EP2261758A1 - Mit Helium-3 angetriebene Atomuhr - Google Patents

Mit Helium-3 angetriebene Atomuhr Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2261758A1
EP2261758A1 EP10165184A EP10165184A EP2261758A1 EP 2261758 A1 EP2261758 A1 EP 2261758A1 EP 10165184 A EP10165184 A EP 10165184A EP 10165184 A EP10165184 A EP 10165184A EP 2261758 A1 EP2261758 A1 EP 2261758A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
atomic clock
helium
magnetic field
clock according
measuring medium
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP10165184A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2261758B1 (de
Inventor
Matthieu Le Prado
Jean-Michel Leger
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
Original Assignee
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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Publication of EP2261758A1 publication Critical patent/EP2261758A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2261758B1 publication Critical patent/EP2261758B1/de
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G04—HOROLOGY
    • G04F—TIME-INTERVAL MEASURING
    • G04F5/00—Apparatus for producing preselected time intervals for use as timing standards
    • G04F5/14—Apparatus for producing preselected time intervals for use as timing standards using atomic clocks

Definitions

  • the subject of the invention is an atomic clock operating with helium 3.
  • Atomic clocks comprise an often alkaline gaseous medium, a device for exciting the atoms of this gas such as a laser, able to pass them to higher energy states, and a means for measuring a frequency signal emitted by atoms returning to the usual energy level, using the photons from the laser.
  • Energy levels are sensitive to the surrounding magnetic field. This sensitivity is low (of the second order) for the sub-level of angular momentum equal to 0, but much stronger (of the first order) for the other sub-levels: the transitions made from or up to them produce photons whose the frequency is variable and can not be used as a reference, and only the portion of the signal corresponding to the transition between the two sub-levels of zero angular momentum is used for the measurement, which affects its quality.
  • the alkaline gases have hitherto been preferred as measuring medium in atomic clocks since they generally comprise stable and excited states each having a zero angular momentum sub-level which therefore ensures a measurement at a frequency of stable resonance.
  • These bodies have the disadvantage of being able to present several physical states under ordinary operating conditions and to be chemically very reactive.
  • the object of the invention is to improve existing clocks.
  • helium 3 is chemically inert, no reaction with the surrounding material is to be feared; and since only a reduced portion is usually brought to the state of plasma, most of it remains gaseous and serves as a buffer gas in order to limit the shocks between the atoms of helium 3 in the metastable level, said atoms being carriers of magnetic information.
  • the radio frequency waves can be between 20 MHz and 30 MHz, and their power can be 1 W for a quantity of helium gas 3 of 100 mm 3 at a pressure of 0.1 Torr approximately.
  • the chemical stability of this element which makes it all the more interesting as a buffer gas that being of the same chemical nature as the element used for the measurement, it does not react chemically with it, which does not is not the case with alkaline gases, which often have to be mixed with buffer gases to give a stable state. It is consistent with a preferred embodiment of the invention that the measuring medium is, therefore, composed exclusively of helium 3, the metastable state being the level 2 3 S 1 .
  • the first exciter device may comprise a laser beam; and the magnetic fields applied by the device, which are intended for the stabilization of the energy levels of the measuring medium, may comprise at least one essentially static and enslaved magnetic field, and possibly one or two oscillating magnetic fields perpendicular to the preceding one.
  • the heart of the clock ( figure 2 ) is a cell 1 filled with a measuring medium.
  • An exciter 2 transmits energy to this medium in the form of a flux of photons polarized by a quarter wave plate 3.
  • the exciter may be a laser injecting a light beam to detect the resonances of the medium.
  • a photodetector 4 collects the light energy restored by the excited medium of the cell 1 and transmits a signal to a counting device 5, the photodetector 4 being advantageously arranged in the extension of a laser beam emanating from the exciter 2.
  • a frequency separator 6 collects the signal at the output of the counting device 5 and transmits its results to an operating device 7 of the clock and a servo-control device 8, which governs the exciter 2 and a magnetic field application device 9.
  • the first exciter 2 is a laser diode of wavelength 1083 nm for a power of 100 mW, with a pump current modulated at approximately 3.37 GHz in order to induce an optical intensity modulation responsible for generating the resonance of Microwave of the hyperfine transition of helium 3.
  • the quarter-wave plate 3 imposes a left circular polarization for the photons.
  • Cell 1 is filled with helium 3 subjected to a pressure of approximately 0.1 torr. It is cylindrical, in Pyrex, and its volume is 100 mm 3 .
  • the second exciter device 10 comprises two electrodes contiguous to the cell 1 on either side of it and which are connected to a radiofrequency power generator at 25 MHz (between 20 MHz and about 30 MHz) and 1W. It creates the helium plasma, which is necessary to populate the metastable level 2 3 S 1 with the hyperfine structure.
  • the magnetic field application device 9 makes it possible to apply a magnetic field H 0 of 500 ⁇ T parallel to the laser beam to block the sub-levels at constant energies.
  • a pair of Helmholtz coils is used.
  • This magnetic field is slaved to a constant value by measuring the Larmor frequency within the hyperfine structure. Thus, variations in the ambient magnetic field are prevented from disturbing the microwave transition defining the resonance frequency fo.
  • the magnetic field application device 9 again generates a low-frequency oscillating magnetic field component applied perpendicularly to the static magnetic field and which is controlled by the servo-control device 8 to the Zeeman transition at about 12 MHz. .
  • This oscillating field makes it possible to induce a resonance within the Zeeman sub-levels that will give the aforementioned measurement for evaluating the resulting ambient magnetic field and enslaving it to a constant value.
  • helium 3 is devoid of sub-levels with zero angular momentum index, it is necessary to operate the device with a constant magnetic field, which can be obtained by an artificial field controlled with or without a magnetic shield.
  • the enslavement of the magnetic field can be accomplished in a scalar or vector manner by the Larmor or vector frequency by a zero total magnetic field search.
  • the magnetic field application device 9 can both generate the magnetic field for the measurement of resonance if it is composed of triaxial coils.
  • the field application device 9 emits magnetic fields at radio frequencies of pulsations ⁇ , and ⁇ , which are perpendicular to each other and of direction dependent on the polarization (for example perpendicular to the light rays emitted by the exciter 2 in the case of a circular polarization).
  • the magnetic field application device 9 applies both the substantially static magnetic compensation field and the radio frequency magnetic fields.
  • the enslavement is accomplished by any known hardware including a computing unit.
  • the coils are driven by current or voltage.
  • the excitation at the resonance frequency f 0 is accomplished by amplitude modulation of the laser diode at the frequency f 0/2 or by a microwave cavity resonating at the frequency f 0 .
  • An exciter comprising two lasers, the frequency deviation is f 0 can also be envisaged.
  • helium 3 is devoid of sub-levels with zero angular momentum index, it is necessary to operate the device with a constant magnetic field, which can be obtained by an artificial field controlled with or without a magnetic shield.
  • the enslavement of the magnetic field can be accomplished in a scalar or vector manner by the Larmor or vector frequency by a zero total magnetic field search.
  • the magnetic field application device 9 can both generate the magnetic field for the measurement of resonance if it is composed of triaxial coils.
  • the instrument measuring the laser flux may be an InGaAs type photodiode.
  • This embodiment comprising a magnetic field stabilizing device, does not include magnetic shielding.
  • a magnetic shield in addition to the magnetic field servo device as previously described.
  • the magnetic shielding may be composed of, for example, a soft iron cylinder and a nested metal cylinder.
  • Exciter 2 could include a lamp or VCSEL (for Variation capacity surface emitting light). In the absence of a device for stabilizing the ambient magnetic field, excitation at the resonance frequency could also be provided by a resonant microwave cavity or by two lasers whose frequency difference is the resonance frequency.
  • VCSEL Variation capacity surface emitting light

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Stabilization Of Oscillater, Synchronisation, Frequency Synthesizers (AREA)
  • Lasers (AREA)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging Apparatus (AREA)
EP10165184A 2009-06-11 2010-06-08 Mit Helium-3 angetriebene Atomuhr Not-in-force EP2261758B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0953901A FR2946766B1 (fr) 2009-06-11 2009-06-11 Horloge atomique fonctionnant a l'helium 3.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2261758A1 true EP2261758A1 (de) 2010-12-15
EP2261758B1 EP2261758B1 (de) 2011-12-07

Family

ID=41480094

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP10165184A Not-in-force EP2261758B1 (de) 2009-06-11 2010-06-08 Mit Helium-3 angetriebene Atomuhr

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US8183942B2 (de)
EP (1) EP2261758B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2010286490A (de)
AT (1) ATE536573T1 (de)
FR (1) FR2946766B1 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109029740A (zh) * 2018-04-20 2018-12-18 山西大学 一种测量原子超精细结构的装置及方法

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2924826B1 (fr) * 2007-12-11 2010-03-05 Commissariat Energie Atomique Horloge atomique a correction du champ magnetique ambiant
FR2964476B1 (fr) 2010-09-07 2012-10-05 Commissariat Energie Atomique Procede de calibration d'un appareil a fonctionnement atomique
JP5804256B2 (ja) * 2011-07-29 2015-11-04 国立研究開発法人物質・材料研究機構 電子スピン偏極イオンビーム発生方法及びその発生装置
FR3008190B1 (fr) 2013-07-08 2015-08-07 Commissariat Energie Atomique Procede et dispositif de mesure d'un champ magnetique au moyen d'excitations synchronisees
FR3026193B1 (fr) 2014-09-19 2016-12-23 Commissariat Energie Atomique Magnetometre sans asservissement et a compensation des fluctuations de la pente de resonance en champ faible, reseau de magnetometres et procede de mesure
FR3093816B1 (fr) 2019-03-12 2021-04-16 Commissariat Energie Atomique Magnétomètre asservi en champ nul avec filtrage basse fréquence du champ de compensation
WO2021200908A1 (ja) * 2020-03-31 2021-10-07 日本電子株式会社 光格子時計及び光格子時計の磁場補正方法

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20070247241A1 (en) 2006-04-19 2007-10-25 Sarnoff Corporation Batch-fabricated, rf-interrogated, end transition, chip-scale atomic clock
WO2009074619A1 (fr) * 2007-12-11 2009-06-18 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Appareil a correction du champ magnetique ambiant
WO2009074616A1 (fr) * 2007-12-11 2009-06-18 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Horloge atomique reglee par un champ statique et deux champs oscillants

Family Cites Families (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4193029A (en) * 1963-03-04 1980-03-11 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Pulsed helium magnetometer
FR2779530B1 (fr) * 1998-06-09 2000-07-07 Commissariat Energie Atomique Dispositif de mesure des composantes d'un champ magnetique a l'aide d'un magnetometre scalaire

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20070247241A1 (en) 2006-04-19 2007-10-25 Sarnoff Corporation Batch-fabricated, rf-interrogated, end transition, chip-scale atomic clock
WO2009074619A1 (fr) * 2007-12-11 2009-06-18 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Appareil a correction du champ magnetique ambiant
WO2009074616A1 (fr) * 2007-12-11 2009-06-18 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Horloge atomique reglee par un champ statique et deux champs oscillants

Non-Patent Citations (4)

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Title
BOLLINGER, J.J. ET AL.: "Non-neutral ion plasmas and crystals, laser cooling, and atomic clock", PHYS. PLASMAS, vol. 1, no. 1, 1994, XP002563571 *
ERTMER W ET AL: "Some candidate atoms and ions for frequency standards research using laser radiative cooling techniques", PROGRESS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, PERGAMON PRESS, OXFORD, GB, vol. 8, no. 3-4, 1 January 1984 (1984-01-01), pages 249 - 255, XP025635622, ISSN: 0079-6727, [retrieved on 19840101] *
ITANO W M: "ATOMIC ION FREQUENCY STANDARDS", PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, IEEE. NEW YORK, US, vol. 79, no. 7, 1 July 1991 (1991-07-01), pages 936 - 941, XP000264852, ISSN: 0018-9219 *
SWALLOM D W ET AL: "An investigation of the energy exchange mechanisms involving the 2<3>S metastable level in an RF helium plasma", JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY AND RADIATIVE TRANSFER, ELSEVIER SCIENCE, OXFORD, GB, vol. 14, no. 12, 1 December 1974 (1974-12-01), pages 1185 - 1193, XP024512623, ISSN: 0022-4073, [retrieved on 19741201] *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109029740A (zh) * 2018-04-20 2018-12-18 山西大学 一种测量原子超精细结构的装置及方法
CN109029740B (zh) * 2018-04-20 2020-06-12 山西大学 一种测量原子超精细结构的装置及方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20100315173A1 (en) 2010-12-16
FR2946766A1 (fr) 2010-12-17
JP2010286490A (ja) 2010-12-24
ATE536573T1 (de) 2011-12-15
EP2261758B1 (de) 2011-12-07
US8183942B2 (en) 2012-05-22
FR2946766B1 (fr) 2011-07-01

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