EP2232248A1 - Procede et dispositif de mesure de l'effusivite thermique d'une surface d'etude - Google Patents
Procede et dispositif de mesure de l'effusivite thermique d'une surface d'etudeInfo
- Publication number
- EP2232248A1 EP2232248A1 EP08856900A EP08856900A EP2232248A1 EP 2232248 A1 EP2232248 A1 EP 2232248A1 EP 08856900 A EP08856900 A EP 08856900A EP 08856900 A EP08856900 A EP 08856900A EP 2232248 A1 EP2232248 A1 EP 2232248A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- tip
- temperature
- transducers
- tips
- counter
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/07—Analysing solids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
- G01N25/18—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating thermal conductivity
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/24—Probes
- G01N29/2437—Piezoelectric probes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
- G01N2291/042—Wave modes
- G01N2291/0427—Flexural waves, plate waves, e.g. Lamb waves, tuning fork, cantilever
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and a device for measuring the thermal effusivity of a study surface.
- the technical field of the invention is that of man-machine sensory interfaces in the form of artificial fingers or feelers for the characterization of a heat exchange between different thermal effusivity materials on a millimeter square scale. It is also that of local ultrasound at the scale of one cubic centimeter for thermal and acoustic imaging applications in the field of virtual reality, robotics, non-destructive testing. Finally, it is that of medical imaging screening for osteoarthritic processes or skin cancer.
- the thermal conductivity ⁇ of a material describes the ability of this material to conduct heat, while the effusivity of a material (in J. m- 2, k- 1) . s "0 ' 5 ) is its ability to exchange thermal energy with its environment
- the Touchau method developed by Pierre VERNOTTE in 1937 for measuring the thermal conductivity of insulators, is based on the measurement of the thermal relaxation time of a mass of high conductivity thermal by means of a thermocouple.
- This mass cylindrical in shape, previously heated to a temperature above room temperature is brought into contact with a test body at room temperature over an area of about one square centimeter. Since the temperature difference is known, the thermal relaxation time of the measuring mass depends only on the effusivity of the test body. This method therefore makes it possible to measure averaged effusivities on a surface.
- the accuracy of the measurement is limited by the quality of the thermal contact between the mass and the test body and by ensuring a decrease in temperature due solely to heat exchange with the test body and not with the 'ambiant air.
- the mass used for the measurement is isolated from the ambient air by means of a mass of guard initially heated to the same temperature as this one and sensible to cool by contact with the test body at the same speed as the measuring mass.
- the guard mass actually exchanges heat with the ambient air and cools faster than the measuring mass, which ultimately influences, after a long duration, the relaxation time of the mass measurement.
- the flat face of the measuring mass requires special attention to be perfectly in contact with the test body.
- this Touchau method has been improved and successfully applied to the characterization of burns.
- This apparatus adapted to the non-destructive industrial control, comprises the following elements: a) a probe, or "Touchau", comprising a measurement mass of which all the faces, with the exception of the face of contact with the test body are surrounded by an integral guard mass, but thermally insulated from said measuring mass, a thermometric probe whose active part is inserted into the measuring mass and means for displaying the measured temperatures and a differential thermometric probe for measuring the measured mass.
- the temperature of the guard mass is controlled by that of the measuring mass.
- the errors related to the thermal coupling resistances between the measuring mass and the test body are reduced by interposing between the two materials an elastomeric film loaded with a good thermal metal powder and by controlling the contact pressure between the two. materials conditioning the crushing of this elastomer, by means of a pneumatic cylinder.
- the referenced document [2] describes an acoustic technique for determining thermal transport parameters, thermal diffusivity, effusivity, conductivity, and the heat capacity of paint layer on different media.
- the document referenced [3] shows how it is possible to realize, on the one hand, a broadband probe consisting of a flexural wave tip and how, on the other hand, this tip can be used to analyze the polarization of a wave propagating in an object of test and arriving in oblique incidence on the surface of the object.
- This document also characterizes conical and parabolic profiles vis-à-vis the reflection coefficient at the end of the tip in free tip situation or loaded by a flat surface.
- the notion of radiation impedance is defined and is used to characterize the reflection of a bending wave at the tip end. This document does not speak of heating and the effect of heat transfer between a heated acoustic tip and a test surface on the round-trip transit time of a wave packet propagating in the tip.
- the document referenced [4] shows the influence that the vibration of a tip, in particular the direction of its vibration, can have on the nature of the acoustic wave generated in a test body, in particular the propagation modes generated. in a plate and how one can exploit the coupling properties between a tip and a plate to realize a two-dimensional position detector of the position of the tip on the plate.
- This document deals only with acoustic coupling and in no case with thermal coupling, much less with the effect of a thermal coupling on acoustic propagation inside a tip.
- the known art methods used to characterize contact effusivity assume flat surfaces and long relaxation times. They neglect contact resistances and neglect the effects of heat confinement due to a finite lateral extent of the interface. They use thermocouples to measure the temperature. These methods depend on several parameters:
- the object of the invention is to solve such a technical problem by proposing a method and a measuring device comprising at least one tip making it possible to measure the thermal effusivity of a small volume of a surface with a short response time. study of the order of one cubic millimeter, from one or more brief and successive contacts of different durations between this at least one tip and this study surface.
- the invention relates to a method for measuring the thermal effusivity of at least one volume of a study surface, in which at least one contact of predetermined duration is made between at least one known thermal effusivity peak, subject to at its base at a first temperature Tb, and this study surface at a second temperature Ta less than the first temperature Tb, and the heat exchange is measured between this at least one tip and this study surface, characterized in that that the round-trip time of at least one bending acoustic wave propagating within this at least one point is measured, until its free end comes into contact with the study surface, a variation in transit time following a temperature variation in the vicinity of this end.
- the duration of the contact is between a few tens of milliseconds and a few tens of seconds. Peaks are selected in a thermal effusivity material greater than 10 000 J. m "2 .k ⁇ .s" 0 '5.
- conical profile peaks when the area of study is a thermal effusivity material exceeding 2 500 J. m "2. K" 1. s ⁇ 0 ' 5 .
- Parabolic profile tips are chosen when the study surface is made of a thermal effusivity material greater than 2500 J / K / M 3 .
- an interface temperature is chosen between the tip and the test surface, for contact durations longer than 10 seconds, located halfway between the ambient temperature and the end temperature of the tips, in the absence of contact .
- thermogram which gives a variation in the transit time of the ultrasonic waves emitted from the base of the tips as a function of the duration of the touch.
- the invention also relates to a device for measuring the thermal effusivity of at least one volume of a study surface, characterized in that it comprises at least one tip, for example a matrix of tips, of effusivity thermal sensor, arranged on a base forming an acoustic cavity, and means for sequentially probing each tip by selective excitation of acoustic bending waves, and measuring the transit time of the return of at least one bending acoustic wave propagating inside this at least one tip.
- a device for measuring the thermal effusivity of at least one volume of a study surface characterized in that it comprises at least one tip, for example a matrix of tips, of effusivity thermal sensor, arranged on a base forming an acoustic cavity, and means for sequentially probing each tip by selective excitation of acoustic bending waves, and measuring the transit time of the return of at least one bending acoustic wave propagating inside this at least one tip.
- each tip is covered with an elastomer layer loaded with fine metal particles which are good conductors of heat.
- the device of the invention comprises an array of P piezoelectric transducers, excited by amplitude and phase delay laws. At least one of the transducers P can operate alternately in transmission and reception. The tips are glued by their base to the acoustic cavity. The P transducers form a closed enclosure, surrounding the matrix of points.
- the distance separating two adjacent transducers is less than half a wavelength.
- the base diameter of each tip is less than half a wavelength.
- the tips are at least half a wavelength apart.
- the device of the invention comprises a base formed by an isotropic metal plate whose edge is covered with a coating that absorbs and damps the incident waves, a heating surface bonded to the opposite face of the plate wherein is glued the tip matrix, the P transducers, surrounding the matrix of tips, being connected using solder microwires to a printed circuit.
- the device of the invention comprises a base forming an ergodic chaotic cavity.
- the device of the invention comprises a main quartz clock, operating at a few tens of megahertz and supplying a main counter determining the times of excitation of the emitter transducer (s) and the start of a time converter.
- Digital Time Domain (TDC) less than a nanosecond and a fast comparator.
- the device of the invention offers the possibility of being able to image surfaces or coatings characterized by effusivity or non-uniform conductivity.
- the device of the invention is suitable for controlling flexible or slightly deformable materials, such as skin, polymers, paints. In the presence of a layer of elastomer adaptation it also allows the control of hard materials.
- the device of the invention When the device of the invention is in permanent contact with the study surface, it can be used as an ultrasound imaging device for mechanical impedances and volume thermal impedances for volumes of the order of one cubic centimeter.
- FIG. 1A illustrates signals measured with the device of the invention, using a tapered tip shown in Fig. 1B.
- FIG. 2A illustrates signals measured with the device of the invention, using a paraboloid shaped tip shown in Figure 2B.
- FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the device of the invention in the case of a deaf cavity.
- FIG. 4 illustrates the realization of a thermal echo effusivity imager according to the invention, in a view from above.
- FIG. 5 illustrates the possibility of reducing the number of transducers, using an ergodic chaotic cavity.
- FIG. 6 illustrates the principle of addressing a tip in a spike matrix of the device of the invention.
- FIG. 7 illustrates the block diagram of an electronic circuit for exciting and measuring the thermal effusivity imager according to the invention.
- FIG. 8 illustrates a detection of the zero crossing in the electronic circuit illustrated in FIG. 7.
- the method of the invention is a method for measuring the thermal effusivity of at least a small volume of a study surface, in which:
- At least one contact of predetermined duration is made between at least one known thermal effusivity tip, subjected to its base at a first temperature Tb, and this study surface at a second temperature Ta less than the first temperature Tb,
- the heat exchange between this at least one tip and this study surface is measured by measuring the round-trip transit time of at least an acoustic bending wave propagating inside this at least one point up to its free end brought into contact with the study surface, a variation of transit time following a temperature variation in the vicinity of this end.
- the device of the invention makes it possible to implement this method, comprises at least one tip, for example a matrix of tips, of known thermal effusivity arranged on a base having a high thermal conductivity, forming an acoustic cavity, means to bring this at least one point to the first temperature Tb at its base, this temperature being higher than the temperature Ta of the study surface, with which all the points are brought into contact, and sequential sounding means of each of these points by selective excitation of acoustic bending waves.
- Heat Exchange The method of the invention is a method of characterizing a heat exchange according to a different approach to that of the Touchau method previously considered.
- thermocouple It is based on an ultrasonic technique, faster than a thermocouple, to access the temperature of the measuring mass, in the immediate vicinity of the interface and to characterize the thermal properties, in combination with the acoustic properties of this mass at a scale smaller than that of the Touchau method. Moreover, unlike the method of
- a temperature interface between the tip and the material for a contact time of the order of the second, mid-point temperatures of the tip and the material in the absence of contact.
- advantageously used tapered tips machined in a material of great thermal effusivity greater than 10 000 J. m "2.
- K " 1 . s "0 '5 such as copper, brass or Duralumin.
- a test material generates a strong decrease the temperature in the tip
- This property of confinement and controlled conduction of heat in the tip makes it possible to generate significant temperature variations and heat exchange processes that can be measured by ultrasonic ultrasound techniques.
- in contact with a hot tip with a test material causes the transit time of a bending acoustic wave propagating in the tip of several tens of nanoseconds to fall for a few peak lengths. centimeters that can be measured with a precision of the order of one tenth of the nanosecond, better than 1%.
- the bending waves in the tips are generated by an acoustic vibration in the plane of their base, this base being orthogonal to their axis of symmetry, which gives the direction of the wave vector.
- a vibration in this base plane can be generated by gluing a piezoelectric transducer vibrating in shear thickness at the base, a damping material being provided on the rear face of the transducer, to limit the duration of the impulse response.
- Such an arrangement is adapted for operation with a single tip.
- the acoustic cavity can be a solid solid, good thermal conductor and propagating guided acoustic waves, for example an isotropic plate, on which are glued the tips.
- This cavity is used to focus a symmetric Lamb wave S 0 , from a network of P transducers disposed around the tips, by exciting this network according to laws of delay.
- Ultrasound ultrasound can probe the temperature directly at the tip of a tip.
- the length of the point here is such that one can afford to heat it permanently at its base, because the diffusion time of the heat, from its base to its end, is always longer than the duration of the measurement.
- the loss of heat from the tip with the ambient air makes its free end slightly colder than the temperature Tb of the base, but always warmer than the temperature Ta of the test body.
- the use of ultrasound ultrasound of the free tip makes it possible to permanently know the temperature at its end and to characterize thermal transfers over a time scale ranging from a few tens of milliseconds to several tens of seconds.
- the tip into a guard sleeve insulating it thermally by a thin layer of air, said sleeve being fixed at the level of the base of the tip and covering it up to its free end at a millimeter so as not to be in contact with the test body.
- the geometry of a tip in the vicinity of the contact is an important parameter in the heat exchange process. Indeed, at identical heights and base diameters, the confinement of heat is much stronger in a conical point than in a parabolic point. Similarly in the case of conical tips, confinement is more important for a smaller apex angle. In the case where the effusivity of the test body was high (greater than 2500 J. m "2. K" 1.
- a parabolic peak is used which allows the raise the interface temperature and better characterize the heat transfer process.
- a conical tip with a small angle at the apex e.g. less than 10 degrees
- This phase change can be used to determine the duration of the contact and to set the transit time in the tip according to the ambient temperature or to determine any wear or deformation of the tip.
- the device of the invention may comprise a matrix of tips such that the tips may be distributed over a study surface with a density of the order of 1 / mm 2 .
- the temperature drop at the end of the tips is all the stronger as the effusivity of the test material is greater and the apex angle is smaller.
- the measurement made is deduced from the reflection conditions of bending acoustic waves generated in bursts in the tips which are reflected at their end.
- the waves 9 are reflected without phase inversion, while in case of contact with a different acoustic impedance material of radiation, the waves undergo a significant variation of amplitude and / or phase depending the mechanical impedance of radiation charging the end of the tip.
- FIGS. 1A and 2A illustrate the disturbance of the echo phase inside a Duralumin point in the case of a conical point, illustrated in FIG. 1B, and in the case of a parabolic point, illustrated in FIG. 2B, in Duralumin, brought into contact on the same semi-infinite plane material.
- Curves I, II and III illustrate this disturbance:
- the contact of the tips with the study surface causes a drop in temperature of the peaks and therefore a variation of the transit time (VTT) of the ultrasonic waves emitted from the base of the tips.
- VTT transit time
- This transit time information is mapped in absolute or relative value, with respect to a temperature of equilibrium and from one point to another and in time.
- the slope of the thermogram that gives the MTB variation as a function of the touch time, in nanoseconds per second of contact depends on the thermal conductivity, the specific heat and the density of the contact. test body. For long periods, this slope gives the thermal properties in the immediate vicinity of the test body. For long periods of time, this slope gives the thermal properties of the sampled material.
- the apex angle of the conical tips is small.
- the ratio between base diameter and peak height is 1/10, which corresponds to a peak angle of 5.7 degrees or a radiation impedance 3000 times lower than that of the same volume material.
- the base diameter of a conical tip is typically 3 mm and its height h is 30 mm.
- Exemplary embodiment of the device of the invention Figure 3 illustrates an embodiment of the device of the invention in the case of a cavity "deaf". That is to say, this device comprises a plate 10 for example isotropic and metal whose edge is covered with a coating 11 which absorbs and dampens all the incident waves on the edges of the plate.
- the plate 10 is heated by contact, using a heating surface 12 bonded to the opposite surface of the plate 10 which is glued a matrix of points 13. It could also be heated by infrared contactless.
- the distance separating the base of two adjacent points is at least half a wavelength of the bending acoustic wave. It is in practice of 1 or 1.5 wavelengths.
- P transducers 14 surround the matrix of tips 13. They have a common mass, which is the metal plate. P transducers 14, for example 64, are connected using solder microwires 15 to a printed circuit 16 superimposed on the plate whose function is to bring the signals to the same multipoint connector not shown in the figure.
- Two adjacent transducers 14 are spaced a distance less than half a wavelength, so that the acoustic field surrounding the tip matrix 13 is perfectly known throughout the space surrounding the tips.
- the P transducers 14 may, for example, be micro machined from a ring of a piezoelectric ceramic type PZT covered with a silver paste weldable on both sides and locally comprising a return of silvering to access the GND common ground.
- the ring for example of thickness 0.5 mm, is intimately bonded to the plate, using a high temperature cyanoacrylate resin or curing by ultraviolet radiation or epoxy, possibly conductive.
- the inner radius of the ring is, for example, 40 mm, while the outer radius is 44 mm.
- the integrity of the lower electrode is thus preserved and all parts have the same common electrode.
- the plate 14 can then be made of a non-conductive electrical material, such as glass or silicon.
- the distance between two adjacent equal parts may be about 200 micrometers.
- the fundamental radial resonance frequency of the transducer is about 1 MHz.
- the thickness of the plate 10 is chosen so that the product frequency x thickness is less than 1 MHz. mm.
- the chosen plate has for example a thickness of 1 mm.
- Lamb's symmetrical mode wavelength S 0 is close to 6 mm, so that the base diameter of the tips can be 3 mm for a height of 30 mm.
- the phase velocity of the bending waves at the end of the tips is close to 1000 m / s.
- the radiation impedance Zr (O) is 3000 times lower than that of a transverse wave in solid Duralumin, but still 20 times greater than that of air.
- the height of the tips is chosen so large that there is good signal separation between a direct detection by the plate 10, from a transmitting transducer to a receiving transducer, and the echo signal from the tips end. . This separation is effective if the echo arrives 20 microseconds after the direct signals.
- the points 13 in Duralumin are arranged in the central region of the enclosure, created by the array of transducers. The propagation time in a point (one way) is close to 10 microseconds.
- the propagation time, from a transducer 14 to the end of a tip 13, is a maximum of 17 microseconds or 34 microseconds back and forth, from a transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer, diametrically opposite.
- the tips 13 are therefore all successively excited, thanks to the delay laws E 1 It-T 1 , (J) 1 ) where E 1 denotes the amplitude of the pulse applied to the transducer i (1 ⁇ i ⁇ P), T 1 the delay before application of the pulse and (J) 1 , the phase associated with the sinusoidal pulse of the transducer i.
- E 1 denotes the amplitude of the pulse applied to the transducer i (1 ⁇ i ⁇ P)
- T 1 the delay before application of the pulse
- (J) 1 the phase associated with the sinusoidal pulse of the transducer i.
- the shape of the array of transducers may be arbitrary provided the array forms a closed enclosure surrounding the tip array. It is thus possible, for a more convenient arrangement of the matrix of points, to choose a form of rectangular network, rather than circular. Furthermore, the base of the conical tips may be slightly non-orthogonal to their axis of symmetry, so as to disperse or tighten the ends.
- the time between two excitations can be at least 34 microseconds.
- the use of a microcontroller for generation and the loading of the waveforms, the reverberation constant, as well as the signal processing for accurate measurement of the propagation time limits the measurement rate to about 10,000 per second. With a rate of 2,000 shots / sec, it takes 32 ms to scan the entire matrix of tips and obtain a transit time image of 64 points. The device of the invention then offers an acquisition frequency close to 30 images per second.
- the tip matrix When the material 18, which is to characterize the heat transfer process is soft, the tip matrix is put directly in contact with the latter. This is the case for the pulp of the finger or other soft material such as a gel or a polymer. In the case of a material 18 hard and non-planar, can be inserted between the matrix of tips and the study material, a flexible film good thermal conductor, such as an elastomer loaded with fine metal particles micrometer size.
- the tip matrix comes into contact with the study material 18, there is acoustic coupling between the emitting tip and the other tips via the study material 18.
- the tip matrix can then serve as an ultrasound system to probe and image the mechanical impedance breaks inside the study material.
- the imaging then consists in representing in gray scale or in colors the amplitude of the signal or its relative amplitude and / or phase variations for all the points of the matrix, at a given moment or on a window given time for all peaks or time windows shifted by a predetermined time from one point to the other, the signal being transmitted in the material from one or more focus points and detected by the other points switched in receive mode .
- the tip matrix can, according to the Huygens-Fresnel principle, be excited to probe specific regions in the study material. For this, several points can be excited simultaneously by superposition of signals. Controlling the direction of the polarization vector can also be advantageously exploited to probe directionally particular regions of the material. It is thus possible to use the device of the invention for probing the epidermis or the joints of the hand in screening for skin cancer or osteoarthritic processes.
- FIG. 3 thus illustrates the principle of a thermal effusivity imager for an ultrasonic transducer matrix ultrasound system operating as a thermal transfer imager.
- the array of transducers 14 generates symmetrical Lamb wave packets S 0 , inside the metal plate heated to a temperature Tb.
- At each point 13 of coordinates (i, j) corresponds a delay law in amplitude and phase, which is applied to focus the waves on the basis of a tip. This creates bending modes with a predefined polarization, inside the tips.
- the echo at the end of the tips is detected by a receiving transducer, from which a search a predetermined zero crossing time is performed and a quantized transit time.
- FIG. 4 illustrates the realization of a thermal echo effusivity imager, in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, seen from above, the heating surface not being shown.
- FIG. 4 illustrates the various elements already illustrated in Figure 3 which retain the same references here. Also illustrated here are the delay laws of the transducers numbers 12,25,43 and 57.
- Ergodic chaotic cavity In the specific conditions of chaotic cavities with very weak damping (strong reverberation) and property of ergocidity, it is possible, as illustrated on Figure 5, to reduce the number P of transducers to one.
- the edges of the plate are erected by polishing, that the product frequency of the waves x thickness of the plate is much lower than IMHz. mm, that is to say that the wave So is preferably purely longitudinal and that the material constituting the plate is characterized by a weak amortization. S 0 modes are then reflected a lot of times on the edges, without converting to other modes slower.
- a source transducer can then be associated with several image transducers corresponding to the successive reflections on the edges of the plate.
- the plate 20 is ergodic, if the effect of a single emitting transducer Pe and its (PI) virtual transducers Pv, reflection images on the edges in a reverberant cavity is equivalent to the effect of P source transducers in a deaf cavity .
- the plate forms a chaotic cavity if a single emitting transducer is associated with image transducers, uniformly distributed all around the plate, from the first reflections, for example the first ten.
- Such an ergodic chaotic cavity is, for example, obtained by truncating a disk-shaped thin plate, such as a silicon wafer of 2 inches diagonally, as illustrated in FIG. 5, or copper or aluminum in the device of 1 invention.
- the P transducers are not necessarily all excited with the same amplitude or the same phase. This is also what makes it possible to impose the direction of the polarization of the transverse wave generated at the base of a tip.
- the direction of polarization of the wave is arbitrarily parallel to the direction of the transducers E57 and E25.
- Delay laws allow focusing on the coordinate point (2, 6) (second line, sixth column). The phases are reversed and the excitation voltages of the transducers E12 and E40, located in the perpendicular axis, are zero.
- the amplitude of the signals all around the tip (2, 6) therefore varies in Sine ( ⁇ ).
- the maximum variation of transit time in a conical tip due to a heat exchange process is about fifty nanoseconds for a temperature difference with the test material of about twenty degrees Kelvin.
- the method of the invention therefore requires exciting at specific times, defined from a stable time counter, one or more transducers, which serve to focus a wave on a given tip, then to switch at least one of receiving mode transducers, for amplifying the echo signal from the interrogated tip and stopping the time counter from a well-identifiable reference point of the echo wave, such as a zero crossing of the wave packet.
- the measurement of the round-trip transit time in a peak uses a temperature compensated quartz master clock operating at 60 MHz and feeding a main counter from which the pulses are triggered. of excitation of the emitter transducer (s) and the time-to-digital converter (TDC) with a temporal resolution of 130 picoseconds, used for the fine measurement of transit time variations.
- the secondary counter is started from a value N 0 of the main counter corresponding to the arrival of the front edge of the echo.
- FIG. 7 illustrates a schematic diagram of such an electronic circuit 25.
- Chip Select chip selection - CNA: Analog Digital Converter
- This circuit 25 comprises the following components:
- a multipoint connector 30 intended to be connected to at least one transducer 14 operating in transmission reception
- a main counter 32 incremented by a quartz clock 33, a secondary counter 34,
- a module 40 for interrupt level control is a module 40 for interrupt level control.
- the microcontroller 39 includes specific timers which, in combination with the arithmetic and logic unit of this microcontroller 39, are used by the computer programs stored in its flash and RAM memory to communicate with other peripherals, for example a computer.
- display (not shown), transmit data, perform calculations, initialize the main counter 32, or initiate special procedures following an interrupt (Intflag or Interrupt Flag) of the secondary counter 34.
- the comparator 38 switches on the zero crossings of the signal from the amplifier 35 when the "Enable" bit of the main counter 32 is activated.
- the output of the comparator 38 is connected to the input "STOP" of the secondary counter 34.
- the signal "jitter” is a logic signal that switches once when the wave packet reflected at the end of the addressed tip 13 finishes his round trip.
- the signal from the piezoelectric transducer 14 is amplified and then squared via the X 2 quadrator 36, which has a programmable gain via an 8-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 41.
- digital analog converter 41 being loaded by the content of the automatic gain control (AGC) register of the main counter 32, then integrated via an active filter 37.
- this active filter 37 has its slightly polarized input at a negative voltage, so that its output is saturated at the positive voltage + 5V which blocks the PMOS transistor 42 which follows.
- the squared signal increases the input voltage of the integrator 37 so that its output voltage decreases.
- This voltage ends up by opening the PMOS transistor 42 and causes the switching of the jitter signal of the mass to + 5V, and the switching of a flip-flop D of the main counter 32. This then stops an energy counter, which is an 8-bit counter triggered. when the main counter 32 reaches a determined value.
- LR counter which is a low resolution counter. This 6-bit counter is incremented by the 60 MHz main clock. It starts and stops at the same times as the secondary counter 34 which is a HR counter or "high resolution" counter. Its temporal resolution is simply less good. It is 16.7 ns against 0.125 ns for the HR meter. This counter is used to finely position the measurement window, relative to the zero crossing (PAZ). The comparator 38 is then allowed to switch.
- the counter LR is built using flip-flops D in the main counter 32. This avoids having to dialogue with the secondary counter 34.
- the circuit 32 of FIG. 7 is programmed to contain the main counter, the energy counter and the counter LR.
- the meters LR and energy are thus programmed and located in the programmable logic circuit CPLD ("Complex Programmable Logic Device") bearing the reference 32 in Figure 7. They are synchronous with the main counter.
- CPLD Complex Programmable Logic Device
- the processing circuit 25 comprises a multipoint connector 30 intended to be connected to at least one transducer 14 operating in transmission / reception (a single thermal finger) or P-I transducers 14 operating in transmission and at least one transducer operating in transmission / reception
- the vector of the electrical transitions is refreshed at a rate at least equal to the natural resonance frequency of the transducers 14 and preferably at a rate 8 times higher or 8 MHz.
- the successive states of the vector of electrical transitions are saved in a Flash memory and are indexed precisely with respect to the main quartz clock (60 MHz). These successive states contain the delay laws for focusing a wave at a predetermined location of the cavity corresponding to the location of a predetermined tip 13.
- Each of the points 13 of the tip matrix is therefore associated with a sequence of transition vectors defining the excitation sequence.
- This first simplified excitation mode makes it possible to apply predetermined delay laws and thus to address the matrix of points 13, while controlling the switching times and therefore the stability of the phase of the received wave packet. It makes it possible to excite the P transducers 14 with arbitrary bipolar signals. 3) Connecting the transducers of the cavity
- the transducers P 14 are connected to the multipoint connector connecting the cavity to the processing circuit. Given the very precise measurement of the transit time, the propagation times of the signals in the cables are not negligible.
- the cables used are therefore coaxial cables for which the propagation speeds are stable and well determined (speed of propagation of an electromagnetic wave in a cable: 20 cm / ns).
- the transducers 14 are excited by an electrical pulse with carrier.
- This pulse is at least bipolar. This has the advantage of increasing the signal-to-noise ratio and makes it possible to determine the direction of the polarization of the transverse wave generated in a tip 13.
- the frequency of the carrier which is 1000 kHz, is also the central frequency of the selective amplifier (A) 35.
- the carrier must have a very good frequency stability because this stability is found directly on the zero crossings of the packet of waves to detect. It is therefore necessary that the position instability of the fronts does not exceed the resolution that one wishes to have on the moment of arrival of the wave packet, ie 100 picoseconds.
- a crystal oscillator 33 is chosen. The 60 MHz crystal oscillator is temperature compensated. It serves as a time base for the counter 32 which is a CPLD type programmable circuit ("Complex Programmable Logic Device") or FPGA ("Programmable Field Programmable Array" or programmable logic circuit) and the microcontroller 39.
- the instants of transition of a latch T are determined, which will define the excitation time frame. Since there are P (for example 64) transducers, the excitation time frame is in fact the time frame of the vector of electrical transitions.
- the vector is initially associated with CMOS logic levels which act on the gate voltages of the transistors of the high voltage switching block 31.
- the high-voltage switching block 31 makes it possible to alternate the P transducers 14 between a transmitter mode, a receiver mode, a high impedance mode, the ground and between the HV + and HV- voltages.
- the HV + and HT- voltages are obtained using diode pumps.
- the switching times of the transistors must be stable to within 100 picoseconds. For this, the selected switching transistors switch in less than 5 ns ("rise time” and "fall time”).
- a single analog amplification channel is used.
- This channel consists of a first broadband transimpedance amplifier 35, followed by a selective filter (bandpass) not shown in FIG. 7, centered on the carrier frequency (1000 kHz).
- This filtering improves the signal-to-noise ratio and thus the stability of a zero crossing.
- the output of this filter feeds both the quadrator 36 and comparator 38.
- the quadrator 36 makes it possible to detect the head of the wave packet with the aid of an active integrator 37, while the comparator 38 switches over the zero-crossing passages of the analog signal. These events, arrival from the head of the wave packet and zero crossing (PAZ), are measured with respect to the moment of emission of the wave packet.
- the instant of the zero crossing (PAZ) must be as accurate as possible, for example to 130 ps (picosecond), since it conditions the sensitivity of the effusivity measurement, while a tenth of the acoustic period is sufficient for the the moment of detection of the head of the wave packet which only serves to select a given zero crossing of the wave packet.
- a main counter 32 is used, incremented by the main quartz clock, which synchronizes the energy counter for the head of the wave packet and the secondary counter 34 for the time of crossing to zero.
- Figure 8 illustrates the detection of the zero crossing.
- a measurement window of 1.05 ⁇ s is positioned at a certain distance from the zero crossing to be detected.
- the positioning of the measurement window with respect to a given zero crossing is made possible by the detection of the head of the wave packet.
- the rising edge of the measurement window also corresponds to the start time of the high-resolution secondary counter 34.
- the comparator 38 is inhibited by the low state of a control logic signal STOP_ENABLE.
- the activation of the comparator 38 is done during a time window whose position is calculated with respect to the moment of detection of the head of the wave packet obtained thanks to the quadrator 36.
- the quadrator 36 does not allow an accurate detection of the moment of arrival of the head of the wave packet. This detection typically makes it possible to locate the wave packet at +/- 150 ns, ie 1/10 of a period. However, this is sufficient to always detect the same zero crossing. This is why it is interesting to have a gain control at the level of the quadrator 36 to compensate for the disturbances of the signal.
- the main counter 32 which is incremented by the main quartz clock 33, is used and punctuates the excitation of the transducers 14 and the positioning of the measuring window and the secondary counter 34, called the TDC counter ("Time to Digital converter”), is incremented automatically and to measure very precisely the arrival time of the zero crossing.
- This high resolution counter 34 is positioned and initialized synchronously with respect to the main counter 32.
- the secondary counter 34 starts at a START time defined by the main counter 32 and stops at a STOP time provided by the detection of the zero crossing (PAZ) sought.
- the temporal resolution of this counter 34 is 130 picoseconds.
- the main counter 32 which is a programmable logic circuit serves to drive the measurement cycle. It allows to define counters, flip-flops and sequential and combinatorial logic. Assuming that the signal-to-noise ratio is good enough not to be a limiting factor in the resolution (> 60 dB), the sensitivity of the circuit 25 is only limited by the resolution of the counter 34.
- the 17-bit counter, or main counter 32 may possibly be reset together with a write command in the initialization register of the counter TDC-GP1 at the address of the card +11.
- the Q16 bit makes it possible to reference the measurement N with respect to the measurement NI.
- a low state of Q16 defines a cycle NI
- a high state defines a cycle N.
- the main counter 32 [QO .. Q16] rotates cyclically.
- the counter [QO .. Q15] is activated by a write command at the address of the card +11 and stops as soon as the bit Q15 reaches state 1, ie after 546 ⁇ s.
- the reading state of the measurement N or NI is then no longer governed by the state of the counter bit Q16, but by the bit 3 of a register stored at the address of the card +11.
- the electrical excitation is triggered on a non-zero value of the counter [QO .. Q15] which is a part of the main counter 32, for example at the 512th period, this is at say at 8,533 ns.
- the energy counter for detecting the head of the wave packet is then started.
- a CMOS pulse of 1 ⁇ s resets the detection flip-flop of the head of the wave packet and starts this counter. This pulse can be placed between the first microsecond and the 273rd microsecond of the general counter.
- the secondary (HR) counter 34 is started here with a "START" CMOS pulse of 60 MHz clock period (16.67 ns). This simultaneously launches the 6-bit synchronous LR counter on the CPLD 32 counter (of 16.67 ns resolution) responsible for making a less accurate measurement than the TDC counter 34 but useful in the debugging phase of the card.
- the fine counting performed by the TDC counter 34 is done on 15 bits (of resolution 0.13 ns).
- the COUNTER LR is reset during the duration of the "START" pulse, and starts on the rising edge of the main counter 32 following the START signal. Given the 6-bit quantization, the instant START can not be more than 1.07 ⁇ s away from the zero crossing to be detected.
- the secondary counter 34 and the counter LR are stopped by the first rising edge of the fast comparator 38 detecting the zero crossings of the amplified analog signal.
- the fast comparator 38 and the TDC counter 34 are inhibited before the START pulse.
- the fast comparator 38 and the secondary counter 34 return to an inhibited state. It is the ENABLE bit from the main counter 32 which is responsible for locking the fast comparator 38 and the secondary counter 34.
- the "hard" definition of the START moment gives way to a "soft” definition. That is, the START time is set relative to two 8-bit registers refreshed in real time and updated for each of the tips to be interrogated.
- the ENABLE activation window of the secondary counter 34 goes high for 1.05 ⁇ s after the instant START.
- the START time is set 30 clock periods before the zero crossing to be detected (ie half of the 6-bit LR counter). It is also possible to manage the transfer of data by an interrupt request. In this case, the request is sent by a specific bit of the sub-counter 34 named INTFLAG which goes to a high level. when a STOP signal has been detected. The degree of priority of this request can be modified by using a junction ("jumper") on the circuit 25, between a priority level 3 to 7. 10) The microcontroller ( ⁇ C)
- the measurement values provided by the main counter 32 are transmitted to the microcontroller ( ⁇ C) 39. It has an arithmetic and logic unit, a real-time clock, counters, RAM or Flash memories, with bus addresses and input / output port data capable of initiating procedures with interrupt priority level as well as software means for processing the data and displaying them in alphanumeric or graphical form.
- ⁇ C microcontroller
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR0759603A FR2924809B1 (fr) | 2007-12-06 | 2007-12-06 | Procede et dispositif de mesure de l'effusivite thermique d'une surface d'etude |
PCT/EP2008/066761 WO2009071612A1 (fr) | 2007-12-06 | 2008-12-04 | Procede et dispositif de mesure de l'effusivite thermique d'une surface d'etude |
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EP2232248A1 true EP2232248A1 (fr) | 2010-09-29 |
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EP08856900A Withdrawn EP2232248A1 (fr) | 2007-12-06 | 2008-12-04 | Procede et dispositif de mesure de l'effusivite thermique d'une surface d'etude |
Country Status (3)
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EP (1) | EP2232248A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2924809B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2009071612A1 (fr) |
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CN102183543B (zh) * | 2011-02-23 | 2012-12-26 | 首都师范大学 | 脉冲热成像测量固体材料表面下暗藏物质蓄热系数的方法 |
FR2985383B1 (fr) * | 2011-12-30 | 2014-01-31 | Thales Sa | Systeme de generation d'une onde forte puissance comprenant une cavite reverberante et un milieu dispersif |
BR112017001517B1 (pt) * | 2014-08-01 | 2023-05-02 | Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd | Bases livres cristalinas de inibidor de c-met, ou sais cristalinos de ácidos do inibidor, seus usos e seus métodos de preparação, e composição farmacêutica |
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FR2118346A5 (fr) * | 1970-12-18 | 1972-07-28 | Onera (Off Nat Aerospatiale) | |
FR2844050B1 (fr) * | 2002-08-30 | 2004-12-10 | Renault Sa | Dispositif de mesure du rendu thermique d'un materiau |
US7490981B2 (en) * | 2005-12-01 | 2009-02-17 | Basf Catalysts Llc | Method for determining thermal effusivity and/or thermal conductivity of sheet material |
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WO2009071612A1 (fr) | 2009-06-11 |
FR2924809A1 (fr) | 2009-06-12 |
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