EP2198677B1 - Dispositif d'injection de charge liquide a melanger/convertir au sein d'un dard plasma ou d'un flux gazeux - Google Patents

Dispositif d'injection de charge liquide a melanger/convertir au sein d'un dard plasma ou d'un flux gazeux Download PDF

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EP2198677B1
EP2198677B1 EP08805166A EP08805166A EP2198677B1 EP 2198677 B1 EP2198677 B1 EP 2198677B1 EP 08805166 A EP08805166 A EP 08805166A EP 08805166 A EP08805166 A EP 08805166A EP 2198677 B1 EP2198677 B1 EP 2198677B1
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Prior art keywords
plasma
liquid
injectors
injection
dart
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2198677A1 (fr
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Méryl BROTHIER
David Guenadou
Patrick Gramondi
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/42—Plasma torches using an arc with provisions for introducing materials into the plasma, e.g. powder, liquid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/08—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating
    • F23G5/085—High-temperature heating means, e.g. plasma, for partly melting the waste
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2204/00—Supplementary heating arrangements
    • F23G2204/20—Supplementary heating arrangements using electric energy
    • F23G2204/201—Plasma
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2209/00—Specific waste
    • F23G2209/10—Liquid waste
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2209/00—Specific waste
    • F23G2209/12—Sludge, slurries or mixtures of liquids

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of liquid injection systems in the plasma torch stinger.
  • liquids to be converted in a torch are examples of bio-oils, or sludge treatment plant, or "slurry" or particles resulting from the spraying of a solid, these particles being mixed with a liquid for injection into the stinger of a plasma torch.
  • the bio-oil In the case of the bio-oil, this is obtained by flash pyrolysis, which is a thermochemical process (at a temperature T ⁇ 500 ° C) in which the biomass is rapidly heated under a stoichiometric oxygen deficiency. Under the influence of heat, the biomass decomposes and leads to the formation of permanent gases, condensable vapors, aerosols and carbon residues. After cooling and condensation of volatile compounds and aerosols, one typically gets a dark brown liquid, the bio-oil. This is then gasified by injection into a plasma torch.
  • flash pyrolysis which is a thermochemical process (at a temperature T ⁇ 500 ° C) in which the biomass is rapidly heated under a stoichiometric oxygen deficiency. Under the influence of heat, the biomass decomposes and leads to the formation of permanent gases, condensable vapors, aerosols and carbon residues. After cooling and condensation of volatile compounds and aerosols, one typically gets a dark brown liquid
  • Pretreatment of the bio-oil makes it possible to inject biomass into a plasma torch stinger to gasify it. Indeed the biomass would be, without this pretreatment step, heterogeneous, difficult to disperse (at least without expensive preliminary grinding) and difficult to inject under pressure because solid. Furthermore, in terms of the cost of transporting biomass to the gasification plants, flash pyrolysis pre-processing can be advantageous.
  • a good balance is sought between the various parameters influencing the reaction, in particular the residence time of the liquid in the plasma dart, the plasma dard temperature, the exchange surface between the reagent and the plasma medium and the composition of the medium.
  • the plasma dart from a plasma torch has as its main characteristics a high temperature (5000 to 7000K), a high flow rate (800 to 1200 ms -1 ) and a high viscosity. With such characteristics, the particles that we try to introduce into the heart of the sting tend to bounce on the latter.
  • a first family includes injection methods based on the prior nebulization of the liquid before injection into the plasma dart.
  • This type of solution promotes the exchange surface between the reagent and the plasma medium as in the patent FR 2 565 992 .
  • This method is implemented by means of a device for introducing the concentrically sprayed material around the hot gas flow with a carrier gas. It is conferred on plasma gas a rotary motion in the plasma generator to obtain turbulence in the concentric flow spray material, the hot gas flow heating the mixture.
  • the fact that it is difficult to give sufficient velocity to the nebulized liquid is compensated by the addition of a vector gas which is given the speed necessary to penetrate the plasma dart and creating a turbulence between the material to be converted and the hot gas flow.
  • this method does not allow deep penetration into the plasma dart and the gasification reaction takes place at the periphery, not taking advantage of the high temperatures available at depth of the plasma dart.
  • the plasma dart is diluted with an additional cold gas, which is disadvantageous in terms of energy efficiency, knowing that it also generally requires a significant amount of carrier gas to finely fractionate a liquid.
  • the nebulizing system with the implementation of relatively small diameter injector is a difficulty because of the predictable clogging of the device.
  • a second family concerns injection methods based on mixing forcing.
  • the plasma can pass through a channel pierced with injection holes thus forcing the injected liquid to enter the plasma dart.
  • Various documents evoke this technique, as for example the documents FR 1 509 436 or US 5,906,757 .
  • the plasma jet is forced to circulate in a tube provided with an increase in diameter, thereby creating a relaxation of the plasma jet in the growth zone and therefore a turbulence zone in the plasma.
  • the liquid is injected into this zone and forms an annular annular ring or cylinder around the plasma dart.
  • the plasma is circulated in a tube provided with at least one radially disposed injector, which makes it possible to inject the liquid with a tangential component in the plasma.
  • This type of solution favors the residence time because the liquid is injected at the periphery of the plasma plume, where the flow velocity of the plasma is lower (of the order of 100 m / s compared to the speed prevailing in the heart of the sting which can exceed 500m / s.) Nevertheless this solution generates energy losses due to heat transfer with the walls of the channel. In addition, this solution does not force the liquid to penetrate deep into the plasma dart, not making it possible to benefit from the temperature effect or the reactive species constituting the heart of the plasma dart.
  • a third family includes injection methods using several plasma torches.
  • An example embodiment of this method is mentioned in the document CA 2,205,578 .
  • the principle of this method is to trap a jet of reagent in a confluence of at least two plasma jets, the confluence point of the plasma jets being on the axis of injection of the reagent.
  • This type of solution allows the injection of the liquid directly in the depth of the plasma dart. In this case it is the temperature that is favored because takes advantage of the high temperatures prevailing in the heart of the plasma dart.
  • torch flows are channeled, leaving no degree of freedom on the optimization of the injection of the liquid to be converted compared to a frozen configuration of the plasma torches.
  • the jet is not fractionated and therefore the heat exchange between the liquid to be converted and the plasma medium is not optimum.
  • a last family includes injection methods using an intermediate piece located in the plasma torch.
  • a device for shaping this hot gas flow is placed on the path of the hot gas flow and the fluid material is brought to a nozzle, thus creating a flow of fluid material whose direction is similar to the direction of the hot gas flow, as described in the patents FR 2,614,751 and WO-A1-2007 / 065252 .
  • the fluid is injected directly into the heart of the hot gas flow, the particles to be converted thus being trapped in the hot gas flow given the high viscosity thereof.
  • This method makes it possible to benefit from the temperature and the residence time in the plasma dart thanks to the possibility of counter-current injection of the plasma flow.
  • the part must be cooled for its mechanical resistance because of high temperatures (causing thermal losses), cooling and also disturbing the plasma.
  • risks of clogging can occur in the start-up or shutdown phases due to the level of the temperature at the nozzle.
  • the injectors of the same group of injectors Gi may be placed around the periphery of the plasma flow zone, with an angular spacing of 360 ° / (nl) relative to each other. They are preferably arranged so as to achieve a confluence of the jets of liquid that they inject into the plasma. They are not in direct contact with the stinger or with a plasma flow area.
  • At least one injector may comprise a helical inner profile, so as to communicate to the fluid a rotational movement component that can promote the dispersion of the liquid at impact in the heart of the plasma dart.
  • At least one injector may comprise piezoelectric means for splitting the injected liquid.
  • a device may comprise N groups of injectors (N> 1) arranged along of the plasma flow axis, injectors of different groups of injectors having angles of incidence different from the axis of flow of the plasma.
  • N groups of injectors N> 1
  • injectors of different groups of injectors having angles of incidence different from the axis of flow of the plasma.
  • This arrangement allows a better distribution in the plasma of the liquid charge to be treated.
  • the further a group of injectors is away from the base of the plasma dart, the lower its angle of incidence relative to the axis of flow of the plasma is low.
  • a device according to the invention may furthermore comprise means for injecting, in at least a portion of the injectors, trains of pulsed liquid jets or liquid jets, for example at oscillating pressure (variable as a function of time).
  • one or more of the injectors each further comprises a steam injection nozzle for injecting a jet of steam simultaneously with the jet of liquid.
  • a device according to the invention may further comprise means for pressurizing the liquid charge to be converted.
  • the pressure of certain jets can be modified so that, in particular in certain configurations of the jets, it is possible to adjust the injection angle of the jets whose accuracy is modified.
  • means can be provided for separating, on the one hand, the heavy organic compounds from the liquid to be converted, and on the other hand the light phase of this same liquid.
  • Means for preparing an injection liquid may further comprise means for spray the aqueous phase before it is injected.
  • a device according to the invention may furthermore comprise optical means for controlling the injection quality and possibly adapting the injection parameters of the liquid charge to be converted to changes in the plasma dart.
  • means can be provided to adapt the injection of the liquid feedstock to be converted to changes in the plasma dart.
  • the n injectors of the same group of injectors may be arranged around the plasma flow area, with an angular difference of 360 ° / n relative to each other. They are preferably arranged so as to achieve a confluence of the jets of liquid that they inject into the plasma.
  • a device and a method according to the invention are particularly applicable to a liquid of the bio-oil type, or to a sludge of purification plant, or to a mixture of solid particles and a liquid.
  • Part of the heat released by the plasma can be recovered by the injector support and then transferred, by conduction, to the liquid passing in the injectors.
  • a jet of steam is injected into at least a portion of the liquid jets, a jet of steam simultaneously with the jet of liquid.
  • the liquid may be previously separated between a first portion, vaporizable at relatively low temperature (of the order of 80 to 150 ° C approximately) and a second portion, heavier, to be injected into the plasma in liquid form.
  • An addition of water in the liquid to be injected can also be performed, in order to optimize the conversion reaction of the liquid to be treated.
  • a vapor layer is formed outside the plasma dart.
  • the jets of liquid of the n injectors of the same group of injectors are preferably confluent in the plasma, the zone of confluence of the jets being advantageously located substantially on the plasma flow axis.
  • the angle of injection of at least one jet into the plasma can be modified, for example by varying the fluid pressure in this jet.
  • the composition of the charge and / or the operating conditions of the plasma may be desirable to be able to adjust, if necessary, the composition of the charge and / or the operating conditions of the plasma. For example one may wish to adjust the phase shift between the period of a pulse of the plasma plummet and the period of a pulse of the injection.
  • the Figure 1B includes such a device with additional peripheral means, described below.
  • the references 30, 31 designate electrodes between which an electric discharge is produced. At the same time, the passage of a plasmagenic gas between these electrodes leads to the formation of a plasma dart 3.
  • Electrode supply means are designated by the reference 32.
  • a support system 2 for positioning and maintaining liquid injectors to be treated.
  • a cavity 2 'formed in this support flows the plasma dart substantially along an axis B designated hereafter as the plasma flow axis.
  • the cavity 2 ' is of substantially cylindrical shape and the axis B is cylindrical axis of symmetry of this cavity. But other shapes can be chosen for this cavity.
  • this support 2 are arranged at least two injectors, forming a group of two injectors.
  • N groups Gi injectors (N > 1 , but, in general, N ⁇ 15 or ⁇ 20) which are arranged in this support, each group Gi comprising at least two injectors, and, more generally, neither (n > 2) injectors.
  • the N groups of injectors are arranged along the axis of flow of the plasma. The arrangement of these injectors is described more precisely below.
  • FIG. 1A On the Figure 1A are schematically represented 4 liquid injectors designated by the references 1b, 1d, 1b ', 1d'. There are therefore two groups G1 and G2 of, each, two injectors of liquid. We also distinguish, on this same figure, 4 other injectors, or nozzles, 1a, 1c, la ', 1c' which allow, as explained below, the separate injection of steam, each of them in cooperation with one of the injectors 1b, 1d, 1b ' , 1d '.
  • the injectors 1b, 1d, 1b ', 1d' of liquid are directed towards the zone in which the plasma dart 3 must be formed, so as to inject the liquid with a movement having a component in a direction A (see arrow A on the Figures 7, 8 , 9 , 10A-C , 14 , 17 ) opposite to the flow direction B of the plasma (see also arrow B in the same figures).
  • the injectors are here arranged in groups of two or in pairs, each pair, or the outlet orifices of these injectors (orifices through which the material to be treated is ejected towards the plasma), forming an axis I-I '.
  • a group Gi of injectors comprises 3 injectors - and more generally neither injectors - these, or their orifices, are disposed substantially in the same plane perpendicular to the axis of flow of the plasma (on the figure 7 this plane would be a trace plane I-I ', perpendicular to the plane of the figure and the axis B). They are then preferably arranged substantially at 120 ° - and more generally at 360 ° / n - from each other (see, for example, FIG. figure 22 which represents a diagrammatic sectional view of an injection support 2 perpendicular to the plasma flow axis B with a group of 3 injectors 1b, 1b ', 1b "in the same plane, at substantially 120.degree. one of the other).
  • angles, with respect to the plasma flow axis B, of the liquid projection axes at the outlet of the injectors of the same group of injectors, or the output axes of the injectors of this group - injectors which are arranged substantially diametrically opposite to the axis of flow of the plasma in the case ni 2 - on the periphery of the support 2 (see injectors 1b and 1b 'of Figures 1A , 1B , 7, 8 , 10A - 10C ) are substantially equal to each other (in absolute value).
  • a more complex structure is represented in figures 9 , 11 , 17 , 18 , where the device comprises 3 pairs or groups G1, G2, G3 of injectors, 1b, 1b ', 1d, 1d', 1f, 1f 'arranged along the axis B, on 3 different axes but perpendicular to the axis B.
  • the angles, with respect to the axis B of plasma flow, the axes of projection or discharge of injectors of the same group are substantially equal in absolute value.
  • the angle of the axis of each of the injectors 1b, 1b '(group G1) with the axis B is equal to n / 2
  • the angle of the axis of each of the injectors 1d, 1d' (group G2 ) with the axis B is equal to n / 4
  • the axis angle of each of the injectors 1f, 1f '(group G3) with the axis B is equal to n / 6.
  • the injectors of the figure 17 have been represented in the same plane (that of the figure), but are preferably rather arranged as indicated in figure 11 , that is to say along axes alternately orthogonal to each other and to the flow direction of the plasma.
  • three groups of injectors, G1, G2, G3, are thus distinguished and all the angles between the projection axes and the plasma flow axis are substantially equal to 90 °; the angle at the apex of the cone formed by the injectors and the point of convergence on the axis of flow of the plasma is then equal to substantially 180 °.
  • the injectors of the same group by their positioning in the support 2 and their orientation, allow to impose a confluence of jets (continuous or discontinuous), ensuring each of them to rely on the other (s) to split at the axis of propagation of the plasma dart.
  • the resulting amount of movement of the confluent jets is found, in large part, in the opposite direction to the flow B of the plasma dart.
  • This makes it possible to ensure an increase in the residence time of the material to be converted in the stinger, as well as an optimal secondary fractionation induced by the plasma sting. Indeed, since the material is injected with a quantity of movement driving it in the direction opposite to the direction of propagation of the plasma, an additional duration will be necessary, compared to an injection in the same direction as the plasma, to be driven by this latest.
  • the secondary fractionation induced by the plasma jet is a function of the relative velocity between the dart and the fluid to be converted: the opposite directions, on the one hand, of the liquid, and on the other hand of the flow of the plasma, ensure a optimization of this relative speed.
  • injectors are not in contact (or in the immediate vicinity) with the stinger.
  • the risks of coking are therefore minimized and therefore the risks of blockages of the injectors.
  • the need to cool the injectors is less strong, which favors the thermal efficiency, the liquid flow at relatively high speed for a liquid (see the embodiment below) providing a temperature limitation which allows in some cases to be cleared of a specific cooling.
  • This cooler can itself be insured by the charge to be converted and, advantageously, the non-cokable portion from the upstream of line 41 ( Figure 1B ).
  • the plasma plume 3 is no longer channeled by walls that closely follow it.
  • the walls of the cavity 2 'and the support of the injectors 2 being relatively far from the plasma dart or not having a confining role of the dart, thus limiting heat losses, which induces an increase in energy efficiency.
  • the injector-entry distance in the plasma dart (which may be indicative of the order of 10 times (or more) the diameter of the stinger) makes it possible to ensure a flight time of the jet before the entry into the dart which completes the heating of the jet and allows, if necessary, to volatilize a fraction of the light species (which could have remained in the injected liquid jet) which do not necessarily require high temperatures present in the heart of the plasma dart to be converted .
  • This makes it possible to optimize the jet presence time in the stinger and to use the plasma stinger specifically for species that are particularly refractory to conversion.
  • the injectors arranged in the manner described above allow, as a function of the amount of movement available for each jet, to inject the liquid charge into the plasma dart 3 (or into the dense hot flow) so as to pass through it completely. 'to the axis of flow of the plasma, and so that the jets meet substantially on this axis and rely on each other during of this meeting, which increases their splitting.
  • This avoids the situation, illustrated on the figure 5 , of partial crossing of the plasma jet by the jet, without this one being able to arrive on the axis without significant atomization, or even the situation of non-penetration of the plasma by the jet ( figure 6 ).
  • the jet 10 of liquid is broken by the simple contact with the edges of the plasma 3.
  • On the figure 17 are represented the three points A1, A2, A3 (all three located on the B axis of flow of the plasma), meeting the jets of the different groups of injectors.
  • This fractionation after confluence of the jets substantially on the axis of flow of the plasma, allows an optimized dispersion, as soon as the impact of the jets (case of a maximum fractionation, with impact at almost perpendicular confluence just before the confluence, as illustrated on the figure 7 ) or non-orthogonal confluence, rather reduced (case of a flow as illustrated in Figures 8A, 8B , with jets 10, 10 'less inclined relative to the plasma flow axis and the injectors further downstream along this axis than in the configuration of the figure 7 ).
  • the primary fractionation is favored whereas, in the second case, one obtains an increase in the residence time of the material within the plasma dart 3 and an increase of the exchange surface (the liquid passes of a cylindrical section 10, 10 'to a sheet 13, Figure 8B ) between the liquid to be converted and the plasma dart 3.
  • the point or zone of confluence located on the plasma flow axis, forms the apex of a cone whose generatrices are also constituted by an imaginary line connecting the zone or the confluence point and the orifice of output of each of the injectors whose jets are found at this point or in this confluence zone, so each of the injectors of the same group of injectors.
  • the half-angle at the apex of the cone is equal to the angle formed between the injection direction of each liquid injector and the flow of the plasma, or the angle formed by the direction of the incident jet at the confluence point and the axis of flow of the plasma.
  • the injector group 1f, 1f ' forms, with the point A3 of the junction of the jets of these two injectors, a cone whose apex is the point A3.
  • Each of the straight lines ⁇ 3, ⁇ '3, which connects this point A3 to the outlet orifice of one of these two injectors forms a generatrix of the corresponding cone.
  • the confluent jets are atomized directly within the plasma, benefiting from the impact between the jets, the shearing effect due to the flow of the plasma, and the highest temperature (that of the core of the plasma). plasma) and reactive species.
  • the confluence of the jets allows to overcome a problem, namely the optimization of the amount of movement to introduce the liquid in the heart of the plasma dart. Indeed, it is enough to give enough momentum to the jet so that it can penetrate the dart, but without the risk that the jet crosses the dart in case of overtaking, even limited, the amount of limit movement (which is almost equivalent, in order of magnitude, to that of the plasma dart).
  • This gives an additional degree of freedom and a double level of fractionation (ie that due to the plasma (difference in velocity between the liquid and the dart) and that due to the impact) while allowing to achieve a compromise between the reaching the high temperatures of the plasma and the residence time of the liquid within the stinger.
  • the degree of saturation can vary according to the nature of the stinger and the physicochemical properties of the charge to be treated (volatility, surface tension, etc.).
  • a local charge rate of less than 1% volume of liquid on the elementary volume of the stub section including this volume of liquid (see ⁇ Vi defined in the exemplary embodiment) makes it possible to avoid the risk of saturation of the dard (knowing also that there is a factor of at least 1000 between the volume occupied by a liquid and that occupied by its vapor when it vaporizes).
  • the flow rate of the gas stream is generally very important (case of a plasma dart).
  • means can be provided for injecting a vapor, as illustrated in the drawings.
  • Figures 1A , 13 and 14 where injectors or nozzles 1d, 1d 'of steam are arranged to inject each a jet of steam 100, 100' in a direction forming an angle ⁇ with the injection direction 10, 10 'injectors 1b, 1b' of liquid charge.
  • This injection of steam makes it possible to provide an additional degree of freedom over the resulting injection angle between the liquid jet and the plasma jet.
  • the steam 100, 100 deflects the initial trajectory of the liquid to a greater or lesser degree depending on the ratio between the momentum of the jet of steam and that of the jet of the liquid charge to be converted.
  • the point or the confluence zone A0 located on the plasma flow axis B, forms the apex of a cone whose generatrices are moreover constituted by the directions D1 and D2 of the incident jets. confluence point.
  • the injected gas may advantageously be the easily volatilizable part (at a temperature for example between 80 and 150 ° C.) of the liquid to be converted (that is to say the part which does not have priori not necessarily need to be injected into the plasma to be vaporized or converted).
  • This fraction is by nature (since it consists of light elements) less subject to the phenomenon of coking.
  • To inject this volatilizable portion in the form of steam it is possible to carry out a preliminary demixing, to separate the organic part of the liquid to be converted, difficult to volatilize, and rather refractory to conversion, and therefore requiring treatment with plasma, the vaporizable aqueous portion, generally easier to convert. Means for performing such demixing are described later with the charge preparation means.
  • the quantity of this vaporizable aqueous part may also optionally be adjusted with an additional water injection in order to guarantee the complete gasification of the bio-oil in the event of oxygen and hydrogen deficiency, in particular due to a specific composition of the bio-oil.
  • the bio-oil for an average gross formula type (CH 1.9 O 0.7 ), requires an equivalent amount of water of 0.3 mole per mole of bio-oil, for be completely carbonated according to the formula: CH 1.9 O 0.7 + 0.3 H 2 O ⁇ 1.25 H 2 + CO (reaction 1).
  • a fractional injection injection of the volatile part in the form of vapor and the part not vaporized in liquid form in the plasma
  • it is injected into the plasma plume only what must be converted, the vaporizable part outside the plasma being advantageously used in another way.
  • the steam blowing may optionally heat the liquid charge before entering the plasma. It also makes it possible to minimize the presence of soot (solid phase resulting from the bad gasification of the liquid charge) at the end of the sting 3. Indeed, the water vapor, not having a sufficient amount of movement compared to that the plasma dart 3 to enter it, it will be recirculated, as illustrated in figure 14 by entrainment induced by the plasma plume 3, which will constitute a vapor layer 11, 11 'rich in water at the edge of the plasma plume.
  • the references 110, 110 ' designate a cloud of circulating vapor accumulated on each side of the plasma due to the injection of steam, and from which the layers 11, 11' will be formed. Soots form very quickly (formation rate less than one thousandth of a second) in involving growth and aggregation phenomena, it is therefore interesting to sheath the plasma plume by these zones 11, 11 'rich in water vapor to limit this formation of soot relatively refractory to gasification once they have reaches penalizing sizes (may exceed one micron) in terms of gasification time.
  • composition of the plasma gas introduced into the torch can be controlled, at the level of the injection into the plasma formation electrodes 3b ( Figure 1A ).
  • the liquid injectors 1b, 1b ', 1d, 1d' may have, for example, profiled openings, whose opening 12, of diameter or of maximum dimension ⁇ , makes it possible not to be subjected to inadvertent plugging due to the presence of fines in the liquid to be injected, but also guarantees a satisfactory distribution of the flow within the plasma dart at their end.
  • Such an injector is shown schematically on the Figures 2A and 2B , for illustrative purposes, in section and in front view.
  • the opening 12 is not symmetrical with respect to a direction defined by the extension axis DD 'of the injector. This opening directs or deflects the fluid towards one of the sides of the axis DD '.
  • the inner wall of these outlets may also comprise a helical thread 120, as illustrated in FIG. figure 4 , allowing to impulse a quantity of rotational movement to the fluid, which has the effect of increasing the fractionation of the latter within the plasma dart 3. This option allows to inject continuous or discontinuous jets.
  • the injectors which can then be of the type described above, or even straight outlets, can be equipped with piezoelectric elements to vibrate the injector and to fractionate the liquid.
  • This option makes it possible to inject discontinuous jet trains. More generally, a fractionation can be favored by the use of an appropriate phasing between the pulsation of the plasma dart due to the movements of the electric arc at within the plasma torch and the pressure pulsations of the jet of liquid to be converted.
  • Means for pressurizing the charge to be converted allow to ensure the injection speed and therefore the amount of movement of the fluid to be injected. These means, described below, may allow adjustment of the pressure and may be controlled for example by means 7a ( Figure 1B ) of the microprocessor type.
  • the present invention makes it possible to optimize the injection of the liquid feed so that the physical phenomena (in particular fractionation and evaporation) are optimized.
  • Table I Characteristic times Flight time within the dart before jets intersection Reaction time Hydrodynamic equilibrium time Characteristic time for evaporation of droplets Residence time (after impact) magnitude ⁇ 10 -2 s ⁇ 10 -3 s ⁇ 10 -1 s ⁇ 10 -3 s ⁇ 10 -3 s
  • the most important parameters for the conversion of the liquid load are the fragmentation time, the characteristic time for the evaporation of the droplets and the residence time (after impact).
  • the equilibration time of the droplets is relatively long compared to other phenomena, but it is not necessary to seek at all costs that this equilibrium occurs (the equilibrium hydrodynamic equilibrium actually only reflects the fact that all the shear potential of the dart has been used, the relative plasma / liquid velocity being zero as soon as this equilibrium occurs).
  • the means or device forming the injector support 2 contribute to the proper positioning and maintenance of the latter. These means are integral with the torch.
  • Two groups of injectors Gi and Gj (i ⁇ j) different may have a number of injectors ni and nj different from each other.
  • the injector support surrounding the plasma dart has a ring-shaped annular shape (2a, 2b, 2c) in order to obtain a degree of freedom as to the angles between the different injection planes (a group two injectors form a plane (injection plane) with the confluence point of the two jets from these injectors) as what can be visualized for the case of the figure 11 where these planes are alternately perpendicular to each other.
  • Each group of injectors figure 11 has two injectors. These two injectors also define an axis, perpendicular to the plasma flow axis B, but also a plane, with the point of convergence.
  • the support makes it possible to maintain the temperature of the liquid to be injected, in particular to control the viscosity thereof and to complete a preheating that may have occurred in upstream during a possible charge preparation step, as explained below.
  • the liquid being thus, before injection, already brought to a temperature close to the conversion temperature, the residence time in the heart of the plasma dart is optimized, because used not (or little) to heat the liquid, but rather to convert it quickly after splitting.
  • the material of the support and / or of the injector may be of the refractory type while allowing sufficient heat transfer to allow heat transfer that can ensure preheating of the liquid to be injected, without inducing injector support surface temperatures that are too high for the latter nor the risk of coking the charge to be injected.
  • the references 2a, 2b, 2c designate three sections of the support 2 of the injectors. These three sections are, during operation of the torch, arranged around the plasma dart 3.
  • the section 2c, which corresponds to the end of the plasma dart 3, is the one with respect to which the heat exchange coefficient is at its maximum. , as shown on the upper part of the figure 12 .
  • Part of the support 2 of injectors can be used to recover a portion of the heat from the plasma plume 3. This recovered heat can then be transferred, by conduction, to the liquid passing in the injectors. This means of preheating the liquid makes it possible to reduce its viscosity, it therefore becomes more fluid and will be better fractionated in the plasma. If necessary, in case of excessive thermal stress at the peak of the exchange coefficient, the section 2c can be offset downstream of the plasma flow.
  • the device of the Figure 1A may include various additional peripheral means. Such means are schematically represented on the Figure 1B .
  • Means 4 may thus be provided to prepare the liquid charge and to put pressure and / or temperature the liquid to be injected by the injectors into the dart 3 of the plasma.
  • means 5, 5a, 5b may be provided to perform a control of the quality of the injection.
  • Means 6 may allow tracking of the pulsation of the plasma torch with which the battery of injectors is associated.
  • Data processing means 7a, 7b make it possible, from data corresponding to various measurements made on the system, for example from data supplied by the means 5a, 5b, 6 to readjust, if necessary, the composition of the charge and / or operating conditions of the plasma. For example, these means make it possible to adjust, for example to minimize, the phase shift between the period of a pulse of the plasma dart 3 and the period of a pulse of the injection.
  • a decanter 4d allows the coarse separation of phases from the demixing of the raw liquid, if the latter is possible.
  • this phenomenon of demixing (there is a phase diagram for, for example, bio-oil as for other specific hydrocarbon compounds; figure 15 ) which is relatively detrimental in many processes may be, in the case of the present invention, advantageously used to separate heavy organic compounds, and difficult to convert, the light phase, easier to convert, without significant financial cost.
  • the heavy phase can advantageously be injected into the heart of the plasma dart, out of the plasma torch (the most possible porch of the base 33, see figure 17 and 18 ) to benefit, at best, the area optimizing fractionation, while the lighter phase (and easier to convert a priori), can be injected plasma tail dart or steam at steam injection nozzles (like the nozzles 1a, 1a 'on the figure 13 ), also allowing to create an additional degree of freedom as to the injection angle of the liquid charge to be converted.
  • Filters here two in number
  • separating means for example of the centrifuge type 41, 41 'may allow a finer separation of the phases from the settler.
  • a pump 4k makes it possible to recycle the undesired phase (for example the organic phase in the preparation zone of the aqueous phase) in the means 4d to carry out the decantation.
  • Means 4h make it possible to measure the water content at the outlet of the demixing tank 4c. Indeed, in order to control the demixing phenomenon, a measurement of the water content can be carried out (for example by a Karl Fischer measurement).
  • Means 4 of pressurized gas supply (for example: nitrogen, or CO 2 , or methane or water vapor) can be provided in the right of a buffer tank 4f, located on the injection line, to solubilize if necessary this gas in the liquid charge.
  • pressurized gas supply for example: nitrogen, or CO 2 , or methane or water vapor
  • This gas may, at the exit of the injectors, begin to desorb and allow an adjustment of the composition of the medium (including oxidizing species).
  • the gas to be solubilized may represent a small mass relative to the liquid to be converted (unlike the vector gas nebulization). This leads to a fractionation of the liquid to be converted and also makes it possible to provide an additional reagent for the conversion of the latter.
  • These means allow an adjustment of the pressure to maintain it, continuous or variable, according to a periodicity and a signal (sinusoidal pressure for example as a function of time) adapted to the flow of plasma dart; in particular one thus obtains a possibility to oscillate the injection pressure to adapt to the fluctuations of the plasma dart, as evidenced by, for example, the oscilloscope 6a.
  • a split solid distribution and surfactant system 4j optionally allows in situ formulation of a slurry-type filler.
  • a heat exchanger 4m also optional, allows to vaporize the aqueous phase before it is injected, to form a phase steam to be injected separately, as already explained above, for example by the nozzles 1a, 1a ', 1c, 1c' of the Figure 1A .
  • heat can be recovered from a reactor cooling system and the electrodes of the plasma torch.
  • Means 4p, 4o allow control of the good separation (by settling) by measuring the density of the phases, to the right of the decanter 4d demixing.
  • the means 4i, 4h, 4o, 4p provide measurements to processor type means 7a for managing the preparation of the liquid to be injected.
  • the ducts 40, 41 which will respectively allow the liquid phase to be injected, and possibly the separated vapor phase, may be heated, for example by a heating cord, or else by hot gas recovered at the outlet of the torch 3 and injected into a tube. double envelope around the ducts.
  • a device according to the invention may comprise means 5 for controlling the quality of the injection.
  • An example of these means is an optical diagnostic assembly 5a allowing, by image analysis through one or more portholes 51, 53, as represented more precisely on the figure 16 , to proceed to the diagnosis of the quality of the fragmentation.
  • Such an assembly comprises for example a high-definition camera 5b and a pulsed laser 5b ' to illuminate and visualize the position or the displacement of the droplets of liquid charge within the dart.
  • a system of filters 55 associated with the camera 5a and adapted to the nature of the plasma gases, makes it possible to overcome the emissivity of the plasma and to distinguish the droplets of liquid illuminated by the laser beam.
  • a neutral gas sweeping (nitrogen on the figure 16 ) avoids a deposit of soot on the porthole 51.
  • a second example of these means is a diagnostic assembly 5c allowing, on leaving the reactor (or even on different sides inside the reactor, if the residence time of the gases in the latter is too great) to follow the composition of the permanent gases. From the data obtained by these measurements, one can deduce a first order of magnitude of the performance of the injection level (for example by monitoring the conversion rate, or the level of fractionation within the dart).
  • the processor means 7a which can integrate a clean control system, actuate the control elements of the injection system and the preparation of the load (injection angle, momentum, content in water, ...) to adapt these.
  • Means may also be provided to adapt the injection of the liquid charge to be converted to possible modifications of the plasma dart, and in particular to possible variations in the pulsation of the torch.
  • the diagnostic system is also connected to the processor 7a which regularly compares periodicity and phase parameters between the control of the injection and the pulses plasma dart.
  • the plasma torch produces the plasma dart 3, in which the liquid injectors inject the charge to be converted.
  • Means for preparing the charge provide a charge adapted to the injectors.
  • Means of diagnosis of the quality of the injection make it possible to observe the fragmentation of the jets and to follow the composition of the permanent gases.
  • control means make it possible to monitor the pulsation of the torch.
  • the diagnostic means, the control means and the load preparation means send the information they have collected to means 7a, 7b of data processing.
  • these data processing means can control the load preparation means, in order to adapt the composition of the load according to the information collected.
  • the processing means also make it possible to control the pulses of the injectors with respect to the pulses of the plasma, for example to re-align them with respect to the latter.
  • This example implements an untransferred arc plasma torch, of 2 MW electrical power, for the optimized conversion of the bio-oil by the best injection of bio-oil within the plasma dart.
  • Hi are indicated on the figure 17 .
  • the confluence of two jets makes it possible to obtain the formation of a resulting liquid layer whose length depends in particular on the angle of incidence of the jets.
  • the elementary volumes ⁇ Vi defined as described in the figure 18 then allow to define the occupancy rates of the liquid charge ⁇ i) for the elementary volumes encompassing the injection points.
  • the configuration for the exemplary embodiment sought can be that indicated in Table II, a configuration for which it can be retrieved, during operation, the minimization of ⁇ (distance between two areas of occupancy of the stinger by the liquid material, see figure 18 ) and the adjustment of the ⁇ i (in view of the diagnostic elements of the quality of the injection) by means of the driving parameters that are ⁇ i, Qi and qi: Table II.
  • the invention applies to the conversion of liquids such as bio-oils, or sludge treatment plant, or "slurry” or particles resulting from the spraying of a solid, these particles being mixed with a liquid for injection into the plasma torch.
  • the invention also applies to the injection and / or the conversion of a liquid of the bio-oil type or, more generally, containing potentially fine particles or, more generally still, relatively difficult to nebulize (or atomize) by its physicochemical properties (especially its viscosity).
  • a gasification process of the bio-oil provides a gas suitable for the production of synthetic fuel.
  • the bio-oil can be obtained by flash pyrolysis, a thermochemical process (at a temperature T ⁇ 500 ° C.) in which the biomass is rapidly heated in the absence of oxygen. Under the influence of heat, the biomass decomposes and leads to the formation of permanent gases, condensable vapors, aerosols and carbon residues. After cooling and condensation of volatile compounds and aerosols, a dark brown liquid, the bio-oil, is typically obtained. This is then gasified by injection into a plasma torch, according to the present invention, which makes it possible to limit or avoid the presence of tars (it is below the limit value of 0.1 mg / Nm3).
  • the invention can also be advantageously implemented for the case of processes requiring the use of plasma dard or flame (s) or a relatively hot fluid (s) or generating a large amount of movement does not make easy the mixture between the charge and this sting (or this flame or this hot fluid or generating a large amount of movement).
  • a system according to the invention also makes it possible to accept variations in the density of the liquid at convert. Indeed, with other systems, if there is variation in the density of the liquid, a fit that can be heavy is necessary.
  • a jet of steam is injected simultaneously with the jet of liquid.
  • the liquid is then separated beforehand between a first part, vaporizable at a temperature below the average temperature of the plasma and a second part, to be injected into the plasma in liquid form.
  • liquid is injected with injectors of different groups of injectors having angles of incidence different from the axis of flow of the plasma.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
EP08805166A 2007-10-12 2008-10-09 Dispositif d'injection de charge liquide a melanger/convertir au sein d'un dard plasma ou d'un flux gazeux Not-in-force EP2198677B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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FR0758267A FR2922406A1 (fr) 2007-10-12 2007-10-12 Dispositif d'injection de charge liquide a melanger/convertir au sein d'un dard plasma ou d'un flux gazeux
PCT/EP2008/063516 WO2009047284A1 (fr) 2007-10-12 2008-10-09 Dispositif d'injection de charge liquide a melanger/convertir au sein d'un dard plasma ou d'un flux gazeux

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BR (1) BRPI0818638A2 (zh)
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JP6692642B2 (ja) * 2013-02-15 2020-05-13 パイロジェネシス・カナダ・インコーポレーテッド プラズマトーチシステムおよびプラズマトーチアセンブリ
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EP2198677A1 (fr) 2010-06-23
ATE544321T1 (de) 2012-02-15
US20100237048A1 (en) 2010-09-23
CA2702337A1 (fr) 2009-04-16
BRPI0818638A2 (pt) 2015-04-07
FR2922406A1 (fr) 2009-04-17
JP2011501345A (ja) 2011-01-06
WO2009047284A1 (fr) 2009-04-16
CN101897241A (zh) 2010-11-24
CN101897241B (zh) 2012-10-03

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