronischen Anpassnetzwerkes 32 werden der Innenwiderstand des HF-Generators 18 und die variable Impedanz des FestkÜrpers 12 auf Grund der sich verändernden Temperatur und schwankender Feuchtigkeits- und/oder Schadstoffgehalte aufeinander abgestimmt. Die Steuerung der Vorrichtung erfolgt mittels eines Steuerungsmittels 30. Bei dem Steuerungsmittel 30 handelt es sich vorzugsweise um einen Personalcomputer (PC) mit Prozessleitsystem, der mit dem HF-Generator 18 und der Auswerteeinheit 26 verbunden ist.The
Die Elektrodenform und -anordnung kĂśnnen fĂźr die vielfältigen EinsatzmĂśglichkeiten der erfindungsgemäĂen Vorrichtung so variiert werden, dass auch kompliziert geformte Bauteile und Holzkonstruktionen effektiv erwärmt werden kĂśnnen. Die Vorrichtung wird vorzugsweise so angelegt, dass ein mĂśglichst homogener Energieeintrag in den FestkĂśrper 12 realisiert werden kann und somit ein Temperaturprofil mit geringen Gradienten entsteht. Prinzipiell unterscheiden sich die Anordnungen fĂźr die Anwendungen Trocknung, Dekontamination und Bekämpfung von Schädlingen nicht wesentlich.The electrode shape and arrangement can be varied for the many possible uses of the device according to the invention so that even complicated-shaped components and wooden structures can be effectively heated. The device is preferably designed so that the most homogeneous possible energy input into the solid 12 can be realized and thus a temperature profile with low gradients arises. In principle, the arrangements for the applications drying, decontamination and pest control are not significantly different.
Die erfindungsgemäĂe Vorrichtung wurde an einem FestkĂśrperblock 12 (50 cm x 50 cm x 20 cm) aus Sandstein mit einer Anfangsfeuchte von ca. 4,5 Ma.-% getestet. Der Steinblock 12 wurde beidseitig mit massiven Plattenelektroden 14, 16 aus Kupferblech versehen. Diese enthielten auf einer Seite LĂścher (Durchmesser ca. 5 mm) fĂźr die DurchfĂźhrung von faseroptischen Temperatursensoren 24, mit denen der Temperaturverlauf im Steinblock 12 kontinuierlich verfolgt werden konnte. Zur dielektrischen Erwärmung kam ein HF-Generator 18 mit 5 kW Maximalleistung und einer konstanten Arbeitsfrequenz von 13,56 MHz zu Einsatz. Die während der Aufheizphase kontinuierlich eingebrachte HF-Leistung betrug 1,3 kW. Nach dem Erreichen einer mittleren Temperatur von 105 °C wurde diese konstant gehalten, indem die Leistung nur noch temporär eingebracht wurde. Als adsorbierende Substanz 22 im Behälter 34 wurde eine SchĂźttung von Zeolith 13X mit einer mittleren KorngrĂśĂe von 3 mm verwendet.The device according to the invention was tested on a solid block 12 (50 cm Ă 50 cm Ă 20 cm) of sandstone having an initial moisture content of about 4.5% by weight. The
Die Temperaturprofile in einer mittleren Ebene im Steinblock sind in
Im Beispiel 2 wurde mit der erfindungsgemäĂen Vorrichtung ein FestkĂśrper 12 aus demselben Material wie in Beispiel 1 mit Hilfe von Gitternetzelektroden 14, 16 getrocknet. Die Gitternetzelektroden 14, 16 wurden als Edelstahlnetz mit einer Maschenweite von ca. 6 mm ausgestaltet. Diese Auslegung der Elektroden 14, 16 bietet beim praktischen Einsatz eine hĂśhere Flexibilität und kann der äuĂeren Form des FestkĂśrpers 12 einfacher angepasst werden. Die HF-Erwärmung und die Messwerterfassung erfolgten in analoger Weise zu Beispiel 1. Die eingebrachte Leistung betrug 1,6 kW.
Das Potenzial der Verwendung von verschiedenen Adsorbermaterialien 22 zur Bindung des aus dem Mauerwerk bzw. einem anderen FestkĂśrper 12 entfernten Wassers 10 (wie in den Beispielen 1 und 2 demonstriert) wird in
In
- 1010
- Wasser (FlĂźssigkeit)Water (liquid)
- 1111
- Schadstoffpollutant
- 1212
- FestkĂśrper/FeststoffSolid / solid
- 14, 1614, 16
- Elektrodeelectrode
- 1515
- erste Seitefirst page
- 1717
- zweite Seitesecond page
- 1818
- Mittel zur Einspeisung von HF-EnergieMeans for feeding RF energy
- 2020
- Grenzfläche/ĂbergangsbereichInterface / transition area
- 2222
- Substanz zur Aufnahme von freigesetzter FlĂźssigkeit/SchadstoffSubstance for receiving released liquid / pollutant
- 2424
- Temperatursensortemperature sensor
- 2626
- Auswerteeinheitevaluation
- 2828
- FlĂźssigkeit-/Schadstoff- oder TemperatursensorenLiquid / pollutant or temperature sensors
- 3030
- Steuerungsmittelcontrol means
- 3232
- elektronisches Anpassnetzwerkelectronic matching network
- 3434
- Behälter/ StrukturContainer / structure
- 3636
- Mittel zur Bestimmung der AdsorberbeladungMeans for determining adsorber loading
- 4040
- FĂśrdereinrichtungConveyor
- 4242
- Gasstromgas flow
- 4444
- Mittel zur reaktiven GasreinigungAgent for reactive gas purification
- 4646
- Infrarotsensor/InfrarotkameraInfrared sensor / infrared camera
- 5050
- Mittel zum Ausbringen des zu behandelnden MaterialsMeans for dispensing the material to be treated
- 5252
- Mittel zum Sammeln des behandelten MaterialsMeans for collecting the treated material
Claims (15)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP17196429.9A EP3287569A1 (en) | 2010-01-25 | 2011-01-24 | Device for drying and decontaminating masonry, concrete, wood and other solids |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE202010001410U DE202010001410U1 (en) | 2010-01-25 | 2010-01-25 | Device for drying and decontamination of masonry, concrete, wood and other solids |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP17196429.9A Division-Into EP3287569A1 (en) | 2010-01-25 | 2011-01-24 | Device for drying and decontaminating masonry, concrete, wood and other solids |
EP17196429.9A Division EP3287569A1 (en) | 2010-01-25 | 2011-01-24 | Device for drying and decontaminating masonry, concrete, wood and other solids |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2354349A2 true EP2354349A2 (en) | 2011-08-10 |
EP2354349A3 EP2354349A3 (en) | 2012-10-03 |
EP2354349B1 EP2354349B1 (en) | 2017-11-22 |
Family
ID=42221314
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP17196429.9A Withdrawn EP3287569A1 (en) | 2010-01-25 | 2011-01-24 | Device for drying and decontaminating masonry, concrete, wood and other solids |
EP11151913.8A Active EP2354349B1 (en) | 2010-01-25 | 2011-01-24 | Device for drying and decontaminating masonry, concrete, wood and other solids |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP17196429.9A Withdrawn EP3287569A1 (en) | 2010-01-25 | 2011-01-24 | Device for drying and decontaminating masonry, concrete, wood and other solids |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (2) | EP3287569A1 (en) |
AT (1) | AT12590U1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE202010001410U1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2660171T3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2955506B3 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102013223233A1 (en) * | 2013-11-14 | 2015-05-21 | Helmholtz-Zentrum FĂźr Umweltforschung Gmbh - Ufz | Method and device for the selective removal of components from gas mixtures |
EP3426859A4 (en) * | 2016-03-11 | 2019-09-18 | Georgia-Pacific Gypsum LLC | Gypsum panels, systems, and methods |
US10544579B2 (en) | 2016-03-11 | 2020-01-28 | Georgia-Pacific Gypsum Llc | Construction panels, materials, systems, and methods |
DE202022100876U1 (en) | 2022-02-16 | 2022-03-14 | Helmholtz-Zentrum FĂźr Umweltforschung Gmbh - Ufz | Device for the controlled heating of shaped bodies |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102010052294A1 (en) | 2010-11-23 | 2012-05-24 | Eckhard Neuber | Method for dehumidifying masonry of building, has suction device that is attached to free end of composite pipe that is attached to connecting hoses |
DE202013000985U1 (en) | 2013-02-02 | 2013-02-20 | JĂźrgen Matzantke | Thermal wood protection device for pest control and their control |
DE102016107547B3 (en) * | 2016-04-22 | 2017-09-28 | Helmholtz-Zentrum FĂźr Umweltforschung Gmbh - Ufz | Method and apparatus for non-invasive dielectric heating of solids |
DE102016107550B4 (en) | 2016-04-22 | 2021-09-16 | Helmholtz-Zentrum FĂźr Umweltforschung Gmbh - Ufz | Method and device for the thermal treatment of solids |
DE102017006223A1 (en) * | 2017-07-03 | 2019-01-03 | THM Thema-Management GmbH | Wall element with arranged in a receiving area zeolite stones |
DE102018001148A1 (en) * | 2018-02-13 | 2019-08-14 | Rossano De Rosa | drying process |
DE102021107185A1 (en) | 2021-02-18 | 2022-08-18 | Fricke Und Mallah Microwave Technology Gmbh | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DIELECTRIC HEATING OF FROZEN SOLIDS |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2949677A (en) * | 1956-07-30 | 1960-08-23 | Magnetic Heating Corp | Dielectric drying of materials |
US3062732A (en) * | 1957-10-03 | 1962-11-06 | Du Pont | Electrolytic drying apparatus |
GB1601711A (en) * | 1978-05-26 | 1981-11-04 | Electronic Kilns Luzern Gmbh | Drying lumber |
DE9413736U1 (en) * | 1994-06-14 | 1995-07-13 | AHRENS Bautechnologie Handelsgesellschaft mbH, 61118 Bad Vilbel | Microwave drying and pest control system |
DE19544889A1 (en) * | 1995-12-01 | 1997-06-05 | Detlef Steinbach | Method and arrangement for drying buildings and / or stationary components |
DE19800596A1 (en) * | 1998-01-09 | 1999-07-22 | Hildegard Berger | Method and device for dehumidifying and / or desalting buildings |
EP1374676B1 (en) * | 2002-06-17 | 2006-08-02 | Silvia Hofmann | System and method for killing wood-destroying insects and mushrooms and for treating infected materials |
BRMU8700836U (en) * | 2007-05-04 | 2008-10-07 | Edda Silvestro | air-flow spiral swirling modular microwave dryer on conveyor belt |
-
2010
- 2010-01-25 DE DE202010001410U patent/DE202010001410U1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2011
- 2011-01-24 EP EP17196429.9A patent/EP3287569A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-01-24 EP EP11151913.8A patent/EP2354349B1/en active Active
- 2011-01-24 ES ES11151913.8T patent/ES2660171T3/en active Active
- 2011-01-25 AT ATGM38/2011U patent/AT12590U1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2011-01-25 FR FR1150567A patent/FR2955506B3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
None |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102013223233A1 (en) * | 2013-11-14 | 2015-05-21 | Helmholtz-Zentrum FĂźr Umweltforschung Gmbh - Ufz | Method and device for the selective removal of components from gas mixtures |
DE102013223233A8 (en) * | 2013-11-14 | 2015-07-30 | Helmholtz-Zentrum FĂźr Umweltforschung Gmbh - Ufz | Method and device for the selective removal of components from gas mixtures |
EP3426859A4 (en) * | 2016-03-11 | 2019-09-18 | Georgia-Pacific Gypsum LLC | Gypsum panels, systems, and methods |
US10486392B2 (en) | 2016-03-11 | 2019-11-26 | Georgia-Pacific Gypsum Llc | Gypsum panels, systems, and methods |
US10544579B2 (en) | 2016-03-11 | 2020-01-28 | Georgia-Pacific Gypsum Llc | Construction panels, materials, systems, and methods |
US10960643B2 (en) | 2016-03-11 | 2021-03-30 | Georgia-Pacific Gypsum Llc | Building panels, systems, and methods |
DE202022100876U1 (en) | 2022-02-16 | 2022-03-14 | Helmholtz-Zentrum FĂźr Umweltforschung Gmbh - Ufz | Device for the controlled heating of shaped bodies |
EP4231780A1 (en) | 2022-02-16 | 2023-08-23 | Helmholtz-Zentrum fĂźr Umweltforschung GmbH-UFZ | Device for the controlled heating of moulded bodies |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2354349B1 (en) | 2017-11-22 |
FR2955506B3 (en) | 2012-01-13 |
FR2955506A3 (en) | 2011-07-29 |
DE202010001410U1 (en) | 2010-05-27 |
AT12590U1 (en) | 2012-08-15 |
ES2660171T3 (en) | 2018-03-21 |
EP3287569A1 (en) | 2018-02-28 |
EP2354349A3 (en) | 2012-10-03 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP2354349B1 (en) | Device for drying and decontaminating masonry, concrete, wood and other solids | |
Esfandian et al. | Development of a novel method for the removal of diazinon pesticide from aqueous solution and modeling by artificial neural networks (ANN) | |
EP3386932B1 (en) | Composition containing modified chromate-deficient red mud and method for producing same | |
Guney et al. | Utilization of sepiolite materials as a bottom liner material in solid waste landfills | |
DE202008012371U1 (en) | Apparatus for treating gases, in particular for drying natural gas or biogas | |
Prasad et al. | Recent developments in preparation of activated carbons by microwave: Study of residual errors | |
Wen et al. | Inhibition characteristics of the electrokinetic removal of inorganic contaminants from soil due to evolution of the acidic and alkaline fronts | |
EP0761288B1 (en) | Apparatus and process for cleaning gases containing halogenated compounds | |
Chatterjee et al. | Modelling of adsorption process in industrial wastewater treatmentâA review | |
Cao et al. | Microwave-induced decontamination of mercury polluted soils at low temperature assisted with granular activated carbon | |
Bierbaum et al. | Immobilization of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): comparison of leaching behavior by three different leaching tests | |
DE102015119358A1 (en) | Method for drying wet substance quantities by microwaves | |
DE102013217864B4 (en) | Method for curing hydraulically setting building material mixtures and treatment device | |
EP1923121B1 (en) | Method for thermo-chromatographic heating of beds containing solids | |
DE69126708T2 (en) | Device for the treatment of fluids with an adsorption structure of layered layers, which are spaced from one another, and regeneration by the Joule effect | |
DE102016107547B3 (en) | Method and apparatus for non-invasive dielectric heating of solids | |
DE102006062652B4 (en) | Process and device for the adsorptive-catalytic purification of contaminated exhaust air streams | |
DE19824930A1 (en) | In-situ soil decontamination process using subsoil high frequency emissions | |
DE2050557A1 (en) | Arrangement for examining the gas given off by a gas source | |
DE102010001180B4 (en) | Process and apparatus for drying a solid | |
DE10309686B3 (en) | Process and device for the treatment of solids | |
Shchegolikhina et al. | Cation treatment and dryingâtemperature effects on nonylphenol and phenanthrene sorption to a sandy soil | |
DE19526737A1 (en) | Fluorine cpd. removal from gaseous mixts. | |
Ignatowicz | Chloroorganic Pesticide Adsorption from Water Solution Using Sewage Sludge Vermicompost as a Natural Sorbent | |
EP0844916A2 (en) | Process for decontamination of suspensions containing silt, pollutants and water |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Extension state: BA ME |
|
PUAL | Search report despatched |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A3 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Extension state: BA ME |
|
RIC1 | Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant |
Ipc: F26B 3/347 20060101ALI20120829BHEP Ipc: E04B 1/70 20060101AFI20120829BHEP |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20121101 |
|
17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20160510 |
|
GRAJ | Information related to disapproval of communication of intention to grant by the applicant or resumption of examination proceedings by the epo deleted |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSDIGR1 |
|
GRAP | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1 |
|
GRAP | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1 |
|
INTG | Intention to grant announced |
Effective date: 20170614 |
|
GRAS | Grant fee paid |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3 |
|
GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: GB Ref legal event code: FG4D Free format text: NOT ENGLISH |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: EP |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: IE Ref legal event code: FG4D Free format text: LANGUAGE OF EP DOCUMENT: GERMAN |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: AT Ref legal event code: REF Ref document number: 948543 Country of ref document: AT Kind code of ref document: T Effective date: 20171215 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R096 Ref document number: 502011013321 Country of ref document: DE |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: NV Representative=s name: PATENTANWAELTE SCHAAD, BALASS, MENZL AND PARTN, CH |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: NL Ref legal event code: FP |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: ES Ref legal event code: FG2A Ref document number: 2660171 Country of ref document: ES Kind code of ref document: T3 Effective date: 20180321 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: PLFP Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: LT Ref legal event code: MG4D |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: NO Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20180222 Ref country code: FI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 Ref country code: SE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 Ref country code: LT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: HR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 Ref country code: LV Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 Ref country code: GR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20180223 Ref country code: RS Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 Ref country code: BG Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20180222 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 Ref country code: DK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 Ref country code: EE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 Ref country code: CY Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R097 Ref document number: 502011013321 Country of ref document: DE |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: RO Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 Ref country code: PL Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 Ref country code: SM Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: MT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 |
|
PLBE | No opposition filed within time limit |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT |
|
26N | No opposition filed |
Effective date: 20180823 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LU Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20180124 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: IE Ref legal event code: MM4A |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: BE Ref legal event code: MM Effective date: 20180131 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 Ref country code: BE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20180131 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20180124 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: MC Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: TR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: PT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 Ref country code: HU Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT; INVALID AB INITIO Effective date: 20110124 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: MK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20171122 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: AL Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20171122 Ref country code: IS Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20180322 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Payment date: 20230123 Year of fee payment: 13 Ref country code: ES Payment date: 20230216 Year of fee payment: 13 Ref country code: CZ Payment date: 20230112 Year of fee payment: 13 Ref country code: CH Payment date: 20230130 Year of fee payment: 13 Ref country code: AT Payment date: 20230118 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IT Payment date: 20230131 Year of fee payment: 13 Ref country code: GB Payment date: 20230124 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
P01 | Opt-out of the competence of the unified patent court (upc) registered |
Effective date: 20230523 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: NL Payment date: 20230124 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Payment date: 20240122 Year of fee payment: 14 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: NL Ref legal event code: MM Effective date: 20240201 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: AT Ref legal event code: MM01 Ref document number: 948543 Country of ref document: AT Kind code of ref document: T Effective date: 20240124 |