EP2213776A1 - Bremskörper und Garnzuführungsvorrichtung - Google Patents

Bremskörper und Garnzuführungsvorrichtung Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP2213776A1
EP2213776A1 EP09001467A EP09001467A EP2213776A1 EP 2213776 A1 EP2213776 A1 EP 2213776A1 EP 09001467 A EP09001467 A EP 09001467A EP 09001467 A EP09001467 A EP 09001467A EP 2213776 A1 EP2213776 A1 EP 2213776A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
braking body
braking
yarn
polyketone
frustocone
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP09001467A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2213776B1 (de
Inventor
Cesare Brovarone
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Iro AB
Original Assignee
Iro AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Iro AB filed Critical Iro AB
Priority to EP20090001467 priority Critical patent/EP2213776B1/de
Priority to CN 201010110835 priority patent/CN101823648B/zh
Publication of EP2213776A1 publication Critical patent/EP2213776A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2213776B1 publication Critical patent/EP2213776B1/de
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Images

Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D47/00—Looms in which bulk supply of weft does not pass through shed, e.g. shuttleless looms, gripper shuttle looms, dummy shuttle looms
    • D03D47/34—Handling the weft between bulk storage and weft-inserting means
    • D03D47/36—Measuring and cutting the weft
    • D03D47/361—Drum-type weft feeding devices
    • D03D47/364—Yarn braking means acting on the drum
    • D03D47/366—Conical
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04B—KNITTING
    • D04B15/00—Details of, or auxiliary devices incorporated in, weft knitting machines, restricted to machines of this kind
    • D04B15/38—Devices for supplying, feeding, or guiding threads to needles
    • D04B15/48—Thread-feeding devices
    • D04B15/482—Thread-feeding devices comprising a rotatable or stationary intermediate storage drum from which the thread is axially and intermittently pulled off; Devices which can be switched between positive feed and intermittent feed
    • D04B15/484—Yarn braking means acting on the drum

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a braking body according to the preamble part of claim 1 and to a yarn feeder according to the preamble of claim 13.
  • WO 2006/032376 A discloses a frustoconical braking body having a wall thickness between about 0.2 mm and 1.0 mm.
  • the braking body consists of a thermoplastic foil material of engineering plastic and is made by thermo-vacuum shaping.
  • the plastic material used is either polyethelyne, polyvinylchloride, or polyterephthalate (PE, PVC, PET).
  • EP 1 164 103 A discloses a braking body substrate and a weft yarn feeder being equipped with a yarn brake including the frustoconical braking body substrate.
  • the braking body substrate is made from calendered engineering thermoplastic materials, thermoplastic resins or thermosetting plastic material and consists of an outer frustoconical carrier body and an axially shorter frustoconical braking body inserted into the interior of the frustoconical carrier body.
  • One example of the engineering plastic material is epoxy resin.
  • the braking body is axially resiliently pressed via the carrier body against the front end of the stationary storage body such that the braking zone at the inner surface of the frustoconical braking body contacts the rounded withdrawal rim.
  • the large diameter end of the braking body protrudes outwardly in relation to the storage surface of the storage body.
  • the small diameter end of the braking body substrate is situated in front of the front end of the storage body and is suspended in a radial star-like arrangement of tension springs the outer ends of which are anchored in a holder ring.
  • the holder ring is snapped into a carrier ring which is axially adjustable in a housing bracket of the yarn feeder in order to set the contact pressure between the braking body and the storage body withdrawal rim.
  • DE 10 2004 051 372 A discloses a braking body for a yarn brake.
  • the braking body is a true regular frustocone jacket made from a mesh fabric containing weft yarns and warp yarns of polyester.
  • the braking body is made by deep drawing under elevated temperatures.
  • EP 1 243 542 A discloses a frustoconical braking body of a yarn brake of a yarn feeder.
  • the braking body has a discontinuous braking zone defined by a circumferential row of inclined slits in the frustoconical jacket.
  • the braking body is made from engineering thermoplastic polymeric material or from engineering thermosetting polymeric material or from engineering polymer reinforced with carbon fibre.
  • the generally frustoconical braking body of a yarn brake is a wear part which has to be exchanged frequently because the braking zone contacting the withdrawal rim of the storage body wears out rapidly.
  • the yarn is withdrawn overhead of the storage body between the withdrawal rim and the braking zone.
  • the yarn is orbiting like the hand of a clock, causing permanent relative movements between the radially elastic braking body and the in most cases metallic withdrawal rim.
  • the braking body permanently is deformed and is breathing in relation to the withdrawal rim. Abrasion caused by friction of the orbiting withdrawn yarn, abrasion caused by friction of the withdrawal rim and heat generated by the friction causes wear in the braking zone.
  • the wear in the braking zone does not develop uniformly but creates successive spots which are worn out more than the interspaces between the spots.
  • a typical appearance of the worn-out braking zone of the braking body has the image of a pearl necklace.
  • the braking body at this point has to be replaced.
  • the wear results in undesirably short service life of the braking body and a relatively high frequency of braking body exchanges with a lot of shut-down time of the yarn feeder because an exchange of the braking body requires switching off the yarn feeder and the weaving machine or the knitting machine.
  • the engineering plastic materials of known braking bodies are performed such that in operation of the yarn brake the yarn tension resulting from the braking effect of the yarn brake shows significant irregularities even during each single orbiting revolution of the withdrawn yarn along the braking zone of the braking body.
  • the irregularities result from the co-action between the yarn and the surface of the plastic material of the braking body, and, furthermore, from increasing wear. Irregularities of the yarn tension may be the reason for yarn breakages and negative interference on the insertion process in the weaving machine or the knitting machine. Both drawbacks, the irregular yarn tension and the rapid progress of wear in the braking zone are detrimental to the performance of the braking body or the yarn feeder, respectively.
  • the high-performance thermoplastic polymer material like e.g. polyketone of the braking body results in an extended service life and a superior yarn tension development, compared to engineering plastic of known braking bodies.
  • the yarn tension as produced during each revolution of the orbiting yarn along the braking zone of the braking body remains very uniform over nearly the full service life of the braking body.
  • the material choice results in a markedly lowered frequency of shutdowns for braking body exchanges and in very few yarn breakages and almost no detrimental interferences with the yarn insertion process.
  • the braking body consists of a semi-crystalline or amorphous high-performance thermoplastic polymer like e.g. polyketone.
  • the polyketone for the braking body expediently is selected from the following polyketones group: polyetheretherketone, polyaryletherketone, polyetherketoneketone, or a similar polyketone.
  • Polyketones in one family within various high-performance thermoplastic polymers which all allow to advice the above mentioned advantages of the braking body.
  • Polyketone is a high-performance plastic material obtained from aromatic dehalides and bisphenolate salts by nucleophilic substitution.
  • polyetheretherketone like e.g. the family of polyketones used for braking bodies of yarn brakes polyetheretherketone is one which exhibits two glass transition temperatures around 140°C and 270°C, has a melting point of about 350°C, and is highly resistant to thermal degradation. Polyketones, furthermore, are resistant to both organic and aqueous environments and show a high strength to weight ratio. High-performance thermoplastic polymers are available either semi-crystalline or amorphous.
  • Polyketones have been used in bearings, pistons, pumps, compressor valves and cable insulations. Polyketones are compatible with ultrahigh vacuum applications. Polyetheretherketone also is an advanced bio-compatible material used in medical implants, and is also used in structures of aerospace craft.
  • the wall thickness of the polyketone frustocone jacket only needs to amount to between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm.
  • the small wall thickness results in a very lightweight braking body showing an excellent performance even in the case of high yarn speeds, or delicate yarn qualities, or small diameter storage bodies.
  • the high-performance thermoplastic polymers used for manufacturing the braking body expediently should have a Young's modulus between about 3.0 and 4.0 GPa, preferably about 3.6 GPa, and a tensile strength between about 75 and 110 MPa, preferably about 90 MPa.
  • the excellent performance of the braking body is achieved already with a homogenous frustocone.
  • a high-performance thermoplastic polymer like polyketone which contains reinforcing fibre material, even carbon fibres.
  • the uniformity of the yarn tension resulting from the cooperation between the braking zone of the braking body and the yarn may be further improved by providing a circumferentially continuous, outwardly extending integrally formed flange at the large diameter end of the frustoconical jacket.
  • the flange somewhat stiffens or reinforces the large diameter end region of the braking body, attenuates an undulation tendency there and thus brings about an even more uniform development of the yarn tension during each revolution of the withdrawn yarn along the braking zone.
  • the braking body is gripped by hand or with the help of a tool at the large diameter end.
  • the large diameter end might easily become damaged, as a sharp large diameter end of a true frustocone jacket is prone to scratching or cracking during such manipulations.
  • the flange forms a protection for the vulnerable large diameter end region of the braking body and thus contributes to a long service life.
  • the flange extends substantially radially with respect to the frustocone axis.
  • the flange fulfils a further protective function in that it hinders during awkward operation conditions the yarn from moving outwardly around the and behind the large diameter end where it might wrap around protruding components of the yarn feeder.
  • the flange is inversely conical in relation to the conicity of the frustocone jacket. So to speak, the outer edge of the frustocone jacket is bent backwards.
  • the inversely conical polyketone flange has a rounded curvature, in an axial section of the braking body, and a smooth transition into the large diameter end of the frustocone jacket.
  • the polyketone flange dampens a vibration tendency in the large diameter end region of the braking body.
  • the flange may define an angle of about 90° with the outer surface of the frustocone jacket, the generatrice of which, expediently, is a straight line between the small diameter end and the large diameter end.
  • the braking body is made by thermoshaping a high-performance thermoplastic polymer foil or sheet, preferably a flat blank e.g. of a polyketone foil or sheet.
  • a preferred process for shaping the braking body is thermo-vacuum shaping or deep drawing, preferably under elevated temperatures.
  • the braking body made from the high-perfomance thermoplastic polymer like e.g. a polykentone is inserted with an outer frustoconical carrier body.
  • the braking body defines the braking zone and constitutes - so to speak - a brake lining in the carrier body.
  • the braking body may be attached to the inner wall of the carrier body.
  • a braking body B as shown in Fig. 1 is a yarn braking body intended for use in a yarn brake Y of a yarn feeder F ( Fig. 3 ).
  • the braking body B is a wear part or spare part which has to be exchanged when the service life has expired, e.g. due to wear.
  • the braking body B in Fig. 1 is a true frustocone jacket 1 having a small diameter end 3 and a large diameter end 2, a frustocone axis Z and a straight generatrice.
  • the frustocone jacket 1 has an inner continuous and smooth surface 4 and an outer surface 5.
  • the inner surface 4 defines a circumferentially continuous braking zone 6 (indicated by a dotted line).
  • the braking body consists of a high-performance thermoplastic polymer such as a polyketone selected from the following polyketone group: polyetheretherketone, polyaryletherketone, polyetherketoneketone (PEEK, PAEK, PEKK).
  • the wall thickness x amounts to between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm.
  • the braking body B is made by thermoshaping, preferably thermo-vacuum shaping or deep drawing a sheet or a foil, most preferably a flat foil or sheet blank.
  • the use of a blank results in the fact that the finally shaped braking body does not need further treatment like cutting the edges in the small diameter end 3 or the large diameter end 2.
  • the inner surface 4 of the frustocone jacket 1 may either have a polished surface quality or may be treated by polishing.
  • the high-performance thermoplastic polymer such as a polyketone may be semi-crystalline or amorphous, and may even contain reinforcing fibre material.
  • the braking body B is elastic at least in radial direction and is relatively stiff in axial direction along the axis Z.
  • a flange 7 (or 7' in dotted lines) may be integrally formed at the large diameter end 2 of the frustocone jacket 1.
  • the flange 7' either extends radially with respect to the axis Z of the frustocone jacket 1, or the flange 7 is inversely conical in relation to the conicity of the frustocone jacket 1 (shown in full lines).
  • the flange 7 may be rounded with a radius r as shown, and may have a smooth transition 8 into the large diameter end 2 of the frustocone jacket 1.
  • the yarn feeder F (either a weft yarn feeder for a weaving machine or a knitting yarn feeder for a knitting machine) in Fig. 3 includes a yarn brake Y being equipped with the braking body B shown in Fig. 1 or in Fig. 2 (not shown).
  • the yarn feeder F has a housing 9 containing a not shown motor for driving a central shaft 10.
  • the rear part of the shaft 10 is hollow and communicates with an obliquely outwardly extending winding tube 11.
  • a storage body 13 is rotatably supported on the shaft 10 and is hindered against co-rotation with the shaft 10 by e.g. co-acting permanent magnets arranged in the storage body 13 and the housing 9.
  • the storage body 13 defines a substantially cylindrical storage surface 14 for a not shown yarn supply consisting of consecutively wound on yarn windings of a yarn exiting the winding tube 11. The yarn supply is formed by rotating the winding tube 11 in relation to the stationary storage body 13.
  • the yarn is withdrawn overhead of the storage body 13 and over a rounded or conical withdrawal rim 18 and through a stationary outlet eyelet 15 stationarily supported in a bracket 12 of the housing 9.
  • the yarn eyelet 15, in this case, is supported in a basket-shaped structure 17 snapped into a holder 16 mounted in the bracket 12.
  • the holder 16 may be adjusted along bracket 12.
  • the large diameter end 2 of the braking body B protrudes outwardly beyond the withdrawal rim 18.
  • the small diameter end 3 may be inserted loosely, or snapped-in into the body 19, or even may be fixed there.
  • the yarn while being withdrawn from the yarn supply on the storage surface 14 is pulled through between the braking zone 6 of the braking body B and the withdrawal rim 18 before it runs through the outlet eyelet 15 and further axially to the insertion means (not shown) of the weaving machine or the knitting machine.
  • the braking body B is at least locally radially deformed by the yarn while the withdrawn yarn is orbiting around the withdrawal rim 18.
  • the yarn is braked.
  • the braking effect between the braking zone 6 and the withdrawal rim 18 and the friction of the yarn on the braking surface 6 generate a certain yarn tension in the running yarn, e.g. depending on the braking body contact pressure backed-up by the holder 16.
  • the yarn tension depending among others on the coefficient of friction in the braking zone and the coefficient of friction in the withdrawal rim 18, remains broadly constant during each revolution of the yarn along the braking zone 6 and for the entire service life.
  • the holder 16 In order to replace the braking body the holder 16 is moved in the bracket 12 in Fig. 3 to the right side until the braking body B forms a gap with the withdrawal rim 18. Then either the structure 17 is taken out from the holder 16 or the body 19 is taken out from the structure 17, or the braking body B directly is taken out from the body 19. Then the braking body B is replaced by another braking body B, before the holder 16 is moved back into the original position.
  • the holder 16 In order to vary the braking effect the holder 16 may be moved gradually in Fig. 3 to the left side or the right side in order to increase or decrease the axial contact pressure of the braking body B on the withdrawal rim 18.
  • the braking body substrate of Fig. 4 consists of an outer frustoconical thin-walled carrier body 20 of frustoconical shape and the braking body B.
  • the braking body B e.g. made of polyketone is inserted into the carrier body 20 and may be attached to the inner wall of the carrier body 20 between big-diameter and small-diameter ends 21,22.
  • the braking body B has the same conicity as the carrier body 20, and may be axially shorter than or as long as the carrier body 20.
  • the carrier body 20 may consist of a high-performance thermoplastic polymer such as polyketone as well, or of another polymeric plastic material, or of sheet metal, or of a plastic impregnated fabric.
  • the braking body B constitutes a brake lining of the braking body substrate.
  • the carrier body 20 may be integrally formed with an end flange 7', similar to the braking body B in Fig. 2 .

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
  • Woven Fabrics (AREA)
EP20090001467 2009-02-03 2009-02-03 Bremskörper und Garnzuführungsvorrichtung Active EP2213776B1 (de)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP20090001467 EP2213776B1 (de) 2009-02-03 2009-02-03 Bremskörper und Garnzuführungsvorrichtung
CN 201010110835 CN101823648B (zh) 2009-02-03 2010-02-03 制动体与纱线供给机

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP20090001467 EP2213776B1 (de) 2009-02-03 2009-02-03 Bremskörper und Garnzuführungsvorrichtung

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2213776A1 true EP2213776A1 (de) 2010-08-04
EP2213776B1 EP2213776B1 (de) 2014-07-23

Family

ID=41059849

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP20090001467 Active EP2213776B1 (de) 2009-02-03 2009-02-03 Bremskörper und Garnzuführungsvorrichtung

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2213776B1 (de)
CN (1) CN101823648B (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2623650A1 (de) 2012-02-02 2013-08-07 Iro Ab Garnzuführung und Garnbremse

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0534263A1 (de) 1991-09-20 1993-03-31 L.G.L. ELECTRONICS S.p.A. Selbstregulierende Fadenbremse für eine Schussfadenliefervorrichtung
EP1164103A2 (de) 2000-06-02 2001-12-19 L.G.L. Electronics S.p.A. Bremse für eine selbstregulierende Fadenbremse einer Schussfadenliefervorrichtung
EP1243542A2 (de) 2001-03-20 2002-09-25 L.G.L. Electronics S.p.A. Selbsteinstellende Fadenbremsvorrichtung für Fadenliefervorrichtungen
WO2006032376A1 (en) 2004-09-21 2006-03-30 Iro Ab Yarn braking body
DE102004051372A1 (de) 2004-10-21 2006-04-27 Iro Ab Faden-Bremskörper

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5056938A (en) * 1990-10-04 1991-10-15 The Torrington Company Track roller bearing floating sleeve system
IT1251209B (it) * 1991-09-20 1995-05-04 Lgl Electronics Spa Dispositivo di frenatura autoregolante del filato per apparecchi alimentatori di trama.
CN201095961Y (zh) * 2007-01-17 2008-08-06 盘锦辽河油田金海麦克发有限责任公司 高性能耐磨扶正器

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0534263A1 (de) 1991-09-20 1993-03-31 L.G.L. ELECTRONICS S.p.A. Selbstregulierende Fadenbremse für eine Schussfadenliefervorrichtung
EP1164103A2 (de) 2000-06-02 2001-12-19 L.G.L. Electronics S.p.A. Bremse für eine selbstregulierende Fadenbremse einer Schussfadenliefervorrichtung
EP1243542A2 (de) 2001-03-20 2002-09-25 L.G.L. Electronics S.p.A. Selbsteinstellende Fadenbremsvorrichtung für Fadenliefervorrichtungen
WO2006032376A1 (en) 2004-09-21 2006-03-30 Iro Ab Yarn braking body
DE102004051372A1 (de) 2004-10-21 2006-04-27 Iro Ab Faden-Bremskörper

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2623650A1 (de) 2012-02-02 2013-08-07 Iro Ab Garnzuführung und Garnbremse

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2213776B1 (de) 2014-07-23
CN101823648A (zh) 2010-09-08
CN101823648B (zh) 2012-10-10

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN1093078C (zh) 导纱器及纱线制动装置
EP3054183A1 (de) Beschichtete rolle mit abdeckungsmaterial mit gewebe und vorrichtung damit
EP2213776B1 (de) Bremskörper und Garnzuführungsvorrichtung
EP1027274B1 (de) Fadenbremsvorrichtung in fadenliefergerät für webmaschinen und bremseinheit für diese vorrichtung
CN1287026C (zh) 输纬器上的自我调节制动装置
EP1357211A1 (de) Spiralgewebe und sich schnell drehender körper daraus
EP1512781B1 (de) Selbsteinstellende Fadenbremsvorrichtung für Fadenliefervorrichtungen für Webmaschinen
EP1724384B1 (de) Fadenbremsvorrichtung im Schussfaden-Liefergerät für Textilmaschinen
EP1091900B1 (de) Garnbremse, insbesondere für fadenliefervorrichtungen in webmaschinen
KR970007690B1 (ko) 실 저장 및 송출장치
EP0884263B1 (de) Selbstregulierende modulierte Fadenbremse für eine Schussfadenliefervorrichtung
EP1796993B1 (de) Fadenbremskörper
EP2623650B1 (de) Fadenbremse für Vorspulgerät
EP1526102B1 (de) Bremsvorrichtung für Schussfäden für Textilmaschinen
JP5648669B2 (ja) 緯糸測長貯留装置の緯糸送り羽根調整工具
CN106995973A (zh) 用于纺织设备的纱线回收装置
EP0951436B1 (de) Fadenbremse für schussfadenliefervorrichtungen
KR100457304B1 (ko) 실 공급장치 및 실 제동 몸체
CN114286877A (zh) 梭子垫组件、梭子和圆织机
CN111867953A (zh) 一种用于纱线卷绕的复合刚性管
WO2019048158A1 (en) WIRE BRAKING DEVICE FOR FRAME FEED DEVICE

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20091103

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: AL BA RS

AKX Designation fees paid

Designated state(s): BE IT TR

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R108

Effective date: 20110315

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: 8566

GRAP Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1

INTG Intention to grant announced

Effective date: 20140331

GRAS Grant fee paid

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): BE IT TR

PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed

Effective date: 20150424

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: BE

Ref legal event code: HC

Owner name: VANDEWIELE SWEDEN AB; SE

Free format text: DETAILS ASSIGNMENT: CHANGE OF OWNER(S), CHANGE OF OWNER(S) NAME

Effective date: 20210217

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: TR

Payment date: 20240126

Year of fee payment: 16

Ref country code: IT

Payment date: 20240229

Year of fee payment: 16

Ref country code: BE

Payment date: 20240219

Year of fee payment: 16