EP2153902B1 - Electrostatic separator and heating system - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to an electrostatic precipitator, in particular for an exhaust pipe of an exhaust gas purification system, according to the preamble of claim 1.

Furthermore, the invention relates to a heating system for generating energy by means of combustion of an energy carrier with an electrostatic precipitator according to claim 5.

Due to emissions from heating systems and global efforts to reduce such emissions - see, for example, the Kyoto Protocol - heating systems use appropriate emission control systems. These are in particular to filter out the harmful substances and particles from exhaust gases, so that the remaining, purified exhaust gas can safely be released to the environment. In particular, such emission control systems are used in biomass heating systems, where in addition to otherwise economic and environmental benefits increased emissions of pollutants in the exhaust gases can occur. Especially the relatively high emission of fine dust, which consists essentially of different proportions of carbon, potassium and / or calcium compounds, as a pollutant content is a disadvantage in conventional biomass heating systems.

From the EP 1 193 445 A2 An emission control system is known, which is used for biomass heating systems to reduce particulate matter emission. The device described therein can be installed in a flue gas channel and for this purpose has a lid which can be placed gas-tight on an associated opening on a flue gas channel. On the inside of the lid, a spray electrode, for example in the form of a rod, is held over an insulating holder. A high-voltage transformer with rectifier function allows the construction of a high DC voltage between the wire and the lid, which is electrically connected to the furnace tube, so that it acts as a collector electrode.

Such an electrostatic filter with a spray electrode and a collector electrode is also known as an electrostatic precipitator. This will be used for exhaust gas purification in one Exhaust pipe used a heating system. In this case, a capacitor is formed by the spray, which runs approximately centrally through the exhaust pipe and therefore also referred to as the center electrode, and a peripheral surface of the exhaust pipe, which is also referred to as a cylindrical capacitor in a cylindrical tube-shaped design of the exhaust pipe. The spray or center electrode generally has a circular cross section in the flow direction of the exhaust gas, wherein the diameter of the cross section or the radius of curvature is generally formed relatively small (for example, less than 0.4 mm). In order to deposit the pollutants, more precisely the particles not to be emitted to the environment, of the exhaust gas from the exhaust gas flow, a field extending transversely to the flow direction is formed by the center electrode and the collector electrode formed by the lateral surface with field lines from the center electrode to the collector electrode. For this purpose, a high voltage is applied to the center electrode, for example in the range of 15 kV. As a result, a corona discharge is formed, through which the particles flowing through the field in the exhaust gas are charged in a unipolar manner. Due to this charge, most of the particles migrate through the electrostatic Coulomb forces to the inner wall of the exhaust pipe, which serves as a collector electrode.

As mentioned above, the particles are electrostatically charged by the corona discharge which forms along the surface of the electrode. This is done at the molecular level by the following process: Is the electrode z. B. compared to the exhaust pipe to negative high voltage, so a large number of gas molecules is negatively charged. They move in the electric field applied by the electrode and the exhaust pipe in the direction of the exhaust pipe. If these meet on their way through the exhaust pipe to electrically neutral particles, they stick to these and charge the previously neutral particles also negative. The charged particles flow driven by electrostatic deflection forces to the inner wall of the exhaust pipe. Here the particles stick, lose their charge and are safely removed from the exhaust stream. This is the core process of an electrostatic precipitator and, depending on the geometry, height of the corona current, electrode shape, etc., leads to deposition rates of up to more than 90%. This core process can be disturbed by the following effects:

Burning produces bipolar charged particles. By means of Boltzmann distribution, the proportion of single or multiply charged particles can be estimated. The distribution is symmetrical, that is, there are the same number of positively charged as negatively charged Particle. For conditions such as those present in the exhaust gas of biomass heating systems, between 15 and 20% of the particles carry an elementary electric charge. Although the number of charged particles is reduced by approx. 10% per second due to coagulation, there are still more than 10% charged particles at the electrostatic precipitator (corresponding to about one to two seconds of particle flying time from the place of combustion). Now get the charged particles in the vicinity of the lying on negative high voltage electrode of the charger (unit exhaust pipe, electrode), the negative particles will flow away from the electrode towards the exhaust pipe inside. The positive particles, on the other hand, flow towards the electrode. Of this, a part is neutralized or negatively charged while flowing through the charger, but the rest of the particles reaches the electrode and deposits there. Over the service life it comes therefore to function restrictions of the electrostatic deflector. Because the fine dust deposited on the electrode locally prevents the formation of the corona. As a result, the electrical charge of the particles deteriorates. The deposition efficiency of the system is degraded. In addition, in the immediate vicinity of the corona (within a radius of a few millimeters around the electrode) there is a bipolar charge area. Electrically neutral particles which flow through this area can also be positively charged by a negative electrode. They then flow to the electrode. One part is neutralized or negatively charged by the corona, but a small remainder reaches the electrode and also deposits there.

A disadvantage of the electrostatic precipitators according to the prior art is that it comes after a longer period of operation to a continuous degradation of the corona current at a constant high voltage. As a result, the charging efficiency of the electrode decreases, which in turn reduces the separation efficiency of the entire system.

In FR 2 843 611 A1 An electrostatic exhaust filter is shown which has a central spray electrode surrounded by a collector electrode. For detaching particles from the electrode, a heating element is provided to burn the particles from the electrode. The heating element is designed in particular as an electrical resistance.

The invention has for its object to provide an electrostatic precipitator, which overcomes this disadvantage and in particular prevents or reduces the deposition of particles on the electrode to increase the service life of the electrostatic precipitator.

Further, the invention has for its object to provide a heating system with a separator according to the invention, which guarantees reliable exhaust gas purification.

This is achieved by the objects with the features of claim 1 and of claim 5 according to the invention. Advantageous developments can be found in the dependent claims.

The electrostatic precipitator according to the invention is characterized in that in the electrostatic precipitator, in particular for an exhaust pipe of an exhaust gas purification system, with a flow channel having a channel wall and a channel interior, through which flows a particle-containing exhaust gas in a flow direction, and in the channel interior substantially in Flow direction extending electrode, for forming an electric field between the electrode and the channel wall, further comprising at least one heatable Partikelabweisemittel is included, which prevents or reduces the possibility that deposit particles of the exhaust gas at the electrode, in particular permanently deposit, it is provided that the Electrode and the heatable Partikelabweisemittel are formed as a common component as a directly heated electrode, wherein the electrode is formed as a current-flowable closed wire loop and means to their Ho chspannungs- and heating operation are provided. The particle repelling agent effectively prevents or reduces at least deposition of particles on the electrode. In addition, the particle repelling agent can effectively reduce the deposition of particulates on other components of the electrostatic precipitator. The fact that the electrode is formed directly heated, can effectively prevent or reduce particle deposition. The invention provides that the electrode is designed as a closed wire loop. In this way, a simple current-flowable electrode can be created, which can be heated by appropriate energization targeted. Due to the loop or loop-shaped formation also the effective area of the electrode is increased. The wire loop extends in the channel interior substantially in the flow direction.

The invention provides that further means for high voltage and heating operation of the electrostatic precipitator are provided. These funds can be appropriate Switching and / or control device, in particular electrical switching and or control devices comprise.

For example, one embodiment of the present invention contemplates that the means include isolating transformer means for realizing a high voltage supply and a low voltage supply separable from each other for the operation of the electrostatic precipitator. The high voltage supply and the low voltage supply can be done simultaneously or alternately.

The electrode is formed as a wire, which combines the functions of a heating wire and an electrode. For this purpose, electrical current can be passed through the wire, which heats the electrode, that is, the current-carrying portion or wire, so that particle deposition is prevented or at least reduced due to the thermophoresis described in more detail below, or a still existing deposit can be burned free ,

In one embodiment of the present invention, it is provided that the directly heated electrode is formed at least partially of a suitable material and / or a suitable geometry in order to realize a higher electrical resistance for heating the electrode to a corresponding temperature. A suitable material is, for example, a chromium-nickel steel or other material having an electrical resistance of about 1.12 ohm * mm ² / m, or other suitable range, for example, depending on the geometry. A suitable geometry of the electrode wire may be, for example, a wire having a length of about 0.5 m and a diameter in the range of about 0.3 to 0.4 mm. The geometry and or material may be selected to achieve an electrical resistance of about 5 to 10 ohms for the electrode. The cross section of the wire may have any shape, for example circular. For targeted heating of the wire, the cross-section in the direction of the wire over the length vary, that is, the wire can be made thicker or thinner. The cross section can be varied both in terms of cross-sectional area, as well as in terms of cross-sectional shape, for example from square to circular.

An embodiment of the electrostatic precipitator provides that the electrode is non-linearly extending to provide a larger active area of action in the flow channel. Nonlinear in this case does not mean a straight line, but rather curved, bent, coiled, kinked or the like formed. The electrode may be formed at least partially helically with a suitable pitch so that adjacent areas of the electrode do not interfere with each other negatively. The spacing of adjacent regions may be in an interval of> = 1 mm to <= 20 mm, preferably in an interval of> = 5 mm to <= 15 mm, and is most preferably about 10 mm.

Yet another embodiment provides that the electrode has, at least in sections, current-flowable lugs, such as projections, in order to provide a larger active area of action. The electrode may be formed, for example, barbed wire or with nubs.

In addition to the directly heatable electrode further, different particle repelling means may be provided, for example, mechanical Partikelabweisemittel comprising a vibrator or the like. Another example of a different particle repelling agent may be a fluid injection device that mechanically minimizes permanent attachment of particulates to the separator or its components by injecting a fluid and the associated exposure of the fluid to particles.

Also, an embodiment provides that a plurality of heatable Partikelabweisemittel are provided to heat the electrode for particle rejection, wherein a heating of the Partikelabweisemittel separately or at least partially realized together.

The heating system according to the invention for generating energy by burning an energy source such as biomass is characterized in that it has a fine dust emitting heating system such as a biomass heating system for burning the energy carrier, wherein particle-containing exhaust gases, and an inventive electrostatic precipitator is provided.

With the electrostatic precipitator according to the invention and the heating system according to the invention, the following advantages are realized in particular:

An avoidance or reduction of fine dust deposits on the electrode is realized. In particular, by a directly heated electrode can be compared to a Indirect heating of the electrode, the high-voltage insulation between the electrode and heat conductor only as a mechanical stabilization used ceramic (10b) realize or otherwise completely avoided. By forming a loop or loop, a shorter length of the electrode can be realized compared to a helical formation. On the other hand, the active surface or the area of action of the electrode can be increased by the non-linear design of the electrode, which is also called center or spray electrode, possibly also with projections. When operating with high concentrations of fine dust, such as at the start of combustion, for example of firewood, heating of the system can successfully prevent its fine dust contamination by thermophoresis. If a surface in the particle-laden exhaust gas stream of a firewood plant or an internal combustion engine or the like is heated to about 100 K above the surrounding gas temperature, then the temperature gradient to the surroundings reliably prevents the deposition of especially small, distinctly submicron particles (<200 nm). The charging efficiency of the spiral or loop electrode is not reduced in the locally low-particle volume surrounding it, since the mean free path of the ions, which charge the fine dust particles, is increased by the temperature increase. An exemplary power calculation results according to the known formulas dQ / dt = α * A * ΔT, for α = 30 W / m ² * K, ΔT = 100 K and A = 6.3 E-4 m ² corresponding to dQ / dt = 2 W, taking into account radiation with tolerances about dQ / dt = 4 W. To burn the electrode, a power of less than about 20 W is needed at a ΔT = 400K.

Initial estimates show that for the conditions which are present, for example, in the exhaust pipe of a firewood installation directly at the boiler outlet (220 ° C., flow rate 0.5-1.5 m / s), for the heating of the insulating ceramic heating element (diameter 4 mm, Length 60 mm) approx. 5 - 10 W heating power via an electrical resistance heater is sufficient. Should there be particle deposits on the spray electrode despite thermophoresis after an extended period of time, this can be detected by shifting the current-voltage characteristic of the high-voltage supply above a previously set maximum value. The electronic control unit of the electrostatic precipitator then heats the ceramic heating element briefly above 600 ° C high. From this temperature, the ceramic heating element including the electrode wound around it is burned free of the combustible, deposited soot particles. They represent the main constituent of particulate matter in burning firewood. In addition or as an alternative, the system can also be mechanically freed of fine dust deposits by a vibrating device. Also for their activation, the shift of the current / voltage characteristic of the high voltage supply can be used.

Electrostatic precipitators are in the exhaust system a minimum flow resistance, which increases only very slowly with increasing load. They have a large absorption capacity for separated particulate matter. At slow flow velocities and sufficiently long separation distances, they have a deposition efficiency of 80-90% for submicron particles. Off o.a. Therefore, they are therefore a promising option for the emission control of a log wood plant, other biomass heating systems or oil burners. The maintenance of the high voltage of the center electrode represents a technical difficulty in the execution of the electrostatic precipitator. The electrode can be kept free or cleaned in particular by the following possibility of fine dust contamination:

• Durch den Einsatz einer (direkt) beheizten Sprühelektrode vergrößert sich der Einsatzbereich des hier beschriebenen elektrostatischen Abscheiders. So kann die Degradation der Sprühelektrode deutlich - auch permanent- vermieden werden. Auch findet keine Kondensation von Wasserdampf auf der Elektrode statt. Bei einer Benetzung der Elektrode mit Wasser ist die Durchschlagsfestigkeit nicht mehr gegeben. Während ein Betrieb eines elektrostatischen Abscheiders gemäß dem Stand der Technik bei Temperaturen in der Nähe des Abgaskondensationspunktes und darunter nicht möglich ist, kann mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Abscheider zur kontinuierlichen Elektrodenheizung die Elektrode von Kondensat freigehalten werden. So kann der elektrostatische Abscheider oder auch Filter in Anlagen mit niedrigen Abgastemperaturen (z. B. bei einer Brennwerttechnik oder bei einem Einsatzort in einem größeren Abstand zur Anlage, beim Anfahren der Anlage) eingesetzt werden.

Thermophoresis by direct heating:

• The use of a (directly) heated spray electrode increases the range of application of the electrostatic precipitator described here. Thus, the degradation of the spray can be significantly - even permanently avoided. There is also no condensation of water vapor on the electrode. When wetting the electrode with water, the dielectric strength is no longer present. While operation of an electrostatic precipitator according to the prior art at temperatures in the vicinity of the exhaust gas condensation point and below is not possible, the electrode can be kept free of condensate with the inventive separator for continuous electrode heating. Thus, the electrostatic precipitator or even filters can be used in systems with low exhaust gas temperatures (eg in a condensing boiler technology or at a place of use at a greater distance to the system when starting up the system).

Fig. 1

schematisch einen Längsquerschnitt durch eine Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen elektrostatischen Abscheiders,

Fig. 2

schematisch einen Längsschnitt durch eine weitere Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen elektrostatischen Abscheiders und

Fig. 3

eine schematische Darstellung einer Leistungsversorgung des erfindungsgemäßen Abscheiders.

The drawings illustrate several embodiments of the invention and show in the figures:

Fig. 1

FIG. 2 schematically shows a longitudinal cross section through an embodiment of an electrostatic precipitator according to the invention, FIG.

Fig. 2

schematically a longitudinal section through a further embodiment of an electrostatic precipitator according to the invention and

Fig. 3

a schematic representation of a power supply of the separator according to the invention.

Fig. 1 schematically shows a longitudinal cross section through an embodiment of an electrostatic precipitator 1 according to the invention, wherein the section extends approximately through the center of an exhaust pipe 2 and so is only a part of the electrostatic precipitator 1 is. The electrostatic precipitator 1 is arranged in an exhaust pipe 2 (only partially shown) of an exhaust gas purification system not shown here and includes a flow channel 3. The flow channel 3 is formed as a tubular portion of the exhaust pipe 2 and includes a channel wall 4 and a channel inside 5. Through the flow channel 3, a particle-containing exhaust gas shown here by an arrow P flows into the flow direction likewise represented by the arrow P. In the flow direction P, an electrode 6, which is also referred to as a center electrode, spray electrode or corona electrode, extends in the interior of the flow channel 3. The flow channel 3 is preferably formed in cross-section in the flow direction P rotationally symmetrical about a central axis A. The electrode 6 extends substantially along this central axis A. The electrode 6 is fed via an electrode feed 7, which is covered with an insulator 8. Together with the channel wall 4, the electrode 6 forms a charging unit, in which particles can be charged electrically. For this purpose, the electrode 6 forms with the channel wall 4, applying a high voltage, an electric field whose field lines extend substantially radially to the electrode 6 and the channel wall 4, substantially transversely, more precisely at right angles to the flow direction P.

The electrostatic precipitator 1 in an exhaust pipe 2 shown only partially comprises in the illustrated embodiment in Fig. 1 a plurality of particle repelling means 9. A first particle repellent 9a is integrated in the insulator 8. The first Partikelabweisemittel 9 a is formed as a heating element for the insulator 8, which in the in Fig. 1 illustrated embodiment in the form of the insulator 8 penetrating heating wires is realized.

A second Partikelabweisemittel 9 b is integrally formed with the electrode 6. The second particle-repelling agent 9b is designed as a heatable particle-repelling agent, which is realized in the present case as a heating ceramic 10. The heating ceramic 10 comprises a holder 10a and a rod-shaped heating element 10b. The holder 10a and the heating element 10b are connected to each other. Preferably, the holder 10a and the heating element 10b are arranged L-shaped relative to one another. Through the heating ceramic 10 extends a heating wire 11. The holder 10a projects radially from the outside through the pipe wall 4 in the channel interior 3, approximately up to the central axis A. From there the heating element 10b protrudes approximately along the central axis A against the flow direction P towards the insulator 8. The electrode 6, which is fed via the electrode feed 7, is spirally wound around the heating element 10b, wherein the distances of the turns are formed approximately equidistant, preferably at a distance of about 10 mm. In this way, the effective area of the electrode 6 per channel section in the flow direction P is increased. The heating ceramic (10) can ensure the heating process of the helical electrode 6. Alternatively, the electrode 6 can be formed, for example, as a closed wire loop, that this is heated when energized by flowing current (transformer device necessary). In this case, the heating ceramic (10) can be replaced by a holder without heating function. The holder then serves to stabilize the self-heating electrode (6).

A third Partikelabweisemittel 9c is integrated with the heating ceramic 10, more precisely a projecting over the channel wall 4 to the outside part of the holder 10, formed. The third Partikelabweisemittel 9c is designed as a mechanical Partikelabweisemittel, which is realized here by a vibrator 12. The vibrator 12 generates vibrations, which are transmitted via the holder 10 a on to the heating element 10 b. As a result of the vibrations, particles adhering to the ceramic heater 10 and / or the electrode 6 are removed mechanically or prevented or reduced from adhering.

In another embodiment, at least one particle-repelling agent 9 may be designed differently and / or one or two of the particle-repelling agents 9a, 9b, 9c may be dispensed with. Another embodiment shows Fig. 2 ,

Fig. 2 schematically shows a longitudinal section through a further embodiment of an electrostatic precipitator 1 'according to the invention. Identical or similar parts are identified by the same reference numerals. A detailed description of already described components is eliminated.

The electrostatic precipitator 1 'after Fig. 2 is based on the same principle as the electrostatic precipitator 1 after Fig. 1 differs only by the execution of the second Partikelabweisemittels 9b, wherein for ease of illustration, the Partikelabweisemittel 9c is not shown explicitly, this as well as the first Partikelabweisemittel 9a may also be omitted. The electrostatic precipitator 1 'is arranged in an exhaust pipe 2 (only partially shown) of an exhaust gas purification system not shown here and includes a flow channel 3. The flow channel 3 is formed as a tubular portion of the exhaust pipe 2 and includes a channel wall 4 and a channel inside 5th Durch the flow channel 3 flows not shown here, particle-containing exhaust gas in the flow direction, also not shown. In the flow direction, the electrode 6, which in the present case is designed as a closed wire loop 6b and forms the second particle-repelling agent 9b and the electrode 6 in a common component-a directly heated electrode-extends inside the flow channel 3. The electrode 6 is fed via an electrode feed 7, which is covered with the insulator 8.

For better illustration, the third particle-repelling agent 9c is in the schematic Fig. 2 not shown. The third particle-repelling agent 9c may be as shown in FIG Fig. 1 be educated. Alternatively and / or additionally, the particle-repelling agent 9c may be formed, for example, as a fluid injection device. This serves to liberate the spray electrode 6 and, if appropriate, further particle-laden parts from the particles by means of a jet or several jets.

In order to operate the electrostatic precipitator 1 'accordingly, so that the second particle-deflecting means 9b designed as a heatable wire loop performs both a heating function and a voltage function, means for high-voltage and heating operation 13 are provided. The means 13 comprise a transformer device 14, which in Fig. 3 is described in more detail.

Fig. 3 shows a schematic representation of a power supply of the separator 1 and 1 'according to the invention. Shown is a (separation) transformer device 14, more specifically their windings, a primary winding 14a and a secondary winding 14b. Further, a high voltage module 15 is conductively connected to the secondary winding 14b. The transformer device 14 with the windings 14a, 14b and the high voltage module 15 and the corresponding Lines 16 form, inter alia, the means for high voltage and heating operation 13 of the electrostatic precipitator 1,1 '. The functionality is essentially the following:

The electrode 6 is at a high voltage level (about 12-25 kV). The above-mentioned heating or heating function of the electrode 6 can be realized in several ways:

It can be carried out a simultaneous high voltage and heating operation: For this purpose, the electrode 6 is at a high voltage level (HV). A low-voltage heating supply (NV) for the realization of the heating function is galvanically completely separated from a ground level. This is realized by the isolation transformer device 14, as it is also used as a current transformer in high-voltage measurement technology. To avoid HV flashovers, the windings are potted, their insulation must protect each half of the value of the high voltage with respect to the iron core of the isolation transformer device 14.

Furthermore, a rapidly alternating operation can be carried out: For this purpose, the electrode 6 is alternately at the HV level or at ground potential, a heating current flows through it. An operating frequency depends on the geometry of the electrode 6 and the flow rate of the exhaust gas in the exhaust pipe and is typically between about 5 and 50 Hz. A thermal mass of the electrode 6 smoothes its pulse-like heating. The corresponding exhaust particles are charged accordingly by a pulsed corona current. The switching from NV to HV level is carried out by a suitable switch, which is also included by the means for high voltage and heating operation of the electrostatic precipitator 1,1 '.

Furthermore, a slow, alternating operation can be carried out: In this case, the electrode 6 is permanently at HV level during operation. At suitable operating intervals (after approx. 5 to 10 operating hours), which can be detected by a degradation of the voltage characteristic, the HV is switched off and the electrode 6 is set at the NV level via a suitable switch and kept for a predetermined time (approx 20 - 60 s) heated. Conveniently, this is best done with switched off combustion.

The heating takes place in each case up to an ignition temperature of the adhering soot (which may be, for example, about 600 ° C). For this is with appropriate characteristics the electrode 6 (for example, at an electrode length l = 0.5 m, an electrode diameter D = 0.3-0.4 m, electrode material: chrome-nickel steel) a heating power of about 20-30 W required. After a thermal regeneration, the electrode 6 is ready for use as a charging unit again. This mode of operation is particularly suitable for heating systems that emit fine dust with a high (combustible) carbon content, for example in log burning stoves or pots. The structural design of the HV switch is simpler for the last described mode of operation than in the previously mentioned modes of operation wherein the electrode 6 is not permanently protected by the thermophoresis from particulate matter contamination.

Claims (5)

1. Electrostatic separator (1, 1'), in particular for an exhaust gas line (2) of an exhaust gas purification system, with
   a flow duct (3) with a duct wall (4) and with a duct interior (5), through which a particle-containing exhaust gas (P) flows in a flow direction,
   and an electrode (6), extending essentially in the flow direction (P) in the duct interior (5), for generating an electrical field between the electrode (6) and the duct wall (4),
   there being comprised, further, at least one heatable particle repulsion means (9) which prevents particles of the exhaust gas (P) from being deposited on the electrode (6),
   characterized in that the electrode (6) and the heatable particle repulsion means (9b) are designed, as a common component, as a directly heated electrode, the electrode (6) being designed as a current-carrying closed wire loop, and means for its high-voltage and heating operation 13 being provided.
2. Electrostatic separator (1, 1') according to Claim 1,
   characterized in that the directly heated electrode (6) is formed at least partially from a nickel chromium steel and has a length of about 0.5 m and a diameter of about 0.3 mm to 0.4 mm, in order to implement an electrical resistance of about 5 Ohm to 10 Ohm in order to heat the electrode (6) to a corresponding temperature.
3. Electrostatic separator (1, 1') according to Claim 1 or 2,
   characterized in that one or more heatable particle repulsion means (9, 9b) are provided in order to heat the electrode (9) for particle repulsion.
4. Electrostatic separator (1, 1') according to one of Claims 1 to 3,
   characterized in that the means for the high-voltage and heating operation of the electrostatic separator (1, 1') comprise an (isolating) transformer device (13), in order to implement a high-voltage supply and a low-voltage supply separately from one another for the operation of the electrostatic separator (1, 1').
5. Heating system for the generation of energy by means of the combustion of an energy carrier, such as biomass, with a fine-dust-emitting heating installation, such as a biomass heating installation, for the combustion of the energy carrier, particle-containing exhaust gases arising, and with an electrostatic separator (1, 1') according to one of the preceding Claims 1 to 4.

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