Classifications

• • H10P72/3311—
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
  • H10F10/00—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
• • H10P14/24—

Definitions

• the invention relates to paddles for use in semiconductor wafer production and, in particular, to ceramic paddles for processing photovoltaic wafers.
• Processing of semiconductor wafers often requires high temperature treatment of the wafers in a controlled atmosphere.
• Processing can include the deposition of materials onto wafers by, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques.
• CVD chemical vapor deposition
• photovoltaic cells may be doped with phosphorous or boron at high temperatures.
• cantilever paddles can be used to slide boats of wafers into and out of the furnace.
• a cantilever paddle is described in United States Patent No. 6,631 ,934 titled "Silicon Carbide Cantilever Paddle," the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
• the subject matter of this application may involve, in some cases, interrelated products, alternative solutions to a particular problem, and/or a plurality of different uses of a single system or article.
• a wafer paddle comprising a handle and a double-walled load zone constructed and arranged to support a plurality of wafers, the load zone having a cross-section that includes an upper wall and a lower wall wherein the upper wall defines a central channel that has a depth that is at least 30% of the height of the load zone.
• a method of processing a wafer comprising the steps of loading greater than 20 kg of wafers onto a silicon carbide wafer paddle having a five cm handle and exhibiting a deflection of less than 20 mm under a load of greater than 20 kg, sliding the paddle into a furnace tube, and processing the wafers.
• a cantilever ceramic wafer paddle comprising a double-walled load zone and a handle having a cross- sectional area of less than 56 cm 2 .
• a method comprising steps of loading greater than 20 kg of semiconductor wafers onto a wafer paddle in a diamond load configuration, deflecting the paddle by less than 20 mm under the 20 kg load, sliding the paddle into a processing furnace, and processing the wafers.
• a cantilever wafer processing paddle of length greater than 2000 mm wherein the vertical deflection at the proximal end of the load zone is less than 20 mm when the handle is clamped and a load of greater than 25 kg is distributed over the load zone of the paddle.
• a wafer paddle comprising a handle and a double-walled load zone constructed and arranged to support a plurality of wafers, the load zone having a double-walled structure that includes an upper wall and a lower wall wherein the upper wall defines a slot substantially aligned with a longitudinal axis of the paddle.
• a wafer paddle comprising a handle and a double-walled load zone constructed and arranged to support a plurality of wafers, the load zone having a double-walled structure that includes an upper wall and a lower wall wherein the lower wall defines at least one thermal window.
• a method of inserting and removing a loaded wafer paddle without damaging the structure of the paddle comprising loading a paddle with greater than 20 kg of silicon wafers, inserting the loaded paddle into a furnace, and removing the loaded paddle from the furnace at a rate of greater than 300 mm/min wherein the furnace is at a temperature greater than or equal to 700° C.
• a method of inserting and removing a loaded wafer paddle without damaging the structure of the paddle comprising loading a paddle with greater than 20 kg of silicon wafers, inserting the loaded paddle into a furnace at a rate of greater than 300 mm/min wherein the furnace is at a temperature greater than or equal to 700° C, and removing the loaded paddle from the furnace.
• an apparatus comprising a silicon carbide wafer paddle including a handle and a double-walled load zone and at least one long boat or two half boats positioned on the load zone, the boat or boats supporting a plurality of semiconductor wafers, wherein the load zone extends at least 50 mm beyond the distal end of the boat or boats.
• FIG. 1 is a perspective drawing of one embodiment of a cantilever paddle
• FIG. 2 is an end view of the handle of the paddle of FIG. 1 ;
• FIG. 3a is an end view of the load zone of the paddle of FIG. 1 ;
• FIGS. 3b and 3c provide cross-sectional views of the load zone of different embodiments
• FIG. 4 is an end view of a loaded boat on the paddle of FIG. 1 ;
• FIG. 5 is an isometric view of one embodiment of a system
• FIG. 6 is a side view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 5;
• FIG. 7 is an isometric view of one embodiment of a paddle
• FIG. 8 is an isometric view of another embodiment of a paddle;
• FIG. 9 is a table displaying test results:
• FIG.10 is a graph comparing stress results from 5 different paddle embodiments.
• a ceramic paddle for the processing of semiconductor wafers is described. Processing includes treatment that changes the chemical or physical properties of the wafer and includes, for example, doping and oxidation processes.
• the wafers may be, for example, photovoltaic wafers.
• the paddle may be made partially or entirely of silicon carbide (SiC) and may be coated with a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) layer of SiC or other material. Silicon carbide includes forms of this material used in the art such as sintered SiC, recrystallized SiC, and silicon infiltrated SiC.
• the paddle can be loaded directly with wafers or the wafers may receive intermediate support by placement in a boat or boats.
• One, two, three, four, five or more boats may be used on a single paddle.
• the wafers may be supported by long boats or intermediate carriers (half boats).
• the paddle can support more than 20 kg, more than 25 kg or more than 30 kg with a deflection of less than 20 mm at the distal end of the paddle. In other embodiments, the deflection may be less than 30 mm, less than 25 mm or less than 15 mm at similar loads with a load zone longer than 1500 mm.
• the paddle may be a cantilevered paddle in that it is supported only at the handle by a clamp.
• the paddle may be used with a horizontal furnace and may be transported horizontally into and out of the furnace.
• the designs described herein may be capable of being inserted into and removed from a 700 °C (or greater) furnace, fully loaded, at rates of greater than 300 mm/min, 400 mm/min or 500 mm/min, without causing any structural damage to the paddle.
• the paddle may include three sections referred to as the handle, the transition zone and the load zone. Some paddles may not include a transition zone but may join the load zone directly to the handle. Each section may be of a different length although the load zone is typically the longest and the transition zone the shortest.
• the handle may be of any shape and its cross section can be round, square, rectangular, ovoid or polygonal. In one set of embodiments, the handle is hollow and square with rounded corners.
• a "substantially square” component is one that has four equal length sides at 90 degrees to each other but in which the corners may be rounded.
• a "substantially rectangular” component is one that has two pairs of parallel sides at 90 degrees to each other but in which the corners may be rounded.
• the handle may have a cross-sectional area of less than 100 cm 2 , less than 58 cm 2 , less than 40 cm 2 or less than 30 cm 2 .
• the handle may be dimensioned to fit into a conventional clamp and therefore may be, in cross-section, a two inch by two inch ( 5 x 5 cm) square or a three inch by three inch (7.5 x 7.5 cm) square.
• a clamp may secure the handle at various distances from the end of the handle. For instance, the clamp may secure greater than 5 cm, greater than 10 cm, greater than 25 cm or greater than 50 cm of the proximal end of the handle.
• the load zone of the paddle may be double walled.
• double walled refers to a component that in cross section has a continuous wall surrounding a hollow portion.
• the continuous wall may be of a regular or irregular cross-sectional shape and may be of consistent or variable thickness throughout the cross-section or along the length of the component.
• the paddle may be hollow along a portion or all of its length and, if hollow, may include a dam for preventing air flow through the paddle.
• the paddle is constructed and arranged to carry round or square wafers or both.
• wafers are positioned vertically and aligned parallel to each other with spacing in between.
• Photovoltaic wafers can be square and can be loaded in a diamond configuration or a square configuration. In square configuration the wafers are loaded with edges parallel to vertical and horizontal. In diamond configuration, the wafers are loaded with two corners aligned along a vertical midline so that one corner points downward.
• the paddle can support square wafers in both a square and diamond configuration.
• a single paddle may support more than 100, 200, 400, 500 or 600 wafers.
• the wafers may be any shape such as square or round and may be of any size that can be processed in the chosen system. In one set of embodiments the wafers are 156 mm square wafers.
• Wafers may be loaded into boats prior to placing the wafers on the paddle.
• the paddle supports the boat or boats and typically does not come in direct contact with the wafers that are held in the boat.
• Boats typically come in two sizes (although the paddle may be used with boats of any size). The smaller ones are referred to as “half boats” or “intermediate carriers.” The larger ones are known as "long boats” or “full boats.”
• Long boats typically carry twice the number of wafers as half boats and are about twice as heavy. For example, a loaded half boat may weigh 15 kg while a loaded long boat may weigh about 30 kg. Long boats and half boats usually have two pairs of feet, one pair at each end of the boat.
• paddles are dimensioned to carry either a single long boat or two half boats. In this case, the paddle is subjected to either four (half boat) or two (long boat) weight bearing positions along the length of the load zone.
• Paddle 100 includes handle 120, transition zone 130 and load zone 1 10. Paddle length and the proportions of each paddle section can be directed by the system with which the paddle is intended to be used.
• the load zone can be sized for a particular number of wafers or boats that can be loaded at a particular density into a furnace.
• the transition zone may be sized, for instance, based on the difference in size and shape between the handle and the load zone.
• the handle may be greater than 500 mm long, greater than 750 mm long, or greater than 1000 mm long.
• the load zone may be, for example, greater than 800 mm, greater than 1000 mm, greater than 1500 mm or greater than 1600 mm long.
• the transition zone may be from 0 to 500 mm, or more, in length.
• the total length of the paddle embodiment shown in FIG. 1 is 2967 mm with the handle being 1093 mm long, the transition zone being 254 mm long and the load zone being 1620 mm long.
• the paddle can be made in a single casting using methods known to those skilled in the art.
• the handle is sized to be held by a clamp that surrounds the proximal 520 mm of the handle.
• An end view of the proximal end of handle 120 is provided in FIG. 2.
• the handle shown is substantially square and includes continuous wall 160 that has a thickness of about 4.8 mm.
• cross-sectional dimensions are five cm by five cm (2" by 2") and it is of consistent diameter throughout the length of the handle.
• Handle portions having cross-sectional dimensions of 7.5 cm by 7.5 cm (3" by 3") can also be used but a five cm (two inch) handle may be preferred.
• Many furnaces for the production of photovoltaic wafers include a door designed to seal around the paddle after insertion into the furnace to help maintain the controlled atmosphere in the furnace.
• a door for a five cm handle can be less than half the area of the door for a 7.5 cm handle. It also has a much smaller circumference.
• a smaller door can provide for less heat loss as well as less leakage of atmosphere into or out of the furnace.
• heat is also lost to the ambient environment via conduction through the handle.
• a smaller diameter handle is of less surface area and less mass than a 7.5 cm handle and thus provides for less conduction of heat through the handle as well as less convection and/or radiational cooling from the handle to the ambient environment.
• FIGS. 3a-c provide an end view of the distal portion of several embodiments of a load zone 1 10.
• Load zone 1 10 is cast with a single continuous wall 120 that has a thickness of about 4.8 mm.
• Continuous wall 120 can be divided into lower wall 122, side walls 126 and 128, and upper wall 124.
• Lower wall 122 includes bottom surface 134.
• Upper wall 124 can include a variety of surface features including flat horizontal surfaces 152 and 154, sloped surfaces 132 and 136 and contact points 146 and 148.
• One or more loaded boats 200 can be supported by load zone 1 10 and in one set of embodiments the shoulders of a boat are supported at upper paddle surfaces 146 and 148, as is shown FIG. 4.
• Wafer 240 is shown in a diamond load configuration.
• the height of the load zone is the distance from the contact points to the bottom surface and is represented by the distance from line A-A to line B-B in FIG. 3. This height can range, for example, from 2 cm to 10 cm, from 3 cm to 6 cm, and in one embodiment is 38.2 mm.
• the width of the load zone will be less than the width of the furnace with which it is used in order to avoid contact with the inner surface of the tube. In many embodiments the width of the load zone is less than that of the boat or boats that are being supported. For a 300 mm (actual diameter is about 342 mm) tube, the load zone may have a width of less than 250 mm, less than 200 mm or less than 180 mm. In one embodiment the width is 113.5 mm.
• Upper wall 124 may include a channel 140 that encompasses the length of, or a portion of the length of, load zone 1 10.
• Channel 140 which may be centrally located on the cross-section of load zone 1 10, is defined by sloping walls 132 and 136 which can be straight, curved, polygonal, or any combination thereof.
• Straight walls may be angled at, for example, 15°, 30°, 45° or 60° from vertical.
• Polygonal or curved walls may increase gradually from a centrally located horizontal surface to vertically, or almost vertically, oriented side walls. Curved channels may exhibit various radii of curvatures throughout the cross- section of the channel.
• a channel may exhibit a radius of curvature of greater than 2 cm, greater than 5 cm, greater than 10 cm or greater than 20 cm. It has been found that a greater radius of curvature can improve thermal and/or mechanical stress.
• Channel 140 can be sized to avoid interference with corners of square wafers (in diamond configuration) when boat 200 is supported by the paddle as shown in FIG. 4.
• Channel 140 can be any shape designed to provide clearance for the corner of a wafer and may be a single, continuous shape or may be a combination of cross-sectional shapes, as shown in FIG. 3.
• the depth of channel 140 is represented in FIG. 3a as the distance from line A-A to line C-C.
• This depth can be greater than 1 cm, greater than 2 cm, greater than 3 cm, greater than 4 cm or greater than 5 cm.
• the depth of channel 140 may be, for example, greater than or equal to 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% or 70% of the height.
• the ratio of the height of load zone 110 to the depth of channel 140 can be, for example, less than or equal to 3:1 , 2:1 , 3:2, or 5:4. In one set of embodiments, the depth of channel 140 is 23.4 mm. If the depth of the channel varies along the length of the load zone the "depth" is considered to be the average depth of the channel along its length.
• a load zone may also include a sub-channel 150, as shown in FIG. 3a.
• a subchannel may be substantially V or U shaped and may be bounded by walls 142 and 144 which may be straight, curved, or some combination thereof. Walls 142 and 144 may be, for instance, 30 degrees, 45 degrees or 60 degrees from vertical.
• Sub-channel 150 can form part of channel 140 and may further increase the depth of channel 140.
• Sub-channel 150 may be specifically shaped to provide access for diamond-configured wafers.
• a paddle When carrying wafers, a paddle is subjected to stress as a result of the load.
• the inventors believe that a preferred paddle should be strong enough to support a full complement of boats and wafers while at the same time exhibiting stiffness that results in a limited amount of deflection of the paddle. If the paddle bends too much under load there may be an increased risk of contacting the interior of the furnace with wafers, boats or the paddle when inserting materials into or withdrawing materials from the furnace.
• Paddle deflection is defined herein as the vertical drop of the distal tip of a cantilever paddle under a specific load when the paddle is retained in a clamp that secures the proximal 520 mm of the paddle handle.
• Catastrophic failure of a paddle during wafer production can result in, for example, lost product, damaged production equipment and possibly injury.
• Predicted stress may vary due to, for example, unforeseen vertical acceleration of the load, thermal stresses in the furnace, or unconventional loading or unloading procedures. Due to these and other known and unknown causes of stress variance, a safety factor of 3X or 4X may be used in paddle design. For instance, if the maximum stress for a particular material of construction is 200 MPa, then a value of about 1 ⁇ of that value, or 50 MPa, may be chosen as the upper limit for stress that the paddle should see under the anticipated load.
• Furnaces used to process photovoltaic wafers may exceed temperatures greater than 500 5 C. For instance, in some POCI 3 doping processes the furnace may be maintained at 800 to 1 100 5 C. During processing, a paddle may reside in a furnace for a period of greater than 5, greater than 10 or greater than 30 minutes and therefore the paddle may be compatible with high temperatures for an extended length of time.
• the location of maximum stress is not important if the maximum stress value is not to be exceeded in practice, it can be advantageous to use a paddle in which the location of maximum stress is in the handle, an area that is not subjected to the same level of thermal stress as is the load zone.
• the handle may realize an increase in temperature when the paddle is in use, however the temperatures that the handle experiences will be significantly less than those seen by the load zone and transition zone. Thermal stresses and thermal cycling may in some cases reduce the maximum load stress that a paddle can withstand.
• the safety factor can help compensate for this but if the location of maximum stress is in the handle, this concern can be reduced or eliminated entirely. In this case, a reduced safety factor or, alternatively, a higher stress value, can be tolerated.
• FIGS. 5 and 6 One embodiment of a system for processing photovoltaic wafers is provided in FIGS. 5 and 6.
• FIG. 5 provides an isometric view
• FIG. 6 provides a side view that illustrates how deflection is measured.
• Paddle 100 is suspended in silicon carbide furnace 220 by clamp 222.
• Long boat 230 rests on load zone 1 10 and supports wafers 240 and 242 in a diamond load configuration.
• two wafers are shown although typically several hundred, or more, are loaded simultaneously.
• the wafers are shown in a vertical arrangement although horizontal arrangements are possible as well.
• the wafers may be canted to one side or the other for stability.
• a paddle may include one or more thermal windows, or simply "windows," in the lower wall of the paddle.
• a window can be an opening or void in the paddle wall that passes entirely through the wall, providing a pathway between the exterior and the interior of the paddle.
• Windows may be centrally located along the lower wall and may be in alignment with the longitudinal axis of the paddle. In many embodiments, windows may be sized to cover greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20% or greater than 30% of the surface area of the lower wall of the load zone. Multiple windows may be aligned with each other or may be staggered.
• Windows may be formed using methods known to those skilled in the art and can be, for example, molded into a paddle during initial casting or cut into the paddle at various stages of production. It has been found that windows can help to relieve the thermal stress on the paddle that can occur when the paddle is removed from the furnace.
• one or more windows in the lower wall of the paddle can provide a pathway for improved cooling that can result in improved stress characteristics, a lower failure rate and longer life times. It is believed that heat in the upper wall of the paddle can radiate downward, passing through the window(s) in the lower wall, rather than being trapped or reflected back at the source. Windows have been shown to be particularly advantageous when disposed in the load zone of the paddle. In one set of embodiments, windows are positioned in areas of a paddle where the greatest thermal stresses are realized.
• FIG. 7 provides an illustration of one particular embodiment that includes multiple windows.
• Paddle 310 is shown with two windows, 322 and 322a.
• the windows are defined by walls 332 and 332a and are separated by cross brace 342.
• Windows 322 and 322a pass entirely through lower wall 122.
• windows may have a width that is greater than or equal to about 10%, 20%, 30%, 50% or 70% of the width of the load zone.
• the length of one or more windows in some embodiments, may vary from several millimeters up to the length of the load zone or the length of the transition zone. It has been shown that the insertion of a window into a paddle design has only a very small effect on the deflection of the paddle.
• one or more "slots" can be formed in the upper surface of the load zone of the paddle.
• a slot may pass entirely through the upper wall of a paddle and one or more slots can be positioned on a single load zone. Slots may be formed using methods known to those skilled in the art and can be, for example, molded into a paddle during initial casting or cut into the paddle at various stages of production. In many embodiments a slot can be positioned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the paddle and may have a length greater than its width.
• a slot may be centrally located and can be formed in a channel or sub-channel that is flat, curved or V-shaped.
• a slot may serve several purposes including providing space for the corners of wafers when in a diamond configuration and may also relieve stress that would otherwise concentrate in this central area. For example, a slot formed in the vertex of a V-shaped load zone has been shown to reduce stress that may otherwise be concentrated at this vertex.
• FIG. 8 provides an illustration of one embodiment of a paddle that includes a slot.
• Slot 412 extends from the distal end of the load zone (although this need not be the case) in paddle 410 to keyhole 414 (optional), also positioned in the load zone.
• Keyhole 414 may serve to distribute stress and provide a termination point for slot 412.
• Slot 412 is defined by wall 422 and passes entirely through upper wall 124. Walls 122, 126 and 128 may be unaffected. Slot 412 may provide for improved spacing and handling of wafers while also relieving stress in the upper wall of the load zone.
• slots may have an average width that is greater than or equal to about 10%, 20%, 30%, 50% or 70% of the width of the load zone.
• slot width may be determined by calculating the space needed to provide sufficient room for wafers when a wafer boat is seated on the paddle.
• the length of one or more slots may vary from several millimeters up to the length of the load zone. Slots may be of consistent width or may vary in width along the length of the slot. Some embodiments may include both slots and windows in the same paddle.
• the load zone may be extended so that, when loaded, the distal end of the load zone extends beyond the end of the boat and/or wafers by a distance equal to the length of the extension.
• the extension may be greater than or equal to 5 cm, 10 cm or 20 cm.
• the length of the load zone may be extended by more than 5%, 7.5% or 10%.
• a paddle with an extended load zone is designed to support the same load as other paddles described herein.
• the paddle with an extended load zone may be loaded with two half boats or one long boat of wafers.
• the load zone extension has been shown to provide for improved thermal stress characteristics. For example, maximum thermal stress can be reduced by more than 5 or 10 percent.
• the extension can help to dissipate heat that would otherwise be concentrated in the load zone. This may be achieved (when removing from a furnace) through a reduction in the thermal gradient between the high temperature boat (and wafers) and the faster cooling paddle that supports the boat.
• a paddle may include a 5x5 cm square handle, an internal dam, a channel and a sub-channel in the load zone, one or more windows in the lower wall and one or more slots in the upper wall.
• a paddle may include a load zone having a channel with a flat, extended horizontal surface Any of these features or other features described herein can be added, modified or deleted depending on the specific requirements of a particular paddle.
• Column 1 of Table 1 provides an ID letter for each paddle tested. Each design is described in column 2.
• Column 3 includes a cross-sectional profile of the load zone of each design.
• Column 4 describes the load configuration. Each paddle was loaded with 2 half boats of 15.3 kg each and, alternatively, 1 long boat weighing 30.6 kg.
• the maximum stress for each paddle and load condition is calculated.
• the resulting safety factor is provided assuming catastrophic failure at 210 MPa.
• the deflection for each paddle under each load is provided.
• column 8 the location of the maximum stress for each paddle is described.
• Design A is a five cm handle paddle available from Saint-Gobain Plastics & Ceramics as part number RC30906-1.
• Design E is a 7.5 cm handle paddle available from Saint-Gobain Plastics & Ceramics as part number RC30936.
• Design B is a new five cm handle single walled design with a central channel to accommodate a diamond configuration of square wafers.
• Design C is a new five cm handle double walled design sized to accommodate commercially available boats and furnaces.
• Design D is a five cm handle double wall design that represents one of the embodiments described herein.
• Paddle 1 included a channel and a v-shaped sub-channel, as shown in FIG. 7. It also included a thermal window centrally located in the lower wall of the load zone, the thermal window having dimensions of 25.4 mm wide and 360 mm long with a 12.7 mm radius.
• Paddle 2 was similar to paddle 1 except that it included a keyhole shaped slot in the V portion of the sub-channel. The slot dimensions were 15 mm by 300 mm with a 25.4 mm diameter hole on the end of the slot closest to the handle.
• Paddle 3 included a substantially flat channel (no sub-channel, as in FIG. 3b) in the upper wall and a thermal window dimensioned as in paddles 1 and 2.
• Paddle 4 was identical to paddle 3 except that it included a 100 mm extension of the load zone positioned beyond the end of the loaded boat.
• Paddle 5 was identical to paddle 1 except that it did not include a thermal window.
• the paddle including an extended load zone had lower stress than did an equivalent paddle without an extended load zone.
• the lowest stress paddle included both a thermal window and a load zone extension.

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• 2009
  • 2009-02-20 WO PCT/US2009/034667 patent/WO2009105635A2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2009-02-20 US US12/389,741 patent/US20090214999A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2009-02-20 CN CN2009801048005A patent/CN101952951A/zh active Pending
  • 2009-02-20 MY MYPI20103731 patent/MY152285A/en unknown
  • 2009-02-20 TW TW098105542A patent/TWI408772B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2009-02-20 KR KR1020107018859A patent/KR20100105892A/ko not_active Ceased
  • 2009-02-20 EP EP09712940.7A patent/EP2255384B1/de active Active

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