EP2254975A1 - Use of alcohols in fuels for spark ignition engines - Google Patents
Use of alcohols in fuels for spark ignition enginesInfo
- Publication number
- EP2254975A1 EP2254975A1 EP09710667A EP09710667A EP2254975A1 EP 2254975 A1 EP2254975 A1 EP 2254975A1 EP 09710667 A EP09710667 A EP 09710667A EP 09710667 A EP09710667 A EP 09710667A EP 2254975 A1 EP2254975 A1 EP 2254975A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- volume
- fuel
- mixture
- alcohol
- ethanol
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
- C10L1/023—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for spark ignition
Definitions
- the invention relates to the use of alcohols in fuels for spark-ignition engines and to the manufacture of fuels for spark ignition engines.
- these fuels also comprise C 4 alcohol.
- Fuels for spark-ignition engines are engine fuels which are suitable for engines with spark ignition. They usually contain a mixture of different hydrocarbons with different boiling points, which typically lie within a range from 26 0 C to 210 0 C at atmospheric pressure. However, this range is not specifically predetermined, and may be dependent on the actual composition of the hydrocarbons, the additives and other components, as well as on the environmental conditions. Typically, the hydrocarbon components of the fuels contain C 4 to C 10 hydrocarbons.
- the fuel should fulfil various different requirements of the vehicle. In specific terms, this means: After a long cold night the engine should start just as easily as it does in summer, that is, as if the well-heated engine is restarted after a brief intermediate stop. Also, the engine should not stall when idling, and should not work in an erratic manner under high loads. Even under unfavourable conditions there should be no interfering residues in the aspiration system, combustion chamber, or in the oil sump.
- the fuel should be adapted to these different, and in part contradictory, requirements in such a way that a trouble-free, reliable, and mutually-beneficial interplay is possible. Brand manufacturers in Germany therefore mix what are referred to as "mineral oil substitute components", such as alcohols and ethers, to the base fuels in limited proportions, as well as chemical active substances up to 0.5 percent by weight. Particular requirements are specified for fuels with alcohol contents from 0 to 85 % by volume of ethanol, for use in what are referred to as Flex-Fuel Vehicles. With what are referred to as E85 fuels, with 70 to 85% by volume of ethanol, the vapour pressures for the cold start behaviour is particularly critical. Fuels with a high alcohol content, such as ethanol or mixtures of different alcohols are known. Mention may be made by way of example of the Applications HK 106 428, US 2006/0137243, US 2004/0107634, and US 2004/123518.
- the object of the invention is therefore to provide a fuel with high alcohol concentration which exhibits a sufficiently high vapour pressure, for example, a pressure which meets the specification. This is intended to enhance cold start behaviour, for example to guarantee that the fuel exhibits good cold start behaviour even under winter temperatures.
- the base fuel is a conventional gasoline, for example, an unleaded gasoline, for example such as is offered in Germany and elsewhere in Europe with a RON of 95.
- the content was determined of 50 hydrocarbons with 3 to 6 carbon atoms, 51 aromatics, and 3 oxygen containing compounds.
- the total content of all representatives with the same carbon content in each case was determined for all paraffins, naphthenes, cyclic and acyclic olefins and aromatics. Separately tested was the content of 10 diolefins and 15 polycyclic aromatics.
- the spark-ignition fuels referred to were derived from 14 different refineries.
- the resultant fuel according to the invention contains 15 to 50% by volume of such a base fuel.
- the inclination of the gasoline to evaporation - its volatility - is the central precondition for use as a spark-ignition fuel, and at the same time is an essential quality feature. Because gasoline is a mixture of many hydrocarbons it does not have a defined boiling point, but a boiling range, which lies usually between 30 0 C and 200 0 C.
- the fuel according to the invention comprises 15 to 65% by volume of ethanol and
- the properties of the fuel are altered in comparison with a normal fuel.
- One such property is, for example, the volatility.
- the volatility is characterised by the boiling curve in a temperature band of, in most cases, 30 to 200 0 C, maximum from 26 to 210 0 C, and by the vapour pressure.
- the boiling curve describes the proportion of evaporated fluid at different temperatures; the vapour pressure is the result of the fuel components which at a defined temperature in a. closed container convert from the fluid phase into the vapour phase.
- the function of "evaporated gasoline fractions/temperature” provides what is referred to as the boiling curve, the location and characteristics of which allow persons skilled in the art to reach conclusions regarding the behaviour of the fuel in the engine.
- the volatility of the spark-ignition fuel must be established in such a way that in all situations an ignitable fuel-air mixture is available in the combustion chamber. Under specific operating conditions, such as, for example, with a particularly cold or particularly hot engine, this precondition is hard to fulfil, such that quality differences in the fuels become identifiable in the light of this criterion.
- the ignitability of the mixture is influenced not only by the fuel, but also by the engine concept. That is to say, there is a difference as to whether the engine is being driven with "rich” or "lean” mixtures.
- the volatility of the spark-ignition fuel is in general adapted to the cold ambient temperatures.
- the fuel should be as volatile as possible.
- a low boiling curve in the lower range and a high vapour pressure facilitate starting and warm-up of the engine , since a too low volatility would lead to the mixture becoming lean due to insufficient evaporation and excessive fuel condensation on the walls of the intake manifold.
- the requirements on the gasoline with a hot engine are precisely the reverse.
- components of the fuel system can become so hot that a too large part of the fuel evaporates ("vapour phase formation" in the fuel pump), boils out of the float chamber of the carburettor, or forms vapour cushions in the injection system.
- vapour phase formation in the fuel pump
- the fuel delivery is interrupted and the mixture is over-enriched, which has a negative effect on driving behaviour.
- These disturbances arise more often, the hotter the fuel system becomes (pump, carburettor, and fuel injection), and the lower the fuel delivery volume and system pressure are.
- an excessively high volatility makes itself evident to disadvantageous effect.
- High ambient temperatures in the summer increase the likelihood of faults. For this reason, the fuel manufacturers blend their summer qualities in such a way that the boiling curve in the lower range is high and the vapour pressure is low compared to winter quality fuel. This adjustment must not go so far, however, that difficulties arise with the cold start.
- the minimum vapour pressure to be maintained according to the draft specification often cannot be maintained, in particular for the winter product. The consequence would be that the ethanol content would have to be lowered in order to achieve the minimum vapour pressure.
- the effect is especially marked among fuels which comprise after mixing, 20 to 46 % by volume base fuel, 20 to 60 % by volume ethanol, and 20 to 50 % by volume C 4 alcohol and most particularly amongst fuels which comprise after mixing, 19.5 to 44 % by volume base fuel, 21 to 59.5 % by volume ethanol, and 21 to 49 % by volume C 4 alcohol.
- This effect is particularly perceptible when the C 4 alcohol is n- butanol (also referred to as 1 -butanol), secondary butanol (also referred to as 2-butanol) or isobutanol (also referred to as 2-methyl-l-propanol), or a mixture of at least two of these butanols.
- distillation From an analysis of the boiling behaviour (distillation according to EN ISO 3405), a positive effect was determined on mixing a fuel containing ethanol with a fuel containing butanol.
- the distillation curves running in plateau fashion in the range of about 20 to 90 % of evaporated volume, show in the mixtures according to the invention, a constant rise and therefore a path which is similar to that of a spark-ignition fuel.
- an ethanol is to be used which is at least predominantly of natural origin, such as from biomass, because on combustion, this ethanol develops carbon dioxide which is environmentally neutral.
- the C 4 alcohol used it is preferable for the C 4 alcohol used to be likewise of predominantly natural origin.
- the overall content of alcohols of the fuel according to the invention is at least 50 % by volume, but for preference at least 70 % by volume.
- the base fuel is a fuel such as unleaded gasoline for example which is commercially available at the present time. This consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons with a Carbon-number of predominantly from 4 to 12. Its main components are predominantly paraffins, naphthenes, olefins, and aromatics.
- the base fuel may comprise components containing oxygen.
- ethers are preferred.
- the ether content can for preference amount to up to 15 % by volume related to the base fuel.
- ethers well-suited is tertiary butyl methyl ether (also referred to as MTBE), as well as tertiary butyl ethyl ether (also referred to as ETBE) or mixtures thereof.
- the invention further relates to a method for the manufacture of the resultant fuel according to the invention, as well as its use as a fuel for spark-ignition engines, in particular for spark-ignition engines in motor vehicles.
- the resultant fuel according to the invention is manufactured from already existing fuel mixtures.
- One of these mixtures is an E85 fuel already described, with a proportion of 70 to 85 % by volume of ethanol and 15 to 30 % by volume of base fuel (mixture (I)).
- the other mixture comprises 30 to 50 % by volume of base fuel and 50 to 70 % by volume of C 4 alcohol (mixture (H)).
- the preferred mixing ratio of mixture I : II is 1 :1.
- Mixture I may be an E70 or E85 gasoline and mixture II may be a B50 or a B70 gasoline.
- Preferred are mixtures of a mixture (I) having 70 % by volume of ethanol with a mixture (II) having 50 % by volume of C 4 alcohol, in particular isobutanol.
- the ratio of mixture (I) to mixture (II) is in the range from 40:60 to 60:40, but in particular 50:50 or 1 : 1 respectively.
- Mixture (I) may comprise up to 85 % by volume of ethanol and mixture (II) up to 70 % by volume of C 4 alcohol.
- a C 4 alcohol can not only be added, as described, as a mixture with a base fuel to a mixture of a base fuel with a high content of ethanol, but it is also possible for C 4 alcohol to be added in a high concentration (up to 100%) to the latter mixture.
- concentration ratios in the resultant mixtures are determinant.
- the invention therefore further relates to the use of at least one C 4 alcohol to increase the vapour pressure of a fuel for spark-ignition engines comprising base fuel and ethanol in which use the at least one C 4 alcohol is added to a fuel comprising base fuel and ethanol to produce a resultant fuel mixture comprising 15-50 % by volume of base fuel, 15-65 % by volume of ethanol and 15 to 50 % C 4 alcohols.
- the % by volume data relate in each case to the resultant fuel mixture.
- the resultant fuel mixture preferably has a water concentration of less than 800 ppm by weight, for example in the range 100 to 400 ppm by weight.
- the expected vapour pressure was calculated according — volume of the components.
- the expected vapour pressure of a 70 vol % iB50/30 vol % E70 mixture was calculated as 70% of the vapour pressure of iB50 plus 30 % of the vapour pressure of E70.
- the data in the Tables show that the use of at least one C 4 alcohol increases the vapour pressure of the fuel comprising base fuel and ethanol beyond that which would be expected according to the summing in proportion to their amounts, of the vapour pressures of the various gasoline/ethanol and gasoline/butanol mixtures.
- 1B50 was found to have a vapour pressure of 56.1 kPa, 2B50 a vapour pressure of 55.7 kPa, iB50 a vapour pressure of 55.6 kPa, iB70 a vapour pressure of 40.7 kPa, E70 a vapour pressure of 56.1 kPa and E85 a vapour pressure of 40.0 kPa.
- the vapour pressures of various 50:50 (vol/vol) mixtures of these butanol and ethanol mixtures were measured and found to be greater than the average of the vapour pressures of the component mixtures.
- the C 4 alcohol had increased the vapour pressure of the fuel mixture.
- Tables 1 and 2 Also shown in Tables 1 and 2 is the difference in vapour pressure between expected and measured for the various ratios of E70/iB50 mixtures and E85/iB70 mixtures, the expected value being calculated according to the relative proportions by volume of the two mixtures.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PL09710667T PL2254975T3 (en) | 2008-02-12 | 2009-02-05 | Use of alcohols in fuels for spark ignition engines |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102008008818A DE102008008818A1 (en) | 2008-02-12 | 2008-02-12 | Fuels for petrol engines |
PCT/EP2009/000787 WO2009100848A1 (en) | 2008-02-12 | 2009-02-05 | Use of alcohols in fuels for spark ignition engines |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2254975A1 true EP2254975A1 (en) | 2010-12-01 |
EP2254975B1 EP2254975B1 (en) | 2012-07-25 |
Family
ID=40622139
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP09710667A Not-in-force EP2254975B1 (en) | 2008-02-12 | 2009-02-05 | Use of alcohols in fuels for spark ignition engines |
Country Status (15)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20100307053A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2254975B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5674477B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR20100124755A (en) |
CN (1) | CN101981165B (en) |
AU (1) | AU2009214375B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0905873A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2714464A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102008008818A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2390814T3 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2010008748A (en) |
NZ (2) | NZ595119A (en) |
PL (1) | PL2254975T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009100848A1 (en) |
ZA (2) | ZA201005347B (en) |
Families Citing this family (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102517103A (en) * | 2005-01-25 | 2012-06-27 | Bp北美公司 | Reduced RVP oxygenated gasoline composition and method |
US8734543B2 (en) | 2008-05-08 | 2014-05-27 | Butamax Advanced Biofuels Llc | Oxygenated gasoline composition having good driveability performance |
US10192038B2 (en) | 2008-05-22 | 2019-01-29 | Butamax Advanced Biofuels Llc | Process for determining the distillation characteristics of a liquid petroleum product containing an azeotropic mixture |
ES2701755T3 (en) * | 2010-06-16 | 2019-02-25 | Butamax Tm Advanced Biofuels | Process for producing an oxygenated butanol gasoline composition having good handleability performance |
CN102939362B (en) | 2010-06-16 | 2015-10-21 | 布特马斯先进生物燃料有限责任公司 | There is the oxygenation butanol vapour oil compositions of good operation performance |
CA2811394A1 (en) | 2010-09-20 | 2012-03-29 | Butamax (Tm) Advanced Biofuels Llc | Multimedia evaluation of butanol-containing fuels |
US20130180164A1 (en) * | 2011-07-28 | 2013-07-18 | Butamax(Tm) Advanced Biofuels Llc | Low sulfur fuel compositions having improved lubricity |
MX362809B (en) | 2011-09-23 | 2019-02-14 | Butamax Advanced Biofuels Llc | Process for the production of gasoline by using butanol in the gasoline pool. |
US8968429B2 (en) | 2011-09-23 | 2015-03-03 | Butamax Advanced Biofuels Llc | Butanol compositions for fuel blending and methods for the production thereof |
BR112014015992B1 (en) | 2011-12-30 | 2021-01-12 | Butamax Advanced Biofuels Llc | oxygenated gasoline composition and corrosion reduction method in an internal combustion engine |
US9809520B2 (en) | 2012-07-26 | 2017-11-07 | Butamax Advanced Biofuels Llc | Butanol purification |
CN103409179A (en) * | 2013-07-18 | 2013-11-27 | 珠海飞扬新材料股份有限公司 | Sec-butyl alcohol gasoline |
CN104946320A (en) * | 2015-05-29 | 2015-09-30 | 黑龙江工程学院 | Ethanol-sec-butyl alcohol-gasoline mixed fuel and preparation method thereof |
FR3119625B1 (en) | 2021-07-02 | 2023-02-17 | Totalenergies Marketing Services | Composition of fuel rich in aromatic compounds, paraffins and ether, and its use in motor vehicles |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001053436A1 (en) * | 2000-01-24 | 2001-07-26 | Angelica Golubkov | Motor fuel for spark ignition internal combustion engines |
US7981170B1 (en) * | 2000-04-21 | 2011-07-19 | Shell Oil Company | Gasoline-oxygenate blend and method of producing the same |
US7410514B2 (en) | 2002-12-05 | 2008-08-12 | Greg Binions | Liquid fuel composition having aliphatic organic non-hydrocarbon compounds, an aromatic hydrocarbon having an aromatic content of less than 15% by volume, an oxygenate, and water |
MXPA05006343A (en) * | 2002-12-13 | 2006-03-17 | Eco Performance Products Ltd | Alcohol enhanced alternative fuels. |
WO2004058925A1 (en) | 2002-12-24 | 2004-07-15 | Sangi Co., Ltd. | Low-pollution liquid fuel for internal combustion engine |
CN102517103A (en) * | 2005-01-25 | 2012-06-27 | Bp北美公司 | Reduced RVP oxygenated gasoline composition and method |
WO2007061903A1 (en) * | 2005-11-17 | 2007-05-31 | Cps Biofuels, Inc. | Alternative fuel and fuel additive compositions |
US20070256354A1 (en) * | 2006-05-05 | 2007-11-08 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | E85 fuel composition and method |
-
2008
- 2008-02-12 DE DE102008008818A patent/DE102008008818A1/en not_active Ceased
-
2009
- 2009-02-05 WO PCT/EP2009/000787 patent/WO2009100848A1/en active Application Filing
- 2009-02-05 MX MX2010008748A patent/MX2010008748A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2009-02-05 BR BRPI0905873-7A patent/BRPI0905873A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-02-05 KR KR1020107020245A patent/KR20100124755A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2009-02-05 AU AU2009214375A patent/AU2009214375B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2009-02-05 PL PL09710667T patent/PL2254975T3/en unknown
- 2009-02-05 CN CN200980104801.XA patent/CN101981165B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-02-05 JP JP2010546241A patent/JP5674477B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-02-05 NZ NZ595119A patent/NZ595119A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-02-05 US US12/867,269 patent/US20100307053A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-02-05 ES ES09710667T patent/ES2390814T3/en active Active
- 2009-02-05 NZ NZ586932A patent/NZ586932A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-02-05 EP EP09710667A patent/EP2254975B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2009-02-05 CA CA2714464A patent/CA2714464A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2010
- 2010-07-27 ZA ZA2010/05347A patent/ZA201005347B/en unknown
-
2011
- 2011-09-20 ZA ZA2011/06846A patent/ZA201106846B/en unknown
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2009100848A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2714464A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
EP2254975B1 (en) | 2012-07-25 |
ES2390814T3 (en) | 2012-11-16 |
US20100307053A1 (en) | 2010-12-09 |
PL2254975T3 (en) | 2012-12-31 |
NZ595119A (en) | 2012-12-21 |
ZA201005347B (en) | 2011-11-30 |
MX2010008748A (en) | 2010-12-14 |
JP5674477B2 (en) | 2015-02-25 |
DE102008008818A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
KR20100124755A (en) | 2010-11-29 |
JP2011511870A (en) | 2011-04-14 |
NZ586932A (en) | 2011-10-28 |
AU2009214375B2 (en) | 2013-10-10 |
BRPI0905873A2 (en) | 2015-06-30 |
AU2009214375A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
CN101981165A (en) | 2011-02-23 |
WO2009100848A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
CN101981165B (en) | 2014-10-29 |
ZA201106846B (en) | 2013-05-29 |
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