EP2281182A1 - Vorrichtung und verfahren zur kohärenten mehr-dimensionalen optischen spektroskopie - Google Patents
Vorrichtung und verfahren zur kohärenten mehr-dimensionalen optischen spektroskopieInfo
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- EP2281182A1 EP2281182A1 EP09753612A EP09753612A EP2281182A1 EP 2281182 A1 EP2281182 A1 EP 2281182A1 EP 09753612 A EP09753612 A EP 09753612A EP 09753612 A EP09753612 A EP 09753612A EP 2281182 A1 EP2281182 A1 EP 2281182A1
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- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
- G01J3/42—Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry
- G01J3/433—Modulation spectrometry; Derivative spectrometry
Definitions
- optical spectroscopy refers to spectroscopy in the IR range, in the visible range and in the UV range.
- Optical spectroscopy in general allows insights into the structure of substances at the atomic level. While predominantly static states are observed by linear spectroscopy, non-linear, time-resolved methods are suitable for dynamic processes
- 2D spectroscopy is by far the most common type of multi-dimensional spectroscopy, it is also possible to use a higher number of excitation pulses and generate higher-dimensional spectra. For example, five incentives have already been used to generate a fifth order signal.
- the present description is limited to the case of 2D spectroscopy for the sake of simplicity, but it will be understood that the principles discussed herein are also applicable to higher dimensional spectroscopy.
- FIG. 1 An example illustrating such 2D spectra is shown in Figure 1, which is the article by T. Brixner, J. Stenger, HM Vaswani, M. Cho, RE Blankenship, and GR Fleming. "Two-dimensional spectroscopy of electronic couplings in photosynthesis", NATURE, 434: 625-629, March 2005.
- Diagrams a, b and c of Fig. 1 show the 2D spectra for Fenna-Matthews-Olsen ( FMO) -Bateriochlorophyll-a protein of green sulfur bacteria, which serves both as an antenna molecule for collecting the light energy and as a mediator to direct the light excitations from the chlorosome antenna to the reaction center.
- FMO Fenna-Matthews-Olsen
- Diagram d shows the experimentally determined linear absorption spectrum (solid line) in comparison with its theoretically determined counterpart and the individual exciton contributions (dash-dotted lines).
- intensities A and B can be seen which do not lie on the diagonal axis of the spectrum and therefore point to couplings between quantum states.
- the non-diagonal intensity peaks A and B also called “cross-peaks", are therefore present in the spectrum because the structural components of the macromolecule, the which correspond to peaks A and B, perceive each other. This means that the structural components are so close to each other that they are quantum mechanically coupled together, and the pulse sequence induces transitions between them. More specifically, the intensity in the 2D spectrum indicates the probability of a photon with the frequency ⁇ ⁇ to absorb and re-emit a population after time T at a frequency w t. Such information can not be directly deduced from one-dimensional spectra, and this demonstrates the particular significance of 2D spectra.
- 2D optical spectroscopy is, in a sense, analogous to 2D nuclear magnetic resonance, which is currently an indispensable standard method for the structure elucidation of molecules and is used in virtually every chemical analysis laboratory using commercially available equipment.
- the 2D nuclear magnetic resonance is based on the coupling of nuclear spins of individual atoms and therefore reflects the molecular structure.
- 2D optical spectroscopy is sensitive to the coupling of whole chromophores, i.
- FIG. 2 shows schematically a structure of a 2D experiment, which is the above-cited publication Tokmakoff et al. is taken.
- the first, the second and the third excitation pulse are denoted by ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ , respectively.
- the individual beams are generated from the original incident beam via the beam splitter, designated "BS” in Fig. 2, and a fourth beam, designated "LO", representing a local oscillator signal.
- the LO signal with the third-order signal which results from the interaction of the first, second and third pulses with the sample, is superimposed for the purpose of a heterodyne detection.
- the time sequence of the first to third pulses and the LO pulse can be adjusted by conventional delay lines with displaceable mirrors.
- FIG. 2 While the design of Figure 2 is designed for IR spectroscopy, many of the most interesting systems require spectroscopy in the visible spectral range (500 nm - 750 nm). This applies, for example, to biological systems, organic solar cells and artificial photosynthesis complexes. For such short wavelengths, the construction shown in FIG. 2 is not suitable, because any variation in the optical path lengths that are unavoidable in the structure of FIG. 2 will result in a 10 times shorter wavelength in the visible spectrum Times higher phase error leads, by which the signal is falsified. This means that the structure of FIG. 2, which in many cases provides sufficient phase stability for infrared spectra, can no longer provide it for visible light pulses. However, phase stability is also a major factor in the IR sector. te technical problem that can be handled only with considerable effort, for example by an active phase stabilization with the aid of a control loop.
- Miller et al. uses a diffractive optical system, namely a low-density optical grating, on which two incident beams are split into a total of four beams, two of which are each phase-stable.
- the time delays are generated with conventional delay lines and retroreflectors or alternatively with rotatable glass plates.
- the structure of Brixner et al. represents a device according to the preamble of patent claim 1 and is shown schematically in Fig. 3.
- This structure also uses a diffractive optic.
- pairs of slidable glass wedges are used to precisely introduce the delays.
- two parallel partial beams generated via a beam splitter (not shown) are focused on a grating ("diffractive optic") via a lens ..
- the three exciting pulses 1-3 are blocked by an aperture, and only the superposition of the third-order signal and the local oscillator (ie, 4th pulse) reaches the spectrometer. Due to the fact that all the beams are guided over the same optical elements, this structure is inherently phase stable.
- the optical path length of the individual beams can be changed very precisely and reproducibly, so that a nominal precision of 2.7 attoseconds (as) can be achieved.
- excellent phase stability can be achieved even when using pulses in the visible spectral range.
- phase stability can also be achieved by an active loop with feedback. This requires additional continuous measurement of the relative phase angles and a closed loop which always tries to correct the path lengths so that the measured phase remains constant, which is relatively expensive and there is a risk that the control loop introduces additional oscillations.
- the invention has for its object to provide a device for coherent, multi-dimensional optical spectroscopy according to the preamble of claim 1, which is simpler to use and less complicated in construction.
- the means for splitting the base light pulse into a first to fourth light pulse are formed by non-diffractive means, for example by metal thin-film beam splitters, dielectric coated beam splitters, polarization-dependent beam splitters, prism beam splitters or pellicle beam splitters. That is, unlike the prior art described above, the basic light pulse is split without using optical gratings.
- the optical device is designed so that the light pulses are at least partially performed in pairs between the entry of the base light pulse into the optical device and the focusing that changes in the optical path length due to vibration of the means for splitting the base light pulse or due to a scheduled Variation are identical by means of the delay means in the pulses of a pair at least in the first order, the pulse pairs are chosen so that the effects of changing the arrival times of the pulses of a pair due to the changes in the optical path to the phase of the interference signal at least partially compensate ,
- the device of the invention thus avoids an optical grating for splitting the base light pulse.
- This has a number of significant advantages.
- the structure becomes simpler and cheaper, because suitable optical grids are custom-made, which are available only with considerable time and expense. This makes the structure less complicated.
- the device can also be used for shorter and broader band pulses than is possible with the device of Fig. 3, for example.
- a diffractive optical element i.e., an optical grating
- the individual beams experience a spatial chirp, which is no longer negligible at bandwidths of, for example, 200 nm in the visible spectral range.
- This splitting causes a broad distribution of the incident wavenumber vectors (k-vectors) at the sample location, which in turn considerably increases the aperture angle of the signal on the one hand and naturally also leads to a spatial chirp in the signal. This leads to unwanted spatial effects in the coupling and it can no longer be ensured that the complete system information is also detected.
- This problem can be avoided if an optical grating is omitted, and instead, for example, conventional beam splitters, such as metal thin-film beam splitters, are used, so that the device can also be used with broadband pulses.
- the large spectral bandwidth of the light pulses significantly increases the number of experimentally analyzable systems since even very broad absorption spectra can be queried coherently.
- the method can thus be used for versatile and complex analysis purposes without having to be specially adapted to each specific application. This represents, on the one hand, a very important step in the direction of widespread use of the device by users in chemistry and biology, who are unable to set up the device for any particular analysis.
- the large spectral bandwidth allows to cover a large number of energy levels simultaneously and thus the information about couplings in a complex system with many individual ones Color centers (chromophores) to detect, because couplings between widely spaced frequencies can be displayed.
- the structure of the device waiving optical gratings allows both the use of light pulses of different frequencies and a use of light pulses with a wider frequency bandwidth, which in turn significantly extends the usability of the device.
- the device of the invention is much simpler in construction and operation and more robust in operation.
- optical gratings for splitting the beams are considered indispensable in terms of phase stability.
- Such precision has also been achieved in the above-described prior art using optical gratings, and indeed is unattainable with conventional beam splitters.
- the invention is based on the finding that with a suitable beam guidance of the light pulses in the optical device such a precision can be dispensed with.
- a change in the arrival time of each pulse at the sample site results in a change in phase in the interference signal.
- the interference signal oscillates as a function of the individual delay times, and therefore already a slight time shift of one of the light pulses, unintentionally by vibration of the optical components, or by deliberate variation by means of the delay means, already leads to a significant variation of the interference signal ,
- the phase terms in the interference signal shows that for certain pulse pairs, the effects of changing the arrival times of the pulses of the pair to the phase of the interference signal almost completely compensate each other, if these changes are identical.
- the light pulses are therefore guided in the optical device in such pairs, so that the common variations in the optical path length for the pulses of such a pair only lead to small changes in the phase of the interference signal, whereby the phase sensitivity of the structure is drastically reduced. It is found that the required accuracy in the arrival times of the light pulses is only a few femtoseconds instead of 20 attoseconds, which corresponds to a relief of the requirements by a factor of about 100.
- such light pulses are also considered to be “paired", which are not yet split into individual light pulses If, for example, a light beam is split into a first and a second light beam at a beam splitter, then the first and second light beams are in front this split in the language of this disclosure as "paired".
- the beams can be split in the context of the invention, for example, with conventional beam splitters and can be dispensed with an optical grating. While the splitting by means of an optical grating is inherently phase stable, spatial translation (eg, due to vibration) of a beam splitter results in a change in the optical path length of the beam reflected at the beam splitter, which can be quite proportional to the translational motion of the beam splitter, so that the optical path length changes in the first order with the translation of the beam splitter.
- the light pulses are guided in pairs over the beam splitters such that the changes in the optical path length of the pulses of a pair are identical at least in the first order due to the vibration, and because the pairs are selected that the influences of the change of the optical path lengths, ie the associated change of the delay time, on the phase of the interference signal at least partially, in practice even almost completely compensate.
- the second effect concerns the pairwise guidance of the pulses by the delay means.
- pulses of a mutually phase-stabilizing pair are always delayed on the same delay means, so that the requirements for the accuracy of the setting of the delay means decrease to the same extent as those for the stability of the remaining optical components.
- the delay means must be set with much less precision than if the light pulses were individually and independently delayed, and this in particular allows the use of conventional delay lines instead of the glass wedges as used in the construction of FIG.
- the optical device comprises a first beam splitter, which divides the base light pulse into a first sub-beam and a second sub-beam, a first delay means, which is arranged in the light path of the second sub-beam, a second beam splitter, the first sub-beam in a first and divides a second light beam and divides a second partial beam into a third and a fourth light beam, and a second delay means disposed in the light path of the first and third light beams.
- the second partial beam is delayed by a first delay means before being divided into a third and a fourth light beam at the second beam splitter.
- the third and fourth light beams in the first delay means are considered to be "parallel-guided," even though they are not yet separated at this time, but are still present as a common light beam, the second light beam
- Both delay means, the arrival times of the four light pulses at the sample location relative to each other can vary in a suitable manner, and this although the light pulses are always delayed in mutually phase-stabilizing pairs.
- the second partial beam is formed by the part of the base pulse which passes through the first beam splitter, and the third light beam and the fourth light beam, which emerge in the second beam splitter from the second partial beam, until reaching the focusing device in one first level.
- the first part of the beam is formed by the part of the base beam, which is reflected by the first beam splitter, wherein the first partial beam is deflected by another mirror so that the first light beam and the second light beam at the second beam splitter from the first partial beam emerge, extend to reach the focusing in a second plane.
- the first and the second plane are preferably parallel to one another, and preferably the two planes are horizontal planes.
- This structure is extremely robust and compact and can be easily built on an area of only 60 cm x 90 cm, with the light rays from the first partial radiator to the sample location only about 1 m cover.
- Such a compact construction allows one Device that should fit into virtually any physical, chemical or biological laboratory and can be operated stably.
- the first beam splitter has a silver coating and the second beam splitter has a chromium coating.
- another combination e.g. Chromium coating in the first beam splitter and silver coating in the second beam splitter be useful.
- This choice of the beam splitter is z. B. for applications in the visible spectral range advantageous. It should be emphasized, however, that the device of the invention also represents a very large improvement over the prior art in the IR range, and finds useful applications there.
- phase stability Although the requirements for the phase stability at the comparatively large wavelengths are easier to meet than in the visible or UV range, the problem of phase stability also exists in the IR range, and some groups also use active phase stabilization in IR-2D spectroscopy to get the problem under control.
- the invention provides a very simple alternative.
- the first light beam corresponds to the above-mentioned first light pulse
- the second light beam corresponds to the second light pulse
- the third light beam corresponds to the third light pulse
- the fourth light beam corresponds to the fourth light pulse.
- the delay means comprise adjustable mirrors, by the adjustment of which the length of the light path of a light pulse, which is deflected by the adjustable mirrors, can be changed between the light source and the sample location.
- Such a delay means is formed, for example, by an ordinary delay path with two mutually perpendicular mirrors. It should be noted, however, that this simple solution becomes possible only through the pairwise guidance of the light pulses described above. For comparison, reference should again be made to the structure of Fig. 3, were used in the mutually displaceable glass wedges as delay elements. In the structure of Fig.
- a variable-length delay line is even preferable to a variable glass variable path variable delay when high-bandwidth light pulses are to be used.
- the inventors systematically investigated the influence of a glass path corresponding to a delay of 500 fs on the pulse duration and the pulse shape using the Sellmeyer equation. Even when using a low-dispersive glass (Lithotech Fused Silica Q) it was found that the duration of a pulse of 5.6 fs after passing through the glass was increased to 9.8 fs (FWHM), ie by about 75%. This is at the expense of the peak intensity, which after passing through the additional glass reaches only 55% of the initial value. In addition, the higher-order terms in phase lead to a significantly altered pulse shape. The assumption of ⁇ -shaped or even identical excitation pulses for all points in time is thus questionable under these circumstances, so that the use of displaceable glass wedges for broadband excitations reaches its limits.
- the adjustable mirrors of the first and / or the second retarding means are adjustable by means of a motor-driven or manually adjustable holder and additionally by piezo actuators.
- the adjustability of the holder allows relatively large adjustment paths, the additional adjustability by piezoelectric actuators allows a fine adjustment with high precision.
- only the first retarding means has a motor-driven holder, while the second retarding means only contains a manually adjustable holder, with which the necessary adjustment paths can already be achieved.
- both delay means have a piezoelectric actuator.
- the focusing device is formed by a spherical mirror and the optical device is designed so that the first to fourth light pulse along the edges of an imaginary cuboid incident on this spherical mirror.
- This geometry is also known as a "boxcar" geometry, whereby a diaphragm is preferably provided which is designed and arranged such that it blocks the first to third light pulses after passing through the sample and the interference signal, ie the superposition of the signal third Order and the fourth pulse (the local oscillator).
- a lens arrangement for example a microscope objective, which is suitable for receiving the interference signal and for coupling it into a single-mode fiber.
- At least one closure device is preferably provided with which the first, the second, the third and / or the fourth light pulse can optionally be blocked.
- This closure device can be used to measure scattering terms with which the experimentally determined signal can be subsequently corrected.
- the detection device comprises a spectrometer which is suitable for detecting the interference signal in frequency space.
- a further delay element is provided in the light path of the fourth pulse.
- this delay element can be manually adjusted to delay the fourth light pulse with respect to the light pulses 1-3 to obtain a structure in which the fourth light pulse, which is the local oscillator for heterodyne detection, is the last of the four pulses arrive at the sample location.
- further delay element serves to delay a single light pulse, not a pair of pulses, so that the phase-stabilizing effect described above with respect to this delay element is not present.
- this delay element is not adjusted during the measurement, but merely serves to produce a global delay of the fourth light pulse.
- the light pulses 1-3 are delayed by a further delay element with respect to the fourth light pulse, so that the fourth light pulse arrives first at the sample location.
- the optical device is arranged in a housing, for example a Plexiglas housing. Stable airflow and temperature conditions can be established within the enclosure, allowing stable operation over time.
- the device further comprises a light source for generating the base pulse.
- the light source comprises a non-collinear optical parametric amplifier.
- the light source is further adapted to generate pulses whose relative bandwidth ⁇ / ⁇ is at least 0.2, preferably at least 0.3, where ⁇ is the width of the wavelength spectrum FWHM and ⁇ is the central wavelength of the pulse.
- FIG. 1 shows a plurality of 2D spectra recorded with the prior art device of FIG. 3;
- FIG. 2 schematically shows the structure of a device for coherent, two-dimensional optical spectroscopy in the IR spectral range according to Tokmakoff et al.
- 3 schematically shows the structure of a device for coherent, two-dimensional optical spectroscopy in the visible spectral range according to Brixner et al.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a spherical mirror, a sample and a shutter used in the apparatus of FIG. 4.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a spherical mirror, a sample and a shutter used in the apparatus of FIG. 4.
- 6 is a diagram showing the time sequence of the pulses 1-4 and the signal pulse
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating how the coherence and population times can be set in the present invention.
- Fig. 9 is a graph showing the spectral phase of the signal relative to the local oscillator over a period of 18 min.
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic illustration of a top view of a device 10 for coherent two-dimensional optical spectroscopy according to a development of the invention.
- a so-called non-collinear optical parametric amplifier (NOPA) which is not shown in FIG. 4 is used as the broadband coherent light source.
- NOPA non-collinear optical parametric amplifier
- From the NOPA exits a base light pulse 12, which at a first beam splitter 14 in a first partial beam TS 12th and a second sub-beam TS 34 is split.
- the base light pulse is in the embodiment shown a broadband pulse with a width of 200 nm or more.
- the second partial beam TS 34 is formed by the part of the base pulse 12 which passes through the first beam splitter 14 and thus runs in the plane of the drawing of FIG. 4.
- the first partial beam TSj 2 is deflected into the plane of the paper at the first beam splitter 14 and deflected by a mirror 16 into a plane parallel to and below the plane of the paper of FIG. 4.
- the first partial beam TS 12 is a partial beam from which later the first and the second light pulse result
- the second partial beam TS 34 is a beam from which later the third and the fourth light pulse result.
- a first variable delay path 18 is provided behind the beam splitter 14, which comprises two mutually perpendicularly arranged mirror 20, which are mounted on a motor-adjustable holder (not shown). Between the holder (not shown) and the mirrors 20, 22 is an additional piezoelectric actuator.
- the adjustable support (not shown) and the piezoelectric actuator (not shown) can be adjusted in one direction, which is shown in Fig. 4 by an arrow 24.
- the adjustable support (not shown) which may be, for example, a "Newport" sliding table, allows adjustment over relatively large displacement paths
- the additional piezo actuator (not shown) allows precise control of the delay times with a reproducible one Adjustment accuracy of better than 0.2 fs.
- the delay line 18 is arranged only in the light path of the partial beam TS 34 , while the partial beam TS 12 passes undelayed under the delay line 18 therethrough.
- the first partial beam TS 12 and the second partial beam TS 34 strike a second beam splitter 26.
- the beam splitter 26 divides the second partial beam TS 34 into a second light pulse. passing through the second beam splitter 26, and a fourth light pulse coming from the third one Beam splitter 26 is reflected.
- the second beam splitter 26 divides the first partial beam TSj 2 into a first light pulse passing through the second beam splitter 26 and into a second light pulse coming from the second beam splitter 26 is reflected.
- the first and the third light pulse are passed through a second variable delay path 28, which likewise comprises two mutually perpendicular mirrors 30, 32 and basically has the same structure as the first variable delay path 18, except that in the second variable delay path 28 in addition to a piezoelectric actuator (not shown) only a manually adjustable holder is provided. The reason for this is that for the range of delays to be established with the second variable delay section 28, the adjustment value of the piezoelectric actuator is already sufficient.
- the second and fourth light pulses are reflected at a mirror 34.
- the first to fourth light pulses are irradiated along the edges of an imaginary cuboid onto a spherical focusing mirror 36 having a focal length of 25 cm, the first and second light pulses being irradiated in the first horizontal plane, i. 4, and the third and fourth light pulses in the second horizontal plane, i. in the paper plane of Fig. 4 run.
- This geometry is called boxcar geometry.
- the first to fourth light beams are focused by the spherical mirror 36 via a further mirror 38 onto a sample 40.
- a signal of the third order is generated by interaction of the first to third light pulses with the sample 40.
- the wave vector k s of the third-order signal therefore has the same direction as the wave vector k 4 of the fourth light pulse, which serves as a local oscillator (LO).
- the third order signal and the fourth light pulse thus propagate in the same direction and may interfere with each other.
- An aperture 42 is provided which passes only the fourth light pulse and the third order signal, but blocks the light pulses 1 to 3.
- the geometric relationship between the spherical mirror 36, the sample 14 and the diaphragm or apparatus 42 is shown in perspective in FIG. 5.
- a microscope objective 44 Disposed behind the aperture 42 is a microscope objective 44 which transmits the third order signal and the LO, i. couples the fourth light pulse for heterodyne detection into a single-mode fiber 46. Via the single mode fiber 46, the third order signal and the fourth light pulse are stirred into a spectrometer (not shown).
- the device 10 further comprises the shutter devices (not shown in Fig. 4), over which the four light pulses can be blocked independently to automatically measure occurring stray light of the individual beams or any combination of multiple beams and later to remove numerically in the data evaluation.
- the shutter devices not shown in Fig. 4
- the fourth pulse is a variable attenuator (not shown) and a glass plate in front of the sample 40, over the tilt of which a temporal and spatial offset between the fourth light pulse (i.e., the LO) and the first to third light pulses can be effected.
- the construction shown schematically in FIG. 4 can be implemented extremely low and compact.
- the beam height of the upper beam pair is 9 cm and that of the lower beam pair 6 cm.
- the entire structure can be accommodated on a 60 cm x 90 cm breadboard. From the first beam splitter 14 to the sample 40, the light pulses pass through a distance of only 105 cm. To minimize the influence of air currents and short - term temperature fluctuations, the entire structure preferably in a housing, such as a plexiglass box (not shown).
- r denotes the location, t the time, E the electric field and S (3) the third-order spectral response function.
- the basic idea of a 2D experiment is as follows: By systematic variation of the interaction times tt 3 , tt 3 -t 2 and tt 3 -t 2 -ti, the time dependency of the polarization P (3) can be completely detected, and the complete microscopic information is obtained about the system contained in the third order of the quantum mechanical density operator as a function of the electric field. But since the exciting laser pulses always have a finite duration, the interaction time with the matter can be limited to the envelope of the pulse. In actual fact, only the times of the pulse centers are experimentally varied, namely by suitable variation of the delay lines 18 and 28 of FIG. 4.
- Time interval between the second and the third pulse is referred to as the population time T, because the system is again in a Di agnonalschreib the density operator at this time, which is also referred to as "population".
- Each of these 216 terms consists of 3 amplitude functions A (t) or A * (t) and the corresponding phase factors that determine its direction and frequency. The contribution
- each term has one of the following phase factors:
- Equation (6) thus defines the actual 2D spectrum, as shown in FIG. 1, which is a function of the two frequencies ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ t (and therefore 2-dimensional) and further a function of the population time T.
- the resulting spectra are complex valued and can be represented either as real and imaginary part or as magnitude and phase.
- the absolute phase of the 2D spectrum can be compared to a pump-probe Measurement can be determined for each population time.
- the projection of the 2D spectrum onto the ⁇ ⁇ axis must coincide with the pump-probe spectrum if the absolute phase is correct.
- the detection of the complete electric field Es of the signal ie the signal amplitude and the signal phase
- the detection of the signal amplitude and the phase of the signal It takes place via spectral interferometry, which is also referred to as heterodyne detection.
- the signal pulse of the third order is superimposed with a completely known reference pulse, namely the fourth light pulse, at the time interval t 4 , and the interference of these two pulses is recorded as an interference signal in the frequency domain with a spectrometer. Because of its function as a reference pulse, the fourth light pulse is therefore also referred to as a "local oscillator" (LO).
- LO local oscillator
- Esi and E LO denote the amplitude of the electric field of the third-order signal and the local oscillator (ie, the fourth light pulse), and ⁇ s and ⁇ lo denote the associated phases.
- the amplitude Es and the phase ⁇ s can then be extracted in a manner known per se, as will be explained with reference to FIG. 7.
- the starting point is the SI spectrum measured by the spectrometer according to equation (7), which is shown in Fig. 7 top left.
- the inverse Fourier transform (“Inverse” because of frequency to time space) provides three peaks, which can be seen in the lower left image of Fig. 7.
- the two peaks at -t 0 and t 0 correspond to the inverse Fourier transforms of the interference signals, where A ⁇ corresponds to the phase difference ⁇ s - ⁇ 1 , and Is and IL 0 to the intensities of the signal
- a ⁇ corresponds to the phase difference ⁇ s - ⁇ 1
- Is and IL 0 to the intensities of the signal
- the Fourier transform of this peak then provides a signal from which the amplitude and the phase ⁇ can be determined, since the amplitude -J 10 and the phase ⁇ LO of the local oscillator are known.
- Isi ⁇ .omega.t E s ( ⁇ t) e I ⁇ '(.omega.t) e i ⁇ o l- Atl + At2 + At3') + E LO ( ⁇ t) e i ⁇ Lo (- ⁇ ⁇ e i ⁇ tU e iu 'OAT4
- All of these optical elements can have an effect on the optical path length, unintentionally, in the case of beam splitters 14, 26 and mirrors 16, 34, 36 and 38 or intentionally, in the case of delay lines 18 and 28.
- the optical ones change Path lengths of both pulses of said pulse pairs at least in the first order in the same way, so that the induced variations in arrival times in the first order are identical. Since these variations essentially cancel each other out with respect to the phase of the interference signal, the phase is relatively stable to these variations. This makes it possible to realize the structure of FIG. 4 with standard optical components, and in particular without the use of gratings or variable glass sections, which, as explained above, are disadvantageous with regard to larger bandwidths of the light pulses.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram demonstrating the successful stabilization of the phase with the structure of FIG. 4.
- the spectral interference of the third-order signal with the local oscillator was recorded over a longer period of time.
- the spectral phase of the signal was obtained relative to the LO.
- the result of an 18-minute measurement can be seen in FIG.
- the maximum deviation in phase is ⁇ / 20.
- This interferometric precision is based on the principle of paired beam guidance presented here and allows phase stability in 2D visible spectroscopy without diffractive or active elements. In a conventional setup without the pairwise beam guidance, the phase would typically deviate significantly from 0 already after a few seconds and fluctuate or drift over the entire interval from - ⁇ to + ⁇ . III. Expiry of the measuring procedure
- the laser pulses of the NOPA are brought to the desired spectral shape, compressed in time and characterized in intensity and phase by a FROG measurement (transient grating frequency-resolved optical gating).
- the structure of FIG. 4 comprises two diaphragms (not shown) with which the parallelism of the beams to one another and the overlap of the four beams at the location of the specimen are already ensured by a simple coupling in of the visible NOPA beam.
- the exact time zero is determined by means of spectral interferometry at the sample location with a single-mode fiber.
- the arrival time of the local oscillator t ⁇ > is determined by spectral interferometry. Thereafter, the sample is placed in the overlap region of the rays.
- a third order visible signal is produced which is in the direction of the fourth light pulse, i. of the LO propagated. This is coupled together with the LO by means of the microscope objective 44 and the single-mode fiber 46 into the spectrometer.
- the size of scattering terms that is to say contributions to the signal which originate from only two or one more beam, is determined, for which purpose the abovementioned closure devices (not shown in FIG. 4) are used.
- the delay times ⁇ and T are set by appropriately setting the delay lines 18 and 28.
- the spectral interference of signal and LO is with the Spectrometer recorded.
- the addressed sputtering terms can be recorded for later numerical correction of the data as required and signal quality.
- the above-mentioned closure devices are also automatically set to the respective necessary combinations of opening and closing. In total, any number of 2D spectra can be measured at different population times T.
- the Fourier method described in connection with FIG. 7 is used, essentially as known from the prior art, but with small changes in order to obtain the special scanning method in the case of FIG Adjusting the time delays in view of the paired beams to be considered.
- possible scatter contributions are corrected, then the signal in intensity and phase is obtained from the spectral interference.
- the frequency axis of the emission is already given by detecting the spectrometer.
- the axis for the excitation is generated by Fourier transformation of the data recorded for all different coherence times. In this way one arrives at a two-dimensional spectrum of the type as shown in Fig. 1, which indicates the probability of a photon of frequency ⁇ ⁇ to absorb, and to a population of time of T a photon at a frequency ⁇ t emit again.
- variable delay lines 18 and 28 the time delays between the three excitation pulses, i. set the coherence time ⁇ and the population time T by means of the variable delay lines 18 and 28, as explained in more detail with reference to FIG. 8.
- the fourth pulse is first delayed by 3 ⁇ 0 relative to the other three by tilting a compensation plate such that the fourth pulse (ie the LO) corresponds approximately to one picosecond. goes through the longer glass path. In this arrangement, therefore, the LO always arrives last in the sample (see Figure A of Fig. 8). However, this is not absolutely necessary, for example, one could also delay the other three pulses so that LO first arrives at the sample.
- a non-zero population time T is introduced by moving the shift table of the first delay line 18 (see Figure B of FIG. 8).
- Negative values for ⁇ are obtained by moving the piezoelectric actuator at the second delay line 28 in such a way that the optical path for the light pulses 1 and 3 extends, ie they arrive at the sample at later times.
- the time interval between the third and the fourth light pulse is shortened by
- the method of both piezo actuators is necessary: As before, the pulses 1 and 3 are shifted in time relative to the pulses 2 and 4 by the piezo actuator on the second delay line 28, but this time in the other direction. This leads to a "negative population time", ie the timing of the pulses 2 and 3 must then be corrected again by means of piezoelectric actuator of the first delay line 18 (see Figure F of Fig. 8) the delay line 18 is moved to larger times as shown in Fig. B. In this case, the time interval to the third and the fourth pulse increases by ⁇ .
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Abstract
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102008025170A DE102008025170B3 (de) | 2008-05-26 | 2008-05-26 | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur kohärenten mehr-dimensionalen optischen Spektroskopie |
| PCT/EP2009/003274 WO2009143957A1 (de) | 2008-05-26 | 2009-05-07 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur kohärenten mehr-dimensionalen optischen spektroskopie |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| EP2281182A1 true EP2281182A1 (de) | 2011-02-09 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| EP09753612A Withdrawn EP2281182A1 (de) | 2008-05-26 | 2009-05-07 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur kohärenten mehr-dimensionalen optischen spektroskopie |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8665446B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP2281182A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102008025170B3 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2009143957A1 (de) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009075702A2 (en) | 2007-09-07 | 2009-06-18 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Two-dimensional fourier transform spectrometer |
| DE102008025170B3 (de) | 2008-05-26 | 2009-11-12 | Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur kohärenten mehr-dimensionalen optischen Spektroskopie |
| EP2336739B1 (de) * | 2009-12-09 | 2012-07-11 | Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg | Optische Anordnung, Vorrichtung und Verfahren für eine kohärente zwei- oder mehrdimensionale optische Spektroskopie |
| WO2012024347A1 (en) * | 2010-08-16 | 2012-02-23 | The University Of Chicago | Real-time mapping of electronic structure with single-shot two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy |
| US9563101B2 (en) * | 2014-08-01 | 2017-02-07 | New York University | Common-path noncollinear optical parametric amplifier |
| US11156553B2 (en) * | 2017-11-07 | 2021-10-26 | The University Of Chicago | Systems and methods for optical resonance imaging |
| CN109444140B (zh) * | 2018-12-14 | 2020-07-07 | 中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心 | 一种超快全光单发多幅成像装置 |
| US20230358861A1 (en) * | 2022-05-04 | 2023-11-09 | Luminar, Llc | Dual-wavelength lidar system with coincidence detection and pulse encoding |
| CN115183871B (zh) * | 2022-06-20 | 2024-10-01 | 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 | 基于后验误差最小化的干涉成像光谱仪周期振动修正方法 |
| DE102024114768A1 (de) * | 2024-05-27 | 2025-11-27 | Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Steuerung der Relativphase in Paaren von ultrakurzen elektromagnetischen Impulsen, Interferometriesystem mit besagter Vorrichtung und Interferometrieverfahren mit besagtem Verfahren |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US4996412A (en) * | 1989-12-07 | 1991-02-26 | United Technologies Corporation | Optical system for wavefront compensation |
| DE19619483A1 (de) * | 1996-05-14 | 1997-11-20 | Lambda Physik Gmbh | Abstimmbare schmalbandige Quelle kohärenter Strahlung |
| US5832362A (en) * | 1997-02-13 | 1998-11-03 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Apparatus for generating parallel radiation for curing photosensitive resin |
| EP1794324A4 (de) * | 2004-09-20 | 2010-04-14 | Wisconsin Alumni Res Found | Nichtlineare spektroskopische verfahren zur identifizierung und beschreibung molekularer wechselwirkungen |
| WO2007064830A1 (en) * | 2005-12-02 | 2007-06-07 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Method and apparatus for two-dimensional spectroscopy |
| US7760342B2 (en) * | 2007-12-21 | 2010-07-20 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Multidimensional spectrometer |
| DE102008025170B3 (de) | 2008-05-26 | 2009-11-12 | Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur kohärenten mehr-dimensionalen optischen Spektroskopie |
-
2008
- 2008-05-26 DE DE102008025170A patent/DE102008025170B3/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2009
- 2009-05-07 WO PCT/EP2009/003274 patent/WO2009143957A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2009-05-07 EP EP09753612A patent/EP2281182A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-05-07 US US12/994,607 patent/US8665446B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| See references of WO2009143957A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20110141467A1 (en) | 2011-06-16 |
| DE102008025170B3 (de) | 2009-11-12 |
| US8665446B2 (en) | 2014-03-04 |
| WO2009143957A1 (de) | 2009-12-03 |
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