EP2111950B1 - Shot blasting device and method - Google Patents

Shot blasting device and method Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2111950B1
EP2111950B1 EP09158195A EP09158195A EP2111950B1 EP 2111950 B1 EP2111950 B1 EP 2111950B1 EP 09158195 A EP09158195 A EP 09158195A EP 09158195 A EP09158195 A EP 09158195A EP 2111950 B1 EP2111950 B1 EP 2111950B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
recess
rotor
support system
acoustic assembly
cell
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EP09158195A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2111950A1 (en
Inventor
Vincent Desfontaine
Patrick Cheppe
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Sonats - Nouvelles Applications Des Techniques De Surfaces Ste
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Sonats - Nouvelles Applications Des Techniques De Surfaces Ste
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Publication of EP2111950A1 publication Critical patent/EP2111950A1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
    • B24C1/00—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods
    • B24C1/10—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods for compacting surfaces, e.g. shot-peening
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
    • B24C3/00—Abrasive blasting machines or devices; Plants
    • B24C3/32—Abrasive blasting machines or devices; Plants designed for abrasive blasting of particular work, e.g. the internal surfaces of cylinder blocks
    • B24C3/325—Abrasive blasting machines or devices; Plants designed for abrasive blasting of particular work, e.g. the internal surfaces of cylinder blocks for internal surfaces, e.g. of tubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
    • B24C5/00—Devices or accessories for generating abrasive blasts
    • B24C5/005—Vibratory devices, e.g. for generating abrasive blasts by ultrasonic vibrations

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and a blasting device comprising an acoustic assembly and projectiles set in motion by the acoustic assembly.
  • the invention aims to meet this need and it achieves this through a method of blasting a rotating machine comprising a rotor, the rotor having cells at its periphery, the method for blasting a portion of at least one of of said cells, the method comprising the steps of claim 1.
  • the treatment can take place on site, for example in a plant or near an aircraft equipped with the machine, or in the factory, in all cases on a rotor at least partially assembled.
  • the downtime of the machine can be reduced, because complete disassembly of the machine is avoided.
  • rotor By rotor at least partially assembled, it should be understood that the rotor has not been completely extracted from the stator of the machine, or that the rotor is not mounted in the stator but not completely disassembled, the treated rotor part being for example assembled with other rotor components, such as one or more disks or casings and / or shafts and / or cables.
  • the rotor may comprise, during the shot blasting process, at least the majority of the components that equip it when the rotor is in position ready for operation in the rotating machine.
  • the rotor is thus not limited, during its treatment, to a single blisk or a rim.
  • the method according to the invention can allow in situ treatment, when the rotor is in place with the machine on an aircraft or in a central, for example.
  • the treatment may be intended for example to introduce compressive stresses to prevent the propagation of cracks on the part in its existing geometry or after new machining thereof to repair or make a change in its shape.
  • the cells can be used directly for fixing fins, also called blades or blades, by cooperation of shapes between each cell and the foot of the corresponding fin.
  • the cells may comprise walls having reliefs of various shapes for assembly with the fins. They may have for example in axial section a form of dovetail, fir or other.
  • the cells can also be formed between male parts for attaching the fins, these male parts protruding on the rotor and having for example a fir shape.
  • the treated portion of the cell may or may not be a portion that comes into contact with the fin.
  • the treated portion may be for example a hole opening into the part of the cell which serves to fix the fin, this hole serving for example to cool the fin.
  • the attachment arm can be fixed in a cell adjacent to the current cell to be treated.
  • the method may comprise the step of fixing in two cells at least, respectively located on either side of the current cell to be treated, latching arms.
  • Each arm may comprise a gripping portion locked in the corresponding cell by means of a counter-support system resting on the rotor elsewhere than in the cell, for example on a rotor surface adjacent to the opening of the cell or a surface of the rotor located in another cell.
  • Maintaining can still be provided by a clamping system acting on the attachment portion, for example to expand or bear on at least two surfaces of the cell by exerting forces in opposite directions.
  • the acoustic assembly is moved relative to the support system to treat the current cell.
  • the latching arms may be movable relative to the support system.
  • the attachment arms may comprise attachment portions arranged to lock in the corresponding cells through a change of shape.
  • the attachment portions may for example be supported on surfaces of the side walls of the cells which are substantially transverse to an axis passing through the bottom of the cell and the opening thereof.
  • the attachment portions may for example be supported on two surfaces of reliefs facing the side walls of the cell or on a surface of a relief of the wall of the cell facing the bottom thereof and on a surface located around the cell outside thereof, for example in two places.
  • the locking of the latching arms on the rotor can be effected for example by acting on the spacing between the arms.
  • the deformation of the attachment parts can be mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic, among others.
  • At least a part of the acoustic assembly for example the sonotrode, integral with the support system, can be movable relative thereto, for example in rotation around the longitudinal axis of the acoustic assembly and / or transversely to the longitudinal axis of the acoustic assembly.
  • the acoustic assembly can be secured to guides that apply to the current cell.
  • Such guides can guide and position the treatment chamber and the acoustic assembly relative to the current cell to be treated.
  • the rotational and / or transverse mobility of the acoustic assembly on the support system may be free, the acoustic assembly being for example rotated or displaced relative to the support system only under pressure. guides.
  • the displacement of the acoustic assembly relative to the cell may be effected under the action of at least one motor, for example by knowing the profile of the cell to be treated or by means of sensors introduced into the cell. it.
  • the acoustic assembly may comprise at least one sonotrode.
  • the sonotrode may have an end face which constitutes a vibrating surface and which serves to move the projectiles, extending along a rectilinear or curvilinear longitudinal axis, for example curved about an axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sonotrode. This curved shape of the end face forming the vibrating surface can make it possible to adapt to a cell to be treated which would be curved.
  • the acoustic assembly may comprise at least one carrier piece supporting at least two sonotrodes. This can make it possible to treat at least two localized zones of the current cell to be treated simultaneously. The number of zones treated simultaneously is equal to the number of sonotrodes, which can be greater than or equal to two.
  • the support system in addition to the acoustic assembly, can also support at least one sensor that can improve the guidance of the acoustic assembly including the sonotrode, inside the room, including the cell, to be treated.
  • the support system may include at least one measuring tool for measuring at least one characteristic of the workpiece before and / or after its abrasive treatment.
  • the support system can rest directly and / or indirectly on the ground thanks to any type of base or be entirely supported by the rotor.
  • the support system may comprise at least two acoustic assemblies each comprising a sonotrode, the end faces of said at least two sonotrodes being for example at least partially directed toward each other. This can make it possible to treat two opposite faces of a wall or a projecting edge, for example.
  • the support system may comprise at least two acoustic assemblies each comprising a sonotrode, the end faces of said at least two horns being elongate along respective longitudinal axes forming an angle between them, being for example perpendicular to each other. These end faces may be planar or not, coplanar or not. This may allow for example to simultaneously treat the current cell to be treated and other areas located at the periphery of the current cell to be treated.
  • the shot peening can be carried out for example to obtain an ALMEN intensity of at least F10N.
  • the device 1 represented on the figure 1 is a device for blasting the rotor R of a rotating machine M, which is only partially represented.
  • the rotor R can rotate relative to a not shown stator.
  • the machine M is for example a gas or steam turbine, for example an aircraft engine whose rotor R has not been completely extracted from the stator.
  • the machine M is for example in place in its environment of use, for example in the central or on an aircraft wing, in which case the invention is implemented in situ .
  • the machine M may still have been dismounted from an aircraft and placed on a cradle not shown, this which may be the case for example of an aircraft engine.
  • the rotor R may not have been completely extracted from the stator.
  • the rotor R can still be extracted completely from the stator but not disassembled.
  • the machine M may have to undergo shot blasting treatment on a predefined region, for example a local blasting treatment following the detection of a crack or a defect. It may be shot blast cells A located on the periphery of the rotor. These cells A are intended to receive blades.
  • the blasting device 1 comprises one or more vibration generators which excite one or more acoustic assemblies each comprising one or more sonotrodes, which are not represented on the figure 1 for the sake of clarity of the drawing.
  • An acoustic assembly comprises for example a piezoelectric transducer, also called converter, which transforms an electric current sent by the generator into a mechanical wave.
  • the amplitude of vibration of the piezoelectric transducer is amplified using one or more acoustic stages called boosters, until the last piece of the stack which constitutes the sonotrode and which defines the vibrating surface on a surface of end of the sonotrode.
  • the sonotrode may be arranged to vibrate relatively homogeneously over the entire vibrating surface on an end face of the sonotrode.
  • the device defines with the treated part at least one treatment chamber containing projectiles, for example spherical balls with a diameter ranging from 0.3 mm to 5 mm.
  • the density of the projectiles is for example between 2 g / cm 3 and 16 g / cm 3 .
  • the quantity of projectiles is for example between 0.2 and 500 g.
  • the hardness of the projectiles is for example between 200 and 2000 HV.
  • the device may comprise a control system arranged to control, if necessary, drive means of at least one acoustic assembly, in order to move the acoustic assembly relative to the machine M and allow the treatment of for example several cells of the rotor.
  • the device may optionally comprise compressed air injection means in the treatment chamber or to it to initiate the movement of the projectiles, if necessary.
  • the device may also comprise detection means that can prevent the operation of the acoustic assembly under certain conditions, for example when there is a risk of accidental departure of projectiles.
  • the blasting device 1 comprises a support system 2 supporting an acoustic assembly 3, partially visible in this figure, and a base 4 allowing, if necessary, to move the acoustic assembly relative to the support system 2, for example to to follow the shape of the cell, the cells may extend rectilinearly or curvilinearly in the thickness of the rotor.
  • the support system 2 carries at least one latching arm, in particular two latching arms 6.
  • the latter each support a latching portion 5.
  • the attachment portions 5 are arranged to each be fixed in a cell A, the cells A receiving these attachment portions 5 being, in the illustrated example, located respectively on either side of the current cell to be treated. ac.
  • Each cell has walls which have relief hooking blades, these reliefs may have various shapes, for example dovetail or other.
  • the support system 2 is thus fixed to the rotor R by the attachment arms 6.
  • the attachment arms 6 are movable relative to the support system 2.
  • the acoustic assembly 3 comprises a sonotrode 7 whose end face constitutes the vibrating surface 8.
  • the treatment chamber 9 is delimited on the one hand by the walls of the cell Ac to be treated and on the other hand by partitions 10 located on either side of the vibrating surface 8 perpendicular to it.
  • the blasting device 1 may further comprise guides 11 for guiding the sonotrode inside the current cell to be treated Ac.
  • the partitions 10 of the processing chamber 9 have a shape substantially adapted to the geometry of the cell, for example with a clearance less than or equal to half the diameter of the projectiles.
  • the figure 3 illustrates an example of a fastening system of the attachment arm (s) 6 by means of the attachment part or parts 5.
  • This fastening system comprises a clamping system acting on the or each attachment portion of the arm or arms to exert a locking of the engaging portion engaged in the cell A.
  • the attachment portions 5 bear on surfaces of the side walls of the cells A which are substantially transverse to the axis K passing through the bottom of the cell and the opening thereof.
  • the attachment portions 5 comprise an upper jaw 5a and a lower jaw 5b, the jaws 5a and 5b being able to be moved towards or apart, for example by means of a screw / nut system according to which it is desired to remove the attachment part 5 of the cell A or that we want to fix it on it so as to hook the support system 2.
  • the base 4 is mounted on rails 15 allowing it to slide along an axis Y and on rails 16 perpendicular to the rails 15 and for sliding along an axis X perpendicular to the axis Y.
  • the acoustic assembly 3 and in particular the sonotrode 7 are furthermore, in the illustrated example, rotatable about an axis Z perpendicular to the X and Y axes.
  • the rotational and / or transverse mobility of the acoustic assembly 3 on the support system 2 may be free, the acoustic assembly 3 being for example rotated or displaced relative to the support system only under the pressure of the guides 11 for example.
  • the displacement can be motorized, for example by knowing the profile of the cell to be treated or by means of sensors introduced into it.
  • the base 4 is stationary relative to the support system 2.
  • the support system 2 may not comprise a mobile base 4 sliding on rails as illustrated but may for example comprise a manipulator arm supporting the acoustic assembly and can change the orientation of the sonotrode by relative to the X, Y and Z axes.
  • the blasting process it is possible to fix in at least two cavities A, located on either side of the common cell to be treated Ac, the latching arms 6 of the latching system. support 2; the current cell Ac is shot through the acoustic assembly 3 integral with the support system 2. It is possible to treat all or only part of the cell Ac, by example a hole.
  • the support system can then be disassembled, that is to say unhook the arms 6, then move the support system 2 and / or the rotor R relative to each other, and fix the support system 2 on two other cells A located respectively on either side of a new cell to be treated.
  • the attachment portion 5 comprises two branches 25 secured and rotatable about an axis of rotation 26, and a part 27 acting as a wedge and secured to a rod extending along the axis K .
  • the piece 27 can be moved along the rod along the axis K, for example to be introduced between the facing faces of the branches 25 and to bear against them to separate them from the other, the free ends of the branches 25 then being applied against the walls of the cell, which allows to block and hang the support system 2.
  • the locking of one or more attachment parts of the attachment arm (s) engaged (s) in a cell is effected by means of a clamping system or the attachment portions.
  • the attachment portions 5 each bear on two reliefs facing the side walls of the cell.
  • the locking of one or more attachment parts of the attachment arm (s) engaged in a cell A is carried out by means of a counter-support system resting on the rotor elsewhere than in the cell A, for example on the periphery of the rotor, for example around the cell A.
  • the attachment portions 5 can be supported on the one hand on a surface of a relief of the side wall of the cell turned towards the bottom thereof and secondly on a surface located outside the cell, for example in two places on either side of the cell.
  • the attachment of the support system 2 is made with the aid of a hooking portion 5 which can come on the one hand bearing on a relief of the wall of the cell A and on the other hand resting on the rotor with counter-supports 30 situated respectively on either side of the cell A, these counter-supports 30 comprising for example screws 32 screwing on a plate 31 disposed substantially perpendicular to the axis K
  • the hooking portion 5 bearing on a relief of the cell is fixed relative to the plate 31.
  • the screws 32 can be screwed and for example press on either side of the cell A, which allows to move the plate 31 away from the cell A and thus to block the attachment portion 5 against the relief of the cell A, as illustrated.
  • the attachment system is the same as that of the figure 6 .
  • the attachment portion 5 has a shape a little different from that of the figure 6 to adapt to the geometry of the cell A.
  • the attachment portion 5 can bear on two reliefs located at different heights of the side wall of the cell (and not one as in the example of the figure 6 ).
  • the attachment arms 6 may comprise attachment portions arranged to become wedged in the corresponding cells by a change of shape.
  • the locking of the latching arms on the rotor can be effected for example by acting on the spacing between the arms.
  • Such blocking is done by means of a clamping system acting on the attachment parts.
  • the support system 2 comprises a base 4 arranged so as to allow the attachment arms 6 to be brought closer together.
  • the attachment arms 6 can move, for example, in sliding on the base 4, so as to bear against the walls. side of the cell and thus hang the support system 2.
  • FIG 9 another example of an attachment arm 6 is shown.
  • the latter has a first arm portion 35 connected to a first hinge portion rotatable relative to a second hinge portion 37 around an axis 40.
  • this second hinge portion being connected to an arm portion 38 fixed at its other end to the acoustic assembly 3 through a lockable ball joint connection.
  • the first arm portion 35 is also fixed by means of a locking ball joint connection to the attachment portion 5.
  • the arm assembly 6 is equipped with an internal locking system of the links. This system, as illustrated on the figure 9 , can be activated by a wheel 39, which can be replaced by a pneumatic, hydraulic or mechanical actuator of another form.
  • the attachment portion 5 is fixed by means of a counter-support system which comprises for example a knob 60 and a nut 61 abutting the periphery of the cell A to block the snagging part 5.
  • a counter-support system which comprises for example a knob 60 and a nut 61 abutting the periphery of the cell A to block the snagging part 5.
  • the rotation of the wheel 60 makes it possible to move the attachment part relative to the nut 61.
  • the support system 2 may carry a single acoustic assembly 3 comprising a sonotrode 7.
  • the support system may carry a plurality of acoustic assemblies 3 each comprising a sonotrode 7, as illustrated in FIGS. Figures 10 to 12 and 14 to 17 , or one or more acoustic assemblies can each support a carrier part itself supporting several sonotrodes, as illustrated on the figure 13 .
  • the plurality of sonotrodes particularly when they are arranged side by side, can make it possible to treat the whole of the current cell Ac, if desired.
  • the two sonotrodes 7 are arranged side by side and the vibrating surfaces 8 extend along a straight axis L.
  • the vibrating surfaces 8 constituting the end faces of the sonotrodes form between them a non-zero angle ⁇ , for example to treat an edge.
  • Another arrangement of the sonotrodes 7 may consist in arranging the vibrating surfaces 8 in a same plane but extending longitudinally along respective axes S1 and S2 perpendicular to each other, as illustrated in FIG. figure 12 .
  • each of the two acoustic assemblies supports a carrier part 41 which itself carries several, in particular two, sonotrodes 7.
  • the carrier piece 41 serves to fix several sonotrodes on the same acoustic assembly.
  • the support system comprises a single acoustic assembly carrying a carrier part, itself supporting several sonotrodes.
  • the sonotrodes may have end faces of generally rectangular shape as illustrated on the Figures 10 to 12 .
  • the sonotrode or sonotrodes may comprise a vibrating surface extending along a curvilinear axis, for example to treat a curvilinear cell.
  • the general shape of the end face of the sonotrode is not rectangular but has at least two curvilinear edges 44.
  • sonotrodes 7 Each of these sonotrodes extends along a curvilinear axis P as can be seen also on the figure 17 .
  • the sonotrodes 7 are arranged side by side and the adjacent edges 45 of the vibrating surfaces are for example rectilinear and arranged parallel to each other, as visible on the Figures 16 and 17 , especially.
  • the Figures 18 to 20 illustrate the possibility of introducing at least partially the acoustic assembly or sets, in particular the sonotrode 7, inside the cell Ac to be treated.
  • the sonotrode (s) As visible on Figures 19 and 20 it is possible to introduce the sonotrode (s) more or less deeply inside the current cell to be treated Ac, according to the treatment needs. It is also possible to move the sonotrode 7 inside the cell more or less deeply during the same treatment, with, for example, interrupting shot blasting when the sonotrode (s) are moved.
  • the fact of introducing the sonotrode (s) into the interior of the current cell to be treated can make it possible to concentrate the effect of shot blasting, for example when the cell is very large, especially in the parts of the room which are the more critical.
  • the sonotrode is surmounted by an anvil 50, for directing the projectiles 51 to a zone 52 to be treated, forming a hole in the illustrated example.
  • the excitation of the sonotrode or sonotrodes can be carried out other than by piezoelectric vibration, for example by pneumatic, electromechanical or other vibration.
  • the cells A may comprise side walls having attachment reliefs of various shapes, for example in the form of a dovetail or other.
  • This fin has a complementary shape of the protrusion E.
  • the shot blasting may relate for example to a portion of the surface of the excrescences E.
  • the attachment of the support system can be done by pressing on one or both sides of a protrusion E.

Abstract

Shot peening a rotary machine comprising a rotor (R) with peripheral recesses, in which shot peening is carried out with a rotor that is at least partly assembled, comprises fixing a support system (23) for supporting at least one acoustic assembly (3) to the machine; and shot peening at least one region of the machine using projectiles that are moved by the acoustic assembly. The acoustic assembly comprises a sonotrode (15) having an end face that serves to set projectiles into motion, where the end face extends along a curvilinear longitudinal axis.

Description

La présente invention concerne un procédé et un dispositif de grenaillage comportant un ensemble acoustique et des projectiles mis en mouvement par l'ensemble acoustique.The present invention relates to a method and a blasting device comprising an acoustic assembly and projectiles set in motion by the acoustic assembly.

La demande internationale WO2006/124616 décrit un système de grenaillage d'un rotor comportant un système de support de l'ensemble acoustique fixé par coulissement dans l'alvéole courante à traiter.International demand WO2006 / 124616 discloses a rotor blasting system comprising a support system of the acoustic assembly slidably fixed in the current cell to be treated.

Il existe un besoin pour perfectionner encore les procédés et dispositifs de grenaillage, notamment pour faciliter le traitement du rotor, par exemple en évitant d'avoir à usiner des pièces spécifiques audit rotor ou en réduisant le nombre de ces usinages, et/ou rendre plus aisé le traitement de surfaces complexes du rotor.There is a need to further improve the methods and devices of shot blasting, in particular to facilitate the processing of the rotor, for example by avoiding having to machine parts specific to said rotor or reducing the number of such machining, and / or make more easy treatment of complex surfaces of the rotor.

L'invention vise à répondre à ce besoin et elle y parvient grâce à un procédé de grenaillage d'une machine tournante comportant un rotor, le rotor présentant des alvéoles à sa périphérie, le procédé visant à grenailler une portion au moins de l'une desdites alvéoles, le procédé comportant les étapes selon la revendication 1.The invention aims to meet this need and it achieves this through a method of blasting a rotating machine comprising a rotor, the rotor having cells at its periphery, the method for blasting a portion of at least one of of said cells, the method comprising the steps of claim 1.

Grâce à l'invention, le traitement peut avoir lieu sur site, par exemple dans une centrale ou à proximité d'un aéronef équipé de la machine, ou en usine, dans tous les cas sur un rotor au moins partiellement assemblé.Thanks to the invention, the treatment can take place on site, for example in a plant or near an aircraft equipped with the machine, or in the factory, in all cases on a rotor at least partially assembled.

Le temps d'immobilisation de la machine peut être alors réduit, car le démontage complet de la machine est évité.The downtime of the machine can be reduced, because complete disassembly of the machine is avoided.

Par rotor au moins partiellement assemblé, il faut comprendre que le rotor n'a pas été extrait en totalité du stator de la machine, ou que le rotor est non monté dans le stator mais non complètement démonté, la pièce du rotor traitée étant par exemple assemblée avec d'autres composants du rotor, tels qu'un ou plusieurs disques ou carters et/ou arbres et/ou câbles.By rotor at least partially assembled, it should be understood that the rotor has not been completely extracted from the stator of the machine, or that the rotor is not mounted in the stator but not completely disassembled, the treated rotor part being for example assembled with other rotor components, such as one or more disks or casings and / or shafts and / or cables.

Le rotor peut notamment comporter lors du traitement de grenaillage au moins la majorité des composants qui l'équipent lorsque le rotor est en place prêt à fonctionner dans la machine tournante. Le rotor n'est ainsi pas limité, lors de son traitement, à un seul disque aubagé ou une jante.In particular, the rotor may comprise, during the shot blasting process, at least the majority of the components that equip it when the rotor is in position ready for operation in the rotating machine. The rotor is thus not limited, during its treatment, to a single blisk or a rim.

Le procédé selon l'invention peut permettre un traitement in situ, lorsque le rotor est en place avec la machine sur un aéronef ou dans une centrale, par exemple.The method according to the invention can allow in situ treatment, when the rotor is in place with the machine on an aircraft or in a central, for example.

Le traitement peut avoir pour but par exemple d'introduire des contraintes de compression pour éviter la propagation de fissures sur la pièce dans sa géométrie existante ou après nouvel usinage de celle-ci pour la réparer ou procéder à une modification de sa forme.The treatment may be intended for example to introduce compressive stresses to prevent the propagation of cracks on the part in its existing geometry or after new machining thereof to repair or make a change in its shape.

Les alvéoles peuvent servir directement à la fixation d'ailettes, encore appelées pales ou aubes, par coopération de formes entre chaque alvéole et le pied de l'ailette correspondante.The cells can be used directly for fixing fins, also called blades or blades, by cooperation of shapes between each cell and the foot of the corresponding fin.

Les alvéoles peuvent comporter des parois présentant des reliefs de formes diverses permettant l'assemblage avec les ailettes. Elles peuvent présenter par exemple en coupe axiale une forme de queue d'aronde, de sapin ou autre.The cells may comprise walls having reliefs of various shapes for assembly with the fins. They may have for example in axial section a form of dovetail, fir or other.

Les alvéoles peuvent encore être formées entre des parties mâles d'accrochage des ailettes, ces parties mâles formant saillie sur le rotor et présentant par exemple une forme de sapin.The cells can also be formed between male parts for attaching the fins, these male parts protruding on the rotor and having for example a fir shape.

La portion traitée de l'alvéole peut être ou non une portion qui vient au contact de l'ailette.The treated portion of the cell may or may not be a portion that comes into contact with the fin.

La portion traitée peut être par exemple un trou débouchant dans la partie de l'alvéole qui sert à la fixation de l'ailette, ce trou servant par exemple à refroidir l'ailette.The treated portion may be for example a hole opening into the part of the cell which serves to fix the fin, this hole serving for example to cool the fin.

Le bras d'accrochage peut être fixé dans une alvéole adjacente à l'alvéole courante à traiter.The attachment arm can be fixed in a cell adjacent to the current cell to be treated.

Le procédé peut comporter l'étape consistant à fixer dans deux alvéoles au moins, respectivement situées de part et d'autre de l'alvéole courante à traiter, des bras d'accrochage.The method may comprise the step of fixing in two cells at least, respectively located on either side of the current cell to be treated, latching arms.

Chaque bras peut comporter une partie d'accrochage bloquée dans l'alvéole correspondante au moyen d'un système de contre-appui s'appuyant sur le rotor ailleurs que dans l'alvéole, par exemple sur une surface de rotor adjacente à l'ouverture de l'alvéole ou une surface du rotor située dans une autre alvéole.Each arm may comprise a gripping portion locked in the corresponding cell by means of a counter-support system resting on the rotor elsewhere than in the cell, for example on a rotor surface adjacent to the opening of the cell or a surface of the rotor located in another cell.

Le maintien peut encore être assuré par un système de serrage agissant sur la partie d'accrochage, par exemple pour la dilater ou prendre appui sur au moins deux surfaces de l'alvéole en exerçant des forces dans des directions opposées.Maintaining can still be provided by a clamping system acting on the attachment portion, for example to expand or bear on at least two surfaces of the cell by exerting forces in opposite directions.

Dans un exemple de mise en oeuvre de l'invention, l'ensemble acoustique est déplacé relativement au système de support pour traiter l'alvéole courante.In an exemplary implementation of the invention, the acoustic assembly is moved relative to the support system to treat the current cell.

Les bras d'accrochage peuvent être mobiles relativement au système de support. Les bras d'accrochage peuvent comporter des parties d'accrochage agencées pour se bloquer dans les alvéoles correspondantes grâce à un changement de forme.The latching arms may be movable relative to the support system. The attachment arms may comprise attachment portions arranged to lock in the corresponding cells through a change of shape.

Les parties d'accrochage peuvent par exemple prendre appui sur des surfaces des parois latérales des alvéoles qui sont sensiblement transversales à un axe passant par le fond de l'alvéole et l'ouverture de celle-ci.The attachment portions may for example be supported on surfaces of the side walls of the cells which are substantially transverse to an axis passing through the bottom of the cell and the opening thereof.

Les parties d'accrochage peuvent par exemple prendre appui sur deux surfaces de reliefs en regard des parois latérales de l'alvéole ou sur une surface d'un relief de la paroi de l'alvéole tourné vers le fond de celle-ci et sur une surface située autour de l'alvéole à l'extérieur de celle-ci, par exemple en deux endroits. En variante, le blocage des bras d'accrochage sur le rotor peut s'effectuer par exemple en agissant sur l'écartement entre les bras. La déformation des parties d'accrochage peut être mécanique, hydraulique ou pneumatique, entre autres.The attachment portions may for example be supported on two surfaces of reliefs facing the side walls of the cell or on a surface of a relief of the wall of the cell facing the bottom thereof and on a surface located around the cell outside thereof, for example in two places. Alternatively, the locking of the latching arms on the rotor can be effected for example by acting on the spacing between the arms. The deformation of the attachment parts can be mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic, among others.

Au moins une partie de l'ensemble acoustique, par exemple la sonotrode, solidaire du système de support, peut être mobile par rapport à celui-ci, par exemple en rotation autour de l'axe longitudinal de l'ensemble acoustique et/ou transversalement à l'axe longitudinal de l'ensemble acoustique.At least a part of the acoustic assembly, for example the sonotrode, integral with the support system, can be movable relative thereto, for example in rotation around the longitudinal axis of the acoustic assembly and / or transversely to the longitudinal axis of the acoustic assembly.

L'ensemble acoustique peut être solidaire de guides qui s'appliquent sur l'alvéole courante. De tels guides, au nombre de deux par exemple, peuvent permettre d'orienter et de positionner la chambre de traitement et l'ensemble acoustique par rapport à l'alvéole courante à traiter. Dans ce cas par exemple, la mobilité rotationnelle et/ou transversale de l'ensemble acoustique sur le système de support peut être libre, l'ensemble acoustique étant par exemple entraîné en rotation ou en déplacement par rapport au système de support uniquement sous la pression des guides.The acoustic assembly can be secured to guides that apply to the current cell. Such guides, two in number, for example, can guide and position the treatment chamber and the acoustic assembly relative to the current cell to be treated. In this case, for example, the rotational and / or transverse mobility of the acoustic assembly on the support system may be free, the acoustic assembly being for example rotated or displaced relative to the support system only under pressure. guides.

Le déplacement de l'ensemble acoustique relativement à l'alvéole peut s'effectuer sous l'action d'un moteur au moins, par exemple grâce à la connaissance du profil de l'alvéole à traiter ou à l'aide de capteurs introduits dans celle-ci.The displacement of the acoustic assembly relative to the cell may be effected under the action of at least one motor, for example by knowing the profile of the cell to be treated or by means of sensors introduced into the cell. it.

L'ensemble acoustique peut comporter au moins une sonotrode. La sonotrode peut présenter une face d'extrémité qui constitue une surface vibrante et qui sert à mettre les projectiles en mouvement, s'étendant selon un axe longitudinal rectiligne ou curviligne, par exemple incurvé autour d'un axe parallèle à l'axe longitudinal de la sonotrode. Cette forme incurvée de la face d'extrémité formant la surface vibrante peut permettre de s'adapter à une alvéole à traiter qui serait incurvée. L'ensemble acoustique peut comporter au moins une pièce porteuse supportant au moins deux sonotrodes. Cela peut permettre de traiter au moins deux zones localisées de l'alvéole courante à traiter simultanément. Le nombre de zones traitées simultanément est égal au nombre de sonotrodes, qui peut être supérieur ou égal à deux.The acoustic assembly may comprise at least one sonotrode. The sonotrode may have an end face which constitutes a vibrating surface and which serves to move the projectiles, extending along a rectilinear or curvilinear longitudinal axis, for example curved about an axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sonotrode. This curved shape of the end face forming the vibrating surface can make it possible to adapt to a cell to be treated which would be curved. The acoustic assembly may comprise at least one carrier piece supporting at least two sonotrodes. This can make it possible to treat at least two localized zones of the current cell to be treated simultaneously. The number of zones treated simultaneously is equal to the number of sonotrodes, which can be greater than or equal to two.

Le système de support, outre l'ensemble acoustique, peut également supporter au moins un capteur pouvant améliorer le guidage de l'ensemble acoustique notamment de la sonotrode, à l'intérieur de la pièce, notamment de l'alvéole, à traiter.The support system, in addition to the acoustic assembly, can also support at least one sensor that can improve the guidance of the acoustic assembly including the sonotrode, inside the room, including the cell, to be treated.

Le système de support peut comporter au moins un outil de mesure permettant de mesurer au moins une caractéristique de la pièce avant et/ou après son traitement par grenaillage. Le système de support peut reposer directement et/ou indirectement sur le sol grâce à tout type de piétement ou être entièrement porté par le rotor.The support system may include at least one measuring tool for measuring at least one characteristic of the workpiece before and / or after its abrasive treatment. The support system can rest directly and / or indirectly on the ground thanks to any type of base or be entirely supported by the rotor.

Le système de support peut comporter au moins deux ensembles acoustiques comportant chacun une sonotrode, les faces d'extrémité desdites au moins deux sonotrodes étant par exemple au moins partiellement dirigées l'une vers l'autre. Cela peut permettre de traiter deux faces opposées d'une paroi ou un bord saillant, par exemple.The support system may comprise at least two acoustic assemblies each comprising a sonotrode, the end faces of said at least two sonotrodes being for example at least partially directed toward each other. This can make it possible to treat two opposite faces of a wall or a projecting edge, for example.

Le système de support peut comporter au moins deux ensembles acoustiques comportant chacun une sonotrode, les faces d'extrémité desdites au moins deux sonotrodes étant allongées selon des axes longitudinaux respectifs formant entre eux un angle, étant par exemple perpendiculaires entre eux. Ces faces d'extrémités peuvent être planes ou non, coplanaires ou non. Cela peut permettre par exemple de traiter simultanément l'alvéole courante à traiter et d'autres zones situées à la périphérie de l'alvéole courante à traiter.The support system may comprise at least two acoustic assemblies each comprising a sonotrode, the end faces of said at least two horns being elongate along respective longitudinal axes forming an angle between them, being for example perpendicular to each other. These end faces may be planar or not, coplanar or not. This may allow for example to simultaneously treat the current cell to be treated and other areas located at the periphery of the current cell to be treated.

Le procédé selon l'invention peut comporter en outre au moins l'une des étapes suivantes :

  • démonter le ou les bras d'accrochages,
  • déplacer le système de support et/ou le rotor l'un par rapport à l'autre,
  • fixer le système de support sur une autre alvéole qu'une nouvelle alvéole à traiter ou sur deux autres alvéoles situées respectivement de part et d'autre d'une nouvelle alvéole à traiter.
The method according to the invention may further comprise at least one of the following steps:
  • dismantle the arm or hooks,
  • move the support system and / or the rotor relative to each other,
  • fixing the support system on another cell that a new cell to be treated or two other cells located respectively on either side of a new cell to be treated.

On peut réitérer l'une au moins des étapes décrites ci-dessus, par exemple de manière à traiter l'ensemble des alvéoles du rotor.It is possible to repeat at least one of the steps described above, for example so as to treat all the cells of the rotor.

Le grenaillage peut s'effectuer par exemple pour obtenir une intensité ALMEN d'au moins F10N.The shot peening can be carried out for example to obtain an ALMEN intensity of at least F10N.

L'invention pourra être mieux comprise à la lecture de la description qui va suivre, d'exemples non limitatifs de mise en oeuvre de celle-ci, ainsi qu'à l'examen du dessin annexé, sur lequel :

  • la figure 1 est une vue schématique et partielle en perspective illustrant un exemple de dispositif de grenaillage conforme à l'invention,
  • la figure 2 représente de façon schématique et partielle, en coupe partielle, la formation de la chambre de traitement,
  • la figure 3 est une coupe, schématique et partielle, illustrant la fixation d'un bras d'accrochage dans une alvéole,
  • la figure 4 représente en perspective, schématique et partielle, un système de support de l'ensemble acoustique,
  • les figures 5 à 7 sont des coupes axiales, schématiques et partielles, d'autres exemples d'accrochage d'un bras du système de support dans une alvéole,
  • la figure 8 est une vue en coupe schématique et partielle d'un autre exemple d'accrochage du système de support sur le rotor,
  • la figure 9 représente, en perspective de manière partielle et schématique, un autre exemple de réalisation du bras d'accrochage selon l'invention,
  • la figure 10 est une vue en perspective, schématique et partielle, d'un système de support comportant deux ensembles acoustiques supportant chacun une sonotrode,
  • les figures 11, 12 et 14 illustrent, de manière schématique, un autre positionnement des sonotrodes sur le système de support de la figure 10,
  • la figure 13 illustre de manière schématique et partielle, en perspective la possibilité de disposer une pièce porteuse supportant des sonotrodes,
  • la figure 15 illustre de manière schématique et partielle en perspective l'agencement de plusieurs sonotrodes,
  • la figure 16 est une vue de côté schématique et partielle des sonotrodes de la figure 15,
  • la figure 17 est une vue de dessus, schématique et partielle, des sonotrodes de la figure 15,
  • la figure 18 représente en perspective, de manière schématique et partielle un exemple d'introduction d'une sonotrode à l'intérieur d'une alvéole à traiter,
  • les figures 19 et 20 sont des vues de côté, schématiques et partielles, illustrant deux positionnements différents d'une sonotrode à l'intérieur d'une alvéole à traiter,
  • la figure 21 est une vue de côté, schématique et partielle, d'une sonotrode supportant une enclume pour effectuer le traitement d'une zone localisée d'une alvéole,
  • la figure 22 est une vue analogue à la figure 21, d'une variante de mise en oeuvre de l'invention, et
  • la figure 23 représente partiellement un rotor avec un autre exemple de géométrie d'alvéole.
The invention will be better understood on reading the following description, non-limiting examples of implementation thereof, as well as the examination of the appended drawing, in which:
  • the figure 1 is a schematic and partial perspective view illustrating an exemplary blasting device according to the invention,
  • the figure 2 represents schematically and partially, in partial section, the formation of the treatment chamber,
  • the figure 3 is a section, schematic and partial, illustrating the attachment of an attachment arm in a cell,
  • the figure 4 represents in perspective, schematic and partial, a support system of the acoustic assembly,
  • the Figures 5 to 7 are axial sections, schematic and partial, other examples of attachment of an arm of the support system in a cell,
  • the figure 8 is a schematic and partial sectional view of another example of attachment of the support system on the rotor,
  • the figure 9 represents, in perspective partially and schematically, another embodiment of the attachment arm according to the invention,
  • the figure 10 is a perspective view, schematic and partial, of a support system comprising two acoustic assemblies each supporting a sonotrode,
  • the Figures 11, 12 and 14 illustrate, schematically, another positioning of the sonotrodes on the support system of the figure 10 ,
  • the figure 13 illustrates diagrammatically and partially, in perspective the possibility of having a support piece supporting sonotrodes,
  • the figure 15 illustrates schematically and partially in perspective the arrangement of several sonotrodes,
  • the figure 16 is a schematic and partial side view of the sonotrodes of the figure 15 ,
  • the figure 17 is a top view, schematic and partial, of the sonotrodes of the figure 15 ,
  • the figure 18 represents in perspective, schematically and partially an example of introduction of a sonotrode inside a cavity to be treated,
  • the Figures 19 and 20 are side views, schematic and partial, illustrating two different positions of a sonotrode inside a cell to be treated,
  • the figure 21 is a side view, schematic and partial, of a sonotrode supporting an anvil for performing the treatment of a localized area of a cell,
  • the figure 22 is a view similar to the figure 21 , an alternative embodiment of the invention, and
  • the figure 23 partially represents a rotor with another example of cell geometry.

Le dispositif 1 représenté sur la figure 1 est un dispositif de grenaillage du rotor R d'une machine tournante M, qui n'est représentée que partiellement.The device 1 represented on the figure 1 is a device for blasting the rotor R of a rotating machine M, which is only partially represented.

Le rotor R peut tourner relativement à un stator non représenté.The rotor R can rotate relative to a not shown stator.

La machine M est par exemple une turbine à gaz ou à vapeur, par exemple un moteur d'avion dont le rotor R n'a pas été extrait en totalité du stator. La machine M est par exemple en place dans son environnement d'utilisation, par exemple dans la centrale ou sur une aile d'avion, auquel cas l'invention est mise en oeuvre in situ. La machine M peut encore avoir été démontée d'un aéronef et placée sur un berceau non représenté, ce qui peut être le cas par exemple d'un moteur d'avion. Le rotor R peut ne pas avoir été extrait en totalité du stator. Le rotor R peut encore être extrait totalement du stator mais non démonté.The machine M is for example a gas or steam turbine, for example an aircraft engine whose rotor R has not been completely extracted from the stator. The machine M is for example in place in its environment of use, for example in the central or on an aircraft wing, in which case the invention is implemented in situ . The machine M may still have been dismounted from an aircraft and placed on a cradle not shown, this which may be the case for example of an aircraft engine. The rotor R may not have been completely extracted from the stator. The rotor R can still be extracted completely from the stator but not disassembled.

La machine M peut devoir faire l'objet d'un traitement de grenaillage sur une région prédéfinie, par exemple un traitement de grenaillage local suite à la détection d'une fissure ou d'un défaut. Il peut s'agir de grenailler des alvéoles A situées à la périphérie du rotor. Ces alvéoles A sont destinées à recevoir des pales.The machine M may have to undergo shot blasting treatment on a predefined region, for example a local blasting treatment following the detection of a crack or a defect. It may be shot blast cells A located on the periphery of the rotor. These cells A are intended to receive blades.

Le dispositif de grenaillage 1 comporte un ou plusieurs générateurs de vibrations qui excitent un ou plusieurs ensembles acoustiques comportant chacun une ou plusieurs sonotrodes, lesquelles ne sont pas représentées sur la figure 1 dans un souci de clarté du dessin.The blasting device 1 comprises one or more vibration generators which excite one or more acoustic assemblies each comprising one or more sonotrodes, which are not represented on the figure 1 for the sake of clarity of the drawing.

Un ensemble acoustique comporte par exemple un transducteur piézo-électrique, encore appelé convertisseur, qui transforme un courant électrique envoyé par le générateur en onde mécanique. L'amplitude de vibration du transducteur piézo-électrique est amplifiée à l'aide d'un ou plusieurs étages acoustiques appelés boosters, jusqu'à la dernière pièce de l'empilement qui constitue la sonotrode et qui définit la surface vibrante sur une face d'extrémité de la sonotrode. La sonotrode peut être agencée de manière à vibrer de façon relativement homogène sur toute la surface vibrante sur une face d'extrémité de la sonotrode.An acoustic assembly comprises for example a piezoelectric transducer, also called converter, which transforms an electric current sent by the generator into a mechanical wave. The amplitude of vibration of the piezoelectric transducer is amplified using one or more acoustic stages called boosters, until the last piece of the stack which constitutes the sonotrode and which defines the vibrating surface on a surface of end of the sonotrode. The sonotrode may be arranged to vibrate relatively homogeneously over the entire vibrating surface on an end face of the sonotrode.

Le dispositif définit avec la pièce traitée au moins une chambre de traitement contenant des projectiles, par exemple des billes sphériques de diamètre allant de 0,3 mm à 5 mm. La masse volumique des projectiles est par exemple comprise entre 2 g/cm3 et 16 g/cm3. La quantité de projectiles est par exemple comprise entre 0,2 et 500 g. La dureté des projectiles est par exemple comprise entre 200 et 2000 HV.The device defines with the treated part at least one treatment chamber containing projectiles, for example spherical balls with a diameter ranging from 0.3 mm to 5 mm. The density of the projectiles is for example between 2 g / cm 3 and 16 g / cm 3 . The quantity of projectiles is for example between 0.2 and 500 g. The hardness of the projectiles is for example between 200 and 2000 HV.

Le dispositif peut comporter un système de contrôle agencé pour contrôler, le cas échéant, des moyens d'entraînement d'au moins un ensemble acoustique, afin de déplacer l'ensemble acoustique relativement à la machine M et permettre le traitement par exemple de plusieurs alvéoles du rotor.The device may comprise a control system arranged to control, if necessary, drive means of at least one acoustic assembly, in order to move the acoustic assembly relative to the machine M and allow the treatment of for example several cells of the rotor.

Le dispositif peut comporter éventuellement des moyens d'injection d'air comprimé dans la chambre de traitement ou vers celle-ci afin d'initier le mouvement des projectiles, si nécessaire.The device may optionally comprise compressed air injection means in the treatment chamber or to it to initiate the movement of the projectiles, if necessary.

Le dispositif peut encore comporter des moyens de détection qui peuvent empêcher le fonctionnement de l'ensemble acoustique dans certaines conditions, par exemple lorsqu'il existe un risque de départ accidentel de projectiles.The device may also comprise detection means that can prevent the operation of the acoustic assembly under certain conditions, for example when there is a risk of accidental departure of projectiles.

Dans l'exemple illustré sur la figure 1 en particulier, le dispositif de grenaillage 1 comporte un système de support 2 supportant un ensemble acoustique 3, visible partiellement sur cette figure, et un socle 4 permettant le cas échéant de déplacer l'ensemble acoustique relativement au système de support 2, par exemple de manière à suivre la forme de l'alvéole, les alvéoles pouvant s'étendre de façon rectiligne ou curviligne dans l'épaisseur du rotor.In the example shown on the figure 1 in particular, the blasting device 1 comprises a support system 2 supporting an acoustic assembly 3, partially visible in this figure, and a base 4 allowing, if necessary, to move the acoustic assembly relative to the support system 2, for example to to follow the shape of the cell, the cells may extend rectilinearly or curvilinearly in the thickness of the rotor.

Le système de support 2 porte au moins un bras d'accrochage, notamment deux bras d'accrochage 6. Ces derniers supportent chacun une partie d'accrochage 5.The support system 2 carries at least one latching arm, in particular two latching arms 6. The latter each support a latching portion 5.

Les parties d'accrochage 5 sont agencées pour se fixer chacune dans une alvéole A, les alvéoles A recevant ces parties d'accrochage 5 étant, dans l'exemple illustré, respectivement situées de part et d'autre de l'alvéole courante à traiter Ac. Chaque alvéole comporte des parois qui présentent des reliefs d'accrochage des pales, ces reliefs pouvant avoir diverses formes, par exemple en queue d'aronde ou autre.The attachment portions 5 are arranged to each be fixed in a cell A, the cells A receiving these attachment portions 5 being, in the illustrated example, located respectively on either side of the current cell to be treated. ac. Each cell has walls which have relief hooking blades, these reliefs may have various shapes, for example dovetail or other.

Dans cet exemple, le système de support 2 est ainsi fixé au rotor R grâce aux bras d'accrochage 6. Dans l'exemple de réalisation illustré sur la figure 1, les bras d'accrochage 6 sont mobiles relativement au système de support 2.In this example, the support system 2 is thus fixed to the rotor R by the attachment arms 6. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. figure 1 , the attachment arms 6 are movable relative to the support system 2.

Comme on peut le voir plus en détail sur la figure 2, l'ensemble acoustique 3 comporte une sonotrode 7 dont la face d'extrémité constitue la surface vibrante 8.As can be seen in more detail on the figure 2 , the acoustic assembly 3 comprises a sonotrode 7 whose end face constitutes the vibrating surface 8.

La chambre de traitement 9 est délimitée d'une part par les parois de l'alvéole Ac à traiter et d'autre part par des cloisons 10 situées de part et d'autre de la surface vibrante 8 perpendiculairement à celle-ci.The treatment chamber 9 is delimited on the one hand by the walls of the cell Ac to be treated and on the other hand by partitions 10 located on either side of the vibrating surface 8 perpendicular to it.

Comme illustré sur la figure 2, le dispositif de grenaillage 1 peut comporter en outre des guides 11 permettant de guider la sonotrode à l'intérieur de l'alvéole courante à traiter Ac. Les cloisons 10 de la chambre de traitement 9 présentent une forme sensiblement adaptée à la géométrie de l'alvéole, par exemple avec un jeu inférieur ou égal à la moitié du diamètre des projectiles.As illustrated on the figure 2 , the blasting device 1 may further comprise guides 11 for guiding the sonotrode inside the current cell to be treated Ac. The partitions 10 of the processing chamber 9 have a shape substantially adapted to the geometry of the cell, for example with a clearance less than or equal to half the diameter of the projectiles.

La figure 3 illustre un exemple de système de fixation du ou des bras d'accrochage 6 à l'aide de la ou des parties d'accrochage 5. Ce système de fixation comporte un système de serrage agissant sur la ou chaque partie d'accrochage du ou des bras pour exercer un blocage de la partie d'accrochage engagée dans l'alvéole A.The figure 3 illustrates an example of a fastening system of the attachment arm (s) 6 by means of the attachment part or parts 5. This fastening system comprises a clamping system acting on the or each attachment portion of the arm or arms to exert a locking of the engaging portion engaged in the cell A.

Dans cet exemple, les parties d'accrochage 5 prennent appui sur des surfaces des parois latérales des alvéoles A qui sont sensiblement transversales à l'axe K passant par le fond de l'alvéole et l'ouverture de celle-ci. Les parties d'accrochage 5 comportent une mâchoire supérieure 5a et une mâchoire inférieure 5b, les mâchoires 5a et 5b étant aptes à être rapprochées ou écartées par exemple à l'aide d'un système vis/écrou selon que l'on veut retirer la partie d'accrochage 5 de l'alvéole A ou que l'on veut la fixer sur celle-ci de manière à accrocher le système de support 2.In this example, the attachment portions 5 bear on surfaces of the side walls of the cells A which are substantially transverse to the axis K passing through the bottom of the cell and the opening thereof. The attachment portions 5 comprise an upper jaw 5a and a lower jaw 5b, the jaws 5a and 5b being able to be moved towards or apart, for example by means of a screw / nut system according to which it is desired to remove the attachment part 5 of the cell A or that we want to fix it on it so as to hook the support system 2.

On a représenté plus en détail sur la figure 4 un exemple de système de support 2 et de socle 4 mobile relativement au système de support. Le socle 4 est monté sur des rails 15 lui permettant de coulisser selon un axe Y et sur des rails 16 perpendiculaires aux rails 15 et permettant de coulisser selon un axe X perpendiculaire à l'axe Y. L'ensemble acoustique 3 et en particulier la sonotrode 7 sont de plus, dans l'exemple illustré, mobiles en rotation autour d'un axe Z perpendiculaire aux axes X et Y.We have shown in more detail on the figure 4 an example of support system 2 and base 4 mobile relative to the support system. The base 4 is mounted on rails 15 allowing it to slide along an axis Y and on rails 16 perpendicular to the rails 15 and for sliding along an axis X perpendicular to the axis Y. The acoustic assembly 3 and in particular the sonotrode 7 are furthermore, in the illustrated example, rotatable about an axis Z perpendicular to the X and Y axes.

La mobilité rotationnelle et/ou transversale de l'ensemble acoustique 3 sur le système de support 2 peut être libre, l'ensemble acoustique 3 étant par exemple entraîné en rotation ou en déplacement par rapport au système de support uniquement sous la pression des guides 11 par exemple. En variante, le déplacement peut être motorisé, par exemple grâce à la connaissance du profil de l'alvéole à traiter ou à l'aide de capteurs introduits dans celle-ci.The rotational and / or transverse mobility of the acoustic assembly 3 on the support system 2 may be free, the acoustic assembly 3 being for example rotated or displaced relative to the support system only under the pressure of the guides 11 for example. As a variant, the displacement can be motorized, for example by knowing the profile of the cell to be treated or by means of sensors introduced into it.

Dans une variante non illustrée, le socle 4 est immobile relativement au système de support 2.In a variant not shown, the base 4 is stationary relative to the support system 2.

Dans une autre variante non illustrée, le système de support 2 peut ne pas comporter de socle 4 mobile en coulissement sur des rails comme illustré mais peut par exemple comporter un bras manipulateur supportant l'ensemble acoustique et pouvant modifier l'orientation de la sonotrode par rapport aux axes X, Y et Z.In another variant not illustrated, the support system 2 may not comprise a mobile base 4 sliding on rails as illustrated but may for example comprise a manipulator arm supporting the acoustic assembly and can change the orientation of the sonotrode by relative to the X, Y and Z axes.

Pour mettre en oeuvre le procédé de grenaillage conforme à l'invention, on peut fixer dans deux alvéoles A au moins, respectivement situées de part et d'autre de l'alvéole courante à traiter Ac, les bras d'accrochage 6 du système de support 2 ; on grenaille l'alvéole courante Ac grâce à l'ensemble acoustique 3 solidaire du système de support 2. On peut traiter la totalité de l'alvéole Ac ou une partie seulement de celle-ci, par exemple un trou. On peut ensuite démonter le système de support, c'est-à-dire décrocher les bras 6, puis déplacer le système de support 2 et/ou le rotor R l'un par rapport à l'autre, et fixer le système de support 2 sur deux autres alvéoles A situées respectivement de part et d'autre d'une nouvelle alvéole à traiter.To implement the blasting process according to the invention, it is possible to fix in at least two cavities A, located on either side of the common cell to be treated Ac, the latching arms 6 of the latching system. support 2; the current cell Ac is shot through the acoustic assembly 3 integral with the support system 2. It is possible to treat all or only part of the cell Ac, by example a hole. The support system can then be disassembled, that is to say unhook the arms 6, then move the support system 2 and / or the rotor R relative to each other, and fix the support system 2 on two other cells A located respectively on either side of a new cell to be treated.

On a illustré sur les figures 5 à 7 d'autres exemples de parties d'accrochage 5.We have illustrated on Figures 5 to 7 other examples of fastening parts 5.

Sur la figure 5, la partie d'accrochage 5 comporte deux branches 25 solidaires et mobiles en rotation autour d'un axe de rotation 26, et une pièce 27 jouant le rôle d'un coin et solidaire d'une tige s'étendant selon l'axe K.On the figure 5 , the attachment portion 5 comprises two branches 25 secured and rotatable about an axis of rotation 26, and a part 27 acting as a wedge and secured to a rod extending along the axis K .

La pièce 27 peut être déplacée le long de la tige selon l'axe K, de manière par exemple à être introduite entre les faces en regard des branches 25 et à venir en appui sur celles-ci pour les écarter l'une de l'autre, les extrémités libres des branches 25 venant alors s'appliquer contre les parois de l'alvéole, ce qui permet de bloquer et d'accrocher le système de support 2. Dans les exemples illustrés sur les figures 3 et 5, le blocage d'une ou des parties d'accrochage du ou des bras d'accrochage engagée(s) dans une alvéole est effectué au moyen d'un système de serrage de la ou des parties d'accrochage. En effet, les parties d'accrochage 5 prennent chacune appui sur deux reliefs en regard des parois latérales de l'alvéole.The piece 27 can be moved along the rod along the axis K, for example to be introduced between the facing faces of the branches 25 and to bear against them to separate them from the other, the free ends of the branches 25 then being applied against the walls of the cell, which allows to block and hang the support system 2. In the examples illustrated on the figures 3 and 5 , the locking of one or more attachment parts of the attachment arm (s) engaged (s) in a cell is effected by means of a clamping system or the attachment portions. Indeed, the attachment portions 5 each bear on two reliefs facing the side walls of the cell.

Selon des variantes illustrées sur les figures 6 et 7, le blocage d'une ou des parties d'accrochage du ou des bras d'accrochage engagée(s) dans une alvéole A est effectué au moyen d'un système de contre-appui s'appuyant sur le rotor ailleurs que dans l'alvéole A, par exemple sur la périphérie du rotor, par exemple autour de l'alvéole A. Les parties d'accrochage 5 peuvent prendre appui d'une part sur une surface d'un relief de la paroi latérale de l'alvéole tournée vers le fond de celle-ci et d'autre part sur une surface située à l'extérieur de l'alvéole, par exemple en deux endroits de part et d'autre de l'alvéole.According to illustrated variants on the Figures 6 and 7 , the locking of one or more attachment parts of the attachment arm (s) engaged in a cell A is carried out by means of a counter-support system resting on the rotor elsewhere than in the cell A, for example on the periphery of the rotor, for example around the cell A. The attachment portions 5 can be supported on the one hand on a surface of a relief of the side wall of the cell turned towards the bottom thereof and secondly on a surface located outside the cell, for example in two places on either side of the cell.

Sur la figure 6, l'accrochage du système de support 2 se fait à l'aide d'une partie d'accrochage 5 pouvant venir d'une part en appui sur un relief de la paroi de l'alvéole A et d'autre part en appui sur le rotor à l'aide de contre-appuis 30 situés respectivement de part et d'autre de l'alvéole A, ces contre-appuis 30 comprenant par exemple des vis 32 se vissant sur une plaque 31 disposée sensiblement perpendiculairement à l'axe K. La partie d'accrochage 5 venant en appui sur un relief de l'alvéole est fixe relativement à la plaque 31. Les vis 32 peuvent se visser et par exemple appuyer de part et d'autre de l'alvéole A, ce qui permet d'éloigner la plaque 31 de l'alvéole A et donc de bloquer la partie d'accrochage 5 contre le relief de l'alvéole A, comme illustré.On the figure 6 , the attachment of the support system 2 is made with the aid of a hooking portion 5 which can come on the one hand bearing on a relief of the wall of the cell A and on the other hand resting on the rotor with counter-supports 30 situated respectively on either side of the cell A, these counter-supports 30 comprising for example screws 32 screwing on a plate 31 disposed substantially perpendicular to the axis K The hooking portion 5 bearing on a relief of the cell is fixed relative to the plate 31. The screws 32 can be screwed and for example press on either side of the cell A, which allows to move the plate 31 away from the cell A and thus to block the attachment portion 5 against the relief of the cell A, as illustrated.

Dans l'exemple illustré sur la figure 7, le système d'accrochage, non représenté, est le même que celui de la figure 6. La partie d'accrochage 5 présente cependant une forme un peu différente de celle de la figure 6 pour s'adapter à la géométrie de l'alvéole A. Ainsi, la partie d'accrochage 5 peut venir en appui sur deux reliefs situés à des hauteurs différentes de la paroi latérale de l'alvéole (et non un seul comme dans l'exemple de la figure 6).In the example shown on the figure 7 , the attachment system, not shown, is the same as that of the figure 6 . The attachment portion 5, however, has a shape a little different from that of the figure 6 to adapt to the geometry of the cell A. Thus, the attachment portion 5 can bear on two reliefs located at different heights of the side wall of the cell (and not one as in the example of the figure 6 ).

Comme illustré sur les figures 3 et 5 à 7, les bras d'accrochage 6 peuvent comporter des parties d'accrochage agencées pour se coincer dans les alvéoles correspondantes grâce à un changement de forme. En variante, le blocage des bras d'accrochage sur le rotor peut s'effectuer par exemple en agissant sur l'écartement entre les bras. On a représenté sur la figure 8 un tel blocage qui se fait au moyen d'un système de serrage agissant sur les parties d'accrochage. Le système de support 2 comporte un socle 4 agencé de manière à permettre le rapprochement des bras d'accrochage 6. Les bras d'accrochage 6 peuvent se déplacer par exemple en coulissement sur le socle 4, de manière à venir en appui contre les parois latérales de l'alvéole et ainsi accrocher le système de support 2.As illustrated on figures 3 and 5 to 7 , the attachment arms 6 may comprise attachment portions arranged to become wedged in the corresponding cells by a change of shape. Alternatively, the locking of the latching arms on the rotor can be effected for example by acting on the spacing between the arms. We have shown on the figure 8 such blocking is done by means of a clamping system acting on the attachment parts. The support system 2 comprises a base 4 arranged so as to allow the attachment arms 6 to be brought closer together. The attachment arms 6 can move, for example, in sliding on the base 4, so as to bear against the walls. side of the cell and thus hang the support system 2.

Sur la figure 9, on a représenté un autre exemple de bras d'accrochage 6. Ce dernier comporte une première portion de bras 35 reliée à une première portion d'articulation mobile en rotation par rapport à une deuxième portion d'articulation 37 autour d'un axe 40, cette deuxième portion d'articulation étant reliée à une portion de bras 38 fixée à son autre extrémité sur l'ensemble acoustique 3 grâce à une liaison rotule verrouillable. La première portion de bras 35 est également fixée à l'aide d'une liaison rotule verrouillable à la partie d'accrochage 5. L'ensemble du bras 6 est équipé d'un système interne de verrouillage des liaisons. Ce système, comme illustré sur la figure 9, peut être activé par une molette 39, qui peut être remplacée par un actionneur pneumatique, hydraulique ou mécanique d'une autre forme.On the figure 9 another example of an attachment arm 6 is shown. The latter has a first arm portion 35 connected to a first hinge portion rotatable relative to a second hinge portion 37 around an axis 40. this second hinge portion being connected to an arm portion 38 fixed at its other end to the acoustic assembly 3 through a lockable ball joint connection. The first arm portion 35 is also fixed by means of a locking ball joint connection to the attachment portion 5. The arm assembly 6 is equipped with an internal locking system of the links. This system, as illustrated on the figure 9 , can be activated by a wheel 39, which can be replaced by a pneumatic, hydraulic or mechanical actuator of another form.

Dans cet exemple illustré, la fixation de la partie d'accrochage 5 est effectuée au moyen d'un système de contre-appui qui comporte par exemple une molette 60 et un écrou 61 en butée sur la périphérie de l'alvéole A pour bloquer la partie d'accrochage 5. La rotation de la molette 60 permet de déplacer la partie d'accrochage relativement à l'écrou 61.In this illustrated example, the attachment portion 5 is fixed by means of a counter-support system which comprises for example a knob 60 and a nut 61 abutting the periphery of the cell A to block the snagging part 5. The rotation of the wheel 60 makes it possible to move the attachment part relative to the nut 61.

Le système de support 2 peut porter un seul ensemble acoustique 3 comportant une sonotrode 7. En variante, le système de support peut porter plusieurs ensembles acoustiques 3 comportant chacun une sonotrode 7, comme illustré sur les figures 10 à 12 et 14 à 17, ou un ou plusieurs ensembles acoustiques peuvent supporter chacun une pièce porteuse supportant elle-même plusieurs sonotrodes, comme illustré sur la figure 13. La pluralité de sonotrodes, notamment lorsqu'elles sont disposées côte-à-côte, peut permettre de traiter la totalité de l'alvéole courante Ac, si on le souhaite.The support system 2 may carry a single acoustic assembly 3 comprising a sonotrode 7. In a variant, the support system may carry a plurality of acoustic assemblies 3 each comprising a sonotrode 7, as illustrated in FIGS. Figures 10 to 12 and 14 to 17 , or one or more acoustic assemblies can each support a carrier part itself supporting several sonotrodes, as illustrated on the figure 13 . The plurality of sonotrodes, particularly when they are arranged side by side, can make it possible to treat the whole of the current cell Ac, if desired.

On a illustré sur la figure 10 la possibilité de disposer côte-à-côte deux sonotrodes 7 fixées sur un socle 4 qui peut être mobile relativement au système de support 2, comme décrit précédemment.We illustrated on the figure 10 the possibility of arranging side by side two sonotrodes 7 fixed on a base 4 which can be movable relative to the support system 2, as described above.

Dans l'exemple illustré sur la figure 10, les deux sonotrodes 7 sont disposées côte-à-côte et les surfaces vibrantes 8 s'étendent selon un axe rectiligne L.In the example shown on the figure 10 the two sonotrodes 7 are arranged side by side and the vibrating surfaces 8 extend along a straight axis L.

Sur la figure 11, on a illustré la possibilité que les surfaces vibrantes 8 constituant les faces d'extrémité des sonotrodes forment entre elles un angle γ non nul, par exemple pour traiter une arête.On the figure 11 , it has been illustrated that the vibrating surfaces 8 constituting the end faces of the sonotrodes form between them a non-zero angle γ, for example to treat an edge.

Une autre disposition des sonotrodes 7 peut consister à disposer les surfaces vibrantes 8 selon un même plan mais s'étendant longitudinalement selon des axes respectifs S1 et S2 perpendiculaires entre eux, comme illustré sur la figure 12.Another arrangement of the sonotrodes 7 may consist in arranging the vibrating surfaces 8 in a same plane but extending longitudinally along respective axes S1 and S2 perpendicular to each other, as illustrated in FIG. figure 12 .

Dans l'exemple illustré sur la figure 13, chacun des deux ensembles acoustiques supporte une pièce porteuse 41 portant elle-même plusieurs, notamment deux, sonotrodes 7. La pièce porteuse 41 sert à fixer plusieurs sonotrodes sur un même ensemble acoustique. Bien entendu, on ne sort pas du cadre de l'invention lorsque le système de support comporte un seul ensemble acoustique portant une pièce porteuse, supportant elle-même plusieurs sonotrodes.In the example shown on the figure 13 each of the two acoustic assemblies supports a carrier part 41 which itself carries several, in particular two, sonotrodes 7. The carrier piece 41 serves to fix several sonotrodes on the same acoustic assembly. Of course, it is not beyond the scope of the invention when the support system comprises a single acoustic assembly carrying a carrier part, itself supporting several sonotrodes.

Les sonotrodes peuvent présenter des faces d'extrémités de forme généralement rectangulaire comme illustré sur les figures 10 à 12.The sonotrodes may have end faces of generally rectangular shape as illustrated on the Figures 10 to 12 .

Dans une variante illustrée sur la figure 14, la ou les sonotrodes peuvent comporter une surface vibrante s'étendant selon un axe curviligne, par exemple pour traiter une alvéole curviligne. Dans ce cas, la forme générale de la face d'extrémité de la sonotrode n'est pas rectangulaire mais présente au moins deux bords 44 curvilignes.In an illustrated variant on the figure 14 the sonotrode or sonotrodes may comprise a vibrating surface extending along a curvilinear axis, for example to treat a curvilinear cell. In this case, the general shape of the end face of the sonotrode is not rectangular but has at least two curvilinear edges 44.

On a représenté isolément sur la figure 15 une pluralité de sonotrodes 7.Chacune de ces sonotrodes s'étend selon un axe curviligne P comme on peut le voir aussi sur la figure 17. Les sonotrodes 7 sont disposées côte-à-côte et les bords 45 adjacents des surfaces vibrantes sont par exemple rectilignes et disposés parallèlement entre eux, comme visible sur les figures 16 et 17, notamment.We have shown separately on the figure 15 a plurality of sonotrodes 7.Each of these sonotrodes extends along a curvilinear axis P as can be seen also on the figure 17 . The sonotrodes 7 are arranged side by side and the adjacent edges 45 of the vibrating surfaces are for example rectilinear and arranged parallel to each other, as visible on the Figures 16 and 17 , especially.

Les figures 18 à 20 illustrent la possibilité d'introduire au moins partiellement le ou les ensembles acoustiques, notamment la sonotrode 7, à l'intérieur de l'alvéole Ac à traiter. Comme visible sur les figures 19 et 20, on peut introduire la ou les sonotrodes plus ou moins profondément à l'intérieur de l'alvéole courante à traiter Ac, selon les besoins de traitement. On peut aussi déplacer la sonotrode 7 à l'intérieur de l'alvéole plus ou moins profondément lors d'un même traitement, avec par exemple interruption du grenaillage lorsque l'on déplace la ou les sonotrodes. Le fait d'introduire la ou les sonotrodes à l'intérieur de l'alvéole courante à traiter peut permettre de concentrer l'effet du grenaillage, par exemple lorsque l'alvéole est très grande, notamment dans les zones de la pièce qui sont les plus critiques.The Figures 18 to 20 illustrate the possibility of introducing at least partially the acoustic assembly or sets, in particular the sonotrode 7, inside the cell Ac to be treated. As visible on Figures 19 and 20 it is possible to introduce the sonotrode (s) more or less deeply inside the current cell to be treated Ac, according to the treatment needs. It is also possible to move the sonotrode 7 inside the cell more or less deeply during the same treatment, with, for example, interrupting shot blasting when the sonotrode (s) are moved. The fact of introducing the sonotrode (s) into the interior of the current cell to be treated can make it possible to concentrate the effect of shot blasting, for example when the cell is very large, especially in the parts of the room which are the more critical.

On peut aussi concentrer les projectiles sur une seule zone, par exemple dans le cadre de réparations localisées, comme illustré sur les figures 21 et 22. Dans cet exemple, la sonotrode est surmontée d'une enclume 50, permettant de diriger les projectiles 51 vers une zone 52 à traiter, formant un trou dans l'exemple illustré.It is also possible to concentrate the projectiles on a single zone, for example in the context of localized repairs, as illustrated on the Figures 21 and 22 . In this example, the sonotrode is surmounted by an anvil 50, for directing the projectiles 51 to a zone 52 to be treated, forming a hole in the illustrated example.

Bien entendu, l'invention n'est pas limitée à ce qui vient d'être décrit.Of course, the invention is not limited to what has just been described.

L'excitation de la ou des sonotrodes peut être effectuée autrement que par vibration piézoélectrique, par exemple par vibration pneumatique, électromécanique ou autre.The excitation of the sonotrode or sonotrodes can be carried out other than by piezoelectric vibration, for example by pneumatic, electromechanical or other vibration.

Les alvéoles A peuvent comporter des parois latérales présentant des reliefs d'accrochage de formes diverses, par exemple en forme de queue d'aronde ou autre.The cells A may comprise side walls having attachment reliefs of various shapes, for example in the form of a dovetail or other.

Par « alvéole » au sens de l'invention, il faut comprendre tout relief en creux qui sert à la fixation des ailettes, par exemple des reliefs en forme de trou cylindrique ou non, de pied de sapin, de crochet, entre autres. Par "alvéole" il faut également comprendre tout relief en creux formé entre des excroissances mâles servant à l'accrochage d'ailettes.By "cell" in the sense of the invention must be understood any recessed relief which is used for fixing the fins, for example cylindrical or not cylindrical hole reliefs, fir-tree, hook, among others. By "cell" it is also necessary to understand any recessed relief formed between male excrescences used for the attachment of fins.

A titre d'exemple, on a représenté à la figure 23 une alvéole A formée entre deux excroissances mâles E, qui peuvent être plus ou moins éloignées l'une de l'autre, servant chacune à la fixation d'une ailette, non apparente. Cette ailette comporte une alvéole de forme complémentaire de l'excroissance E. Pour une telle géométrie de rotor, le grenaillage peut porter par exemple sur une portion de la surface des excroissances E. L'accrochage du système de support peut se faire par appui sur l'un ou les deux côtés d'une excroissance E.For example, there is shown in the figure 23 a cell A formed between two male protuberances E, which may be more or less distant from each other, each serving for the attachment of a fin, not apparent. This fin has a complementary shape of the protrusion E. For such a rotor geometry, the shot blasting may relate for example to a portion of the surface of the excrescences E. The attachment of the support system can be done by pressing on one or both sides of a protrusion E.

Claims (12)

  1. A method of shot peening a rotary machine including a rotor, the rotor including peripheral recesses, the method being aimed at shot peening at least a part of one of said recesses, the method comprising steps consisting of:
    fastening at least one connection arm (6) of a support system (2) in at least one recess (A) other than a current recess (Ac) for treatment, by locking a connection part (5) of said connection arm (6) engaged in the recess (A) using at least one of a counter-thrust system (30) bearing against the rotor elsewhere than in the current recess and/or a clamping system acting on the connection part (5),
    shot peening at least a portion of the current recess (Ac) with an acoustic assembly secured to the support system.
  2. A method according to claim 1, in which the connection arm (6) is fastened in a recess (A) adjacent to the current recess (Ac) for treatment.
  3. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising fastening connection arms (6) in at least two recesses (A) situated respectively on either side of the current recess (Ac) for treatment.
  4. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, the acoustic assembly (3) being moved relative to the support system (2) in order to treat the current recess (Ac).
  5. A method according to any one of the preceding clams, the connection part (5) of the connection arm (6) engaged in the recess (A) being locked using a counter-thrust system (30) bearing against the rotor other than in the recess (A).
  6. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, the connection part (5) of the connection arm (6) engaged in the recess (A) being locked using a clamping system acting on the connection part (5).
  7. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, the acoustic assembly (3) being secured to guides (11) that bear against the current recess (Ac).
  8. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, the acoustic assembly (3) comprising a sonotrode (7) having an end face (8) that serves to set projectiles into motion, said end face (8) extending along a curvilinear longitudinal axis (P).
  9. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, the acoustic assembly including a carrier part (41) carrying at least two sonotrodes (7).
  10. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, the support system (2) including at least two acoustic assemblies (3), the end faces of said at least two sonotrodes being directed at least in part one towards the other.
  11. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, the support system (2) including at least two acoustic assemblies (3), the end faces of said at least two sonotrodes being elongate along respective longitudinal axes (S1, S2) that form an angle relative to each other.
  12. A device for shot peening a rotor of a rotary machine, comprising:
    - a support system,
    - an acoustic assembly secured to the support system, the latter comprising at least a connection arm having a connection part able to be fastened in a recess other than the current recess for treatment, and a locking mean of the connection part,
    wherein
    - the locking mean comprises a counter-thrust system bearing against the rotor elsewhere than in the current recess for treatment and/or a clamping system acting on the connection part,
    the support system (2) preferably comprising al least two connection arms (6) permitting fastening in at least two recesses (A) of the rotor (R) situated respectively on either side of the current recess (Ac) for treatment by the acoustic assembly (3).
EP09158195A 2008-04-22 2009-04-17 Shot blasting device and method Active EP2111950B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0852703A FR2930185B1 (en) 2008-04-22 2008-04-22 GRILLING METHOD AND DEVICE

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EP2111950A1 EP2111950A1 (en) 2009-10-28
EP2111950B1 true EP2111950B1 (en) 2011-01-05

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US10493594B2 (en) 2016-04-12 2019-12-03 General Electric Company Apparatus and method for peening of machine components

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WO2006124616A2 (en) * 2005-05-12 2006-11-23 General Electric Company Ultrasonic peening treatment of assembled components
FR2907360B1 (en) * 2006-10-20 2009-05-22 Sonats Soc Des Nouvelles Appli METHODS AND INSTALLATIONS OF SCRATCHES.

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EP2111950A1 (en) 2009-10-28
ATE494102T1 (en) 2011-01-15

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