EP2147479B1 - Antenna having oblique radiating elements - Google Patents

Antenna having oblique radiating elements Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2147479B1
EP2147479B1 EP08736205.9A EP08736205A EP2147479B1 EP 2147479 B1 EP2147479 B1 EP 2147479B1 EP 08736205 A EP08736205 A EP 08736205A EP 2147479 B1 EP2147479 B1 EP 2147479B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ground plane
antenna
antenna according
metal elements
recesses
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
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EP08736205.9A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2147479A1 (en
Inventor
Nelson Fonseca
Lionel Ries
Sami Hebib
Hervé AUBERT
Olivier Pascal
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
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Publication of EP2147479A1 publication Critical patent/EP2147479A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/44—Resonant antennas with a plurality of divergent straight elements, e.g. V-dipole, X-antenna; with a plurality of elements having mutually inclined substantially straight portions
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/20—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a curvilinear path
    • H01Q21/205—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a curvilinear path providing an omnidirectional coverage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/24—Combinations of antenna units polarised in different directions for transmitting or receiving circularly and elliptically polarised waves or waves linearly polarised in any direction
    • H01Q21/26—Turnstile or like antennas comprising arrangements of three or more elongated elements disposed radially and symmetrically in a horizontal plane about a common centre

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to multiband antennas with circular or linear polarization and having a frequency flexibility.
  • the invention finds particular application in satellite positioning systems such as GPS and Galileo, as well as in satellite broadcasting systems for multimedia content.
  • Multiband antennas are, for example, used in satellite positioning or broadcasting systems to reduce the number of antennas on board or positioned on the ground.
  • Such antennas can combine several frequency bands in one and the same antenna. They also allow the combination of several applications.
  • Multiband antennas comprising four inverted L-shaped radiating elements arranged on a low dielectric constant support.
  • Such an antenna is for example described in the document WO 2005/004283 .
  • the structure of the current antennas is limited by the shape of the radiating elements and their arrangement relative to each other which limits the reduction of the bulk, especially when one seeks to increase their flexibility in terms of operating frequencies .
  • the multiplicity of applications and associated bands shows the need for multiband antennas having a structure having a flexible character, low cost and offering excellent performance or at least equivalent to antennas dedicated to an application or a band of given frequency, while maintaining a similar or even smaller footprint.
  • the invention proposes an antenna comprising a plurality of metallic elements, said metallic elements being in point contact with a ground plane and equidistributed around a central axis of symmetry of the antenna, perpendicular to the ground plane.
  • each metal element extends from the point contact at a non-zero angle of inclination with respect to said ground plane and in that the ground plane comprises at least one recess. so that in operation, the adaptation of the antenna is better in a specified frequency band than when the ground plane is full.
  • the antenna of the invention is advantageously integrated in satellite positioning systems and / or in satellite broadcasting systems for multimedia content.
  • the figure 1 illustrates an antenna comprising metal elements which, in operation, are able to radiate forming therefore radiating elements.
  • the antenna structure generally comprises a plurality of metal elements, 10, 20, 30, 40.
  • the antenna typically comprises four metal elements.
  • the metal elements 10, 20, 30, 40 are distributed around a central axis of symmetry D of the antenna, perpendicular to the ground plane M (it is understood here that the axis of symmetry passes through the center O of the plane mass M).
  • the metallic elements are in point contact 11, 21, 31, 41 with the ground plane M.
  • the angle of inclination ⁇ of the metal elements with the ground plane M is dependent on the application. It can therefore be right, acute (less than 90 °) or obtuse (greater than 90 °).
  • the metal elements are equidistributed around a circle of center, the center O of the ground plane M.
  • the antenna comprises, four metal elements and 90 ° separate the portion 11, 21, 31, 41 of each metal element in point contact with the ground plane M.
  • the metal elements, 10, 20, 30, 40 are identical and their angle of inclination ⁇ with respect to the ground plane M is equal to 45 °.
  • the angle of inclination ⁇ initiated at each metal element is such that the metal elements are oriented in the same direction, they can be oriented towards the axis of symmetry D of the antenna or in one direction opposite.
  • the metal elements are oriented towards the axis of symmetry D of the antenna perpendicular to the ground plane M.
  • the metal elements 10, 20, 30, 40 are printed on a dielectric substrate, this substrate being further supported by a pyramidal structure S having no radiofrequency properties.
  • the pyramidal structure may further comprise a number of sides greater than four.
  • Such a structure ensures the mechanical strength of the antenna and can be made of polystyrene material.
  • the figure 2 illustrates an antenna comprising a pyramidal structure S on which are disposed the metal elements printed on a dielectric substrate.
  • the structure is of a shape adapted to the inclination of the metal elements 10, 20, 30, 40.
  • the structure S has a pyramidal shape.
  • a structure S of this form is preferably used for producing the antenna.
  • the metal elements are arranged on each of the faces of the structure S.
  • Metal elements can take different forms.
  • the Figures 3a, 3b respectively illustrate an arcuate wire-shaped metal element and a broken wire-shaped metal element.
  • FIGS. 4a and 4b illustrate fractal geometry patterns obtained after several iterations of a triangular shape.
  • the shape, pattern, length, and inclination of the metal elements are parameters that affect the bandwidth and antenna radiation pattern.
  • the ground plane M has dimensions that will condition the performance of the antenna in terms of radiation.
  • the ground plane M is typically circular.
  • the thickness and the radius of the ground plane M are dimensioned so as to limit the reflections on its edges.
  • the ground plane M may comprise a recess 50 formed at its center to improve the adaptation of the antenna, this is illustrated in FIG. figure 1 .
  • the recess is circular, square or octagonal.
  • the figure 5 illustrates an antenna comprising a cylinder 60 or right waveguide, extending the ground plane.
  • the dimensions of the cylinder are adapted to the recess 50.
  • Such a cylinder acts as a waveguide operating under its cutoff frequency which limits the rear radiation of the antenna.
  • the ground plane M can be extended by a pyramid (pyramidal waveguide) or a cone (conical waveguide), this shape being truncated as necessary depending on the congestion constraints and the performance characteristics. back radiation.
  • the extension of the ground plane M by a cone, a pyramid or a cylinder contributes to improving the performance of the antenna and also constitutes an additional means of adjustment of the antenna.
  • the shape of the guide section (straight, pyramidal or conical) is identical to the recess in the ground plane M.
  • the ground plane M may comprise several recesses.
  • Such a configuration makes it possible to control the rear radiation while having a better adaptation than in the case where the ground plane M is full (on the figure 8a is represented an antenna with a solid ground plane M).
  • the ground plane M must include a number of recesses equal to the number of metal elements, that is to say four recesses.
  • the recesses 80-83 are of rectangular shape.
  • the rectangular shape is such that the point contact of each metal element with the ground plane M defines the middle of one of the sides of each upper part of the rectangular shape.
  • the recesses 84-87 are circular in shape, each adjacent to a point contact.
  • the tangent T at the upper part of the recess of circular shape passes through the corresponding point contact.
  • the latter are equidistributed in the same way as the metallic elements (the radiating elements of the antenna).
  • the rectangular shaped recesses are inscribed inside a square of center O, the center of the ground plane M, the distance from the center O to the point contacts defining the mediators of the square.
  • the recesses of circular shape are themselves inscribed inside the circle squared mentioned above.
  • the recesses may further be rectangular in shape, octagonal.
  • the four recesses of the ground plane M may be extended by straight waveguides, pyramidal or conical, possibly truncated. These waveguides are arranged at the recesses and are such that the shape of their sections at the contact with the ground plane M is identical to the recesses formed therein.
  • the antenna is powered by means of excitations 12, 22, 32, 42 located at the contact 11, 21, 31, 41 of each metal element 10, 20, 30, 40 with the ground plane M.
  • transmission lines 13, 23, 33, 43 are used in the extension of each metal element.
  • the excitation points are connected to the ends of these transmission lines below the ground plane M which will be pierced accordingly.
  • the transmission lines are for example microstrip lines of characteristic impedance equal to 50 ⁇ formed in the same material as the substrate S on which the metal elements are printed.
  • the antenna shown is circular or linear polarization.
  • the linear polarization is obtained when two metallic elements are fed, in this case they are fed with voltages of identical amplitudes in phase opposition.
  • the circular polarization is obtained when four metal elements are powered, in this case they are supplied with identical amplitude voltages in phase quadrature.
  • the antenna further has a flexible character and / or multiband.
  • the multiband aspect is obtained by means of "band-cut" filters, F1, F2, F3, F4 (not shown) typically consisting of a circuit comprising an inductor L and a capacitor C connected in parallel. These filters are placed on each of the metal elements.
  • the switches according to their "open” or “closed” position make it possible to adjust the length and / or the geometry of the metal elements.
  • the filters and the switches are positioned identically on each of the metal elements in order to maintain the symmetry of the radiating structure.
  • the prototypes made include four radiating elements.
  • the realized prototype is in particular that illustrated by the figure 5 .
  • the antenna comprises four radiating metal strands of width equal to 1 mm printed on a dielectric substrate disposed on a support in polystyrene material pyramid-shaped.
  • the dielectric substrate has a dielectric permittivity equal to 2.08 and a thickness typically equal to 0.762 mm.
  • the metal elements are extended by microstrip lines of width equal to 2.39 mm on which we will connect the excitations associated with each metal element.
  • the antenna allows according to the power supply to have a linear or circular polarization.
  • Linear polarization is obtained by feeding two opposite metallic elements.
  • the circular polarization is obtained by feeding the four metal elements.
  • the frequency flexibility is obtained by means of switches arranged along the metal elements.
  • the multiband appearance is achieved by means of band-cut filters arranged along the metal elements.
  • the prototype made here is bi-band and targets the following three bands (bi-band at a given moment and possibility of switching by means of the switches to reach the third band).
  • band 1 E5a / L5 and E5b
  • band 2 E6
  • band 3 L1 extended.
  • the band 3 is always present and according to the open or closed position of the switches, we will be able to have the band 1 and the band 3 or the band 2 and the band 3.
  • the frequencies of the bands targeted by the antenna are, by way of illustration and without limitation, those of the GPS system (in English, " Global Positioning System ”) and the Galileo system.
  • the frequencies of the GPS system are as follows.
  • L1 band 1,563-1,587 GHZ (civilian applications)
  • L2 band 1,215-1,237 GHz (military applications mainly)
  • L5 band 1,164-1,197 GHz (for the modernization of the current GPS system).
  • the frequencies of the Galileo system are as follows.
  • Band E5a 1,164-1,197 GHz
  • band E5b 1,197-1,214 GHz
  • band E5 extended 1,142-1,252 GHz (for applications requiring high accuracy)
  • band E6 1,260-1,300 GHz
  • extended band L1 see GPS system ): 1.559-1.591 GHz.
  • the Figures 6a and 6b illustrate the reflection coefficient (dB) as a function of the operating frequency (GHz) when the switches are in the open position (cf. figure 6a ) and in closed position (cf. figure 6b ).
  • dB reflection coefficient
  • the curve 60 is obtained by simulations performed on the prototype, the curve 61 is the desired target curve and the curve 62 corresponds to the nominal specifications of adaptation in the target bands.
  • the antenna is bi-band by the use of filters.
  • the band 3 (extended L1) is still present.
  • the bands 1 and 2 are respectively reached according to the open or closed position of the switches.
  • the selected bands allow the same antenna to be used for civil safety applications (aviation, etc.) or commercial satellite navigation services.
  • the Figures 7a, 7b and 7c illustrate the radiation pattern of the antenna of the figure 5 simulated in the frequencies 1,189 GHz, 1,280 GHz and 1,575 GHz respectively.
  • the antenna presented has a circular polarization, the radiating elements are powered in quadrature phase.
  • the curve 70 is the left circular polarization radiation pattern
  • the curve 71 is the right circular polarization radiation pattern
  • the curve 72 is a template representing the minimum required values in main polarization.
  • the radiation patterns obtained are quasi-hemispherical in nature, allowing the reception of a maximum of signals from satellites in visibility.
  • This type of radiation pattern is characteristic of receiving antennas for satellite navigation applications.
  • the cross polarization obtained in simulation is less than -10 dB in the half-space of interest, thus ensuring a purity of polarization necessary for the proper functioning of the antenna.
  • FIGS. 9a and 9b illustrate the comparative performance of an antenna with a ground plane comprising a recess provided in its center extended by a cylinder, an antenna with a solid ground plane, an antenna with a ground plane comprising four recesses.
  • the figure 9a illustrates the reflection coefficient (dB) as a function of the operating frequency (GHz).
  • the curves 60, 90 and 91 illustrate the reflection coefficient for respectively the antenna with a ground plane comprising a recess provided in its center extended by a cylinder, for the antenna with a ground plane comprising four recesses. , for the antenna with a solid ground plane and the curve 62 represents the expected specifications.
  • curve 91 is an intermediate solution between a solution with a solid ground plane, curve 90 and the best solution namely an antenna with a ground plane comprising a recess in its center.
  • the different embodiments of the ground plane offer different resonant frequencies.
  • the radiating elements have been optimized in adaptation to the ground plane comprising a recess formed in its center and extended by a cylinder, curve 60.
  • the same radiating elements arranged on a solid ground plane have an upward frequency shift of about 14%, curve 90, which implies that the correction of this offset in Frequency requires an elongation of the radiating elements of the same order.
  • the same radiating elements arranged on a ground plane comprising four recesses have an upward frequency shift of 8%, curve 91, which implies a radiating element elongation of less than half compared to the solution with a solid ground plane.
  • figure 9b illustrates the radiation pattern (dBi) as a function of theta angle (degrees).
  • the curves 93, 94 and 71 represent the left circular polarization for respectively the antenna with a ground plane comprising a recess provided at its center extended by a cylinder, for the antenna with a ground plane comprising four recesses. , for the antenna with a solid ground plane.
  • the curves 97, 96 and 70 represent the crossed polarization for respectively the antenna with a ground plane comprising a recess provided at its center extended by a cylinder, for the antenna with a ground plane comprising four recesses. , for the antenna with a solid ground plane and the curve 72 represents the expected specifications for the main polarization.
  • antenna performance is equivalent.
  • the performance of the antenna with a ground plane comprising a recess in the center extended by a cylinder is best in the half-space of interest (theta angle between -90 ° and + 90 °).
  • this solution has a greater rear radiation (theta angle close to ⁇ 180 °) than solutions with a solid ground plane or four recesses.
  • This last parameter can be important if the intended application requires reducing the electromagnetic interactions with the carrier structure.
  • the performance of the antenna with a solid ground plane is similar to the performances with a ground plane comprising four recesses, both in the half-space of interest and in the backward radiation.
  • the antenna with a ground plane comprising four recesses makes it possible to dispense with the use of a cylinder in order to improve the level of the rear radiation. This also allows a gain on the total height of the antenna while maintaining acceptable performance in terms of adaptation and cross polarization.
  • the antenna with a ground plane comprising a recess in its center extended by a cylinder because it has a better adaptation.
  • the antenna thus described allows its structure to have many possibilities as to the different possible settings (inclination, geometry of the metal elements and the ground plane, filters and / or switches on the metal elements) of the antenna contributing to a multiplicity of targeted applications.
  • the different degrees of freedom as to the inclination and the geometry of the metallic elements make it possible to optimize the bulk of such an antenna and to adapt the radiation pattern of the antenna to the intended applications.

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Description

DOMAINE TECHNIQUE GENERALGENERAL TECHNICAL FIELD

La présente invention est relative aux antennes multibandes à polarisation circulaire ou linéaire et présentant une flexibilité en fréquence.The present invention relates to multiband antennas with circular or linear polarization and having a frequency flexibility.

L'invention trouve notamment application dans les systèmes de positionnement par satellites tels que le GPS et Galiléo, ainsi que dans les systèmes de diffusion par satellite de contenu multimédia.The invention finds particular application in satellite positioning systems such as GPS and Galileo, as well as in satellite broadcasting systems for multimedia content.

ETAT DE LA TECHNIQUESTATE OF THE ART

Les antennes multibandes sont, par exemple, utilisées dans des systèmes de positionnement ou de diffusion par satellites pour réduire le nombre d'antennes embarquées ou positionnées au sol.Multiband antennas are, for example, used in satellite positioning or broadcasting systems to reduce the number of antennas on board or positioned on the ground.

En effet, de telles antennes permettent de combiner plusieurs bandes de fréquence dans une seule et même antenne. Elles permettent également la combinaison de plusieurs applications.Indeed, such antennas can combine several frequency bands in one and the same antenna. They also allow the combination of several applications.

On connaît des antennes multibandes, comprenant quatre éléments rayonnants en forme de L inversé, disposés sur un support à faible constante diélectrique.Multiband antennas are known comprising four inverted L-shaped radiating elements arranged on a low dielectric constant support.

Une telle antenne est par exemple décrite dans le document WO 2005/004283 .Such an antenna is for example described in the document WO 2005/004283 .

Toutefois, la structure des antennes actuelles est limitée par la forme des éléments rayonnants et leur agencement les uns par rapport aux autres ce qui limite la réduction de l'encombrement, notamment lorsque l'on cherche à accroître leur flexibilité en terme de fréquences de fonctionnement.However, the structure of the current antennas is limited by the shape of the radiating elements and their arrangement relative to each other which limits the reduction of the bulk, especially when one seeks to increase their flexibility in terms of operating frequencies .

Or, la multiplicité des applications et des bandes associées fait apparaître le besoin d'antennes multibandes ayant une structure présentant un caractère flexible, de faible coût et offrant d'excellentes performances ou au moins équivalentes aux antennes dédiées à une application ou à une bande de fréquence donnée, tout en conservant un encombrement similaire voire moindre.However, the multiplicity of applications and associated bands shows the need for multiband antennas having a structure having a flexible character, low cost and offering excellent performance or at least equivalent to antennas dedicated to an application or a band of given frequency, while maintaining a similar or even smaller footprint.

PRESENTATION DE L'INVENTIONPRESENTATION OF THE INVENTION

Afin de pallier aux problèmes susmentionnés, l'invention propose une antenne comprenant une pluralité d'éléments métalliques, lesdits éléments métalliques étant en contact ponctuel avec un plan de masse et équirépartis autour d'un axe de symétrie central de l'antenne, perpendiculaire au plan de masse.In order to overcome the aforementioned problems, the invention proposes an antenna comprising a plurality of metallic elements, said metallic elements being in point contact with a ground plane and equidistributed around a central axis of symmetry of the antenna, perpendicular to the ground plane.

L'antenne de l'invention est caractérisée en ce que chaque élément métallique s'étend à partir du contact ponctuel selon un angle d'inclinaison non nul par rapport audit plan de masse et en ce que le plan de masse comprend au moins un évidement de manière à ce qu'en fonctionnement, l'adaptation de l'antenne soit meilleure dans une bande de fréquence spécifiée que lorsque le plan de masse est plein.The antenna of the invention is characterized in that each metal element extends from the point contact at a non-zero angle of inclination with respect to said ground plane and in that the ground plane comprises at least one recess. so that in operation, the adaptation of the antenna is better in a specified frequency band than when the ground plane is full.

L'antenne de l'invention s'intègre avantageusement dans des systèmes de positionnement par satellites et/ou dans des systèmes de diffusion par satellite de contenu multimédia.The antenna of the invention is advantageously integrated in satellite positioning systems and / or in satellite broadcasting systems for multimedia content.

PRESENTATION DES FIGURESPRESENTATION OF FIGURES

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention ressortiront encore de la description qui suit laquelle est purement illustrative et non limitative et doit être lue en regard des dessins annexés sur lesquels :

  • la figure 1 illustre l'antenne de l'invention où les éléments métalliques sont des brins métalliques ;
  • la figure 2, illustre l'antenne de l'invention où les brins métalliques sont disposés sur les faces d'un substrat ;
  • les figures 3a et 3b illustrent les vues de côtés de deux géométries possibles autres que rectilignes pour les éléments métalliques de l'antenne de l'invention ;
  • les figures 4a et 4b illustrent des motifs possibles pour les éléments métalliques de l'antenne de l'invention,
  • la figure 5 illustre l'antenne de la figure 2 avec le plan de masse prolongé par un cylindre et des filtres et des interrupteurs disposés sur les éléments métalliques ;
  • les figures 6a et 6b illustrent respectivement le coefficient de réflexion (dB) en fonction de la fréquence (GHz) de l'antenne de la figure 5 simulé lorsque les interrupteurs placés sur chaque élément métallique sont respectivement ouverts et fermés ;
  • les figures 7a, 7b et 7c illustrent le diagramme de rayonnement de l'antenne de la figure 5 simulé dans les fréquences 1,189 GHz, 1,280 GHz et 1,575 GHz respectivement ;
  • les figures 8a, 8b et 8c illustrent respectivement un plan de masse plein, un plan de masse avec quatre évidements de forme rectangulaire et un plan de masse avec quatre évidements de forme circulaire ;
  • les figures 9a et 9b illustrent respectivement le coefficient de réflexion (dB) en fonction de la fréquence pour l'antenne de la figure 5, une antenne avec un plan de masse plein (figure 8a) et une antenne avec un plan de masse comprenant quatre évidements de forme circulaire (figure 8c).
Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description which follows, which is purely illustrative and nonlimiting, and should be read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
  • the figure 1 illustrates the antenna of the invention wherein the metal elements are metal strands;
  • the figure 2 , illustrates the antenna of the invention wherein the metal strands are arranged on the faces of a substrate;
  • the Figures 3a and 3b illustrate the side views of two possible non-rectilinear geometries for the metal elements of the antenna of the invention;
  • the Figures 4a and 4b illustrate possible reasons for the metallic elements of the antenna of the invention,
  • the figure 5 illustrates the antenna of the figure 2 with the plane of mass extended by a cylinder and filters and switches arranged on the metallic elements;
  • the Figures 6a and 6b respectively reflect the reflection coefficient (dB) as a function of the frequency (GHz) of the antenna of the figure 5 simulated when the switches placed on each metal element are respectively open and closed;
  • the Figures 7a, 7b and 7c illustrate the radiation pattern of the antenna of the figure 5 simulated in the frequencies 1,189 GHz, 1,280 GHz and 1,575 GHz respectively;
  • the Figures 8a, 8b and 8c respectively illustrate a solid ground plane, a ground plane with four recesses of rectangular shape and a ground plane with four recesses of circular shape;
  • the Figures 9a and 9b respectively show the reflection coefficient (dB) as a function of the frequency for the antenna of the figure 5 , an antenna with a solid ground plane ( figure 8a ) and an antenna with a ground plane comprising four circular-shaped recesses ( figure 8c ).

DESCRIPTION D'UN OU PLUSIEURS MODES DE REALISATION ET DE MISE EN OEUVREDESCRIPTION OF ONE OR MORE MODES OF REALIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION Structure de l'antenneAntenna structure

La figure 1 illustre une antenne comprenant des éléments métalliques qui, en fonctionnement, sont aptes à rayonner formant par conséquent éléments rayonnants.The figure 1 illustrates an antenna comprising metal elements which, in operation, are able to radiate forming therefore radiating elements.

La structure de l'antenne comprend de manière générale une pluralité d'éléments métalliques, 10, 20, 30, 40.The antenna structure generally comprises a plurality of metal elements, 10, 20, 30, 40.

L'antenne comprend typiquement quatre éléments métalliques.The antenna typically comprises four metal elements.

Les éléments métalliques 10, 20, 30, 40 sont répartis autour d'un axe de symétrie D central de l'antenne, perpendiculaire au plan de masse M (il est entendu ici que l'axe de symétrie passe par le centre O du plan de masse M).The metal elements 10, 20, 30, 40 are distributed around a central axis of symmetry D of the antenna, perpendicular to the ground plane M (it is understood here that the axis of symmetry passes through the center O of the plane mass M).

Les éléments métalliques sont en contact ponctuel 11, 21, 31, 41 avec le plan de masse M.The metallic elements are in point contact 11, 21, 31, 41 with the ground plane M.

Ils s'étendent en outre du plan de masse M selon un angle d'inclinaison θ non nul par rapport au plan de masse M.They also extend from the ground plane M at a non-zero inclination angle θ relative to the ground plane M.

L'angle d'inclinaison θ des éléments métalliques avec le plan de masse M, est fonction de l'application. Il peut être par conséquent droit, aigu (inférieur à 90°) ou obtus (supérieur à 90°).The angle of inclination θ of the metal elements with the ground plane M is dependent on the application. It can therefore be right, acute (less than 90 °) or obtuse (greater than 90 °).

De manière avantageuse, les éléments métalliques sont équirépartis autour d'un cercle de centre, le centre O du plan de masse M.Advantageously, the metal elements are equidistributed around a circle of center, the center O of the ground plane M.

Un tel cas est illustré sur la figure 1. Sur cette figure l'antenne comprend, quatre éléments métalliques et 90° séparent la partie 11, 21, 31, 41 de chaque élément métallique en contact ponctuel avec le plan de masse M.Such a case is illustrated on the figure 1 . In this figure the antenna comprises, four metal elements and 90 ° separate the portion 11, 21, 31, 41 of each metal element in point contact with the ground plane M.

De manière avantageuse, les éléments métalliques, 10, 20, 30, 40, sont identiques et leur angle d'inclinaison θ par rapport au plan de masse M est égal à 45°.Advantageously, the metal elements, 10, 20, 30, 40, are identical and their angle of inclination θ with respect to the ground plane M is equal to 45 °.

En outre, l'angle d'inclinaison θ initié à chaque élément métallique est tel que les éléments métalliques sont orientés dans la même direction, ils peuvent être orientés en direction de l'axe de symétrie D de l'antenne ou bien dans une direction opposée.In addition, the angle of inclination θ initiated at each metal element is such that the metal elements are oriented in the same direction, they can be oriented towards the axis of symmetry D of the antenna or in one direction opposite.

Sur l'antenne de la figure 1, les éléments métalliques sont orientés en direction de l'axe de symétrie D de l'antenne perpendiculaire au plan de masse M.On the antenna of the figure 1 , the metal elements are oriented towards the axis of symmetry D of the antenna perpendicular to the ground plane M.

Il est à noter que les éléments métalliques 10, 20, 30, 40 sont imprimés sur un substrat diélectrique, ce substrat étant en outre supporté par une structure S pyramidale n'ayant pas de propriétés radiofréquences.It should be noted that the metal elements 10, 20, 30, 40 are printed on a dielectric substrate, this substrate being further supported by a pyramidal structure S having no radiofrequency properties.

La structure pyramidale peut en outre comprendre un nombre de côtés supérieur à quatre.The pyramidal structure may further comprise a number of sides greater than four.

Une telle structure assure la tenue mécanique de l'antenne et peut être en matériau polystyrène.Such a structure ensures the mechanical strength of the antenna and can be made of polystyrene material.

La figure 2 illustre une antenne comprenant une structure S pyramidale sur laquelle sont disposés les éléments métalliques imprimés sur un substrat diélectrique.The figure 2 illustrates an antenna comprising a pyramidal structure S on which are disposed the metal elements printed on a dielectric substrate.

La structure est de forme adaptée à l'inclinaison des éléments métalliques 10, 20, 30, 40.The structure is of a shape adapted to the inclination of the metal elements 10, 20, 30, 40.

Sur la figure 2, la structure S a une forme pyramidale. On utilisera de préférence une structure S de cette forme pour la réalisation de l'antenne.On the figure 2 , the structure S has a pyramidal shape. A structure S of this form is preferably used for producing the antenna.

Sur chacune des faces de la structure S, les éléments métalliques sont disposés.On each of the faces of the structure S, the metal elements are arranged.

Eléments métalliquesMetallic elements

Les éléments métalliques peuvent prendre différentes formes.Metal elements can take different forms.

Les figures 3a, 3b illustrent respectivement un élément métallique en forme de brin en arc de cercle et un élément métallique en forme de brin brisé.The Figures 3a, 3b respectively illustrate an arcuate wire-shaped metal element and a broken wire-shaped metal element.

Outre l'utilisation de brins, on peut envisager des motifs géométriques plus complexes.In addition to the use of strands, one can consider more complex geometric patterns.

Les figures 4a et 4b illustrent des motifs à géométrie fractale obtenus après plusieurs itérations d'une forme triangulaire.The Figures 4a and 4b illustrate fractal geometry patterns obtained after several iterations of a triangular shape.

La forme, le motif, la longueur et l'inclinaison des éléments métalliques sont des paramètres qui ont une influence sur la largeur de bande et sur le diagramme de rayonnement de l'antenne.The shape, pattern, length, and inclination of the metal elements are parameters that affect the bandwidth and antenna radiation pattern.

Plan de masseMass Plan

Le plan de masse M présente des dimensions qui vont conditionner les performances de l'antenne en termes de rayonnement.The ground plane M has dimensions that will condition the performance of the antenna in terms of radiation.

Le plan de masse M est typiquement circulaire. L'épaisseur et le rayon du plan de masse M sont dimensionnés de manière à limiter les réflexions sur ses bords.The ground plane M is typically circular. The thickness and the radius of the ground plane M are dimensioned so as to limit the reflections on its edges.

En outre, le plan de masse M peut comprendre un évidement 50 ménagé en son centre pour améliorer l'adaptation de l'antenne, ceci est illustré sur la figure 1. L'évidement est de forme circulaire, carrée ou octogonale.In addition, the ground plane M may comprise a recess 50 formed at its center to improve the adaptation of the antenna, this is illustrated in FIG. figure 1 . The recess is circular, square or octagonal.

De plus, dans cette configuration, afin de limiter le rayonnement arrière engendré par l'évidement ménagé dans le plan de masse, on peut le prolonger par un cylindre, une pyramide ou un cône, ces deux dernières formes pouvant au besoin être tronquées.In addition, in this configuration, in order to limit the rear radiation generated by the recess in the ground plane, it can be extended by a cylinder, a pyramid or a cone, the latter two forms can be truncated if necessary.

La figure 5 illustre une antenne comprenant un cylindre 60 ou guide d'onde droit, prolongeant le plan de masse. Les dimensions du cylindre sont adaptées à l'évidement 50.The figure 5 illustrates an antenna comprising a cylinder 60 or right waveguide, extending the ground plane. The dimensions of the cylinder are adapted to the recess 50.

Un tel cylindre agit comme un guide d'onde fonctionnant sous sa fréquence de coupure ce qui permet de limiter le rayonnement arrière de l'antenne.Such a cylinder acts as a waveguide operating under its cutoff frequency which limits the rear radiation of the antenna.

Comme déjà mentionné, le plan de masse M peut être prolongé par une pyramide (guide d'onde pyramidal) ou un cône (guide d'onde conique), cette forme étant au besoin tronquée en fonction des contraintes d'encombrement et des performances en rayonnement arrière.As already mentioned, the ground plane M can be extended by a pyramid (pyramidal waveguide) or a cone (conical waveguide), this shape being truncated as necessary depending on the congestion constraints and the performance characteristics. back radiation.

L'emploi de ces formes permet de fermer le plan de masse M, et donc de réduire le rayonnement arrière tout en conservant l'amélioration de l'adaptation de l'antenne liée à l'évidement.The use of these forms makes it possible to close the ground plane M, and thus to reduce the rear radiation while maintaining the improvement of the adaptation of the antenna related to the recess.

Le prolongement du plan de masse M par un cône, une pyramide ou un cylindre contribue à l'amélioration des performances de l'antenne et constitue également un moyen de réglage supplémentaire de l'antenne.The extension of the ground plane M by a cone, a pyramid or a cylinder contributes to improving the performance of the antenna and also constitutes an additional means of adjustment of the antenna.

Afin d'être correctement positionné au niveau du plan de masse M, la forme de la section du guide (droit, pyramidal ou conique) est identique à l'évidement ménagé dans le plan de masse M.In order to be correctly positioned at the level of the ground plane M, the shape of the guide section (straight, pyramidal or conical) is identical to the recess in the ground plane M.

En fonction de l'application ciblée, il est possible de ne pas utiliser de forme prolongeant le plan de masse M afin de réduire l'encombrement de l'antenne.Depending on the targeted application, it is possible not to use a shape extending the ground plane M to reduce the size of the antenna.

Dans ce cas, le plan de masse M peut comprendre plusieurs évidements.In this case, the ground plane M may comprise several recesses.

Une telle configuration permet de contrôler le rayonnement arrière tout en ayant une adaptation meilleure que dans le cas où le plan de masse M est plein (sur la figure 8a est représentée une antenne avec un plan de masse M plein).Such a configuration makes it possible to control the rear radiation while having a better adaptation than in the case where the ground plane M is full (on the figure 8a is represented an antenna with a solid ground plane M).

Le plan de masse M doit comprendre un nombre d'évidements égal au nombre d'éléments métalliques, c'est-à-dire quatre évidements.The ground plane M must include a number of recesses equal to the number of metal elements, that is to say four recesses.

On a représenté sur les figures 8b et 8c un plan de masse M comprenant quatre évidements 80-83, 84-87.We have shown on Figures 8b and 8c a ground plane M comprising four recesses 80-83, 84-87.

Sur la figure 8b les évidements 80-83 sont de forme rectangulaire. La forme rectangulaire est telle que le contact ponctuel de chaque élément métallique avec le plan de masse M définit le milieu d'un des côtés de chaque partie supérieure de la forme rectangulaire.On the figure 8b the recesses 80-83 are of rectangular shape. The rectangular shape is such that the point contact of each metal element with the ground plane M defines the middle of one of the sides of each upper part of the rectangular shape.

Sur la figure 8c les évidements 84-87 sont de forme circulaire, chacune adjacente à un contact ponctuel. De plus, pour chaque évidement, la tangente T à la partie supérieure de l'évidement de forme circulaire passe par le contact ponctuel correspondant.On the figure 8c the recesses 84-87 are circular in shape, each adjacent to a point contact. In addition, for each recess, the tangent T at the upper part of the recess of circular shape passes through the corresponding point contact.

Dans la configuration avec plusieurs évidements, ces derniers sont équirépartis de la même manière que les éléments métalliques (les éléments rayonnants de l'antenne).In the configuration with several recesses, the latter are equidistributed in the same way as the metallic elements (the radiating elements of the antenna).

De manière générale pour passer d'un évidement à un autre une rotation de 90° est nécessaire.In general, to pass from one recess to another a rotation of 90 ° is necessary.

Les évidements de forme rectangulaires sont inscrits à l'intérieur d'un carré de centre O, le centre du plan de masse M, la distance du centre O aux contacts ponctuels définissant les médiatrices du carré.The rectangular shaped recesses are inscribed inside a square of center O, the center of the ground plane M, the distance from the center O to the point contacts defining the mediators of the square.

Les évidements de forme circulaire sont quant eux inscrits à l'intérieur du cercle inscrit au carré évoqué ci-dessus.The recesses of circular shape are themselves inscribed inside the circle squared mentioned above.

Les évidements peuvent en outre être de forme rectangulaire, octogonale.The recesses may further be rectangular in shape, octagonal.

En outre, les quatre évidements du plan de masse M peuvent être prolongés par des guides d'ondes droits, pyramidaux ou coniques, éventuellement tronqués. Ces guides d'ondes sont agencés au niveau des évidements et sont tels que la forme de leurs sections au niveau du contact avec le plan de masse M est identique aux évidements ménagés dans celui-ci.In addition, the four recesses of the ground plane M may be extended by straight waveguides, pyramidal or conical, possibly truncated. These waveguides are arranged at the recesses and are such that the shape of their sections at the contact with the ground plane M is identical to the recesses formed therein.

Alimentation de l'antennePower supply of the antenna

L'antenne est alimentée au moyen d'excitations 12, 22, 32, 42 situées au niveau du contact 11, 21, 31, 41 de chaque élément métallique 10, 20, 30, 40 avec le plan de masse M.The antenna is powered by means of excitations 12, 22, 32, 42 located at the contact 11, 21, 31, 41 of each metal element 10, 20, 30, 40 with the ground plane M.

Pour des raisons de réalisation, de manière préférée, on utilise des lignes de transmission 13, 23, 33, 43 dans le prolongement de chaque élément métallique. Les points d'excitations sont connectés aux extrémités de ces lignes de transmission par le dessous du plan de masse M que l'on aura percé en conséquence.For reasons of implementation, preferably, transmission lines 13, 23, 33, 43 are used in the extension of each metal element. The excitation points are connected to the ends of these transmission lines below the ground plane M which will be pierced accordingly.

L'emploi de ces lignes de transmission et leur dimensionnement est fonction de l'évidement pratiqué dans le plan de masse M.The use of these transmission lines and their dimensioning is a function of the recess practiced in the ground plane M.

Les lignes de transmission sont par exemple des lignes microrubans d'impédance caractéristique égale à 50 Ω formées dans le même matériau que le substrat S sur lequel sont imprimés les éléments métalliques.The transmission lines are for example microstrip lines of characteristic impedance equal to 50 Ω formed in the same material as the substrate S on which the metal elements are printed.

L'antenne présentée est à polarisation circulaire ou linéaire.The antenna shown is circular or linear polarization.

La polarisation linéaire est obtenue lorsque deux éléments métalliques sont alimentés, dans ce cas ils sont alimentés avec des tensions d'amplitudes identiques en opposition de phase.The linear polarization is obtained when two metallic elements are fed, in this case they are fed with voltages of identical amplitudes in phase opposition.

La polarisation circulaire est quant à elle obtenue lorsque quatre éléments métalliques sont alimentés, dans ce cas là ils sont alimentés avec des tensions d'amplitudes identiques en quadrature de phase.The circular polarization is obtained when four metal elements are powered, in this case they are supplied with identical amplitude voltages in phase quadrature.

Caractère flexible et/ou multibande de l'antenneFlexible and / or multiband character of the antenna

L'antenne présente en outre un caractère flexible et/ou multibande.The antenna further has a flexible character and / or multiband.

Tel que connu en soi c'est la géométrie des éléments rayonnants qui conditionne les fréquences de fonctionnement d'une antenne.As known per se it is the geometry of the radiating elements which conditions the operating frequencies of an antenna.

L'aspect multibande est obtenu au moyen de filtres « coupe bande », F1, F2, F3, F4 (non représenté) typiquement constitués de circuit comprenant une inductance L et un condensateur C montés en parallèle. Ces filtres sont placés sur chacun des éléments métalliques.The multiband aspect is obtained by means of "band-cut" filters, F1, F2, F3, F4 (not shown) typically consisting of a circuit comprising an inductor L and a capacitor C connected in parallel. These filters are placed on each of the metal elements.

Le caractère flexible en termes de fréquence de fonctionnement de l'antenne est obtenu au moyen d'interrupteurs, I1, I2, I3, I4 (non représenté) montés sur chacun des éléments métalliques.The flexible nature in terms of operating frequency of the antenna is obtained by means of switches, I1, I2, I3, I4 (not shown) mounted on each of the metal elements.

En pratique, les interrupteurs selon leur position « ouverte » ou « fermée » permettent de régler la longueur et/ou la géométrie des éléments métalliques.In practice, the switches according to their "open" or "closed" position make it possible to adjust the length and / or the geometry of the metal elements.

De manière plus précise, en termes de performances, ils permettent de déplacer les fréquences de fonctionnement de l'antenne vers de plus basses fréquences notamment lorsqu'ils sont commutés en position fermée.More specifically, in terms of performance, they make it possible to move the operating frequencies of the antenna to lower frequencies, especially when they are switched to the closed position.

Il est à noter que sur chacun des éléments métalliques les filtres et les interrupteurs sont positionnés de manière identique sur chacun des éléments métalliques afin de conserver la symétrie de la structure rayonnante.It should be noted that on each of the metal elements the filters and the switches are positioned identically on each of the metal elements in order to maintain the symmetry of the radiating structure.

PrototypePrototype

Afin de valider la structure d'antenne qui vient d'être décrite, plusieurs prototypes ont été réalisés et testés afin de vérifier qu'ils satisfont aux contraintes d'adaptation et de rayonnement dans les bandes de fréquence de fonctionnement visées.In order to validate the antenna structure that has just been described, several prototypes have been made and tested in order to verify that they satisfy the adaptation and radiation constraints in the operating frequency bands targeted.

Les prototypes réalisés comprennent quatre éléments rayonnants.The prototypes made include four radiating elements.

Le prototype réalisé est en particulier celui illustré par la figure 5.The realized prototype is in particular that illustrated by the figure 5 .

Sur cette figure, l'antenne comprend quatre brins métalliques rayonnants de largeur égale à 1 mm imprimés sur un substrat diélectrique disposé sur un support en matériau polystyrène en forme de pyramide.In this figure, the antenna comprises four radiating metal strands of width equal to 1 mm printed on a dielectric substrate disposed on a support in polystyrene material pyramid-shaped.

Le substrat diélectrique présente dans ce cas une permittivité diélectrique égale à 2,08 et d'épaisseur typiquement égale à 0,762 mm.In this case, the dielectric substrate has a dielectric permittivity equal to 2.08 and a thickness typically equal to 0.762 mm.

Les éléments métalliques sont prolongés par des lignes microrubans de largeur égale à 2,39 mm sur lesquels on va connecter les excitations associées à chaque élément métallique.The metal elements are extended by microstrip lines of width equal to 2.39 mm on which we will connect the excitations associated with each metal element.

Comme déjà discuté l'antenne permet selon l'alimentation d'avoir une polarisation linéaire ou circulaire.As already discussed the antenna allows according to the power supply to have a linear or circular polarization.

La polarisation linéaire est obtenue en alimentant deux éléments métalliques opposés.Linear polarization is obtained by feeding two opposite metallic elements.

La polarisation circulaire est obtenue en alimentant les quatre éléments métalliques.The circular polarization is obtained by feeding the four metal elements.

La flexibilité en fréquence est obtenue au moyen d'interrupteurs disposés le long des éléments métalliques.The frequency flexibility is obtained by means of switches arranged along the metal elements.

L'aspect multibande est obtenu au moyen de filtres coupe bande disposés le long des éléments métalliques.The multiband appearance is achieved by means of band-cut filters arranged along the metal elements.

Le prototype réalisé ici est bi-bande et vise les trois bandes suivantes (bi-bande à un instant donné et possibilité de commuter au moyen des interrupteurs pour atteindre la troisième bande).The prototype made here is bi-band and targets the following three bands (bi-band at a given moment and possibility of switching by means of the switches to reach the third band).

Les bandes sont les suivantes : bande 1 : E5a/L5 et E5b, bande 2 : E6, bande 3 : L1 étendue.The bands are as follows: band 1: E5a / L5 and E5b, band 2: E6, band 3: L1 extended.

La bande 3 est toujours présente et selon la position ouverte ou fermée des interrupteurs, on va pouvoir ou avoir la bande 1 et la bande 3 ou la bande 2 et la bande 3.The band 3 is always present and according to the open or closed position of the switches, we will be able to have the band 1 and the band 3 or the band 2 and the band 3.

Les fréquences des bandes visées par l'antenne sont, à titre illustratif et non limitatif, celles du système GPS (en anglais, « Global Positioning System ») et du système Galiléo.The frequencies of the bands targeted by the antenna are, by way of illustration and without limitation, those of the GPS system (in English, " Global Positioning System ") and the Galileo system.

Les fréquences du système GPS sont les suivantes.The frequencies of the GPS system are as follows.

Bande L1 : 1,563-1,587 GHZ (applications civiles), bande L2 : 1,215-1,237 GHz (applications militaires principalement), bande L5 : 1,164-1,197 GHz (en vue de la modernisation du système GPS actuel).L1 band: 1,563-1,587 GHZ (civilian applications), L2 band: 1,215-1,237 GHz (military applications mainly), L5 band: 1,164-1,197 GHz (for the modernization of the current GPS system).

Les fréquences du système Galiléo sont les suivantes.The frequencies of the Galileo system are as follows.

Bande E5a : 1,164-1,197 GHz, bande E5b : 1,197-1,214 GHz, bande E5 étendue : 1,142-1,252 GHz (pour des applications nécessitant une forte précision), bande E6 : 1,260-1,300 GHz, bande L1 étendue (cf. système GPS) : 1,559-1,591 GHz.Band E5a: 1,164-1,197 GHz, band E5b: 1,197-1,214 GHz, band E5 extended: 1,142-1,252 GHz (for applications requiring high accuracy), band E6: 1,260-1,300 GHz, extended band L1 (see GPS system ): 1.559-1.591 GHz.

Les figures 6a et 6b illustrent le coefficient de réflexion (dB) en fonction de la fréquence de fonctionnement (GHz) lorsque les interrupteurs sont en position ouvert (cf. figure 6a) et en positon fermée (cf. figure 6b). Un tel paramètre permet de tester les performances de l'antenne en adaptation.The Figures 6a and 6b illustrate the reflection coefficient (dB) as a function of the operating frequency (GHz) when the switches are in the open position (cf. figure 6a ) and in closed position (cf. figure 6b ). Such a parameter makes it possible to test the performance of the antenna in adaptation.

Sur ces figures, la courbe 60 est obtenue par des simulations effectuées sur le prototype, la courbe 61 est la courbe cible que l'on souhaite atteindre et la courbe 62 correspond aux spécifications nominales d'adaptation dans les bandes visées.In these figures, the curve 60 is obtained by simulations performed on the prototype, the curve 61 is the desired target curve and the curve 62 corresponds to the nominal specifications of adaptation in the target bands.

Il est à remarquer sur ces figures que l'antenne est bi-bande de par l'utilisation des filtres.It should be noted in these figures that the antenna is bi-band by the use of filters.

En effet, comme prévu la bande 3 (L1 étendue) est toujours présente. Les bandes 1 et 2 sont respectivement atteintes selon la position ouverte ou fermée des interrupteurs.Indeed, as expected the band 3 (extended L1) is still present. The bands 1 and 2 are respectively reached according to the open or closed position of the switches.

Toujours en se référant aux figures 6a et 6b on constate que l'adaptation pour chacune des bandes visées satisfait aux spécifications nominales requises.Still referring to Figures 6a and 6b it is found that the adaptation for each of the bands concerned meets the nominal specifications required.

Une telle adaptation permet une émission de près de 90% de l'énergie transmise à l'antenne.Such an adaptation allows an emission of nearly 90% of the energy transmitted to the antenna.

Par ailleurs, les bandes retenues permettent en fonction de l'état de l'interrupteur d'utiliser indifféremment cette même antenne pour des applications de sécurité civile (aviation, etc.) ou des services commerciaux de navigation par satellite.Furthermore, depending on the state of the switch, the selected bands allow the same antenna to be used for civil safety applications (aviation, etc.) or commercial satellite navigation services.

Le choix entre flexibilité et multibande est guidé par l'application et surtout la proximité des bandes de fréquence à couvrir. La nature des filtres employés impose une séparation minimum entre deux bandes de fréquence successives.The choice between flexibility and multiband is guided by the application and especially the proximity of the frequency bands to be covered. The nature of the filters employed imposes a minimum separation between two successive frequency bands.

Lorsque ces dernières sont relativement proches, il est préférable d'opter pour un interrupteur si les performances des éléments rayonnants sont telles qu'elles ne permettent pas de couvrir simultanément les deux bandes de fréquence en question. Ce dernier point peut guider le choix du motif des éléments rayonnants.When the latter are relatively close, it is preferable to opt for a switch if the performance of the radiating elements are such that they do not cover simultaneously the two frequency bands in question. This last point can guide the choice of the pattern of the radiating elements.

Les figures 7a, 7b et 7c illustrent le diagramme de rayonnement de l'antenne de la figure 5 simulé dans les fréquences 1,189 GHz, 1,280 GHz et 1,575 GHz respectivement.The Figures 7a, 7b and 7c illustrate the radiation pattern of the antenna of the figure 5 simulated in the frequencies 1,189 GHz, 1,280 GHz and 1,575 GHz respectively.

L'antenne présentée a une polarisation circulaire, les éléments rayonnants sont alimentés en quadrature de phase.The antenna presented has a circular polarization, the radiating elements are powered in quadrature phase.

Sur ces figures la courbe 70 est le diagramme de rayonnement en polarisation circulaire gauche, la courbe 71 est le diagramme de rayonnement en polarisation circulaire droite et la courbe 72 est un gabarit représentant les valeurs minimales requises en polarisation principale.In these figures the curve 70 is the left circular polarization radiation pattern, the curve 71 is the right circular polarization radiation pattern and the curve 72 is a template representing the minimum required values in main polarization.

Il est à remarquer sur les figures 7a, 7b et 7c que les diagrammes de rayonnement obtenus sont de nature quasi hémisphérique, permettant la réception d'un maximum de signaux issus des satellites en visibilité.It is to be noted on the Figures 7a, 7b and 7c that the radiation patterns obtained are quasi-hemispherical in nature, allowing the reception of a maximum of signals from satellites in visibility.

Ce type de diagramme de rayonnement est caractéristique des antennes réceptrices pour des applications de navigation par satellites.This type of radiation pattern is characteristic of receiving antennas for satellite navigation applications.

La polarisation croisée obtenue en simulation est inférieure à -10 dB dans le demi-espace d'intérêt, assurant ainsi une pureté de polarisation nécessaire au bon fonctionnement de l'antenne.The cross polarization obtained in simulation is less than -10 dB in the half-space of interest, thus ensuring a purity of polarization necessary for the proper functioning of the antenna.

Les figures 9a et 9b illustrent les performances comparées d'une antenne avec un plan de masse comprenant un évidement ménagé en son centre prolongé par un cylindre, d'une antenne avec un plan de masse plein, d'une antenne avec un plan de masse comprenant quatre évidements.The Figures 9a and 9b illustrate the comparative performance of an antenna with a ground plane comprising a recess provided in its center extended by a cylinder, an antenna with a solid ground plane, an antenna with a ground plane comprising four recesses.

Ces deux dernières solutions peuvent être envisagées pour offrir un encombrement réduit en hauteur de l'antenne si l'application le nécessite.These last two solutions can be considered to offer a reduced footprint in height of the antenna if the application requires it.

La figure 9a illustre le coefficient de réflexion (dB) en fonction de la fréquence de fonctionnement (GHz).The figure 9a illustrates the reflection coefficient (dB) as a function of the operating frequency (GHz).

Sur cette figure, les courbes 60, 90 et 91 illustrent le coefficient de réflexion pour respectivement l'antenne avec un plan de masse comprenant un évidement ménagé en son centre prolongé par un cylindre, pour l'antenne avec un plan de masse comprenant quatre évidements, pour l'antenne avec un plan de masse plein et la courbe 62 représente les spécifications attendues.In this figure, the curves 60, 90 and 91 illustrate the reflection coefficient for respectively the antenna with a ground plane comprising a recess provided in its center extended by a cylinder, for the antenna with a ground plane comprising four recesses. , for the antenna with a solid ground plane and the curve 62 represents the expected specifications.

Il ressort de cette figure que l'antenne avec un plan de masse comprenant quatre évidements, courbe 91 est une solution intermédiaire entre une solution avec un plan de masse plein, courbe 90 et la solution la meilleure à savoir une antenne avec un plan de masse comprenant un évidement ménagé en son centre.It emerges from this figure that the antenna with a ground plane comprising four recesses, curve 91 is an intermediate solution between a solution with a solid ground plane, curve 90 and the best solution namely an antenna with a ground plane comprising a recess in its center.

Pour une même longueur d'éléments rayonnants, les différents modes de réalisation du plan de masse offrent des fréquences de résonance différentes.For the same length of radiating elements, the different embodiments of the ground plane offer different resonant frequencies.

Ainsi, les éléments rayonnants ont été optimisés en adaptation pour le plan de masse comprenant un évidement ménagé en son centre et prolongé par un cylindre, courbe 60.Thus, the radiating elements have been optimized in adaptation to the ground plane comprising a recess formed in its center and extended by a cylinder, curve 60.

Les mêmes éléments rayonnants disposés sur un plan de masse plein présentent un décalage en fréquence vers le haut d'environ 14 %, courbe 90, ce qui sous-entend que la correction de ce décalage en fréquence nécessite un allongement des éléments rayonnants du même ordre.The same radiating elements arranged on a solid ground plane have an upward frequency shift of about 14%, curve 90, which implies that the correction of this offset in Frequency requires an elongation of the radiating elements of the same order.

Les mêmes éléments rayonnants disposés sur un plan de masse comprenant quatre évidements présentent un décalage en fréquence vers le haut de 8 %, courbe 91, ce qui sous-entend un allongement des éléments rayonnants moins important de près de moitié comparé à la solution avec un plan de masse plein.The same radiating elements arranged on a ground plane comprising four recesses have an upward frequency shift of 8%, curve 91, which implies a radiating element elongation of less than half compared to the solution with a solid ground plane.

De plus, la figure 9b illustre le diagramme de rayonnement (dBi) en fonction de l'angle thêta (degrés).In addition, the figure 9b illustrates the radiation pattern (dBi) as a function of theta angle (degrees).

Sur cette figure, les courbes 93, 94 et 71 représentent la polarisation circulaire gauche pour respectivement l'antenne avec un plan de masse comprenant un évidement ménagé en son centre prolongé par un cylindre, pour l'antenne avec un plan de masse comprenant quatre évidements, pour l'antenne avec un plan de masse plein.In this figure, the curves 93, 94 and 71 represent the left circular polarization for respectively the antenna with a ground plane comprising a recess provided at its center extended by a cylinder, for the antenna with a ground plane comprising four recesses. , for the antenna with a solid ground plane.

Toujours sur cette figure, les courbes 97, 96 et 70 représentent la polarisation croisée pour respectivement l'antenne avec un plan de masse comprenant un évidement ménagé en son centre prolongé par un cylindre, pour l'antenne avec un plan de masse comprenant quatre évidements, pour l'antenne avec un plan de masse plein et la courbe 72 représente les spécifications attendues pour la polarisation principale.Still in this figure, the curves 97, 96 and 70 represent the crossed polarization for respectively the antenna with a ground plane comprising a recess provided at its center extended by a cylinder, for the antenna with a ground plane comprising four recesses. , for the antenna with a solid ground plane and the curve 72 represents the expected specifications for the main polarization.

En termes de polarisation circulaire gauche, les performances des antennes sont équivalentes.In terms of left circular polarization, antenna performance is equivalent.

En termes de polarisation croisée les performances de l'antenne avec un plan de masse comprenant un évidement au centre prolongé par un cylindre sont les meilleures dans le demi-espace d'intérêt (angle thêta compris entre -90° et +90°). Par contre cette solution présente un rayonnement arrière (angle thêta proche de ±180°) plus important que les solutions à plan de masse plein ou à quatre évidements.In terms of cross-polarization, the performance of the antenna with a ground plane comprising a recess in the center extended by a cylinder is best in the half-space of interest (theta angle between -90 ° and + 90 °). On the other hand, this solution has a greater rear radiation (theta angle close to ± 180 °) than solutions with a solid ground plane or four recesses.

Ce dernier paramètre peut s'avérer important si l'application visée nécessite de réduire les interactions électromagnétiques avec la structure porteuse.This last parameter can be important if the intended application requires reducing the electromagnetic interactions with the carrier structure.

Les performances de l'antenne avec un plan de masse plein sont similaires aux performances avec un plan de masse comprenant quatre évidements, à la fois dans le demi espace d'intérêt et en rayonnement arrière.The performance of the antenna with a solid ground plane is similar to the performances with a ground plane comprising four recesses, both in the half-space of interest and in the backward radiation.

Ainsi l'antenne avec un plan de masse comprenant quatre évidements permet de s'affranchir de l'utilisation d'un cylindre afin d'améliorer le niveau du rayonnement arrière. Ceci permet également un gain sur la hauteur totale de l'antenne tout en conservant des performances acceptables en termes d'adaptation et de polarisation croisée.Thus, the antenna with a ground plane comprising four recesses makes it possible to dispense with the use of a cylinder in order to improve the level of the rear radiation. This also allows a gain on the total height of the antenna while maintaining acceptable performance in terms of adaptation and cross polarization.

Bien entendu, si l'application visée le permet, on préférera utiliser l'antenne avec un plan de masse comprenant un évidement en son centre prolongé par un cylindre car elle présente une meilleure adaptation.Of course, if the intended application allows, it will be preferred to use the antenna with a ground plane comprising a recess in its center extended by a cylinder because it has a better adaptation.

L'antenne ainsi décrite permet par sa structure d'avoir de nombreuses possibilités quant aux différents réglages possibles (inclinaison, géométrie des éléments métalliques et du plan de masse, filtres et/ou interrupteurs sur les éléments métallique) de l'antenne contribuant à une multiplicité des applications visées.The antenna thus described allows its structure to have many possibilities as to the different possible settings (inclination, geometry of the metal elements and the ground plane, filters and / or switches on the metal elements) of the antenna contributing to a multiplicity of targeted applications.

Par ailleurs les différents degrés de liberté quant à l'inclinaison et la géométrie des éléments métalliques permettent d'optimiser l'encombrement d'une telle antenne et d'adapter le diagramme de rayonnement de l'antenne aux applications visées.Moreover, the different degrees of freedom as to the inclination and the geometry of the metallic elements make it possible to optimize the bulk of such an antenna and to adapt the radiation pattern of the antenna to the intended applications.

Claims (15)

  1. An antenna comprising a plurality of metal elements (10, 20, 30 40), said metal elements (10, 20, 30, 40) being in point contact (11, 21, 31, 41) with a ground plane (M) and distributed uniformly about an axis of central symmetry (D) of the antenna, perpendicular to the ground plane (M), each metal element extends from the point contact at a non-zero tilt angle (θ) with respect to said ground plane (M), the antenna being characterised in that the ground plane (M) comprises at least one recess (80-83, 84-87) such that in operation, the adaptation of the antenna is better in a specified frequency band than when the ground plane (M) is full.
  2. The antenna according to claim 1, characterised in that the ground plane (M) comprises a recess (50), provided at the centre thereof, adjacent to each point contact and is of a shape chosen from the following group: circular, square, octagonal.
  3. The antenna according to the preceding claim, characterised in that the ground plane (M) extends to a pyramidal or conical, possibly truncated straight waveguide (60), arranged at the recess provided in the ground plane (M) and such that the shape of the guide section at the contact with the ground plane (M) is identical to the recess provided therein.
  4. The antenna according to claim 1, characterised in that the ground plane (M) comprises four recesses (80-83, 84-87) evenly distributed on the ground plane, each adjacent to a point contact and the shape of which is included in the following list: circular, square, rectangular, octagonal.
  5. The antenna according to the preceding claim, characterised in that the four recesses of the ground plane (M) extend to pyramidal or conical, possibly truncated straight waveguides, arranged at the recesses provided in the ground plane (M) and such that the shape of their sections at the contact with the ground plane (M) is identical to the recesses provided therein.
  6. The antenna according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the metal elements (10, 20, 30, 40) are identical and are made up of metal strands or broken metal strands or arc of circle-shaped strands.
  7. The antenna according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the metal elements are triangular-shaped.
  8. The antenna according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the metal elements form a pyramidal structure.
  9. The antenna according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the metal elements (10, 20, 30, 40) are oriented in the direction of the symmetry axis (D) of the antenna about which they are distributed.
  10. The antenna according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterised in that the metal elements (10, 20, 30, 40) are oriented in a direction opposite to the symmetry axis (D) of the antenna about which they are distributed.
  11. The antenna according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the metal elements (10, 20, 30, 40) are powered at the point contacts (11, 21, 31, 41) with the ground plane (M).
  12. The antenna according to the preceding claim, characterised in that the metal elements are supported by a pyramidal structure (S) having no radiofrequency properties.
  13. A use of an antenna according to one of the preceding claims, in a satellite positioning system.
  14. A use of an antenna according to one of claims 1 to 12, in a media content satellite broadcasting system.
  15. A use of an antenna according to one of claims 1 to 12, in a system according to claims 13 and 14 taken in combination.
EP08736205.9A 2007-04-13 2008-04-14 Antenna having oblique radiating elements Not-in-force EP2147479B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0754447A FR2915025B1 (en) 2007-04-13 2007-04-13 ANTENNA WITH INCLINED RADIANT ELEMENTS
PCT/EP2008/054507 WO2008125662A1 (en) 2007-04-13 2008-04-14 Antenna having oblique radiating elements

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2147479A1 EP2147479A1 (en) 2010-01-27
EP2147479B1 true EP2147479B1 (en) 2015-10-14

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EP08736205.9A Not-in-force EP2147479B1 (en) 2007-04-13 2008-04-14 Antenna having oblique radiating elements

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US (1) US8289223B2 (en)
EP (1) EP2147479B1 (en)
CA (1) CA2683048C (en)
FR (1) FR2915025B1 (en)
WO (1) WO2008125662A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8786509B2 (en) * 2010-03-16 2014-07-22 Raytheon Company Multi polarization conformal channel monopole antenna
CN201655979U (en) * 2010-04-02 2010-11-24 旭丽电子(广州)有限公司 Combined type multi-input multi-output antenna module and system thereof
US10608348B2 (en) * 2012-03-31 2020-03-31 SeeScan, Inc. Dual antenna systems with variable polarization
CN102760976B (en) * 2012-05-23 2014-08-20 深圳市华一通信技术有限公司 Radiating unit of dual-polarization antenna and dual-polarization antenna
US10490908B2 (en) * 2013-03-15 2019-11-26 SeeScan, Inc. Dual antenna systems with variable polarization

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4878062A (en) * 1988-07-28 1989-10-31 Dayton-Granger, Inc. Global position satellite antenna
US5065166A (en) * 1989-04-14 1991-11-12 Sinclair Radio Laboratories Limited Anti cancellation antenna
US5173715A (en) * 1989-12-04 1992-12-22 Trimble Navigation Antenna with curved dipole elements
US5521610A (en) * 1993-09-17 1996-05-28 Trimble Navigation Limited Curved dipole antenna with center-post amplifier
CN100355148C (en) * 1999-09-20 2007-12-12 弗拉克托斯股份有限公司 Multilever antenna
US6856287B2 (en) 2003-04-17 2005-02-15 The Mitre Corporation Triple band GPS trap-loaded inverted L antenna array
US6819291B1 (en) * 2003-06-02 2004-11-16 Raymond J. Lackey Reduced-size GPS antennas for anti-jam adaptive processing
US7248223B2 (en) * 2005-12-05 2007-07-24 Elta Systems Ltd Fractal monopole antenna
US7298333B2 (en) * 2005-12-08 2007-11-20 Elta Systems Ltd. Patch antenna element and application thereof in a phased array antenna

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2147479A1 (en) 2010-01-27
FR2915025A1 (en) 2008-10-17
WO2008125662A1 (en) 2008-10-23
US8289223B2 (en) 2012-10-16
US20100060543A1 (en) 2010-03-11
CA2683048C (en) 2016-06-07
FR2915025B1 (en) 2014-02-14
CA2683048A1 (en) 2008-10-23

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