EP2276037B1 - Verfahren zur Immobilisierung von radioaktivem Abfall - Google Patents

Verfahren zur Immobilisierung von radioaktivem Abfall Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2276037B1
EP2276037B1 EP10169911A EP10169911A EP2276037B1 EP 2276037 B1 EP2276037 B1 EP 2276037B1 EP 10169911 A EP10169911 A EP 10169911A EP 10169911 A EP10169911 A EP 10169911A EP 2276037 B1 EP2276037 B1 EP 2276037B1
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Prior art keywords
mineral composition
during
mineral
nuclear waste
equal
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EP10169911A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2276037A1 (de
Inventor
Ludovic Martin
Jean-Jacques Aman
Vincent Bernard
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Soletanche Freyssinet SA
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Soletanche Freyssinet SA
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Priority claimed from FR0954986A external-priority patent/FR2948224A1/fr
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
    • G21F9/04—Treating liquids
    • G21F9/06—Processing
    • G21F9/16—Processing by fixation in stable solid media
    • G21F9/162—Processing by fixation in stable solid media in an inorganic matrix, e.g. clays, zeolites
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
    • G21F9/28—Treating solids
    • G21F9/30—Processing
    • G21F9/301—Processing by fixation in stable solid media
    • G21F9/302—Processing by fixation in stable solid media in an inorganic matrix

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for immobilizing nuclear waste by a matrix based on a mineral composition obtained by preparing a base comprising a predetermined quantity of a mineral material synthesized by at least one part of living structure chosen from the plant, animal and / or microorganism kingdoms.
  • Radioactive or nuclear waste is a radioactive material for which no use is planned and the dispersion of which in the environment is not permitted. Radioactive waste covers a wide variety of substances that differ in particular in their activity and their half-life, but also in their state (solid, liquid, gaseous) and their chemical composition.
  • Nuclear waste liquid or solid
  • nuclear waste may be contaminated on the surface and / or in bulk.
  • the waste of the nuclear industry is specific. On the one hand their activity decreases with time, and on the other hand their diversity requires packaging methods adapted to the volumes and their activities. There are many methods for conditioning waste in the nuclear industry.
  • Compacting is a primary packaging mode where compacted products must be packaged in a package.
  • Blocking or immobilization of waste is a technique commonly used in the nuclear industry where a cement or a polymer serves to immobilize nuclear waste within containers or as a packaging matrix for coating the nuclear waste.
  • cementing is also used to coat waste in solution or in powder form, for example evaporation residues, chemical treatment sludges or ion exchange resins. .
  • waste packages meet strict criteria, in particular with regard to the matrix.
  • the content must be sufficiently stable and not subject to dissemination related to storage conditions.
  • Blocking with a cement is a low cost process and easy to implement but it is not without drawbacks. Interactions between the constituents of some nuclear waste and the cement matrix can lead to swelling and cracking of the package, reducing its durability.
  • Cementation is the most used technique for solid waste.
  • the main reasons for this choice are the abundance of raw materials, the density of the material (biological protection), the mechanical resistance, the good knowledge of its long-term behavior, the robustness of the process and the simplicity of its implementation. .
  • Previously compacted or loose waste are usually placed in a basket, itself deposited in a metal container or concrete; they are then immobilized by cement, responsible for limiting the risk of diffusion of the radioelements to the outside, and thus form a heterogeneous coating.
  • cementation does not guarantee the durability of the packages for certain chemically charged nuclear waste (sulphates, etc.) or reagents containing organic matter.
  • cementing process is an exothermic process that may provoke violent reactions when mixing with certain reactive nuclear waste.
  • the cementitious medium has an alkaline pH of the order of 13 to 14 which may not be compatible with certain nuclear waste.
  • the blocking of the reactive materials generates gases, making it impossible to guarantee the integrity of the packages over long periods, for example periods of at least 300 years.
  • one of the aims of the present invention is to propose another solution that makes it possible to immobilize nuclear waste that does not have the drawbacks of the solutions of the prior art.
  • the immobilization method according to the invention makes it possible to immobilize chemically charged nuclear waste and / or reactive metallic nuclear waste and / or organic nuclear waste that can not be immobilized by conventional cementation.
  • the present invention relates to a method of immobilizing chemically charged nuclear waste or reactive or containing organic matter, and more particularly those which can not be blocked by conventional hydraulic binders.
  • the method according to the invention makes it possible to achieve the encapsulation of this waste in a homogeneous and durable matrix meeting predefined storage criteria.
  • oils resins, ion exchange resins (IREs), graphite, magnesium uranium, aluminum, bitumen, sludge, brine, borate and sulphate products, sludges or concentrates containing organic matter and mixtures thereof.
  • IREs ion exchange resins
  • the mixture of the mineral composition and the water allows the mineral composition to achieve a structural arrangement leading to the creation of a three-dimensional network.
  • the realization of this network leads to a setting in mass of the hydrated mineral composition around the nuclear waste which, after a certain drying time, makes it possible to obtain a compact mass composed of the waste and an immobilization matrix.
  • living structure mineralizing, mineralized or mineralizable, it is necessary to understand any cell structure or cell origin, plant, animal or micro-organic, living and / or resulting from life and / or compounds of biological origin, crystallized or not, such as enzymes, hormones, proteins, DNA.
  • inactivated material is meant material devoid of any biological and / or biomineralising activity, including any pathogenic microbiological activity.
  • mineral should be understood here in the broad sense, namely as including a mineral in its composition.
  • the step of preparing the base may comprise a phase consisting in cultivating the abovementioned living structure during a period and in a medium such that at least one part called “mineral biomass” of said material is then produced or synthesized by this structure.
  • the treatment step may then comprise a phase of inactivation of the living structure.
  • inactivation it is understood to obtain inactivated material, as defined above, from living structure as defined above.
  • a mixing phase may be performed during one of the steps of the manufacturing process.
  • This mixing phase is preferably carried out at least partly simultaneously with another phase of the method according to the invention, for example during the inactivation or after the mixing step.
  • the manufacturing process may be carried out with microorganisms and / or cells, of vegetable or animal origin, alone, or in symbiotic or other association, mineralized, mineralizing or mineralizable.
  • the aforementioned living structure may be a plant and / or animal or part of a plant and / or animal such as a cell, a tissue or an organ.
  • the selected structure is cultivated in vivo, in soil, on a rich organic matter layer, by hydroponics, in a petri dish, in a reactor such as fermenter or battery farm, on feet or fish farming, in particular.
  • the structure can be cultured in a suitable nutrient medium known to those skilled in the art such as Knopli's liquid, Earle's solution, Hanks, "199" medium, Sabouraud's medium, MEM-Eagle's medium or the like.
  • a suitable nutrient medium known to those skilled in the art such as Knopli's liquid, Earle's solution, Hanks, "199" medium, Sabouraud's medium, MEM-Eagle's medium or the like.
  • the step of preparing the base may comprise a step of collecting and / or collecting the aforementioned living structure, and incorporating it into the base in proportions such that this input constitutes at least a portion of the required mineral material.
  • the mineral material thus harvested and / or collected may be of various types: carbonated, siliceous, saline, fluorinated, barium, carbonaceous, ferruginous, in the form of, for example, present and / or fossil deposition, concretion. It is then incorporated in the base, either during the preparation step, or during the processing step.
  • Fossil and / or other sedimentary rocks such as granite, basalt, pumice or other can be used in the composition of the final material.
  • At least one of the aforementioned biomass, base, material and / or mineral matter is fragmented during the preparation step, and / or during the treatment step.
  • the abovementioned fragmentation is at least partially carried out by dislocation using ultrasound and / or physicochemical means, such as the addition of additives, irradiation, cryogenic and / or thermal treatment, crushing or the pressure variation.
  • One of the phases of the process may be to develop a suspension of the aforementioned biomass, base or material in a liquid, preferably aqueous for spraying or brushing, for example.
  • This liquid can be used in the composition of one of the abovementioned culture media.
  • An optional phase of the preparation and / or treatment step comprises incorporating into at least one of the biomass, the medium, the material, the base and the mineral material, a cohesion and / or texture agent.
  • This cohesion and / or texture agent is preferably metallic such as calcium, magnesium, silicon, barium, sodium, fluorine, aluminum, iron, manganese, zinc, or organic such as collagen, mucopolysaccharide and / or polycellulosic compound.
  • the proportions and the composition of the aforementioned texture agent are chosen so that the final material has a predetermined hardness and / or elasticity.
  • the manufacturing process may comprise a total or partial dehydration phase of the inactivation salt (s) comprising the abovementioned base and / or mineral material.
  • This dehydration phase may be at least partially carried out by filtration, centrifugation, heat treatment and / or cryogenics.
  • an additive for example foaming, fibrous, agglomerating, insulating, flame retardant or the like may be incorporated in the base and / or the aforementioned mineral material.
  • the epidermis in Equisetum arvense (Common horsetail) is the scene of silica mineral productions often considered as concretions from epidermal membrane secretions, while there are involved bacteria in the periphery and / or in the cells of Equisetum arvense. These explain the deposits of intra- and / or extracellular silica.
  • the siliceous cover of the sterile aerial shoot of Equisetum arvense and the deposits of opaline silica encrusting the epidermis of its various aerial organs is related to the presence and the symbiotic participation of bacteria. These are bacilli 0.4 to 0.7 microns long and 0.1 microns thick. These mineralizing bacilli cause a gradual external impastation of the cells concerned as and when development of bacterial veils. These successive veils cause a homogeneous and stratified siliceous covering.
  • Biomineral masses resulting from the multiplication and accumulation of algae frustules, naturally or industrially, are applicable to the invention.
  • the biomineral mass can also result from the cultivation of a tripartite plant association of the lichenic type.
  • Lichens are composite plant associations.
  • the so-called reciprocal benefit association consists of a fungus, an alga and mineralizing bacteria similar to those mentioned above.
  • lichenic acid deposits in the form of extracellular and hydrophobic crystals is due to the mineralization of lichens by said symbiotic bacteria.
  • Symbiotic bacteria are distinguished from cyanobacteria, sometimes cited by their small size and lack of pigment.
  • the living structure can therefore simply be the cells of a plant thus physiologically equipped.
  • the structure of plant origin may be a lower plant selected from fungi and their spores.
  • the living structure may be a microorganism such as a virus or bacterium, including megatherum bacillus, pseudomonas fluorescens, pseudomonas maltophilia, pseudomonas putida, buttauxiella agrestis, rhodococcus, serratia marescens.
  • a virus or bacterium including megatherum bacillus, pseudomonas fluorescens, pseudomonas maltophilia, pseudomonas putida, buttauxiella agrestis, rhodococcus, serratia marescens.
  • the living structure may also be an animal, or part of an animal such as a cell, a tissue and / or an organ, chosen from invertebrate protozoa or metazoans such as sponges, lamellibranchs and echinoderms, or from vertebrates.
  • an animal or part of an animal such as a cell, a tissue and / or an organ, chosen from invertebrate protozoa or metazoans such as sponges, lamellibranchs and echinoderms, or from vertebrates.
  • One or more compatible living symbiotic or cooperating structures can be cultivated within the same medium, whether of plant, animal and / or micro-organic origin.
  • the first preparation step is intended to obtain a mineral base, that is to say an intermediate product.
  • the step of preparing the base comprises a phase consisting in cultivating the abovementioned living structure during a period and in a medium such that at least one so-called “mineral biomass” portion of said material is then produced or synthesized by this structure.
  • the second step is to treat said base after its demineralization, so as to transform it into a deactivated or inactivated mineral material and predefined texture.
  • the living structure When the abovementioned living structure is a part of a plant such as a cell, tissue or organ, the living structure may originate from a so-called superior monocotyledonous plant, such as water or dicotyledonous Lentils, and especially from the Daucales, the Lianes. , Bignoniaceae, Moreae, Comrnaceae, Cactaceae.
  • the plant-derived structure may be an alga and in particular Rhodophycée, Chlorophycée, Charophycée, Schyzophycée, Cyanophycée, Pheophycée and / or a Protophyte, and then other media are possible
  • the living structure is an animal, or part of an animal such as cell, tissue and / or organ, and in particular a protozoa with sandy, carbonate, siliceous or chitinous test, mesoglées of spongiaries with calcareous spicules or silicones, corallary cells, epidermal shell cells, or cells that cause bone structures in vertebrates.
  • the mineral biomasses can be obtained by in vitro culture of the tissue cells and / or organs involved in the mineral biosynthesis of the animal kingdom.
  • micro-organisms are also abundantly cultivable in commercial industrial fermenters, and in particular tangential filtration ultrafermentors, which make it possible to obtain continuous production.
  • One or more compatible living structures can be grown in the same medium, possibly with at least one other compatible structure of plant, animal and / or microorganic origin.
  • the second step is to treat said base after its demineralization so as to transform it into an inactivated mineral material and predefined texture.
  • the treatment step then comprises a phase of inactivation of the living structure.
  • This inactivation phase may be carried out by adding at least one salt, such as, for example, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride or barium chloride, preferably in anhydrous form.
  • at least one salt such as, for example, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride or barium chloride, preferably in anhydrous form.
  • Biomass is stabilized, that is, inactivated, so that any cell development is interrupted. Such a result can be obtained by adding in suitable proportions, one or more of the above salts, or substances having similar effects on the living structure retained.
  • the respective proportions (in mass units) of 1 part of magnesium sulphate, 0.5 part of calcium chloride, 0.5 part of barium chloride, 2 parts of magnesium oxide, preferably anhydrous, are acceptable.
  • these proportions may vary, especially in a range of 20% to 50%.
  • a mixing phase may be performed during one of the steps of the manufacturing process. Preferably this mixing phase is carried out at least partly simultaneously with another phase of the process, and in particular during inactivation.
  • Two inactivation phases can be used: one during the production of the product, the other during use, for example during the mixing state of the process according to the invention.
  • the total inactivation of the living structures of the base is then carried out by mixing the biomass and salts mentioned, with a supply of water in equal amounts, to ensure a good mixture thereof.
  • the base can be added to the salts mentioned in proportions ranging from 0.5 base per 1 of salts to 4 bases per 1 of salts.
  • the step of preparing the base may comprise a phase consisting of harvesting or collecting either the abovementioned living structure or the sedimentary mineral material, and incorporating it into the base in proportions such that this input constitutes at least a portion of the required mineral material.
  • the mineral material in the form of, for example, deposition, actual and / or fossil concretion, and to incorporate it into the base either during the preparation step or during the treatment step.
  • the living structure is chosen so that its associated mineral matter contains at least one carbonate, siliceous, selenitic or similar mineralogical constituent.
  • Many other new sources of mineral are usable according to the invention. Clearing or other agricultural operations (harvesting such as haying, harvesting, harvesting, etc.) generate significant amounts of mineralized or mineralizable or mineralisers and suitable for over-mineralization (hay, straw, stubble, etc.).
  • Some industrial operations generate waste of plant origin, such as sawdust, which can be mineralized.
  • the cells of relatively rigid plants and particularly those of lianas are mentioned, for example Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium auritum syn. Philodendron trifolium and Syngonium hastifolium. Ivy and fig trees are a potential source of mineral substrates. The same is true for coastal algae deposits such as Maerl.
  • At least one of the aforementioned biomass, base, material and / or mineral matter is fragmented during the preparation step, and optionally during the inactivating treatment step.
  • the fragmentation phase is carried out until a determined texture or malleability is obtained.
  • the purpose of the fragmentation is to obtain a more or less loose material, and preferably with a given particle size.
  • the abovementioned fragmentation is at least partially carried out by dislocation using ultrasound and / or physicochemical means, such as the addition of additives, cryogenic and / or thermal treatment, grinding or pressure variation. .
  • one of the phases of the manufacturing process may be to develop a suspension of the aforementioned biomass or fragmented material in a liquid, preferably aqueous. It is possible during a phase of the process to incorporate at least one of the culture medium, the biomass, the material, the base and the mineral material. This substance is possibly an element of biomass.
  • a preparation and / or treatment step may consist in incorporating into at least one of the biomass, the medium, the material, the base and the mineral material, a cohesion or texture agent.
  • This agent is preferably a particularly metallic binder such as calcium, magnesium, silicon, barium, sodium, fluorine, aluminum, iron, manganese, zinc, or organic such as collagen, mucopolysaccharide and poly-cellulosic compound.
  • this agent is optionally used as an inactivation compound, in the case of a base comprising a living structure, cultivated or collected.
  • the proportions and the composition of the above-mentioned cohesion and / or texture agent are chosen so that the final material has a predetermined hardness or elasticity.
  • an additive for example foamable, fibrous, agglomerating, insulating, flame retardant or the like may be incorporated in the base and / or in the aforementioned mineral material.
  • the method may comprise a phase of at least partial dehydration of one or more components of the base and / or the aforementioned mineral material.
  • This dehydration phase can be at least partially carried out by filtering, irradiation, centrifugation, heat treatment and / or cryogenics.
  • the mineral composition comprises at least 50% and at most 80% by weight of calcium carbonate and at least 10% and at most 30% by weight of silica.
  • the mineral composition according to the invention may be in the form of a divided solid, which, after incorporation of a predetermined amount of water and an intimate kneading step, leads to a dough known as petrifying mix.
  • the viscosity of the Mix paste is adjustable by adjusting the proportions of mineral composition and water.
  • the production of the blocking matrix is possible after thorough mixing of the mineral composition and water at room temperature.
  • the fluidity of the mixture, the mechanical properties and the setting time depend on the water content. It is adaptable to the nature of the material and makes it possible to block nuclear waste.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Biological Treatment Of Waste Water (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
  • Silicates, Zeolites, And Molecular Sieves (AREA)
  • Steroid Compounds (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Verfahren zur Immobilisierung von Nuklearabfällen, das enthält:
    - einen Schritt des Mischens, während dem Nuklearabfälle mit einer mineralischen Zusammensetzung und mit Wasser gemischt werden,
    - einen Schritt des Trocknens, während dem die im Mischschritt erhaltene Mischung getrocknet wird, um eine Immobilisierungsmatrix zu formen,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die mineralische Zusammensetzung durch ein Herstellungsverfahren erhalten wird, das die Schritte enthält, die bestehen aus dem:
    - Bereitstellen einer Basis, die eine vorbestimmte Menge eines mineralischen Materials enthält, das durch mindestens einen Teil einer lebenden Struktur synthetisiert ist, die aus dem Pflanzen- oder Tierreich und/oder den Mikroorganismen ausgewählt wird; und
    - Behandeln der Basis derart, dass sie in einen inaktivierten Stoff vordefinierter Textur verwandelt wird.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem die mineralische Zusammensetzung so gewählt wird, dass sie mit Wasser vermischt einen pH zwischen 11 und 12,5 aufweist.
  3. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, bei dem die mineralische Zusammensetzung so gewählt wird, dass die Reaktion zwischen der mineralischen Zusammensetzung und dem Wasser im Wesentlichen athermisch ist.
  4. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem das Verhältnis zwischen der Massenmenge der mineralischen Zusammensetzung und der Massenmenge des Wassers höher als oder gleich 1 und geringer als oder gleich 85/15 ist.
  5. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die mineralische Zusammensetzung so gewählt wird, dass die Immobilisierungsmatrix eine Festigkeit gegenüber Druckbelastungen höher als oder gleich 8 MPa in 8 Tagen hat.
  6. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem während des Mischschritts Sand hinzugefügt wird, derart, dass das Verhältnis der Massenmenge der mineralischen Zusammensetzung zur Massenmenge von Sand höher als oder gleich 1,5 und geringer als oder gleich 10 ist.
  7. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem der Mischschritt enthält:
    - einen Schritt des Vormischens, während dem die mineralische Zusammensetzung und das Wasser vermischt werden,
    - einen Schritt des Knetens, während dem die im Schritt des Vormischens erhaltene Mischung geknetet wird, und
    - einen Schritt des Injizierens, während dem die geknetete Mischung in eine Verpackung injiziert wird, die die zu immobilisierenden Abfälle enthält.
  8. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, bei dem der Mischschritt enthält:
    - einen Schritt des Vormischens, während dem die Nuklearabfälle, die mineralische Zusammensetzung und das Wasser gemischt werden,
    - einen Schritt des Knetens, während dem die im Schritt des Vormischens erhaltene Mischung geknetet wird, und
    - einen Schritt des Injizierens, während dem die geknetete Mischung in eine Verpackung injiziert wird, die dazu bestimmt ist, die Nuklearabfälle zu enthalten.
  9. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die mineralische Zusammensetzung mindestens 50 Masseprozent und höchstens 80 Masseprozent Calciumcarbonat und mindestens 10 Masseprozent und höchstens 30 Masseprozent Siliciumdioxid enthält.
  10. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die Massenmenge der Nuklearabfälle in der Immobilisierungsmatrix höher als oder gleich 10% und geringer als oder gleich 80% ist.
EP10169911A 2009-07-17 2010-07-16 Verfahren zur Immobilisierung von radioaktivem Abfall Active EP2276037B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0954986A FR2948224A1 (fr) 2009-07-17 2009-07-17 Procede d'immobilisation de dechets nucleaires avec un biomateriau
FR0955428A FR2948225B1 (fr) 2009-07-17 2009-07-31 Procede d'immobilisation de dechets nucleaires

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2276037A1 EP2276037A1 (de) 2011-01-19
EP2276037B1 true EP2276037B1 (de) 2012-03-14

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EP (1) EP2276037B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE549722T1 (de)
ES (1) ES2385316T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2948225B1 (de)
HK (1) HK1151886A1 (de)
RU (1) RU2451350C2 (de)

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RU2560119C1 (ru) * 2014-06-27 2015-08-20 Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" (Госкорпорация "Росатом") Способ переработки отработавшего ядерного топлива
RU2574036C1 (ru) * 2014-08-12 2016-01-27 Открытое акционерное общество "Радиевый институт имени В.Г. Хлопина" Способ экстракционной переработки отработанного ядерного топлива аэс
CN104261564B (zh) * 2014-10-14 2015-12-09 南华大学 一种利用合果芋-黑曲霉共生体系修复低浓度铀污染水体的方法
RU2624825C2 (ru) * 2015-08-14 2017-07-07 Анатолий Алексеевич Москальчук Способ переработки жидких радиоактивных отходов
RU174440U1 (ru) * 2017-04-04 2017-10-13 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "РАОТЕХ" Установка для подготовки гетерогенной составляющей жидких радиоактивных отходов к захоронению

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ATE390690T1 (de) * 2000-06-12 2008-04-15 Geomatrix Solutions Inc Verfahren zur immobilisierung radioaktiver und schädlicher abfälle
RU2189652C1 (ru) * 2000-12-19 2002-09-20 Московское государственное предприятие - объединенный эколого-технологический и научно-исследовательский центр по обезвреживанию РАО и охране окружающей среды Способ иммобилизации радиоактивных отходов в минеральный матричный блок и устройство для его реализации
RU2271586C2 (ru) * 2004-04-01 2006-03-10 Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации - Физико-энергетический институт им. А.И. Лейпунского" Способ иммобилизации концентрированных жидких радиоактивных отходов (варианты)

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RU2010130270A (ru) 2012-01-27
EP2276037A1 (de) 2011-01-19
FR2948225A1 (fr) 2011-01-21
HK1151886A1 (en) 2012-02-10
ES2385316T3 (es) 2012-07-23
FR2948225B1 (fr) 2011-07-01
RU2451350C2 (ru) 2012-05-20
ATE549722T1 (de) 2012-03-15

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