EP2240422B1 - Composition d'amorce à faible toxicité pour munition à énergie réduite - Google Patents

Composition d'amorce à faible toxicité pour munition à énergie réduite Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2240422B1
EP2240422B1 EP08864892.8A EP08864892A EP2240422B1 EP 2240422 B1 EP2240422 B1 EP 2240422B1 EP 08864892 A EP08864892 A EP 08864892A EP 2240422 B1 EP2240422 B1 EP 2240422B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
weight
amount
present
propellant
primer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP08864892.8A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2240422A1 (fr
EP2240422A4 (fr
Inventor
Louise Guindon
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems Canada Inc
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General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems Canada Inc
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Publication of EP2240422A4 publication Critical patent/EP2240422A4/fr
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B8/00—Practice or training ammunition
    • F42B8/02—Cartridges
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06C—DETONATING OR PRIMING DEVICES; FUSES; CHEMICAL LIGHTERS; PYROPHORIC COMPOSITIONS
    • C06C7/00—Non-electric detonators; Blasting caps; Primers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/36—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information
    • F42B12/40—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information of target-marking, i.e. impact-indicating type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B5/00—Cartridge ammunition, e.g. separately-loaded propellant charges
    • F42B5/02—Cartridges, i.e. cases with charge and missile
    • F42B5/16—Cartridges, i.e. cases with charge and missile characterised by composition or physical dimensions or form of propellant charge, with or without projectile, or powder
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B8/00—Practice or training ammunition
    • F42B8/12—Projectiles or missiles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
    • F42C19/00—Details of fuzes
    • F42C19/08—Primers; Detonators
    • F42C19/0803—Primers; Detonators characterised by the combination of per se known chemical composition in the priming substance
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
    • F42C19/00—Details of fuzes
    • F42C19/08—Primers; Detonators
    • F42C19/10—Percussion caps

Definitions

  • This invention relates to primer compositions for use in low energy ammunition intended for training and preferably having reduced toxicity.
  • a particular application for a primer with reduced toxicity is its use in the class of ammunition which may be described as being "reduced-energy" ammunition. Such ammunition is used for training. Examples of such training ammunition are described in US PatentNos. 5,035,183 and 5,359,937.
  • a primer composition to be used in reduced-energy ammunition whereby the primer can serve as an improved source of gases to be evolved and directed to propel the projectile.
  • a primer it would be desirable for a primer to provide a portion of the propellant gases to be used to propel the projectile in combination with providing the primary explosion that is to be used to ignite the secondary explosive, said secondary explosive being used to provide the balance of the primer propellant gases.
  • a second propellant compound need not be present in the cartridge, as the primer composition may also function as the sole source of propellant.
  • a primer composition for use in low energy ammunition should evolve a substantial quantity of gas upon ignition.
  • US Patent No. 5,417,160 discloses a priming mixture which does not generate toxic oxides upon ignition and has sufficient sensitivity for use with both Berdan and Boxer primers.
  • the primer mix contains a primary explosive, a propellant, a sensitizer, an oxidizer and calcium silicate as the fuel.
  • the preferred oxidizer for this type of fuel is one or more alkaline and alkaline earth nitrates.
  • this primer mixture is not intended for use in low-energy ammunition.
  • US Patent No. 5,216,199 discloses a lead-free primer composition for rimfire cartridges.
  • the primer comprises diazodinitrophenol, tetracene, propellant, glass and strontium nitrate (as the oxidizer).
  • rimfire ignition differs significantly from centerfire ignition so it is apparent that a primer composition which is suitable for centerfire cartridges may not perform adequately in rimfire applications.”
  • rimfire primer compositions would not be expected to perform adequately in centerfire cartridges.
  • the primer mixture described in this reference is not intended for use in low-energy ammunition.
  • US Patent No. 5,359,937 discloses a cartridge for uses low-energy ammunition having a primer that constitutes the supply of the propellant gas.
  • a primer that constitutes the supply of the propellant gas.
  • no suggestion is made in this reference of incorporating propellant material in the primer composition.
  • a key component of a primer composition is the oxidizer.
  • the oxidizer provides oxygen for reaction with the fuel component. Combustion occurring in a primer is normally expected to generate the high temperatures necessary to ensure that the primer serves its role in igniting the propellant contained in the ammunition.
  • Bismuth-containing compounds such as bismuth (III) oxide
  • bismuth (III) oxide are not typically considered to be toxic, in the sense of being substantially more hazardous than simply being irritating to the skin, eyes and respiratory system.
  • the non-solubility and non-hygroscopicity of bismuth (III) oxide are properties that allow this compound to act as a chemically stable component for an explosive.
  • U S Patent No. 6,227,116 discloses that a metal fuel (such as A1 or Ti as a fuel) can be combined with a metal oxide oxidant, identified as bismuth (III) oxide, as one of several preferred oxides, to provide a pyrotechnic train which serves as a detonator for ignition of a secondary explosive.
  • a metal fuel such as A1 or Ti as a fuel
  • a metal oxide oxidant identified as bismuth (III) oxide, as one of several preferred oxides
  • WO2006/009579 which forms a starting point for the present invention, discloses primer compositions for small arms ammunition in which the primary explosives, oxidizers and other ingredients used are less toxic than prior art primer compositions.
  • a final primer mixture to be used in reduced-energy ammunition whereby the primer mixture can serve as a source of evolved gases to be directed to propel the projectile.
  • a portion of the propellant gases to be used to propel the projectile are provided exclusively by the final primer composition.
  • the propellant component present in the primer supplements a separate propellant present in the cartridge casing.
  • the final primer mixture comprises a primer composition, the primer composition comprising percussion initiated, shock-sensitive primary explosive, a metallic fuel, bismuth(III) oxide as an oxidizer, a secondary explosive, an explosive sensitizer and a frictionator, whereby a small amount of a further double based propellant composition is mixed with the primer composition to complete the final primer mixture.
  • An explosive sensitizer increases sensitivity to friction/shock and a frictionator improves the heat generation of the reaction.
  • a binding agent may be included and optional inert filler components may also be present.
  • the residual products after firing a cartridge containing the primer composition according to the invention are substantially free of toxic elements and components that have historically been associated with cartridge chemistry such as, for example, mercury, lead, barium, antimony, beryllium, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, selenium, tin, thallium as well as similar toxic substances.
  • the primary composition of the present invention comprises: the primary explosive in an amount of from about 20 to about 25% by weight; the secondary explosive in an amount of from 6.5 to about 10% by weight; the propellant in an amount of from about 10 to 20% by weight; the oxidizer in an amount of from about 25 to 40% by weight; the metallic fuel in an amount of from about 5 to 15% by weight; the sensitizer in an amount of from about 2.5 to 5% by weight; and the frictionator in an amount of from about 9 to 11% by weight, such percentages being based on the total of all of the above recited constituents.
  • the primary composition of the present invention may comprise: the primary explosive in an amount of from about 21.5 to about 23.5% by weight; the secondary explosive in an amount of from 6.5 to about 8% by weight; the propellant in an amount of from about 13 to 19% by weight; the oxidizer in an amount of from about 30 to 35% by weight; the metallic fuel in an amount of from about 6 to 10% by weight; the sensitizer in an amount of from about 2.5 to 3.5% by weight; and the frictionator in an amount of from about 9.5 to 10.5% by weight on a similar basis and as similarly presumed hereafter.
  • the primer composition of the present invention may comprise: the propellant in an amount of from about 15% to 18.5% by weight.
  • the propellant is a double-based propellant comprising nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin.
  • the propellant may have a mean size of from about 50 to 100 microns.
  • the primary explosive is preferably diazodinitrophenol; the secondary explosive is preferably pentaerythritol tetranitrate; the oxidizer is bismuth (III) oxide; the metallic fuel is preferably aluminum; the sensitizer is preferably tetrazene; and the frictionator is preferably bismuth powder or titanium powder.
  • the primer composition comprises an effective amount of a binder to maintain the integrity of the primer composition during handling.
  • the binder is preferably a polymerized vinyl compound. It may typically be present in an amount ranging from about 1 to 2% by weight based on the total weight of all of the active ingredients
  • the primer composition of the present invention is preferably intended for use in a low-energy cartridge having a casing and a projectile.
  • the interior cavity of the casing may either contain additional propellant, or be substantially free of propellant.
  • the projectile in such applications may comprise a reduced weight marking round, which optionally but preferably contains a water-based marking compound.
  • DDNP Diazodinitrophenol
  • dinol Diazodinitrophenol
  • Pentaerythritol tetranitrate was added as a secondary explosive to generate more heat after ignition of the DDNP.
  • a double-based standard propellant such as Ball Powder® made by St. Marks Powder, Inc. has been used.
  • the metal fuel is most preferably provided in the form of aluminum which is a readily available fuel. Titanium and zirconium are possible alternate fuels, but they react very violently and are sensitive to static, making them less preferred for use as fuels in ammunitions designed for training purposes.
  • Bismuth (III) oxide is used as the primary oxidizer.
  • Tetrazene is added as an explosive sensitizer to increase sensitivity to percussion.
  • the frictionator may be an inert granular material, such as glass powder, or it may be a chemically reactive granular material such as bismuth and titanium powder present in an effective amount in order to improve the sensitivity of the primer composition to percussion and to aid with heat buildup of the primary explosive such that the explosive mixture can reach the required explosive temperature.
  • Bismuth powder is preferred over titanium powder as a frictionator due to the handling difficulties of titanium (which may also serve as fuel)
  • small amounts of titanium (as frictionator) in the primer composition do not lead to the same difficulties encountered when higher amounts of titanium are required to serve as the fuel component, In one embodiment referenced below, titanium powder is used as the frictionator agent.
  • Binder is optional but preferably provided in an effective amount to consolidate the components and reduce the tendency for the composition to absorb moisture.
  • it was provided in the form of AcronalTM, a polymerized vinyl compound.
  • Such a binder may be in the form of any suitable water-soluble composition that does not react adversely with the other components of the invention and will perform its function of consolidating the final primer composition.
  • the primer composition according to the preferred variants of the invention has demonstrated satisfactory storage life under humid conditions.
  • a primer according to this formulation incorporated into a low-energy cartridge and stored in an airtight packaging, was able to perform adequately even after exposure to a high humidity content for months.
  • references to "toxicity", as used herein, are to be understood as a relative term.
  • the consumption, use or exposure to large doses of the majority of compounds can, at some level, be determined to be toxic.
  • the compounds of the present invention are said to have a reduced toxicity in comparison with compounds of the prior art which are currently used in primers.
  • the disclosed compounds produce a residue after firing that is substantially free of toxic substances. More particularly and preferably, such residues are free of the presence of mercury, lead, barium, antimony, beryllium, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, selenium, tin, and thallium.
  • the invention is directed towards a primer composition for reduced-energy ammunition with reduced toxicity containing Bismuth(III)oxide as its primary oxidizer.
  • a primer provides a residue which has reduced toxicity.
  • the primer composition is particularly suited for use as an explosive composition in reduced energy cartridges such as those described in US Patent No. 5,359,937 . Such cartridges may contain a small secondary propellant charge or no separate propellant charge whatsoever, relying on the primer composition to produce gasses to be used to propel the projectile.
  • Fig. 1 depicts a cartridge 1 incorporating the primer composition 2 of the invention, along with additional propellant 4.
  • the cartridge has a head end 5 with an outer casing 3 that slidingly embraces a forward body 6 that carries a projectile 8 at its forward end.
  • a firing pin (not shown) strikes the head end 5 this activates the primer composition 2 which ignites the propellant 4 allowing propellant gases to flow through the central orifice 9 and the central gas passageway 7 to drive the projectile 8 forward.
  • the buildup of gas pressure in the inner casing volume of 10 causes the case 3 to recoil.
  • Fig. 2 depicts a cartridge similar to that of Fig. 1 , without the presence of additional propellant.
  • the primer composition is the exclusive provider of propellant gases for firing the projectile 8.
  • compositions of embodiments of the present invention are further provided in Tables 2 to 4.
  • bismuth serves as the frictionator
  • titanium is the frictionator.
  • three types of propellants were used: Propellant #1 (98.5% nitrocellulose, mean size 50 microns); Propellant #2 (98.5% nitrocellulose, mean size 100 microns); and Propellant #3 (86% nitrocellulose and 12% nitroglycerin; mean size 65 microns).
  • the above components were selected to exclude the toxic components as identified by reference to the standards of the EPA and FBI, as well as particulate and fume toxicity data published by such recognized authorities as OSHA (Office of Safety and Health Administration), ACGIH (American Conference of Government and Industrial Hygienists), NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational and Safety and Health) and COSHR (Canadian Occupational Safety and Health Regulations).
  • OSHA Office of Safety and Health Administration
  • ACGIH American Conference of Government and Industrial Hygienists
  • NIOSH National Institute for Occupational and Safety and Health
  • COSHR Canadian Occupational Safety and Health Regulations.
  • the procedure for preparing a primer according to the invention may be carried out according to the following steps.
  • a wet mix manufacturing process is preferably adopted for safety reasons.
  • the ingredients are all substantially insoluble in water, it is advantageous to mix them while they are wet to greatly reduce the likelihood of detonation.
  • the components in their moistened state may then be pressed into primer cups mounted on perforated plates before being sealed and dried in a known manner.
  • a preferred method of manufacturing the primer composition of the present invention is a batch process wherein the non-explosive components are weighed in their dry form and set aside.
  • the explosive components are each stored separately under humid conditions; the humidity level is measured in order to calculate the dry weight of each explosive component.
  • the wet explosive components are then mixed together; water and an optional binding agent are added to the mixture and mixed.
  • the dry non-explosive ingredients are added and mixed.
  • the batch is stored under humidity until it is ready to be pressed into primer cups.
  • Table 5 shows standard NATO drop test results to validate the primer's sensitivity to detonation, thus establishing the product's robustness.
  • Table 6 shows drop test results conducted at the time of manufacturing, and after six weeks storage in severe conditions of 100% relative humidity and a temperature of 40-45 degrees Celcius. Table 6 Criteria At time of manufacturing After Storage H + 5s ⁇ 17.70 inches 16.23 13.29 H - 2s ⁇ 2.95 inches 3.95 4.96 Ho inches 4 4

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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Claims (3)

  1. Mélange d'amorce finale pour une utilisation dans une munition à charge réduite comportant une composition d'amorce, ladite composition d'amorce comportant :
    a) un explosif primaire sensible au choc, déclenché par percussion,
    b) un combustible métallique,
    c) un oxydant, l'oxydant étant de l'oxyde de bismuth (III),
    d) un explosif secondaire,
    e) un sensibilisateur explosible, et
    f) un agent de friction,
    de sorte qu'une petite quantité d'une composition d'agent propulsif supplémentaire à double base est mélangée avec la composition d'amorce pour compléter le mélange d'amorce finale, caractérisé en ce que l'explosif primaire est présent en une quantité d'environ 20 à environ 25 % en poids, l'explosif secondaire est présent en une quantité de 6,5 à environ 10 % en poids, l'agent propulsif est présent en une quantité d'environ 10 à 20 % en poids, l'oxydant est présent en une quantité d'environ 25 à 40 % en poids, le combustible métallique est présent en une quantité d'environ 5 à 15 % en poids, le sensibilisateur est présent en une quantité d'environ 2,5 à 5 % en poids, et l'agent de friction est présent en une quantité d'environ 9 à 11 % en poids, ces pourcentages étant basés sur le poids total de l'explosif primaire, de l'explosif secondaire, de l'agent propulsif, de l'oxydant, du combustible métallique, du sensibilisateur et de l'agent de friction, et dans lequel l'agent propulsif à double base comporte de la nitrocellulose et de la nitroglycérine.
  2. Mélange d'amorce finale selon la revendication 1, dans lequel l'explosif primaire est présent en une quantité d'environ 21,5 à environ 23,5 % en poids, l'explosif secondaire est présent en une quantité de 6,5 à environ 8 % en poids, l'agent propulsif est présent en une quantité d'environ 13 à 19 % en poids, l'oxydant est présent en une quantité d'environ 30 à 35 % en poids, le combustible métallique est présent en une quantité d'environ 6 à environ 10 % en poids, le sensibilisateur est présent en une quantité d'environ 2,5 à 3,5 % en poids, et l'agent de friction est présent en une quantité d'environ 9,5 à environ 10,5 % en poids.
  3. Mélange d'amorce finale selon l'une quelconque des revendications ci-dessus, dans lequel l'agent propulsif est présent en une quantité d'environ 15 % à 18,5 % en poids basé sur le poids total des ingrédients actifs.
EP08864892.8A 2007-12-24 2008-12-23 Composition d'amorce à faible toxicité pour munition à énergie réduite Active EP2240422B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US1652907P 2007-12-24 2007-12-24
PCT/CA2008/002264 WO2009079788A1 (fr) 2007-12-24 2008-12-23 Compositions d'amorce à faible toxicité pour munition à charge réduite

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2240422A1 EP2240422A1 (fr) 2010-10-20
EP2240422A4 EP2240422A4 (fr) 2013-05-22
EP2240422B1 true EP2240422B1 (fr) 2016-12-21

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US (1) US20100300319A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2240422B1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2008340941B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2713666A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2009079788A1 (fr)

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US8192568B2 (en) 2007-02-09 2012-06-05 Alliant Techsystems Inc. Non-toxic percussion primers and methods of preparing the same
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USD778395S1 (en) 2015-08-11 2017-02-07 True Velocity, Inc. Projectile aperture wicking pattern
US9587918B1 (en) 2015-09-24 2017-03-07 True Velocity, Inc. Ammunition having a projectile made by metal injection molding
US9835427B2 (en) 2016-03-09 2017-12-05 True Velocity, Inc. Two-piece primer insert for polymer ammunition
US9518810B1 (en) 2016-03-09 2016-12-13 True Velocity, Inc. Polymer ammunition cartridge having a two-piece primer insert
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CN106631642A (zh) * 2016-10-12 2017-05-10 安徽理工大学 含钛粉高能混合炸药及其制备方法
US10760882B1 (en) 2017-08-08 2020-09-01 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Metal injection molded ammunition cartridge
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Also Published As

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WO2009079788A1 (fr) 2009-07-02
AU2008340941A1 (en) 2009-07-02
CA2713666A1 (fr) 2009-07-02
AU2008340941B2 (en) 2012-07-26
EP2240422A1 (fr) 2010-10-20
EP2240422A4 (fr) 2013-05-22
US20100300319A1 (en) 2010-12-02

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