EP2318971A1 - Procede de prediction pour le depistage, le pronostic, le diagnostic ou la reponse therapeutique du cancer de la prostate et dispositif permettant la mise en oeuvre du procede - Google Patents
Procede de prediction pour le depistage, le pronostic, le diagnostic ou la reponse therapeutique du cancer de la prostate et dispositif permettant la mise en oeuvre du procedeInfo
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- EP2318971A1 EP2318971A1 EP09781338A EP09781338A EP2318971A1 EP 2318971 A1 EP2318971 A1 EP 2318971A1 EP 09781338 A EP09781338 A EP 09781338A EP 09781338 A EP09781338 A EP 09781338A EP 2318971 A1 EP2318971 A1 EP 2318971A1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
- C12Q1/6886—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- G16B20/00—ICT specially adapted for functional genomics or proteomics, e.g. genotype-phenotype associations
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- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- G16B20/00—ICT specially adapted for functional genomics or proteomics, e.g. genotype-phenotype associations
- G16B20/20—Allele or variant detection, e.g. single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] detection
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- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- G16B40/00—ICT specially adapted for biostatistics; ICT specially adapted for bioinformatics-related machine learning or data mining, e.g. knowledge discovery or pattern finding
- G16B40/20—Supervised data analysis
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
- C12Q2600/156—Polymorphic or mutational markers
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- G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
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Definitions
- the field of the invention is that of the individual prediction methods for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, the therapeutic response of diseases and the side effects of the drugs in the case of complex and multifactoal diseases such as cancers and in particular cancer. of the prostate.
- the present invention provides a method and a tool for evaluating the individual susceptibility to the onset of cancer and more particularly of prostate cancer, for initiating screening or early diagnosis by combining a large number of clinical input data. and / or genetically associated in a complex manner.
- the diagnosis and treatments proposed require the implementation of invasive and expensive procedures.
- the current methods developed to determine at-risk populations or management strategies propose positive or negative predictive values (cancer / non-cancer) according to tests (tumor markers, molecular signatures, etc.) or results obtained from nomogram-type linear functions, but their reliability is less than 80% and the results are rarely reproducible at the individual level.
- PSA prostate specific antigen
- the specificity of the PSA test is of the order of 80%, which means that when the PSA threshold is less than 4 ng / ml, the absence of prostate cancer is real in 8 case in 10.
- Nomogram-type risk assessment tools incorporating several parameters have been developed to answer individual questions and notably described in the journal [SF Shariat, PI Karakiewicz, CG Roehrborn and Kattan An updated catalog of prostate cancer predictive tools Cancer (113) p3075-992008].
- Nomograms are statistical tools for decision-making that contain information from hundreds of concrete observations about proven cases of prostate cancer. These tools help patients and physicians to make decisions. They provide predictions calculated from a variety of clinical data from previously treated prostate cancers. These are calculation rules or charts based on multivariate logistic regressions. These nomograms have an average accuracy rate of 80% which remains insufficient. Patients, however, derive undeniable benefits from it because they lack the bias and subjectivity found in the various clinicians and caregivers. As an example 12 questions and associated predictive tools are offered by the Canadian Prostate Cancer Research Foundation. Existing solutions used in this type of predictive tools rely mostly on the collection of clinical and evaluation data using linear modeling methods against parameters. The methods developed are insufficient in terms of reliability and do not make it possible to make hierarchical predictions such as: risk of cancer, risk of rapidly evolving cancer, cancer risk resistant to a treatment, sufficiently reliable.
- the search for relevant markers represents the first challenge of predictive medicine. It is a technological challenge in genomics but also in mathematics.
- the etiology of the causes and evolution of prostate cancer is complex and results from multiple stochastic interactions between constitutional genetic factors, acquired tissue factors, and environmental factors.
- the conviction of the importance of genetic factors in the etiology of prostate cancer arose from the observation of case aggregations in some families [Carter BS Mendelian inheritance of familial prostate cancer, PNAS (89) 3367-7 (1992)). )].
- a second challenge for predictive medicine is to model the associations of variables [D. F. Easton Genome-wide association studies in cancer Hum Mol Genet (17) R109-15 (2008)], the complex analyzes of combinations of variables pertaining to a particular field of algorithmic research.
- the present invention provides an individual prediction method for screening, or diagnosis or prognosis or response.
- cancer therapy and more particularly adapted to prostate cancer, based on the collection of a large number of genetic data to which clinical data can be added and involving the development of an advanced model for delivering a risk value that can advantageously be subject to a validation procedure.
- the subject of the present invention is an individual prediction method for screening or diagnosis or the therapeutic management or the prognosis of prostate cancer including the collection of individual data.
- a prediction tool is produced by constructing at least one model by statistical learning, the input variables of this model being said representative information; the genetic input information comprising at least one variable or a combination of variables from the following (all the nucleotide locations cited correspond to those defined by "UCSC genome browser", March 2006 assembly):
- variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs1499955 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the chromosome 3 variable interval defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs4855539 and / or to one or more of his neighbors in the interval 69049525-69153397 of chromosome 3;
- chromosome 1 a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs6681102 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the range 236815776-236998150 of chromosome 1;
- the input data correspond to the combination of a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs2174183 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the chromosome 127602673-128447913 interval. 4 and / or a variable defining the genotype related to SNP rs7576160 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the interval 37855761 -38126567 of chromosome 2 and / or a variable defining the genotype related to the SNP rs2012385 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the range 241767109-2421 19399 of chromosome 2.
- the input data correspond to the combination of a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs2174183 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the chromosome 127602673-128447913 interval. 4 and / or a variable defining the genotype related to SNP rs2190453 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the interval 17464539-17757162 of chromosome 1 1 and / or of a variable defining the linked genotype SNP rs888298 and / or one or more of its neighbors in the range 6381561 1 -64165896 of chromosome 17.
- the input data correspond to the combination of a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs2174183 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the chromosome 127602673-128447913 interval. 4 and / or a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs2788140 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the interval 210157195-210446272 of chromosome 1 and / or of a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs7934514 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the range 99092040-99333419 of chromosome 1 1.
- the input data correspond to the combination of a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs2174183 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the chromosome 127602673-128447913 interval. 4 and / or a variable defining the genotype related to the SNP rs3828054 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the range 149382371 -149874970 of the chromosome 1 and / or a variable defining the SNP-related genotype rs1499955 and / or one or more of its neighbors in the chromosome 3 1 16302446-1 1701 1700 range.
- the input data correspond to the combination of a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs2174183 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the chromosome 127602673-128447913 interval. 4 and a variable defining the genotype related to SNP rs81 10935 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the range 62026584-62294837 of chromosome 19.
- the input data correspond to the combination of a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs2174183 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the chromosome 127602673-128447913 interval. 4 and a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs4855539 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the chromosome 3 interval 69049525-69153397 and / or a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs4242382 and / or one or more of its neighbors in the range 128539973-128619555 of chromosome 8.
- the input data correspond to the combination of a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs6492998 or to one of its neighbors in the interval 38991207-39584443 of the chromosome 15 and a a variable defining the SNP-related genotype rs11526176 and / or one or more of its neighbors in the range 27414591 -27808301 of chromosome 7 and a variable defining the SNP-related genotype rs6681102 or one of its neighbors in the range 236815776-236998150 of chromosome 1.
- the input data correspond to the combination of a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs151 1695 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the interval 218280585-218521047 of the chromosome 1 and a variable defining the SNP-related genotype rs4669835 and / or one or more of its neighbors in the chromosome 2 interval 121 1 1054-12324507 and a variable defining the SNP-related genotype rs12605415 or to one of its neighbors in the range 23907695-24187878 of chromosome 18
- the input data correspond to the combination of the four cancer history variables, an age category variable, a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs4242384 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the range 128539973-128619555 of chromosome 8 and a variable defining the genotype related to SNP rs9364048 and / or
- the input data correspond to the combination of a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs749915 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the interval 39097014-39163238 of the chromosome 4 and a variable defining the genotype related to SNP rs13226041 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the interval 104002818-104863625 of chromosome 7 and a variable defining the genotype related to SNP rs721429 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the interval 61335448-62195826 of chromosome 17
- the input data correspond to the combination of a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs2352946 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the interval 84695541 -84776802 of the chromosome 16 and a variable defining the genotype related to the SNP rs6755695 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the range 79446556-79664842 of chromosome 2 and a variable defining the genotype rs1 138253 linked to the SNP or to one or more of its neighbors in the range 4276183-4276683 of chromosome 19.
- the input data correspond to the combination of a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs13148138 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the chromosome 127602673-128447913 interval. 4 and a variable defining the SNP-related genotype rs1773842 and / or one or more of its neighbors in the range of chromosome 10 and a variable defining the SNP-related genotype rs10148742 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the interval rs10148742 of chromosome 14.
- the input data correspond to the combination of a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs2174183 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the range 127602673-128447913 of the chromosome 4 and a variable defining the genotype related to SNP rs1 1526176 and / or to one or more of its neighbors in the range 27414591 -27808301 of chromosome 7.
- the input data correspond to the combination of a variable defining the genotype linked to the SNP rs2048873 and / or to one of its neighbors in the chromosome 1 13062733-1 1341 1386 interval. 2 and / or a variable defining the SNP-related genotype rs6804627 and / or one or more of its neighbors in the 60928379-60979489 interval of chromosome 3 and a variable defining the SNP-related genotype rs10245886 and / or one of its neighbors in the range 47461234-47557773 of chromosome 7.
- the individual prediction method relates to the screening, the diagnosis, the prognosis or the therapeutic response of a prostate cancer, the data being of clinical type such as individual data concerning the age of the prostate. patient, his weight, his height, the personal and family history of cancer, of biological type with for example the rate of PSA, and of genetic type such as the identification of markers of genetic polymorphisms considered as being linked to the development of the disease and selected from the lists cited above.
- the method of the invention comprises a so-called learning process:
- the method comprises the parallel construction of a set of optimal models, each model being developed from of a family (Fk) of functions, the predictive information of risk related to a disease resulting from the exploitation of the set of optimal models.
- the method comprises:
- BA learning base
- BV validation basis
- the method comprises, for a database comprising N data, the construction of the learning base carried out by the random drawing (without delivery) of M data belonging to the database of examples, NM data. remaining constituting the basis of validation.
- the family of functions is of the type of
- MLPs Multi Layer Perceptron
- SVM Vector Support Machines
- RVM Relevance Vector Machines
- the comparison between said predictive result obtained with a model constructed with the set of input data belonging to the learning base, and the proven result obtained from a set of data d is carried out with a cost function similar to that used in the comparison between the estimate delivered by the model and the proven result y * .
- the final result of the modeling can be obtained by merging optimal models that can be constructed from sets of different variables and obtained from families of different functions.
- this merge phase it is useful to select the models to merge as well as the merge method to be implemented (average model responses, product, majority vote, integral of Choquet, integral of Sugeno [Ludmila I. Kuncheva, James C. Bezdek, and Robert PW Duin. Decision templates for multiple classify fusion: an experimental comparison. Pattern Recognition, 34: 299-314, 2001J).
- a strategy of merging the set of optimal models constructed is generally unsatisfactory.
- An optimal subset of models should be selected from the set of optimal models constructed using optimization methods, such as genetic algorithms.
- the individual clinical data correspond to the combination of four cancer history variables and an age category variable, said history variables relating respectively to a family history of breast cancer, history of prostate cancer, personal history of cancer, family history of other cancers.
- the invention also relates to an individual prediction device for the detection, diagnosis, prognosis or therapeutic response of a prostate cancer
- an individual prediction device for the detection, diagnosis, prognosis or therapeutic response of a prostate cancer
- first means for inputting individual information data by a user
- at least a first software interface on which operates said first means characterized in that it further comprises a software implementing the method according to the invention and providing predictive information of risk related to prostate cancer.
- said predictive risk information is returned to the user via said software interface.
- the device further comprises means of communication between the first input means and the software, allowing the transmission of information data and that of the predictive information.
- the device further comprises second means for inputting individual information data and a second software interface, the first input means for entering clinical type information, the second means for input of information from sampling on the individual.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a diagram summarizing the interactions between the example database, the actual results and the predictive results
- FIG. 2 illustrates a representation of a type of neural network
- FIGS. 3a to 3e respectively illustrate the performance of Multi-Layer Perceptron type algorithms with respect to the discrimination of patients suffering from prostate cancers of controls with, in input variables, the age category and respectively the associated genotype.
- FIG. 4 illustrates a first example of use in which the software tool is implanted at the practitioner's premises
- FIG. 5 illustrates a second example of use in which the software tool is centralized in a professional provider of predictive results
- FIG. 6 illustrates a comparison between the performances obtained with an NG1 model using the 3 best SNPs, including the SNP rs4242382, in the p-value sense of the aforementioned Nature Genetics article and those obtained with a model B1 using 3 SNPs, including SNP rs4242382, identified as synergistic by the Applicant's methods;
- FIG. 7 illustrates a comparison between the performances obtained with an NEJM model constructed from the age and background variables of a base constituted in the present invention and SNPs described in [Zheng SL, Sun J, Wiklund F, et al. Cumulative association of five genetic variants with prostate cancer. NEngl JMed 2008; 358: 910-9], those obtained with a D2 model using SNPs disclosed in the present invention and those obtained with a fusion model according to the invention;
- FIG. 8 illustrates a comparison between the performances obtained with an NEJM model constructed from the age and background variables of a base constituted in the present invention and SNPs described in Zheng SL et al, those obtained with a model D2 using SNPs disclosed in the present invention, said models not using antecedent variables;
- FIG. 9 illustrates a comparison between the performances obtained with an NG1 model using the 3 best SNPs disclosed in G. Thomas et al, Multiple identified loci! in a genome-wide association study of prostate cancer, Nature Genetics, vol40, num3, market 2008, those obtained with the model D2 and those obtained with a fusion model;
- FIG. 10 illustrates a comparison between the performances obtained with the NG1 model and those obtained with the D2 model, said models not using antecedent variables;
- FIG. 11 illustrates a comparison between the performances obtained with a model B2 using 7 SNPs selected according to the invention and those obtained with an NG2 model using the best 7 SNPs in the p-value sense of the aforementioned Nature Genetics article and antecedents ;
- FIG. 12 illustrates the "AUC" performances of the models described above.
- the advantage of the present invention lies in the fact of providing doctors with a decision support tool for personalized care of their patients. Its originality lies in the combination of an exclusive database and multidimensional statistical analysis. The user can benefit from knowledge derived from multidisciplinary research in medicine, biology, genetics, mathematics and objective results. The medical impact of this expert system is also economical because it allows practitioners to better detect the early and curable stages of the disease, to reduce the costs and side effects associated with invasive diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Finally, for the patient, it is a question of obtaining an optimal management of his pathology, a reduction of the risk of overtreatment, an increase of his life expectancy and an improvement of his quality of life.
- the prediction tool is realized thanks to the upstream construction of models by statistical learning.
- a model built within the framework of statistical learning theory, is usually a parameterized mathematical function / that contains adjustable parameters ⁇ and belonging to a larger family of functions F.
- the entries x are the genetic information and / or the coded results of clinical information which can in particular be derived from a questionnaire of the patient; when the x entries are qualitative (or categorical) variables, the encoding of these variables into numerical values is necessary in order to make them directly usable by the models as part of their construction and their use as an estimator.
- the encoding may consist in coding the qualitative variable "my grandfather” with the value "1" which will group all the parents of the second degree.
- the encoding must neither hide nor scramble the information, it must be relevant.
- one can refine the coding if one wishes to distinguish or not the attack of the maternal grandfather of the attack of the paternal grandfather.
- the encoding of data can be inventive, its quality (completeness, relevance) partly determines the possibilities of solving the problem of discrimination.
- the encoding is not obligatorily binary, the number of categories
- This estimate can be considered as a function / dependent on the inputs x and the parameters ⁇ .
- the difficulty of creating the model lies in the adjustment of the parameters ⁇ . These parameters ⁇ are adjusted in a so-called learning phase that requires examples and the implementation of dedicated algorithms.
- variable x is, as before, a value among a set of input values and y * is the actual output associated with these inputs considered as the truth that we wish to estimate (the cancer / not cancer diagnosis issued by a specialist for example).
- This database is represented as an array of N lines, where each line represents an example (the input values for an individual and his associated class).
- the purpose of learning is to build a model, from these N examples, to ultimately estimate the response that the specialist would have given on a new case never met. We speak in this case of generalization ability. In the model creation procedure, we choose the one that will deliver the best generalization capability.
- the representativeness of the data is a very important notion since it conditions the quality of the constructed model and the information that the model can learn is contained in the database through the N examples.
- Representativity means the exhaustive nature of the cases contained in the database. That is, one must ensure that the model has encountered a set of cases similar to those it will encounter in its future use as an estimator.
- the formation phase of the learning base is therefore a key step and must be conducted with great rigor.
- the following section describes how the learning algorithm adjusts the model parameters according to the elements constituting the learning base.
- Figure 1 illustrates a diagram that summarizes the interactions between the Bex example database, the actual results, and the predictive results.
- the algorithm modifies the adjustable parameters ⁇ of the model so that the estimate is as close as possible to that of the proven result still called "supervisor" /.
- the criterion that we want to minimize by acting on the parameters ⁇ is the difference between the response of the model and the response of the supervisor on the cases available. This difference can be obtained in different ways depending on the problem and is called "cost function":
- cost function for example one of the following functions:
- the learning phase therefore consists of finding a set of parameters ⁇ for a function fi of the family F of functions that minimizes the cost function on all the examples, using optimization algorithms.
- a model capable of predicting already known information is of little interest. It must be ensured that he is able to correctly predict cases not present but represented in the learning base, and who follow the same laws as those used for learning. This is why the example database is usually split into a BA learning base, to adjust the parameters of the model, and a BV validation database, also called the validation database, to test the chosen model and verify its robustness.
- the two sets are constructed by randomly drawing the elements from the example database.
- N the number of elements from the example database.
- the procedure is repeated a number of times.
- the problem encountered falls into the category of discrimination problems, that is to say that it seeks to classify new individuals into two groups: patients or witnesses.
- a fifth step the parameters ⁇ of the function retained in the previous step are evaluated with all the examples of the training base. We thus obtain the optimal model fio P (x, ⁇ ) which from input individual data x will be able to provide the predictive result y.
- Multi Layer Perceptrons a subset of the family of neural networks
- SVM Support Vector Machines
- RVM Relevance Vector Machines
- a model is constituted capable, from the explanatory variables obtained, for example, from the variable selection methodologies described in the present invention, of predicting an interpreted response as a probability of being sick or control.
- the present problem falls into the category of discrimination problems, that is to say, it seeks to classify new individuals into two groups: sick or witnesses.
- a family that is simple to describe and generally effective is Perceptrons Multi-Layer or MLP (for Multi Layer Perceptron). It is a type of neural network that is generally represented according to the diagram illustrated in FIG.
- Sigmoid (such as the "hyperbolic tangent” function)
- n is the number of hidden neurons
- p is the number of input variables
- ⁇ is the parameter vector consisting of 6> and ⁇ y components for l ⁇ i ⁇ n and 1 ⁇ j ⁇ p.
- ⁇ l ⁇ denotes the element ij of the matrix ⁇ (parameter matrix between the inputs and the hidden neurons) and O 1 denotes the element i of the vector of parameters between the hidden neurons and the output.
- the functions that make up the MLP family for the problem being treated differ only in their number of "hidden neurons", each of them actually representing a Sigmoid function.
- the function representing the model obtained from a logistic regression, a modeling method well known in the medical field belongs to this family. This is indeed a special case of MLPs having no hidden neurons. In this case, the model is linear with respect to the parameters and the construction of the model then implements learning techniques different from those used in the context of MLPs.
- the model number 2 is driven and its validation score number 2 is calculated. 6) The procedure is continued until each subset has been used for validation. So we have five validation scores. The final validation score is the average of these five scores.
- This procedure uses all the data to calculate the validation score, which avoids focusing on particular cases.
- a training cost function is selected:
- the cost function used for training is partly dictated by the problem posed (discrimination) and the function family (MLP). In the present case, it is advantageous to use cross entropy.
- the validation score corresponds to a measure of evaluation of the quality of the model.
- This score can correspond to its classification rate, which is the sum of the number of patients and witnesses correctly identified, divided by the total number of individuals in the validation database.
- This score is simple to calculate and easily interpretable and usable, although it obscures class-by-class performance (it can happen that one class is better identified than the other).
- This score can also be the AUC (Area Under Curve), that is to say the area under the ROC curve (Receiver Operating Caracteristic) as illustrated in FIGS. 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d and 3e.
- the final optimal model is constructed.
- optimal model information is merged.
- the objective of the information fusion is to improve the decision-making in terms of robustness and reliability from the combination, via a mathematical operator, of the decisions or scores provided by the family of functions [I. Bloch. Merging digital information: methodological panorama. In National Days of Research in Robotics, Guidel, Morbihan, October 2005]. These operators must at the same time take advantage of the complementarities between the different functions at the beginning of the merger but also take into account their redundancies.
- the fusion operators are numerous [Ludmila I. Kuncheva, James C. Bezdek, and Robert PW Duin. Decision templates for multiple classify fusion: an experimental comparison. Pattern Recognition, 34.
- the merge operators can take the form of a rule table, combination rules of "logical AND / OR" type, score product with or without a priori that can be conditional or not, as in the case of fusion based on generalized Bayes theorem or not [Ph. Smets. Beliefs functions: The Disjunctive RuIe of Combination and the Generalized Bayesian Theorem. Int. Day, of Approximate Reasoning, 9: 1-35, 1993], distances to predefined models by learning or expertise, weighted sum with or without taking into account the interactions between the inputs of the merger ...
- the prediction method when the prediction method is constructed, it is possible to propose to the user, typically the doctor or any other laboratory type entity, the provision of a decision support tool to both impartial, reliable and allowing personalized use at different stages of the patient's journey, thereby making it possible, with a single tool, to make hierarchical predictions, including entries of the clinical data type and or genetic data, said tool providing an output a risk assessment type of information or degree of disease advance detected.
- a decision support tool to both impartial, reliable and allowing personalized use at different stages of the patient's journey, thereby making it possible, with a single tool, to make hierarchical predictions, including entries of the clinical data type and or genetic data, said tool providing an output a risk assessment type of information or degree of disease advance detected.
- a simple saliva sample makes it easy to work on invariant constitutional DNA.
- the genetic material is informative because it is susceptible by the identification of the genetic profile to determine the risk of developing the disease but also the risk that it is aggressive.
- the application is installed at the practitioner who captures the information available to him for his patient, such as the blood level of total PSA or free PSA, age, weight, height, the family and personal antecedents, the result of rectal examination and the genotypes of interest. He selects the relevant questions and the application queries the different statistical models at his disposal.
- the tool gives personalized and hierarchical answers with for example for prostate cancer, the risk of developing aggressive cancer at a given age, the risk of developing metastases or a recurrence of the tumor after initial treatment (at an age given).
- FIG. 4 illustrates such a configuration in which individual data x is inputted by a user U 0 by means of first means at an interface 1, said interface providing the link with the software 2 implementing the method of FIG. 'invention. The predictive information is restored at the interface to the user U 0 , in this case the practitioner.
- the clinical type information is sent by a patient or a practitioner to the professional results provider via communication networks that can be of the internet type.
- information from blood-type and / or salivary samples analyzed in the laboratory is also sent to the predictive outcome professional, all the information is processed by the model or models previously developed so as to provide a predictive result, said the result is sent back to a health professional who is thus able to inform the patient.
- Figure 5 schematizes this type of configuration.
- a first user U i enters a certain number of individual data Xi 1 that can be of clinical data type at a first interface 10 and sends them via an internet-type remote link, for example to a professional provider of results.
- a second user can be an analysis laboratory sends another flow of information from X 2 saliva or blood samples, and entered at a second interface 1 1 and also sent to the supplier FRP via a link to distance. After processing all the data received via an interface 12 installed at the supplier FRP, the latter sends the result y to a third user U 3 authorized to inform the patient concerned.
- a third user U 3 authorized to inform the patient concerned.
- the user U is the practitioner, there may be two users Ui and U 2.
- the provider of results can at any time come to enrich its databases of examples by the new cases treated in order to provide more powerful predictive results.
- For remote case submissions it is provided a protection of the personal data of each patient, consistent with the rules of safety and ethics in use.
- a first variable is called a "family history of prostate cancer".
- the values of this variable are used to define the family context of the occurrence of a patient's prostate cancer.
- the values assigned to each individual depend on the age and / or degree of kinship and / or the number of cases of prostate cancer occurring in their family.
- a second variable is called "family history of breast cancer" values of this variable to define the family context of occurrence of breast cancer of a patient.
- the values assigned to each individual depend on the age and / or the degree of relationship and / or the number of cases of breast cancer occurring in their family.
- a third variable is called a "personal history of cancer" to distinguish patients who have ever had cancer, whatever it is.
- a fourth variable is called a "family history of other cancers".
- the values of this variable define the family context of cancer occurrence (other than breast or prostate cancer) and are dependent on age and / or degree of relatedness and / or the number of cases of occurrence of other forms of cancer for a given patient.
- a fifth variable is the age encoded as age categories. These variables can be used in combination or alone as variables of relevant algorithm entries to obtain a calculation of the risk of occurrence of prostate cancer or to determine the susceptibility to prostate cancer.
- SNPs Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
- An essential property of the genetic markers of which SNPs are part is their ability to be transmitted in linkage disequilibrium with markers of their defined neighborhood in the sense of chromosomal location. We speak of genetic distance between two markers or SNPs. It is considered that two markers are thus genetically linked when the frequency of the recombinations between them is rare. The existence of these genetic links makes that the SNPs in the vicinity of an SNP of interest are likely to bring the same information or a piece of information on a character of susceptibility.
- each SNP we have the relevance of different SNPs present in its vicinity, we can obtain for each SNP of major interest, the list of neighboring SNPs that can provide information on the susceptibility to prostate cancer.
- the definition of such an interval is of major interest from a practical point of view since it makes it possible to choose markers bringing relevant information from a list according to practical criteria of commercial availability of reagents and experimental for example.
- each of the SNPs genetically linked to the SNP of interest is likely to bring all or part of the information provided by the SNP of interest.
- the genetic linkage depends on the physical distance between two genetic elements (usually expressed in nucleotides) and the frequency of recombination between these two elements.
- the SNP of interest can itself be the causative agent of the susceptibility that one seeks to predict, it can also simply be genetically linked to it.
- a SNP genetically linked to the SNP of interest can also be genetically linked to the causal susceptibility factor. This possibility explains the need to introduce a first "or".
- the "and” also comes from the property given by the genetic bonds. If the susceptibility factor is positioned between two genetically linked SNPs, knowing in an individual the alleles present for each SNP makes it possible to complete the information on the probability of presence of the causative agent of a susceptibility. All of these properties seemed to us best represented by the formulation used in the claims.
- SNPs are currently the most widely used genetic markers, but it is obvious that each SNP can be replaced by a molecular biology marker of any kind provided that the physical or statistical link is obvious to those skilled in the art. , the interchangeability of the variables is mathematically very easy to verify provided that the new variable is filled in for enough individuals.
- SNP rs2174183 located at 4q28.1 on chromosome 4 between positions 127907634-127908134 following the location determined by the UCSC genome browser, March 2006 assembly.
- Genomic sequence in the vicinity of rs2174183 polymorphic fatty nucleotide.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs2174183 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer are defined in a database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 127602673-128447913 of chromosome 4 or between SNPs rs12651 126 and rs13122922 on chromosome 4:
- ROC curves corresponding to a variable relating to sensitivity to a test also called "Receiver Operating Caracteristic ”
- FIG. 5 show the performance of Multi-Layer Perceptron type algorithms with respect to the discrimination of patients suffering from cancers of the Prostate and controls using as input variables the age category and genotype associated with SNP rs2174183 or its neighbors. Intermediate SNPs not mentioned are therefore likely to carry information.
- the corresponding AUCs (Area Under Curve) are likely to be enhanced by the use of input history variables.
- SNP rs7576160 located in 2p22.2 on chromosome 2 between positions 37957978-37958478 following the location determined by the UCSC genome browser, March 2006 assembly. Genomic sequence in the vicinity of rs7576160: polymorphic nucleotide in bold.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs7576160 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 37855761 -38126567 of chromosome 2 or between SNPs rs7562836 and rs17021897 of chromosome 2.
- SNP rs2012385 located in 2q38.1 on chromosome 2 between positions 242070828 and 242071328 following the location determined by the UCSC genome browser, March 2006 assembly. Genomic sequence in the neighborhood of rs2012385: polymorphic nucleotide in bold.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs2012385 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 241767109-2421 19399 of chromosome 2 or between SNPs rs1540528 and rs7567892 of chromosome 2.
- SNP rs2190453 localized in 1 1 p15.1 on chromosome 1 1 between positions 17489723-17490223 following the location determined by the UCSC genome browser, March 2006 assembly. Genomic sequence in the vicinity of rs2190453: polymorphic nucleotide in bold.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs2190453 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 17464539-17757162 of chromosome 1 1 or between SNPs rs12278956 and rs1003921 of chromosome 1 1.
- SNP rs888298 located in 17q24.2 on chromosome 17 between positions 63955680 to 63956180 following the location determined by the UCSC genome browser, March 2006 assembly.
- Genomic sequence in the vicinity of rs888298 polymorphic nucleotide in bold.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs888298 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 6381561 1 -64165896 of chromosome 17:
- SNP rs8110935 located in 19q13.43 on chromosome 19 between positions 62239851 -62240351 following the location determined by the UCSC genome browser, March 2006 assembly.
- Genomic sequence near rs8110935 Polymorphic nucleotide in bold.
- SNP rs2788140 localized in 1 q32.3 on chromosome 1 between positions 210171227-210171727 following the location determined by the UCSC genome browser, assembly of March 2006.
- Genomic sequence in the vicinity of rs2788140 polymorphic nucleotide in bold.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs2788140 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the 210157195-210446272 interval of chromosome 1 or between SNPs rs12135924 and rs7546833 of chromosome 1.
- SNP rs7934514 located in 1 1 q22.1 on chromosome 1 1 between positions 992141 18-99214618 following the location determined by the UCSC genome browser, March 2006 assembly.
- Genomic sequence in the vicinity of rs7934514 polymorphic nucleotide in bold.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs7934514 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 99092040-99333419 of chromosome 1 1 or between SNPs rs605559 and rs12574821 of chromosome 1 1.
- SNP rs3828054 localized in 1 q21.3 on chromosome 1 between positions 149779269-149779769 following the location determined by the UCSC genome browser, assembly of March 2006. Genomic sequence in the vicinity of rs3828054: polymorphic nucleotide in bold.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs3828054 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 149382371 -149874970 of chromosome 1 or between SNPs rs11807526 and rs6702842 of chromosome 1.
- SNP rs1499955 located in 3q13.31 on chromosome 3 between positions 116719413-1 16719913 following the location determined by the UCSC genome browser, March 2006 assembly.
- Genomic sequence in the vicinity of rs1499955 polymorphic nucleotide in bold.
- AGTCCCA GZT
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs1499955 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 1 16302446-1 1701 1700 of chromosome 3 or between SNP rs9289008 and rs2289271 of chromosome 3
- SNP rs4855539 located in 3p14.1 on chromosome 3 between positions 69108069-69108569 following the location determined by the UCSC genome browser, March 2006 assembly.
- Genomic sequence in the vicinity of rs4855539 polymorphic nucleotide in bold.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs4855539 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 69049525-69153397 of chromosome 3:
- SNP rs4242382 localized at 8q24.21 on chromosome 8 between positions 128586505-128587005 following the location determined by the UCSC genome browser, March 2006 assembly. Genomic sequence in the vicinity of rs4242382: polymorphic nucleotide in bold.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs4242382 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 128539973-128619555 of chromosome 8 or between SNPs rs7830412 and rs4407842 of chromosome 8.
- SNP rs11526176 located in 7p15.2 on chromosome 7 between positions 27546048-27546548 following the location determined by the UCSC genome browser, March 2006 assembly.
- Genomic sequence near rs11526176 polymorphic nucleotide in bold.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs11526176 that can provide information on the risk of developing prostate cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 27414591 - 27808301 of chromosome 7 or between SNPs rs1 1761572 and rs2237344.
- SNP rs6492998 localized at 15q15.1 on chromosome 15 between positions 39,333,673-39,334,173 according to the location determined by the UCSC genome browser, March 2006 assembly.
- Genomic sequence in the vicinity of rs6492998 polymorphic nucleotide in bold.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs6492998 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 38991207-39584443 of chromosome 15:
- SNP rs6681102 localized at 1q43 on chromosome 1 between positions 236,853,987-236,854,487 according to the location determined by the UCSC genome browser, March 2006 assembly.
- Genomic sequence in the vicinity of rs6681102 polymorphic nucleotide in bold.
- SNP neighboring SNPs rs6492998 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the range 236815776-236998150 of chromosome 1:
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs2048873 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer or hormone-dependent cancers or cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 113062733-1 13411386 of chromosome 2
- SNP rs6804627 located in 3p14.2, on chromosome 3 between chr3 positions: 60963960-60964460 following the UCSC genome browser numbering, March 2006 assembly
- AGAATTCTGATGATTCTAATATTCA (C / T) TTATAATGTCCATTTAGCTACCACATTGTGTTTATGCCCCTTAAA
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs6804627 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer or hormone-dependent cancers or cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 60928379-60979489 of chromosome 3
- the SNP PNS neighboring rs10245886 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer or hormone-dependent cancers or cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 47461234-47557773 of chromosome 7
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs1511695 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer or hormone-dependent cancers or cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 218280585-218521047 of chromosome 1.
- SNP rs4669835 located in 2p25.1, on chromosome 2 between positions 12289824-12290324 following the UCSC genome browser, March 2006 assembly. Genomic sequence in the vicinity of rs4669835, polymorphic fatty nucleotide
- TCCTCGACTTCCTGCTTCATCCTCC (A / G) TGGTCTTTGTTGAAACAAAACTTGAACCAACAGTTCAACAATAAA TATTTTGATGCCAATCCCACTGAAAGTTAAAGTCAAAGCATCTGTTAACCAGATC
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs4669835 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer or hormone-dependent cancers or cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 121 1 1054 -12324507 of chromosome 2.
- SNP rs12605415 located in 18q12.1 on chromosome 18 between positions 24135069-24135569 following UCSC genome browser numbering, March 2006 assembly.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs12605415 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer or hormone-dependent cancers or cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 23907695-24187878 of chromosome 18.
- CZT CTGGTGGTAGAACTTAATGTGGAAAGTTAA
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs749915 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer or hormone-dependent cancers or cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 39097014-39163238 of chromosome 4.
- SNP rs13226041 located in 7q22.2 on chromosome 7 between positions 104851579-104852079 following the UCSC genome browser dialing, March 2006 assembly.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs13226041 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer or hormone-dependent cancers or cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 104002818-104863625 of chromosome 7.
- SNP rs721429 located in 17q24.2 on chromosome 17 between positions 621221 17-62122617 following the UCSC genome browser numbering, March 2006 assembly.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs721429 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer or hormone-dependent cancers or cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 61335448-62195826 of chromosome 17.
- SNP rs9364048 located in 6q13 on chromosome 6 between positions 70455536-70456036 following the UCSC genome browser numbering, March 2006 assembly. Genomic sequence in the vicinity of rs9364048 polymorphic nucleotide in bold
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs9364048 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer or hormone-dependent cancers or cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the range 70074721 -70679396 of chromosome 6.
- SNP rs4242384 located in 8q24.21 on chromosome 8 between positions 128586505-128587005 following the UCSC genome browser numbering, March 2006 assembly.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs4242384 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer or hormone-dependent cancers or cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 128539973-128619555 of chromosome 8.
- SNP rs2352946 localized in 16q24.1 on chromosome 16 between positions 84758022-84758522following UCSC genome browser dialing, March 2006 assembly.
- Genomic sequence in the vicinity of rs2352946 polymorphic nucleotide in bold.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs2352946 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer or hormone-dependent cancers or cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 84695541 -84776802 of chromosome 16.
- SNP rs6755695 localized in 2pl2 on chromosome 2 between positions 79511959-79512459 following UCSC numbering genome browser, March 2006 assembly. Genomic sequence in the vicinity of rs6755695 polymorphic nucleotide in bold.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs6755695 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer or hormone-dependent cancers or cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the range 79446556-79664842 of chromosome 2.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs1138253 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer or hormone-dependent cancers or cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 4098195-4506560 of chromosome 19.
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs10148742 that can provide information on susceptibility to prostate cancer or hormone-dependent cancers or cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 43257771 -43665346 of chromosome 14.
- SNP rs1773842 localized at 10p11.23 on chromosome 10 between positions
- SNPs neighboring the SNP rs1773842 that can provide information on the susceptibility to prostate cancer or hormone-dependent cancers or cancer are defined in our database according to the following table and are positioned in the interval 29356293-29651 117 of chromosome 10.
- the so-called cancer history variables as well as the age category variable can be combined with the SNPs mentioned above as input variables of SVM RVM logistic regression algorithms or another type of algorithm. statistical learning.
- the classifiers thus obtained can be used as such, but it is still possible to optimize the performance of the tool by performing meta-classifiers that were developed by merging the classifiers. This merge operation is similar to that of variable selection, a step during which the optimization, with respect to a certain criterion fusion, comes from the search for complementarity between classifiers: classifiers or meta-classifiers can then be used to perform a calculation of risk of prostate cancer.
- the present invention has been developed in two steps, one aiming to select the relevant genetic markers that constitute the heart of the tool and a second step of performing the mathematical modeling that can take them into consideration for establish a risk calculation.
- the method of the present invention was developed from the following steps: with data specific to the Research Center for Prostatic Pathologies "CeRePP", established by Professor Cussenot and his collaborators, 1315 individuals who gave their consent were referenced, they belong to two distinct categories: prostate cancer patients and controls. To limit the occurrence of statistical biases the two categories of individuals have been best matched, the most obvious example of a variable to be balanced is, for example, age.
- Patient medical records include prostate cancer status, family history of prostate cancer, family history of breast cancer, family history of other cancers, and personal history of cancer.
- the individuals considered were then genotypes sufficiently exhaustive to cover the entire genome.
- the Applicant was able to have individual genotypes for 27188 SNPs distributed on the 24 chromosomes of the human genome.
- the 27188 SNPs and the other variables were then subjected to variable selection work with the use, for example:
- Genetic algorithms belong to the family of evolutionary algorithms. Their name does not come from the possible applications in the field of genetics but from an analogy between their functioning and theories of revolution of the living. They are usually used to solve optimization problems.
- the principle is to generate a population of potential solutions in the solution search space. Each potential solution is evaluated by a function, named "fitness" function, adapted to the problem to be treated.
- fit function
- new potential solutions are generated in the search space by selecting the best solutions from the previous iteration and using two other functions, combinations and mutations. More precisely, we mean by:
- selection a selection of the best solutions operated via, for example, the fitness function. This process is inspired by that of natural selection, only the best adapted individuals participate in reproduction which improves, from generation to generation, the overall adaptation of the population.
- this operation consists in mixing the characteristics of two potential solutions retained in the selection phase. This operation corresponds to the reproduction phase which is to create a new potential solution from two existing retained solutions.
- mutation this operation involves changing some of the characteristics of a potential solution randomly with a relatively low mutation rate so as not to fall into a random search.
- the mutation allows the algorithm not to converge prematurely to a local extremum.
- Mutual information is a measure of information theory that quantifies the mutual dependence of two random variables (or groups of random variables).
- Mutual information quantifies the mutual dependence of two random variables X, Y or two groups of variables X, F ie, how much knowledge on X reduces the uncertainty on F. This mutual information calculation can therefore be used as part of a selection of variables using this measure to determine the mutual dependence between a variable, or a group of variables (here the SNPs), with the output (the status).
- the first step of the work performed by the plaintiff therefore consisted of a selection of variables or dimension reduction.
- SNP rs4242382 which has already been cited in the literature and in particular in the article by G. Thomas et al. Multiple loci identified!
- the SNPs are selected from their p-value.
- the authors thus identified the SNP rs4242382 as identified by the applicant also by its methods.
- these methods made it possible to identify a synergy between this SNP and two other SNPs among the 27188 SNPs available in the database. This group of 3 SNPs is identified as group B1.
- the Applicant then compared the performances obtained by the models constructed from the B1 group with the performances of the models constructed from the 3 best SNPs, in the sense of the p-value, of the Nature Genetics article.
- the results are presented in FIG. 6 and more precisely the curves 6a and 6b which are the ROC curves relating to the B1 model and to the Nature Genetics model which respectively obtain AUCs of 0.601 and 0.556.
- This result shows that the group B1, containing 3 SNPs in synergy, of which rs4242382, discovered by the implementation of the methods of the invention, is more efficient than the grouping of the 3 best SNPs available in the aforementioned Nature Genetics article.
- SNPs selected in the present invention as rs2174183 are not directly located in a gene, the biological function to which it is attached is unknown and could be elucidated with the knowledge of complex regulations such as epigenetic or microRNA regulations, all at the same time. new, emerging in the field of carcinogenesis.
- the resultant is a method of discrimination of individuals with or without prostate cancer, original by the methods of selection of variables implemented, the SNPs and the combinations that constitute it, the modeling then the meta-modeling, or fusion, implementation and also by the importance of the performances obtained.
- the invention can thus be presented as follows: • a list of SNPs discovered by a variable selection process which, in addition to the selection for the intrinsic predictive value of the SNP, makes it possible to guarantee the synergy between the selected SNPs but can also allow to ensure synergy with cancer history variables and clinical variables. • One or more models built by statistical learning from all or some of the variables described in the previous point to estimate the status for unknown individuals.
- the property of the invention is to discriminate between individuals suffering from prostate cancer and healthy subjects, that is to say that when the individuals are of unknown status, it can identify those with a healthy or affected subject profile, and their degree of susceptibility to prostate cancer.
- the degree of susceptibility to prostate cancer can be given, for example, by a calculation of risk at a given age, by a curve of the variation of risk as a function of age.
- the whole tool finally takes the form of a practical application.
- each SNP it is not specified which alleles at risk, this knowledge which is interesting for the study of the biological mechanism involved, is not essential to the operation of the invention, because it is ultimately a very good combination.
- complex of the value of each input variable that may be associated with a particular risk.
- each can be represented by two different alleles, which represents 3 different genotypes per SNP and 27 different genetic profiles by combining the whole (3 SNP genotypes 1 x 3 SNP2x genotypes 3 SNP3 genotypes). The most powerful risk information is linked to each particular combination among 27.
- NEJM Model constructed with: Age, Atcd, rs4430796, rs1859962, rs1 6901979, rs6983267 and rs1447295, described in Zheng SL, Sun J, Wiklund F, et al. Cumulative association of five genetic variants with prostate cancer. NEngl JMed 2008; 358: 910-9;
- NG1 Model Constructed with Age, Atcd, rs4242382, rs10993994, rs6983267 described in G. Thomas et al, Multiple loci identified in a genome-wide association study of prostate cancer, Nature Genetics, vol40, num3, market 2008; NG2: Model Constructed with Age, Atcd, rs4242382, rs10993994, rs6983267, rs4430796, rs10896449, rs4962416, rs10486567 described in G.
- PSA AUC PSA test as practiced today described in IM Thompson et al, Operating Characteristics of prostate-specific antigen in men with an initial PSA level of 3.0 ng / mL or lower, JAMA, vol294, num1 2005; D2: Model constructed with Age, Atcd and 3 SNPs selected by the methods of the present invention;
- Fusion A fusion meta-model of the present invention.
- each SNP has a moderate link but when the 5 SNPs are combined, the predictive power of the models is improved.
- the authors use the age, the region, the family history identified in antecedents called "Atcd” and the five SNPs to build their models. (identified as model 3 in the article). They get an AUC for this model of 0.633 (the 95% confidence interval is 0.617 to 0.65).
- the purpose of the comparison is to determine the contribution of information related to the addition of the SNPs described in the article and the contribution of information related to the addition of the SNPs obtained from the methods described in the present invention. .
- model NEJM a model built from the SNPs of the article
- the applicant created a model (named model NEJM) from the 5 SNPs of the article mentioned above and the variables of antecedents and age from his own base.
- the applicant obtained with this model NEJM an AUC of 0.636, as illustrated in FIG. 7, which is within the confidence interval of model 3 of the aforementioned article.
- Applicant has created a model from one of its SNP groups containing 3 SNPs and background variables and age of his own base (identified as model D2)
- 7b and 7c are respectively the ROC curves for the so-called NEJM, D2 and Fusion models which respectively obtain AUCs of 0.636, 0.70 and 0.767.
- the performance of the model of the present invention is better with less SNPs.
- the NEJM model contains 5 SNP whereas the D2 model of the present invention only contains 3. This comparison makes it possible to conclude that the selection of SNPs described in the present invention makes it possible to create models that obtain better AUCs and therefore have a greater ability to discrimination.
- Figure 12 illustrates the AUC Performance of the previously described models.
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| FR0804414A FR2934698B1 (fr) | 2008-08-01 | 2008-08-01 | Procede de prediction pour le pronostic ou le diagnostic ou la reponse therapeutique d'une maladie et notamment du cancer de la prostate et dispositif permettant la mise en oeuvre du procede. |
| PCT/EP2009/059930 WO2010012823A1 (fr) | 2008-08-01 | 2009-07-31 | Procede de prediction pour le depistage, le pronostic, le diagnostic ou la reponse therapeutique du cancer de la prostate et dispositif permettant la mise en oeuvre du procede |
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| EP (1) | EP2318971A1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN102171698A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2733385A1 (fr) |
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| WO (1) | WO2010012823A1 (fr) |
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| US9732389B2 (en) | 2010-09-03 | 2017-08-15 | Wake Forest University Health Sciences | Methods and compositions for correlating genetic markers with prostate cancer risk |
| US9534256B2 (en) | 2011-01-06 | 2017-01-03 | Wake Forest University Health Sciences | Methods and compositions for correlating genetic markers with risk of aggressive prostate cancer |
| US8924325B1 (en) * | 2011-02-08 | 2014-12-30 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Computerized target hostility determination and countermeasure |
| MY193914A (en) * | 2012-03-05 | 2022-11-01 | Oy Arctic Partners Ab | Methods and apparatuses for predicting risk of prostate cancer and prostate gland volume |
| US9939533B2 (en) | 2012-05-30 | 2018-04-10 | Lucerno Dynamics, Llc | System and method for the detection of gamma radiation from a radioactive analyte |
| US9002438B2 (en) | 2012-05-30 | 2015-04-07 | Lucerno Dynamics | System for the detection of gamma radiation from a radioactive analyte |
| CN102994495A (zh) * | 2012-11-02 | 2013-03-27 | 上海长海医院 | 一种与前列腺癌易感性相关的单核苷酸多态性位点及其应用 |
| CN102899322A (zh) * | 2012-11-02 | 2013-01-30 | 复旦大学 | 一种与前列腺癌易感性相关的单核苷酸多态性位点及其应用 |
| KR20150110477A (ko) * | 2012-11-20 | 2015-10-02 | 파디아 에이비 | 공격적인 전립선 암의 존재 또는 부존재를 나타내는 방법 |
| EP2759605B1 (fr) * | 2013-01-25 | 2018-11-14 | Signature Diagnostics AG | Procédé permettant de prédire une manifestation de mesure d'un résultat d'un patient atteint d'un cancer |
| WO2015008178A1 (fr) * | 2013-07-15 | 2015-01-22 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Classification de la réponse d'un tissu d'intérêt à un traitement thérapeutique basée sur l'imagerie |
| AU2015230017B2 (en) | 2014-03-11 | 2021-06-17 | A3P Biomedical Ab | Method for detecting a solid tumor cancer |
| US12326453B2 (en) | 2014-03-28 | 2025-06-10 | Opko Diagnostics, Llc | Compositions and methods for active surveillance of prostate cancer |
| DK3123381T3 (da) | 2014-03-28 | 2023-11-27 | Opko Diagnostics Llc | Sammensætninger og fremgangsmåder relateret til diagnose af prostatacancer |
| JP6312253B2 (ja) * | 2014-11-25 | 2018-04-18 | 学校法人 岩手医科大学 | 形質予測モデル作成方法および形質予測方法 |
| WO2016160545A1 (fr) | 2015-03-27 | 2016-10-06 | Opko Diagnostics, Llc | Standards d'antigènes prostatiques et utilisations |
| KR20170061222A (ko) * | 2015-11-25 | 2017-06-05 | 한국전자통신연구원 | 건강데이터 패턴의 일반화를 통한 건강수치 예측 방법 및 그 장치 |
| US11416622B2 (en) * | 2018-08-20 | 2022-08-16 | Veracode, Inc. | Open source vulnerability prediction with machine learning ensemble |
| US12357250B2 (en) | 2019-04-02 | 2025-07-15 | Lucerno Dynamics, Llc | System and method of using temporal measurements of localized radiation to estimate the magnitude, location, and volume of radioactive material in the body |
| CN110604550B (zh) * | 2019-09-24 | 2022-06-21 | 广州医科大学附属肿瘤医院 | 一种肿瘤放疗后正常组织器官并发症预测模型的建立方法 |
| CN111582370B (zh) * | 2020-05-08 | 2023-04-07 | 重庆工贸职业技术学院 | 一种基于粗糙集优化的脑转移瘤预后指标约简及分类方法 |
| CA3250931A1 (fr) * | 2022-04-27 | 2023-11-02 | Rhy Genetype Pty Ltd | Procédés d'évaluation du risque de développer un cancer de la prostate |
| CN119274816B (zh) * | 2024-09-24 | 2025-12-26 | 合肥工业大学 | 一种针对传染病患者的特征模糊模型构建方法 |
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| US20070092888A1 (en) * | 2003-09-23 | 2007-04-26 | Cornelius Diamond | Diagnostic markers of hypertension and methods of use thereof |
| WO2007109571A2 (fr) * | 2006-03-17 | 2007-09-27 | Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. | Procédés de prédiction et de suivi de la thérapie par l'inhibiteur de la tyrosine kinase |
| US7899625B2 (en) * | 2006-07-27 | 2011-03-01 | International Business Machines Corporation | Method and system for robust classification strategy for cancer detection from mass spectrometry data |
| GB2444410B (en) * | 2006-11-30 | 2011-08-24 | Navigenics Inc | Genetic analysis systems and methods |
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| WO2010012823A1 (fr) | 2010-02-04 |
| CN102171698A (zh) | 2011-08-31 |
| CA2733385A1 (fr) | 2010-02-04 |
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| US20110301863A1 (en) | 2011-12-08 |
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