EP2109499A2

EP2109499A2 - Improved molecular biological processing system

Info

Publication number: EP2109499A2
Application number: EP07857168A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Peer STÄHLER; Markus Beier; Cord STÄHLER; Daniel Summerer; Mark Matzas; Sonja Vorwerk
Original assignee: Febit Holding GmbH
Current assignee: Febit Holding GmbH
Priority date: 2006-12-29
Filing date: 2007-12-31
Publication date: 2009-10-21
Also published as: US20110092380A1; WO2008080629A2; WO2008080629A3

Abstract

The invention relates to an improved molecular biological processing system, and to an improved method for processing biological samples. The invention combines the provision of biologically functional molecules, such as nucleic acids and peptides, and derivatives or analogs of these two molecule classes, in miniaturized flow cells with the serial addition of reagents or fluids, and serves the processing of biological samples, such as proteins, nucleic acids, biogenous small molecules, such as metabolites, viruses, or cells, which are incorporated in the miniaturized flow cells for this purpose. The invention further relates to a method and to the use of the molecular biological processing system according to the invention for the detection and/or for the isolation of nucleic acids; for sequencing; for point mutation analysis; for the analysis of genomes and/or chromosomes; for the production of synthetic nucleic acids; for the production of arrays of primers, probes, and/or antisense molecules; and further analytical and synthetic methods.

Description

Improved molecular biology process plant

1 Introduction

To fully understand the molecular biology of humans and other living things requires knowledge of the number, type, and interactions of all of their genes and gene products, as well as with the environment. This requires analysis methods that provide information on the local concentration of genes and their encoded functional biomolecules (RNA, proteins) as well as other classes of substances resulting from the activity of genes (eg products of enzymatic reactions such as certain metabolites) at a given time Provide organism under certain conditions. The entire information for the functioning of a living being is coded in his DNA. This in turn encodes RNA, which can encode proteins. DNA and RNA are relatively easy to study for their stability and mating properties, which is why current analytical methods are aimed in particular at these two classes of molecules. Here, the focus is on the study of the DNA sequence of different organisms as well as different individuals of a species and their comparison with each other (eg genome sequencing, genotyping by analysis of sites of high genetic variability such as "single nucleotide polymorphisms", evolutionary biology, taxonomy.) Another important analytical method is the characterization of the type and concentration of mRNA (expression profiling) in order to be able to make statements about the activity of genes under certain conditions, which have led to a wealth of new findings in recent years.

For example, according to the current state of research, the human genome and the genome of some other complex organisms such as the mouse and a multitude of small organisms,

Viruses, bacteria, etc. are explained as being from the sequence. However, the elucidation of the function of our and all other genomes is still in its infancy. Sequencing has revealed that humans have much fewer genes than previously thought, and comparison of sequenced organisms has shown that the number of genes, and thus the number of proteins, does not correlate with the complexity of an organism. And also the differences in the genes are minimal. Thus, the differences between the genes of two people in the per thousand range and the difference between humans and monkeys are just in the lower, single-digit percentage range. A very small genotypic difference compared to the obvious big difference in phenotype. In March 2005 issue of the "Spectrum of Science" describes the author John S.

Mattick from the University of Queensland, Australia, in his contribution "The Underestimated Genome program "An alternative or extended model for the functioning of DNA The common doctrine sees in the DNA only the instructions for the construction of proteins, and by definition one gene encodes one protein, which is still largely valid for primitive organisms but for complex organisms, especially humans, sequencing has revealed that only 1.5% of human DNA encodes proteins and that these "exons" are not contiguously located on the DNA the introns that make up about 60% of human DNA together with the exons. Today, therefore, as a human gene, an area on the DNA is defined between a start and a stop codon, within which there are several exons, one or more similar From this it can be seen that the human genes are in some ways a modular building block for different, but related e represent proteins. Thus, humans can produce about 100,000 proteins with about 25,000 genes.

The introns as well as the remaining, non-coding DNA are considered by this model to be junk DNA or genetic waste. Overall, so 98.5% of the human genome would have no or no significant importance, and the large amount is explained by the long duration of evolution. This is precisely where Mattick comes in and postulates that at least the introns, possibly all the DNA that does not encode proteins, contains the information for using the genes. Accordingly, introns encode a large number of differently long RNAs. In fact, a variety of regulatory RNAs have now been discovered (e.g., microRNAs) encoded outside the exons.

To a great extent, knowledge about the complex regulatory networks of genes at the protein level is currently being gained. In particular, mechanisms that focus on different posttranslational protein modifications that are not detectable at the nucleic acid level are in the foreground.

All of these findings open up a multitude of new research areas and require new flexible analysis methods that take account of the high throughput and rapid change in knowledge in these areas. In particular, it may be of great benefit to develop methods that allow a large number of biomolecules to be generated in parallel and examined for specific high-throughput properties. 2 State of the art

Methods for examining biological samples are often based on chemical or biochemical manipulations of the sample coupled with physical methods of analysis. The skilled person is aware of the following methods are known:

2.1 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)

The predominant method for sequence recognition is capillary electrophoresis (CE). Current is applied to capillaries filled with special gel, causing charged molecules to move. Smaller molecules get through the gel's network faster than large ones. If a cocktail of molecules of different sizes is added to a CE, these leave the capillaries sorted according to their size. For sequencing the charged DNA, this method is used in conjunction with an enzymatic assay. This sample preparation assay generates the respective copy by primer extension from one end of the DNA to be sequenced. In this case, a small proportion of nucleotide analogues are introduced at each copied nucleotide position, causing chain termination and containing a nucleotide-specific fluorophore. Depending on with which of the 4 bases the respective section ends, the identity and length of the resulting molecule are analyzed by the length and color of the resulting molecule at one position. The colors are optically detected when exiting the capillary and the signals processed by computer and assembled into a sequence.

This procedure is largely automated. The largest devices from the market leader Applied Biosystems from the USA have up to 96 parallel capillaries with a reading capacity of 650 bases per measurement and capillary and thus up to 1.5 million bases per device and day (24 h). However, the maximum length that can be read at once per capillary is about 400 bases, which reduces throughput per day to about 1 million bases per device.

The process is mature and well established. However, the high cost makes a use economically only in the first sequencing and to control a moderate number of samples in the re-sequencing and genotyping. To be able to sequence less important organisms or larger groups or even individual patients, a significant cost reduction is required.

2.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

The PCR and related methods use particularly temperature-stable enzymes, which were taken from nature, the DNA or RNA comparable to the processes in one Cell to multiply. This is necessary because in most cases the DNA / RNA is present in the sample to be measured in such a low concentration that most measuring methods can not detect them. The PCR method is a "one-pot-reaction" in which cyclically

Temperature is varied: from the denaturation step to near 100 ° C, addition steps at about 5O ⁰ C to 65 ° C to enzymatic steps at about 72 ° C. The result is depending on

Assay a linear or exponential amplification of the sequence between two suitably chosen primers, oligonucleotides with the complementary sequence to the region at which

- They attach themselves, and allow the enzyme reaction with it. By selecting the

Primer sequences can be defined as the area that will be duplicated, that is amplified, -will. This is in addition to the sample preparation for other detection methods, e.g. DNA arrays, but also used directly for detection. When using the PCR as an analytical method (direct detection), the product of an amplification is colored and detected. The mere presence of one or more successful amplifications in a given starting material allows detection. The method is widely established and recognized and provides reliable results, especially in calibrated form as quantitative PCR. However, the PCR method has two major weaknesses. One is the relatively high cost of a primer pair. This disadvantage is reduced by using a primer set for several reactions. A rule of thumb here are 100 reactions with a set. The second disadvantage, especially in less well understood or complex analyzes, is that one does not obtain any information about the sequence between the two primers. Thus, any other sequence that contains the two primer sequences and that are close enough to one another may have been amplified so that an overlap could take place. This disadvantage is addressed by the use of PCR as a method of analysis by several primer sets. The probability of successfully amplifying several very different primers in unknown material is correspondingly lower statistically.

If you record the signals of a PCR amplification in real-time cycle-by-cycle (RT-PCR), you can calibrate the measurement by calibration curves and obtain quantitative results (qPCR or qRT-PCR). This method is now very mature and a reference standard for other measurement methods such as DNA arrays. Quantitative RT-PCR can also be used to generate very precise expression profiles. However, the cost and throughput limit the number of analyzes. The company Applied Biosystems is also the market leader with a system that performs 384 parallel qRT-PCR reactions in 3 hours, which are used for "genotyping" or "expression profiling" can be. The limitation in availability and cost for all PCR applications are the oligonucleotides used as primers.

2.3 Highly Parallel "Sequencing by Synthesis" Methods There are several methods available for the sequencing of short nucleic acid sequences with very high throughputs, which have generally been developed as cost-effective alternatives for Sanger sequencing to provide rapid access to new genome sequences is the generation and immobilization of a very large number of primer / template complexes, which are then processed by a DNA polymerase immobilized on flat chips or beads, followed by the step-by-step incorporation of dNTPs (deoxynucleoside triphosphates) and production The sequence of the individual templates in areas of a few nucleotides is elucidated by an optical signal dependent on the incorporation, and the individual sequences are then assembled by computer-aided evaluation, trying to elucidate longer, coherent sequences may be carried out with prior amplification of the gene sections to be examined, e.g. in test systems developed by 454 Life Sciences or Solexa (Bennett ST, Barnes C, Cox A., Davies L., Brown C, Pharmacogenomics 2005 Jun; 6 (4): 373-82) Warren RL, Sutton GG, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Bioinformatics 2006 Dec 8; Bentley DR Curr Opin Genet Dev, 2006 Dec; 16 (6): 545-52, Bennett S., Pharmacogenomics 2004 Jun; 5 (4): 433-8. Margulies, M. Eghold, M. et al., Nature 2005 Sep 15; 437 (7057): 326-7, Patrick Ng, Jack JS Tan, Hong Sain Ooi, Yen Ling Lee, Kuo Ping Chiu, Melissa J. Fullwood, Kandhadayar G. Srinivasan, Clotilde Perbost, Lei Du, Wing-Kin Sung, Chia-Lin Wei and Yijun Ruan, Nucleic Acids Research, 2006, Vol. 34, No. 12. Robert Pinard, Alex de Winter, Gary J Sarkis, Mark B Gerstein, Karrie R Tartaro, Ramona N Plant, Michael Egholm, Jonathan M Rothberg, and John H Leamon, BMC Genomics 2006, 7: 216, John H. Leamon, Michael S. Braverman and Jonathan M. Rothberg, Gene Therapy and Regulation, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2007) 15-31).

Alternatively, methods have been developed that target single-molecule analysis without prior amplification (Helicos Biosciences). In general, the generation of the signal by luminescence as a function of pyrophosphate formation during installation can be done (454 Life Sciences), analogous to the known pyrosequencing technology. Alternatively, fluorescently labeled dNTPs can be used which contain a 3 'OH protecting group which prevents further extension after a single installation. After incorporation of a dNTP, the fluorescence present on the primer / template complex is detected and then the 3'-0H protecting group and the fluorophore cleaved so that a new cycle of incorporation, detection and cleavage can take place. All four dNTPs with different fluorophores can be offered in parallel or sequentially one single each; in this case, only a single color detection is necessary.

2.4 DNA microarrays

The most common method for expression profiling is DNA arrays. On these arrays, short DNA or RNA segments are spatially resolved in rows and columns or synthesized on site. For each gene whose expression is to be analyzed, one or more oligos are used. As with PCR, several oligos increase the statistical safety of the procedure. Further parameters for the quality of the array measurement are the oligo quality, length, sequence selection and the performance of the hybridization reaction. There are these arrays for all known genes of the human genome as well as for some other important model organisms. In addition, there are various topic arrays on which there are oligos, which code for genes that are assigned to a function or disease.

As a rule, the sample material to be examined with an array must be amplified by means of PCR. For this purpose, a generic PCR is used in which all genes expressed in the sample are amplified starting from the universal 3 'end. This overall method makes it possible to multiply a large number of genes with only one PCR reaction and then to detect gene-specifically with the DNA array.

The main problem with sample amplification is the use of arrays for genotyping. Since the positions to be examined lie in different regions of a genome, it is possible to amplify only one or a few measurement points with a PCR reaction. Since the cost of a primer set is significant, this greatly limits the use of genotyping arrays because very quickly the cost of upstream PCR reactions exceeds the cost of array analysis. Applied Biosystems therefore also addresses these segments with a parallel PCR system. In 2004, Roche and Affymetrix launched the first genotyping product to be approved for diagnostics. In the Amplichip, as many SNPs per PCR as possible are measured by means of a DNA array in order to make the product economically viable. However, a widespread use of this approach seems rather unlikely from a technical-economic point of view. The bottleneck remains the availability of the individual oligos as primers.

The person skilled in the art is the production of microarrays by the / ns / ta synthesis (array Arrangement in a matrix) known. The most widespread is the zw-s / tw synthesis in an array arrangement of synthetic nucleic acids or oligonucleotides. This is carried out on a substrate that is loaded by the synthesis with a variety of different polymers. The big advantage of the micro-array synthesis techniques is the provision of a large number of molecules of different and defined sequence at addressable locations on a common support. The synthesis relies on a manageable set of starting materials (in DNA microarrays usually the 4 bases A, G, T and C) and builds on these arbitrary sequences of nucleic acid polymers.

The delimitation of the individual molecular species can be carried out by separate fluidic compartments during the addition of the synthetic ingredients, as described e.g. in the so-called / ns / ta spotting method or piezoelectric techniques based on the ink jet printing technique (A. Blanchard, in Genetic Engineering, Principles and Methods, Vol. 20, Ed. J. Sedlow, p. 111 -124, Plenum Press, AP Blanchard, RJ Kaiser, LE Hood, High-Density Oligonucleotide Arrays, Biosens. & Bioelectronics 11, p. 687, 1996). An alternative method is the spatially-resolved activation of synthetic sites, e.g. by selective exposure or selective addition of activating reagents (deprotection reagents). The amount of synthesized molecules of a species is relatively low in the previously known methods, since by definition only small reaction areas are provided for each sequence in a microarray in order to map as many sequences in the array and thus for the functional use.

Examples of the methods known hitherto are photolithographic light-assisted synthesis [McGalley, G. et al; J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 119; 5081-5090; 1997], the projector-based light-assisted synthesis [PCT / EP99 / 06317], the fluidic synthesis by means of separation of the reaction spaces, the indirect projector-based light-triggered synthesis by means of photoacids and suitable reaction chambers in a microfluidic reaction support, the electronically induced synthesis by means of spatially resolved deprotection on individual electrodes on the Support and fluidic synthesis by means of spatially resolved deposition of the activated synthesis monomers.

2.5 Micro RNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are RNA molecules about 22 nucleotides in length and make up the largest group of small RNAs in plants and animals.

There are currently about 250 miRNAs in the human genome known, bioinformatic However, methods predict a much larger number. According to various calculations, miRNAs presumably regulate more than 30% of all human genes and, accordingly, their involvement in a wide range of different processes, such as the development of cancer via the control of transposon relocations, stem cell biology or muscle and brain development. miRNAs are excised from primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) by two steps of endoribonuclease III processing, first by Drosha, which produces hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA, then by Dicer, which produces siRNA-like double-stranded complexes. Mature miRNAs can then interfere with gene regulation through different mechanisms, such as by controlling mRN A digestion or binding to the UTR regions.

Various methods for the detection of small RNAs such as miRNAs are known in the art. A simple method is, for example, classic Northern blot hybridization, which in addition to the sequence also allows statements about the length of an RNA, but is labor intensive and can be performed only with low throughput. Another yellow-based method with the corresponding disadvantages is the "RNAse protection assay" (RPA).

For proof also a primer extension reaction can be used. Here, a labeled primer is hybridized to the miRNA, extended with a polymerase and the reaction mixture gelelektrophoretisch separated and analyzed. Much faster and more suitable methods for quantitative detection rely on PCR. Reverse Trancription / PCR can be used when primers are inserted with a loop that introduce a universal sequence. This universal sequence is then used for the PCR.

Another approach for the detection and quantification of miRNAs is the use of microarrays. Particular challenges arise from the short length of miRNAs for both probe design and labeling protocols. Various methods for labeling are known to the person skilled in the art, both by direct labeling with biotin or fluorophores or indirectly during cDNA synthesis or amplification. Both chemical and enzymatic methods are known for this purpose, for example based on cis-platinum compounds, periodate hydrazine labeling, T4 RNA ligase, poly-A polymerase or coupling to amino-modified RNAs. Concerning the probe design, special challenges arise from the short length of miRNAs, especially in terms of signal strength due to low duplex melting temperatures. For this purpose, modified nucleotides or the use of tandem probes or probes with more than 2 Binding sites for miRNAs are used.

2.6 PCR on surfaces

For various methods of nucleic acid analysis known to those skilled in the art, such as e.g. Sequencing-by-synthesis methods for whole-genome sequencing or sequencing of large sequence sections but also for many other methods make it necessary to generate PCR products on surfaces. In particular, bead systems (for example 454 life science sequencer) or array surfaces (Illumina-Solexa) are used. Since it is currently hardly possible experimentally and specifically to produce a large number of primer sequences at an economic price, these methods are limited to universal primer sequences, which must be introduced into the nucleic acid sections to be examined. As a result, the individual sequences in a sequence mixture can not be selected specifically. A task such as the targeted sequencing of individual sections of a genome is therefore only possible if previously generated specific oligonucleotides, e.g. find use as a primer.

For the parallel amplification of a large number of different sequences also special conditions must be created that prevent cross-reacting during the PCR. This can be done, for example, by inclusion of individual beads carrying only one target sequence in droplets of a water-in-oil emulsion, or by spatial isolation on chip surfaces.

There is a great need in the current state of the art for methods for generating a variety of oligonucleotide sequences and their simultaneous use by spatially isolating individual PCRs within a complex sample mixture of template molecules.

2.7 Pathogens

Molecular diagnostics in the detection, quantification and genotyping of microorganisms and viruses has made tremendous progress in recent years. Intensive research on genomes of pathogenic organisms has exploited their use

Driven by DNA / RNA as analytical targets and reduced the proportion of phenotypic assays in this field.

Currently, various methods are used as genotype-based methods. Direct hybridizations with labeled oligonucleotides are used for culture analyzes used.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is an attractive method for the detection and identification of microorganisms directly from smears. However, these methods are insensitive and therefore limited to very common nucleic acid molecules, e.g. ribosomal RNAs.

Array-based methods can be used to analyze a large number of target molecules, but this usually requires amplification and labeling of the target molecules.

The introduction of homogeneous detection methods that integrate labeling and amplification has greatly contributed to the acceptance of molecular diagnostic methods.

In particular, quantitative real-time PCR has become a widely used method. In this case, different methods have become established as signaling methods, such as e.g.

Taqman Probes, Molecular Beacons, Scorpion Primers, Sunrise Primers, DNA Intercalators or Minor Groove Binder. These methods allow in particular the detection of rare nucleic acids in sample mixtures, for example for the detection of low virus concentrations.

Sequencing-based methods are also used, but are usually limited to common nucleic acids such as ribosomal RNA.

In addition to detecting and identifying microorganisms in terms of their genus or species, more accurate genotyping is needed to effectively combat pathogens, monitor populations, and assess epidemiological threats.

The most common methods in this direction are macro-restriction analyzes of total genomic DNA or PCR-based methods for genome typing. Well-known examples are also (PFGE) and ribotyping.

3 Subject of the invention and thus solved problem

The invention is based on the object molecular biological processing of a

Mixture of biological samples, such as proteins and nucleic acids, to simplify and perform more than one molecular biological work step, without the samples must be laboriously cleaned and transferred from one reaction vessel to the next.

In particular, the invention relates to an improved molecular biology process plant.

The invention is therefore an improved molecular biology process plant and an improved method for processing biological samples. This invention combines the provision of biologically functional molecules such as nucleic acids and peptides as well as derivatives or analogs of these two classes of molecules in miniaturized flow cells with the serial addition of reagents or fluids and serves to process biological samples such as proteins, nucleic acids, biogenic small molecules such as metabolites, Viruses or cells that are introduced into the miniaturized flow cells. The material to be processed is held bound through several process steps in a substantially unchanged reaction space, whose upstream adaptation to specific samples by a spatially or / and time-resolved immobilization of biologically functional molecules such as nucleic acids, peptides and their derivatives or analogues in the miniaturized flow cells in an arrangement takes place as a microarray.

In a preferred embodiment, the molecular biology process plant of the invention enables a method for improved analysis of sequence, chemical or biochemical modification, and quantity of nucleotide sequences. This is achieved by combining selective spatially resolved binding of the analytes to an array of hybridizable probes synthesized in the miniaturized flow cells and optional sequence-unspecific or sequence-specific amplification, in particular DNA amplification. The process uses one to several wash-separation steps and amplification steps. The hybridizable probes synthesized in the miniaturized flow cell may be chemically or biochemically altered for this purpose. All steps of the method may optionally be optically monitored in a preferred embodiment, e.g. by a planar and thus parallel to the array or substantially parallel detector. While the reaction cycles are being run or thereafter, an optically detectable result, e.g. the location and quantity of optical markers, e.g. Fluorescence marker, to be detected.

The process plant according to the invention preferably has one or more heating elements which can increase the temperature in one or more flow cells, and preferably via one or more cooling elements, which can lower the temperature in one or more flow cells. In the system according to the invention, the various cyclic steps can be automated or partially automated. Thus, it offers significant improvements over the prior art. In a further preferred embodiment, the molecular biological process system according to the invention enables methods for improved analysis of sequence-specific binding and / or modification events between proteins and proteins the hybridizable probes synthesized in the miniaturized flow cell. The hybridizable probes synthesized in the miniaturized flow cell may be chemically or biochemically altered for this purpose. The process uses one to several wash-separation steps. In a preferred embodiment, all steps of the method can optionally be monitored optically, for example by means of a planar and therefore substantially parallel detector. While the cycles are running or after, an optically detectable result, eg, the location and quantity of optical markers such as fluorescent markers, can be detected.

4 Brief description of the illustrations

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the invention in which probe molecules 1 were synthesized on the reaction support, to which molecules 2b to be analyzed bind. Starting from the probe molecule 1, a polymerase 4b synthesizes the respective complementary strands of the molecules to be analyzed. Figure 2 shows an embodiment of the invention in which on the reaction support

Probe molecules 1 were synthesized, to which a molecule 6 was attached. An adapter molecule 7b was attached to the molecule 6. Starting from a primer 8b which has bound to molecule 6, a polymerase 4 from building blocks 9a synthesizes the strand complementary to molecule 6. Blocks 9a carry a signaling group which may be removed during or after installation so that the formed string contains linked signaling group blocks 9b or associated blocks 9c with the remote signaling group removed.

FIG. 3 shows a tabular list of polymerases whose suitability for use in the process plant according to the invention and the processes according to the invention has been investigated.

FIG. 4 shows a fluorescence image of a reaction support on which DNA probe molecules were synthesized, which are attached to the surface via the 5 'end and have a free 3'-OH end. The image was taken after hybridization of the reaction support with a PCR product and incubation with different polymerases, dNTPs and dNTPs with signaling groups in a suitable reaction buffer. Polymerases used from left to right: T7 DNA polymerase, Sequenase, Phi29, T4 DNA polymerase, Klenow fragment, Klenow fragment exo- and Bst DNA polymerase.

FIG. 5 shows a fluorescence image of a reaction support on which DNA probe molecules were synthesized, which are attached to the surface via the 5 'end and form a free 3'-OH reagent. Have end. The image was taken after hybridization of the reaction support with a PCR product and incubation with different polymerases, dNTPs and dNTPs with signaling groups in a suitable reaction buffer. Used polymerases from left to right: Taq DNA polymerase, 9 ° N, Vent DNA polymerase, Vent DNA polymerase, Pfu DNA polymerase, Therminator, Phusion Hotstart.

Figures 6A to 6F show fluorescence values (arbitrary units) of a reaction support with self-complementary hairpin probes synthesized on the surface after extension by various polymerases incorporating signaling groups and subsequent fluorescence detection. To this end, inverse probes (5'-3 'synthesis) with a length between 27 and 30 nucleotides were designed, which pair with each other via a T-tetraloop (see FIG. 6G). The DNA polymerases used are: Figure 6A Vent; 6B Vent; 6C, Pfu; 6D Therminator, 6E Phusion Hotstart, Figure 6F Klenow fragment E. coli DNA polymerase I. Different sequences for the mating region (star) were tested and the length of the star varied between 4 and 7 nucleotides (4-stem - 7-stem). In addition, different single strand template sequences were tested, which should be copied from the respective DNA polymerase. In this template sequence, the presence of 1 -3 adenosine nucleotides encoded the incorporation of 1-3 biotin labeled dUTP to test the dependence of fluorescence on the number of incorporated biotins (see 6F, 1 Bio - 3 Bio). 6F exemplifies data for reactions with the 3'-5'-exonuclease-deficient Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I (KF-). There is an increase in extension efficiency with increasing stem length. The increase in fluorescence as a function of the number of coded biotin markers proceeds approximately linearly.

FIG. 7 shows a fluorescence image of a reaction support on which DNA probe molecules were synthesized, which are attached to the surface via the 3 'end and to which the primers were hybridized. The primers bind to the end of the probe molecule which is closer to the reaction support surface (i.e., proximal end). The image was taken after incubation with different polymerases, dNTPs and dNTPs with signal-carrying groups in a suitable reaction buffer. Polymerases used from left to right: T7 DNA polymerase, Sequenase, Phi29, T4 DNA polymerase, Klenow fragment, Klenow fragment exo- and Bst DNA polymerase. The dark shaded arrow indicates the direction of attachment of building blocks by the polymerase.

FIG. 8 shows the reaction support from FIG. 7 after washing with water. FIG. 9 shows the reaction support from FIG. 8 after renewed hybridization of primers to the DNA probe molecules and incubation with different polymerases, dNTPs and dNTPs with signal-carrying groups in a suitable reaction buffer. The polymerases used in this second copying procedure are from left to right: Taq DNA polymerase, 9 ° N, Vent DNA polymerase, Vent DNA polymerase, Pfu DNA polymerase, Therminator, Phusion Hotstart. Figure 10 shows two variants of the preferred embodiment "oH-c / φ-ligation." In this preferred embodiment, a linkage of two probe molecules occurs depending on a sample molecule to be analyzed: The dark shaded arrow indicates the site of linkage, ie, ligation. The ligation can be carried out, for example, enzymatically or chemically: Figures I IA and I IB show two variants of the preferred embodiment "PCR-on-chip". Common to both variants is the use of a locus-specific (and allele-specific) probe which has been synthesized on the reaction support and hybridizes with the sequence region of the sample molecule to be analyzed. In the variant shown in FIGURE IA, a so-called "universal tag" is covalently attached to the sample molecule to be analyzed and / or amplified .. Further, a "universal primer" is used, which is complementary to this "universal tag." Amplification takes place between the universal primer and the locus-specific (and allele-specific) probe In variant IB, no "universal tag" is used. The universal primer used here is a mixture of so-called random primers which bind at different sites of the sample molecule to be analyzed and / or amplified. The amplification takes place between the respective binding site of the universal primer and the locus-specific (and allele-specific) probe.

Figure 12 shows an embodiment in which reverse transcription and PCR are combined. Finally, the amplification takes place between the polyA region of the cDNA formed and a locus-specific probe which has been synthesized on the reaction support.

Figure 13 shows the preferred embodiment "microRNA capture-signal amplification" in which microRNA is bound by probe molecules, which can then be labeled with a universal sequence, eg an adenine strand (polyA tail) .This sequence can be used as a primer in order to copy a circular DNA with a primer-binding sequence in a reaction known to those skilled in the art as "rolling circle amplification". The resulting DNA can be labeled in different ways for detection.

Figure 14 shows data from experiments relating to an embodiment of the invention for the analysis of microRNAs (miRNA). FIG. 14A shows scatter plots in FIG Reproducibility of the signal intensities of the individual spots on used microarrays of two hybridizations of miRNAs from a human heart sample show (above), or the differences in the signal intensities between two hybridizations when comparing samples from different tissues (heart and brain, bottom). Figure 14B shows two bar graphs showing the signal intensities of different microarray probes after hybridization with a human brain miRNA sample designed for the detection of a particular miRNA. The probes are either completely complementary to miRNA (PM) or carry one, two or three mismatches (MM, single, double, triple). In addition, intensities of analog probes are shown that have two consecutive miRNA complementary sequences, either directly adjacent to each other or separated by a spacer, tandem or tandem with spacer). The lower left column diagram shows analogous data for another miRNA. This is expressed differently in brain and heart tissue, signal intensities for the hybridizations of the samples from the respective tissues are shown comparatively. Figure 15 shows a fluorescence image of a microarray of hybridizations of miRNAs from various tissues (heart and brain) which were hybridized under different conditions, as indicated in the table below.

16 shows a fluorescence image of a microarray after hybridization with miRNAs and labeling with biotin / streptavidin-phycoerythrin (before signal amplification, recording time: 2780 ms).

FIG. 17 shows a fluorescence image of a microarray after hybridization with miRNAs and labeling with biotin / streptavidin-phycoerythrin (SAPE) and subsequent signal amplification by means of an antibody, which in turn is biotin-labeled and re-labeled with streptavidin-phycoerythrin (recording time: 1500 ms) FIG Data on the dependence of the signal intensity of the fluorescence signals of

Array images after hybridization with human brain RNA samples, either without prior purification or after selective enrichment of the miRNAs. (Starting material: 5 μg brain RNA labeled with MirVANA Labeling Kit (Ambion); the data were corrected against the background signals and are without "spiked" controls but with original and tandem probe sequences and normalization was not performed.)

Figure 19 shows data and a scheme for the topic complex "Analysis of single nucleotide substitutions for SNP genotyping, resequencing or methylation analysis." In the upper right, a scheme is shown which illustrates the principle of the assay more or less efficient primer extension by a DNA polymerase on different primer molecules located on the surface instead. On the left is a fluorescence image of a microarray after a primer extension as described. During the extension biotin was incorporated, which was subsequently labeled with streptavidin-phycoerythrin. In magnification, the signal differences for different nucleotide pairs in the primer can be clearly seen. At the bottom right is a bar graph showing quantitatively the fluorescence signals of a corresponding array. (PM = perfect match of the nucleotide pair in the primer, MM = mismatch).

20 shows data on the topic complex "PCR-on-Chip." PCR reactions were carried out in the reaction support according to the two schemes with a PCR product of the GFP gene as template, wherein one of the primers in each case is immobilized on the surface Biotin was incorporated into the reaction and labeled with SAPE, fluorescence images of the arrays are shown to the right of the respective scheme, the data points labeled PCR are from a PCR reaction, the images titled PEX were the same incubations at the same Temperatures exposed, but not in a cyclical manner.

FIG. 21 shows data on the subject complex PCR-on-chip. PCR reactions were carried out in the reaction support according to the scheme on the left with a PCR product of the GFP gene as a template, wherein within a reaction support both primers (GFPforwOl and GFPrevOl) are immobilized separately on the surface. Different primer lengths between 10 and 30 nucleotides were used. During the reaction, biotin was incorporated and labeled via SAPE. Fluorescence images of the arrays are shown to the right of the scheme, respectively. Identical PCR reactions were used in two identical reaction carriers, with GFPforwOl as the soluble primer and GFPrevOl alone in the other. Only at the positions where a PCR-capable, opposite primer pair is achieved, efficient signal generation by amplification is observed.

22 shows data on the topic complex "PCR-on-Chip." PCR reactions were carried out in the reaction support with a PCR product of the GFP gene as a template, wherein within a reaction support various primers were immobilized on the surface and in each case a primer ( As shown in the picture below, each 30 different immobilized primers were used in the sense and antisense direction, resulting in 30 different PCR products of different lengths in each array, whichever is more soluble Form is added only becomes observed for the sense or antisense primer product formation.

Figure 23 shows "on-chip primer extension" data for the copying of immobilized oligonucleotides synthesized in the reaction support According to the scheme in the picture below, primers are hybridized to the oligonucleotides and extended by a polymerase be removed by washing from the reaction support and serve as a template in a PCR, which can be used for their propagation.

A scheme showing a so-called "Strand Displacement Amplification" in the reaction carrier is shown in Figure 24. A hairpin probe is synthesized with a free 3 'nucleotide in the reaction support containing a double-stranded recognition sequence for a more distant nicking endonuclease Primer extension by a polymerase, the newly formed strand is cut by the nicking endonuclease and is available for re-primer extension, both enzymes, polymerase and nuclease can be present in the solution simultaneously and cause an isothermal, linear amplification.

25 shows a scheme which shows a so-called "Strand Displacement Amplification" in the reaction carrier: A probe synthesized in the reaction carrier is hybridized with a primer so that a recognition sequence for a more remote cutting nicking endonuclease arises in the double strand region After primer extension by a polymerase, the newly formed strand is cut by the nicking endonuclease and is available for re-primer extension, both enzymes, polymerase and nuclease being simultaneously present in the solution, and a second isothermal, linear amplification Figure 26 shows a scheme in which an amplification on the surface of the

Reaction carrier takes place. Two adjacent probe molecules of different sequence (primer A and primer B) can not be template-extended by a polymerase because they are too far apart to bind to each other (no formation of primer homo- or hetero-dimers known to those skilled in the art). If soluble molecules not linked to the surface of the reaction support are added, the primers can selectively bind to desired molecules from a complex mixture of molecules (eg DNA fragments from genomic DNA) and are extended by the polymerase. They then reach a length that allows binding of an adjacent primer, so that it can be extended by the polymerase. After an initial extension step, the Reaction carrier stringently washed so that all non-covalently bound to the surface of the reaction carrier molecules and ions are removed from the reaction medium. After re-addition of reagents necessary for a PCR reaction known to those skilled in the art, the reaction support is subjected to a temperature-time profile which enables a PCR reaction.

Figure 27 shows a scheme in which a Amplifϊkation takes place on the surface of the reaction carrier. Two adjacent probe molecules of different sequence (primer A and primer B) can not be template-extended by a polymerase because they are too far apart to bind to each other (no formation of primer homo- or hetero-dimers known to those skilled in the art). If soluble molecules not linked to the surface of the reaction support are added, the primers can bind. A hybridization and wash profile is now performed that allows the selective binding of desired molecules from complex sample mixtures (e.g., fragments of genomic DNA). Undesired molecules are removed from the reaction carrier by washing. The primers that have bound molecules are extended by the polymerase after addition of reagents necessary for a PCR. They then reach a length that allows binding of an adjacent primer, so that it can be extended by the polymerase. After an initial extension step, the reaction support is optionally stringency washed, so that all non-covalently bound to the surface of the reaction support molecules and ions are removed from the reaction medium. After re-addition of reagents necessary for a PCR reaction known to those skilled in the art, the reaction support is subjected to a temperature-time profile which enables a PCR reaction.

FIG. 28 shows a principle for the detection of microRNAs. These selectively bind to probe molecules synthesized in the reaction support and can be selectively retained in the reaction support by hybridization and washing steps known to those skilled in the art from a complex sample mixture. Unwanted molecules are removed by washing. Optionally, a single-stranded (ssDNA) nuclease is added which processes all unbound, single-stranded probe molecules. The probe molecules bound to microRNAs are not processed. The bound microRNAs now function as primers and are extended by a polymerase, incorporating building blocks with signaling groups or haptens. After washing, these can be detected directly or after binding a hapten-specific ligand, which in turn contains one or more signaling groups. FIG. 29 shows a principle for the detection of microRNAs. These selectively bind to probe molecules synthesized in the reaction support and can be selectively retained in the reaction support by hybridization and washing steps known to those skilled in the art from a complex sample mixture. Unwanted molecules are removed by washing. The microRNAs have been previously labeled with one or more signaling groups or haptens. After washing, these can be detected directly or after binding a hapten-specific ligand, which in turn contains one or more signaling groups.

FIG. 30 shows a principle for the detection of microRNAs. These selectively bind to probe molecules synthesized in the reaction support and can be selectively retained in the reaction support by hybridization and washing steps known to those skilled in the art from a complex sample mixture. Unwanted molecules are removed by washing. The microRNAs have been previously labeled with one or more signaling groups or haptens. After washing, these can be detected directly or after binding a hapten-specific ligand, which in turn contains one or more signaling groups.

FIG. 31 shows a principle for the detection of microRNAs. These selectively bind to probe molecules synthesized in the reaction support and can be selectively retained in the reaction support by hybridization and washing steps known to those skilled in the art from a complex sample mixture. The probe molecules contain several sites for the binding of a microRNA, preferably two, three, four or five. Unwanted molecules are removed by washing. The microRNAs have been previously labeled with one or more signaling groups or haptens. After washing, these can be detected directly or after binding a hapten-specific ligand, which in turn contains one or more signaling groups.

FIG. 32 shows a principle for the detection of microRNAs. These selectively bind to probe molecules synthesized in the reaction support and can be selectively retained in the reaction support by hybridization and washing steps known to those skilled in the art from a complex sample mixture. The probe molecules contain several sites for the binding of a microRNA, preferably two, three, four or five. Unwanted molecules are removed by washing. The microRNAs have been previously labeled with one or more signaling groups or haptens. After washing, these can be detected directly or after binding a hapten-specific ligand, which in turn contains one or more signaling groups. FIG. 33 shows a principle for the detection of microRNAs. These selectively bind in the

Reaction carrier synthesized probe molecules and can be known by those skilled in the art

Hybridization and washing steps selectively from a complex sample mixture out in

Reaction carrier be retained. Unwanted molecules are removed by washing. The microRNAs are then purified by one or more enzymes, preferably

Polymerases and / or ligases labeled with one or more signaling groups or haptens. After washing, these can be detected directly or after binding a hapten-specific ligand, which in turn contains one or more signaling groups.

FIG. 34 shows a principle for the detection of microRNAs. These selectively bind to probe molecules synthesized in the reaction support and can be selectively retained in the reaction support by hybridization and washing steps known to those skilled in the art from a complex sample mixture. Unwanted molecules are removed by washing. The microRNAs are then labeled by one or more enzymes, preferably polymerases and / or ligases, with one or more signaling groups or haptens. After washing, these can be detected directly or after binding a hapten-specific ligand, which in turn contains one or more signaling groups.

FIG. 35 shows a principle for the detection of microRNAs. These selectively bind to probe molecules synthesized in the reaction support and can be selectively retained in the reaction support by hybridization and washing steps known to those skilled in the art from a complex sample mixture. The probe molecules contain several sites for the binding of a microRNA, preferably two, three, four or five. Unwanted molecules are removed by washing. The microRNAs are then labeled by one or more enzymes, preferably polymerases and / or ligases, with one or more signaling groups or haptens. After washing, these can be detected directly or after binding a hapten-specific ligand, which in turn contains one or more signaling groups.

FIG. 36 shows a principle for the detection of microRNAs. These selectively bind to probe molecules synthesized in the reaction support and can be selectively retained in the reaction support by hybridization and washing steps known to those skilled in the art from a complex sample mixture. The probe molecules contain several sites for the binding of a microRNA, preferably two, three, four or five. Unwanted molecules are removed by washing. The microRNAs are then labeled by one or more enzymes, preferably polymerases and / or ligases, with one or more signaling groups or haptens. After washing, these can be detected directly or after binding of a hapten-specific ligand, which in turn contains one or more signaling groups.

Figure 37 shows a workflow scheme for the detection and typing of viruses and other pathogens. After quantitative real-time PCR in the case of a positive test, the resulting PCR product is used directly, without re-PCR for hybridization in the reaction medium. This serves to characterize the detected virus or to discover new ones

Mutants, strains or types of a virus.

FIG. 38 shows an embodiment in which a probe molecule synthesized in the reaction carrier of the process plant according to the invention forms a hairpin structure. There are preferably two possible recognition sequences in the stem of the hairpin structure: a near-surface (i.e., proximal) and a surface-distant (i.e., distal).

Figure 39 shows an embodiment in which a probe molecule forming a hairpin structure and having two sequences A and A * linked by a linker is used to sequence A (Figure A) or A * (Figure B) tie. This causes a change in the secondary structure of the probe molecule that can be detected.

FIG. 40 shows an embodiment as in FIG. 39, with the difference that a sequence X and Z are added to sequence A (FIG. A) and A * (FIG. B), wherein they do not mate with one another and have particular properties which are explained in more detail below ,

FIG. 41 shows an embodiment as in FIG. 38, with the difference that a fluorophore (FIG. A) or a quencher molecule (FIG. B) is added to sequence A and A *, which simplify detection of the change in the secondary structure in the probe molecule. Figure 42 shows an embodiment as in Figure 39 which is used to both

To bind strands of a double-stranded sample molecule (target).

FIG. 43 shows an embodiment in which a probe molecule synthesized in the reaction carrier of the process plant according to the invention forms a hairpin structure. There are two possible recognition sequences, and the probe molecule is not terminal, but internally linked to the surface of the reaction support. In type A, the recognition sequence or sequences are in the loop and in type B is or are the recognition sequences in the star. The recognition sequence is shown in dark hatching.

FIG. 44 shows a so-called RAKE assay for the detection of miRNA (miRNA RAKE assay). In the RAKE assay ("RNA-primed, array-based Klenow enzyme assay") carried out using the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I an array-based elongation reaction starting from an RNA primer. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 44, the miRNA to be detected binds to a DNA probe immobilized on the surface of the array or microarray. Starting from the DNA-RNA heteroduplex, the miRNA is extended by Klenow enzyme and nucleotides (NTP), ie the miRNA acts as a primer. A part of the nucleotides can be replaced by labeled nucleotides, eg with biotin (bio) labeled nucleotides (bio-NTP), whereby the miRNA can be detected. In the embodiment shown in Figure 44, the DNA probe is immobilized with its 5 'end to the support surface and the 3' end of the DNA probe is free. After binding of the miRNA, the elongation reaction thus takes place in the direction of the carrier surface. Advantages of the method shown are that the information contained in the analyte molecule (miRNA) is not copied to the chip, so that the chip is reusable. Furthermore, the stability of the duplex from probe and miRNA is increased by the elongation.

FIG. 45 shows further details of the embodiment of the miRNA-RAKE assay shown in FIG. The DNA probe consists of two regions: the first region comprises a hybridization sequence (light gray) which is reverse complementary to the miRNA sequence to be detected; the second area comprises a marker sequence (mid-gray). The hybridization sequence is located at the 3 'end of the DNA probe. The tag sequence is located at the 5 'end of the DNA probe. This labeling sequence determines the incorporation of the labeled nucleotides, e.g. the incorporation of biotin-labeled uridine. In preferred embodiments, the various DNA probes immobilized on the support surface have identical tag sequences but different hybridization sequences.

Figure 46 shows a so-called "inverse" RAKE assay for detection of miRNA In contrast to the assay shown in Figure 44, the DNA probe is immobilized with its 3 'end to the support surface and the 5' end of the DNA probe The hybridization sequence is located at the 3 'end of the DNA probe and is located at the 5' end of the DNA probe, so after binding of the miRNA, the elongation reaction will be in the direction away from the support surface 44 and 45 are also advantageous in that the information contained in the analyte molecule (miRNA) is not copied to the chip, so that the chip is reusable.Furthermore, the stability of the duplex of probe and miRNA is increased by the elongation.

Figure 47 shows an inverse tandem miRNA RAKE assay. In this embodiment, the DNA probe comprises at least three regions: two hybridization regions which are immediately adjacent, ie in tandem, at the 3 'end of the DNA probe and a third region located at the 5 'end of the DNA probe comprising a tag sequence. This DNA probe is immobilized with its 3 'end on the support surface, while the 5' end is free. In preferred embodiments, the two hybridization regions each have identical hybridization sequences. The hybridization sequences are reverse-complementary to the miRNA to be detected. When performing the assay, two molecules of miRNA bind in close proximity, ie in tandem, to the DNA probe. By binding two molecules of miRNA, the DNA-RNA heteroduplex formed has increased stability compared to embodiments in which only one miRNA molecule can bind to the DNA probe. As in the embodiments shown in FIGS. 44 to 46, an elongation reaction using Klenow enzyme and nucleotides is carried out starting from the 3 'end of a miRNA molecule hybridized to the DNA probe. A part of the nucleotides can be replaced by labeled nucleotides, eg biotin-labeled nucleotides, whereby the miRNA can be detected. As with the methods shown in FIGS. 44 to 46, the information contained in the analyte molecule (miRNA) is not copied to the chip, so that the chip is reusable. Furthermore, the stability of the duplex from probe and miRNA molecules is additionally increased by the elongation.

Figure 48 shows a variant of the RAKE assay in which a ligation reaction is used. This assay is referred to in the present application as a RALE assay ("RNA-primed, array-based Ugase enzyme assay") .The RALE assay immobilizes on the support surface a DNA probe comprising two hybridization regions: the first hybridization region on the The 3 'end of the DNA probe comprises a hybridization sequence that is reverse-complementary to the miRNA to be detected, and the second hybridization region at the 5' end of the DNA probe comprises a hybridization sequence that is reverse-complementary to a ligation probe The ligation probe has a free 5 '-phosphate group at its 5'-end and also has a label, eg a fluorescence label, which is preferably attached to the 3' end of the ligation probe. After hybridization of miRNA and ligation probe to the immobilized DNA probe, an added ligase removes the 3'-end of the ligand miRNA is covalently linked to the 5 'end of the ligation probe. The detection of miRNA takes place via the label present in the ligation probe. In a second embodiment (not shown), the two hybridization regions on the DNA probe are reversed, ie the first hybridization region is located at the 5 'end of the DNA probe and the second Hybridization region is located at the 3 'end of the DNA probe. In this second embodiment, after hybridization of the miRNA and the ligation probe to the DNA probe, the 5 'end of the miRNA is covalently linked to the 3' end of the ligation probe. In the second embodiment, the label is preferably at the 5 'end of the ligation probe.

FIG. 49 shows a variant of the inverse tandem miRNA RAKE assay shown in FIG. 47. In this case, between the hybridization step of the two miRNA molecules to the DNA probe and the elongation step, a further process step in which the two miRNA molecules are covalently bound together by means of a ligase. The additional ligation step leads to a further stabilization of the heteroduplex of DNA probe and miRNA molecules. As with the method of Figure 47, the information contained in the analyte molecule (miRNA) is not copied to the chip, so that the chip is reusable.

FIG. 50 shows an enzyme-free detection method for miRNA molecules. In this assay, immobilized on the support surface is a DNA probe comprising two hybridization regions: the first hybridization region of the DNA probe comprises a hybridization sequence that is reverse-complementary to the miRNA to be detected; the second hybridization region of the DNA probe comprises a hybridization sequence that is reverse-complementary to a so-called helper oligo. This helper oligo is a short RNA oligonucleotide of 10 to 25 nucleotides in length, which has a label, eg biotin. In a first process step, miRNA and helper oligo hybridize to the immobilized DNA probe. In a second process step, an activated nucleotide is added which covalently links miRNA and helper oligo in a chemical reaction. This chemical reaction is known as chemical ligation and has been described, for example, in International Patent Application WO 2006/063717 (the contents of this application are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety by reference to chemical ligation) In a stringent washing step, excess non-ligated helper oligo is removed The miRNA is detected via the marker in the helper oligo Figures 50A and 5OB show two different embodiments which differ in the orientation of the DNA probe In the embodiment of Figure 50A, the DNA probe is immobilized to the support surface via its 3 'end and the 5' end is free: in the embodiment of Figure 50B, the DNA probe is immobilized to the support surface via its 5 'end and the 3'-end is free. FIG. 51 shows a variant of the detection method for miRNA molecules shown in FIG. In this assay, a DNA probe is immobilized on the support surface comprising three hybridization regions in the following order: the first hybridization region of the DNA probe comprises a hybridization sequence which is reverse complementary to a first helper oligo; the second hybridization region of the DNA probe comprises a hybridization sequence that is reverse-complementary to the miRNA to be detected; the third hybridization region of the DNA probe comprises a hybridization sequence that is reverse-complementary to a third helper oligo. In a first method step, the first helper oligo, the second helper oligo and the miRNA hybridize to the DNA probe. The first and second helper oligo are RNA oligonucleotides of 10 to 25 bp in length. In a second step, activated nucleotides are added which covalently link the miRNA at one end to the first helper oligo and at the other end to the second helper oligo in a chemical reaction. This chemical reaction is known as chemical ligation and has been described, for example, in International Patent Application WO 2006/063717. In a subsequent denaturation step, the miRNA extended by the two helper oligos is separated from the DNA probe and amplified in an amplification reaction (eg PCR or "Whole Genome Amplification" (WGA)) Primer has the same sequence as the first helper oligo and the second primer has the sequence complementary to the second helper oligo In an alternative embodiment, the first primer has the same sequence as the second helper oligo and the second primer has the In the amplification reaction, labels can be incorporated into the amplification products, eg by using labeled nucleotides such as bio-NTP The amplification products are hybridized back to the microarray in a subsequent step The detection of the miRNAs can then over in the amplification reaction introduced mark done.

FIG. 52 shows a variant of the RAKE assay for the detection of miRNA. In this case, two different DNA probes are immobilized on the carrier surface of a microarray. The first of the two DNA probes contains at its 5 'end the recognition sequence for an RNA polymerase, for example the T7 promoter sequence, when the T7 RNA polymerase is used. At its 3 'end, this first DNA probe is reverse-complementary to a miRNA to be detected. The second DNA probe on the support surface is reverse complementary to the first DNA probe. After hybridization of the miRNA to the first DNA probe miRNA by Klenow enzyme and nucleotides (NTP) in a Elongation reaction extended. Some of the nucleotides used may have a label like

Wear biotin. For example, biotin-labeled uridine nucleotides (bio-UTP) can be used. The detection of miRNA takes place via the incorporated labeled

Nucleotides. After detection, selected, extended miRNA molecules can be detached from the support surface by denaturation. To these single-stranded DNA

RNA chimeras consisting of the original miRNA and the DNA strand attached in the elongation reaction are called reverse transcriptase (= RT polymerase) and RNA

^'Polymerase (for example T7 polymerase) was added. In caused by these enzymes

Amplification reaction is amplified to the DNA-RNA chimera reverse-complementary strand with about a 1000-fold amplification linear. The amplification products are back-hybridized to the carrier surface of the microarray and hybridize with the above-mentioned second DNA probe.

Figure 53 shows probes with a cap group for use in the microarray systems of the invention. The probe molecules immobilized on the carrier surface have a cap group at their 5 'end. Upon hybridization of a target molecule, e.g. a miRNA, the cap group interacts with the duplex and increases its thermal stability. The chemical structure of an exemplary cap group is shown in the right part of the figure. The interaction of the cap group with the duplex enhances differences in melting temperature between fully Watson-Crick paired duplexes and duplexes containing base mismatches. This is particularly useful for distinguishing miRNAs that differ only in one or a few nucleotides near the 3'-end or at the 3'-end, e.g. Members of the let-7 family.

5 main features of the solution

5.1 Definitions

Before the present invention will be described in detail below, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular preferred methods, procedures, and reagents described herein as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which will be limited only by the appended claims. Unless otherwise stated herein, all technical and scientific Terms the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Preferably, the terms used herein have the meaning given to them in "A multilingual glossary of biotechnological terms: (IUPAC Recommendations)", Leuenberger, H.G.W, Nagel, B. and Kölbl, H. eds. (1995), Helvetica Chimica Acta, CH-4010 Basel, Switzerland).

Throughout the specification and subsequent claims, the word "comprising" and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising" includes, unless the context dictates otherwise, the inclusion of a given integer or step or group of integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

Numerous documents are quoted throughout the text of this specification. Each of the documents cited herein (including all patents, patent applications, scientific publications, manufacturer's instructions, manuals, GenBank sequence records under an accession number, etc.), whether cited above or below, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety , Nothing in this description is intended to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to precede such disclosure in light of prior invention. A "receptor" in the context of the present invention is any molecule that has a

Can bind analytes. Preferably, the binding to the analyte is specific and selective. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the "receptor" is immobilized, preferably on a carrier body or carrier for short. Preferred receptors of the invention include oligopeptides or polypeptides, also briefly summarized below by the term "peptide". These oligopeptides or polypeptides may be composed of the known naturally occurring 20 amino acids, but may also contain naturally occurring or synthetic amino acid analogs and / or derivatives. These amino acids, amino acid analogs and / or derivatives may optionally carry labels such as dyes. Oligopeptides typically consist of up to 30 amino acids, amino acid analogs and / or derivatives, while polypeptides consist of more than 30 amino acids, amino acid analogs and / or derivatives, with no sharp distinction between oligopeptides or polypeptides. Oligopeptides or polypeptides used as receptor in the sense of the invention preferably comprise at least 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 , 45, 50, 55 or 60 amino acids, amino acid analogs and / or derivatives.

Particularly preferred "receptors" of the invention comprise oligonucleotides or polynucleotides, also referred to collectively below as nucleic acids.These oligonucleotides or polynucleotides preferably consist of deoxyribonucleotides or of ribonucleotides or of mixtures thereof and may be single-stranded or double-stranded Nucleic acid analogs and / or derivatives, such as peptide nucleic acids (PNA), locked nucleic acids (LNA), etc. In preferred embodiments, the nucleobases of these deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, nucleotide analogues and nucleotide derivatives are selected from adenine (A), cytosine (C ), Guanine (G), thymine (T) and uracil (U), wherein deoxyribonucleotides typically contain nucleobases A, C, G or T and ribonucleotides typically contain nucleobases A, C, G or U. In addition to the nucleobases mentioned, the Receptors of the Erf Also include variants and derivatives of these nucleobases, such as methylated nucleobases or those carrying covalently linked labels, such as dyes or haptens. Oligonucleotides typically consist of up to 30 nucleotides, nucleotide analogs or derivatives, while polynucleotides consist of more than 30 nucleotides, nucleotide analogs or derivatives, with no sharp demarcation between oligonucleotides and polynucleotides. Preferably, oligonucleotides or polynucleotides used as receptor in the sense of the invention comprise at least 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 , 45, 50, 55 or 60 nucleotides, nucleotide analogues or derivatives.

In the following, the term "building blocks" refers to the units linked in each case to receptors, which are usually individual amino acids or individual nucleotides or nucleotide analogues However, in certain embodiments, a building block may also consist of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 , 9, 10 or more amino acids, nucleotides or Nukleotideanaloga.In this case, the synthesis time of the receptor, for example, when using blocks that consist of two nucleotides, halved.The free blocks preferably have an activated or linkable group, via The term "activation" is used here in the usual sense as a modification of a chemical group which enables this group to be attached to the support or to a building block previously attached to the support suitable conditions - ie those in microfluidic molecular biology achievable conditions - to form a covalent bond to another group. There are a large number of suitable activation methods in the prior art known, for example, allow nucleotides to attach to a free OH group or amino acids to a free amino or carboxy group.

The term "asymmetric receptors" as used herein refers to receptors consisting of at least 2 different types of receptor building blocks, ie containing more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 different types of receptor building blocks A "type of receptor building blocks" or else a "set of receptor building blocks" each comprise a group of receptor building blocks which have a common structural feature but differ in another structural feature For example, a "set of receptor building blocks" includes all deoxyribonucleotides, regardless of which nucleobase the deoxyribonucleotide carries. For example, a second "set of receptor building blocks" encompasses all locked nucleic acids, ie, all LNA nucleotides, regardless of which nucleobase carries the particular LNA nucleotide, ie, an "asymmetric receptor" consisting of nucleic acids, at least two different nucleotide types, for example DNA + LN A or DNA + PNA or DNA + RNA.

The receptors of the invention may form one or more "secondary structures." A receptor of the invention may comprise one or more secondary structures in its entirety, or even in some subregions, in the case where the receptors of the invention are oligopeptides or polypeptides These secondary structures require a minimum length of the oligo- or polypeptide in question, for example in the case of α-helices at least 4 amino acids, in the case of β-sheets These secondary structures preferably comprise at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25 or 30 amino acids In the event that the receptors of the invention are oligo- or Polynucleotides are, they can secondary structures such as hairpin structures (English, hairpin structure), internal loops (internal loops), so-called "B ulges "(English, bulge = bulge) and / or so-called pseudoknot have. It is particularly preferred that the receptor is a single-stranded oligo- or polynucleotide and that the secondary structure is a hairpin structure. The hairpin structure is characterized by a stem region consisting of a self-complementary helix and a loop region consisting of a single-stranded, unpaired region. Preferably, the loop region has a length of at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or more nucleotides. Furthermore, it is preferred that the loop region has a length of at most 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, nucleotides. The stem region preferably has a length of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or more base pairs. Furthermore, it is preferred that the stem region has a length of at most 40, 35, 30, or 25 base pairs. The total length of the receptor forming a hairpin structure is preferably at least 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 , 28, 29, 30, 32, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 80, 100 or more nucleotides. It goes without saying that an oligo- or polynucleotide can form a hairpin structure only if it has self-complementary regions. The person skilled in the art is aware of methods, algorithms and computer programs for determining such self-complementary regions and for constructing oligo- or polynucleotides which have hairpin structures or other secondary structures. The skilled person is further known experimental or computational methods, algorithms or computer programs for determining physical properties of such hairpin structures; In particular, those skilled in the art are familiar with experimental or computational methods for determining the melting temperature of such hairpin structures, more specifically, the trunk region of the hairpin. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the melting temperature of the hairpin structure is lower than the melting temperature of the hybridization product of receptor and specifically bindable analyte. In other words, in the presence of a specifically bindable analyte, the hairpin structure dissolves and the receptor and the specifically bindable analyte hybridize with each other. A "light source matrix" in the sense of this invention is preferably a programmable light source matrix, for example selected from a light valve matrix, a mirror array, a UV laser array and a UV LED (diode) array In preferred embodiments, the light valve matrix may control a radiation source, which may preferably drive to predetermined positions Such light matrices are disclosed, for example, in WO 00/13018 the light valve matrix selected from the group consisting of DLP, LCoS panels, and LCD panels, and the radiation source capable of driving predetermined positions is selected from an LED array and an OLED array, a "miniaturized flow cell" within the meaning of this invention is a three-dimensional

Microcavity, which has at least one input and one output. Preferably, the interior space is designed to lead, like a single long channel, from one or more entrances to one or more exits, thus providing fast pressure-driven inflation (positive and / or negative pressure) with reagents and other media allowed. This channel preferably has a diameter in the range of 10 to 10,000 .mu.m, particularly preferably from 50 to 250 .mu.m, and may in principle be configured in any desired form, for. B. with round, oval, square or rectangular cross-section. The length of a flow cell can vary between 10 μm and 10 cm. For flow cell lengths that exceed the width or length of the carrier, this can also be attached meandering.

A "primer extension reaction" in the sense of the invention refers to any reaction in which a primer molecule which has hybridized to a template is extended as a function of the sequence of the template The template can be a nucleic acid, ie DNA or RNA, or a nucleic acid analog. If the template is DNA, the primer extension reaction may be accomplished by any suitable DNA-dependent polymerase known in the art Preferably, the DNA-dependent polymerase is a DNA polymerase, but suitable DNA-dependent RNA polymerases may also be used the "primer extension reactions" of the invention find use. If the template is RNA, the primer extension reaction can be accomplished by any suitable RNA-dependent polymerase known to those skilled in the art. Preferably, the RNA-dependent polymerase is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Such RNA-dependent DNA polymerases are also known as "reverse transcriptases".

For the purposes of the present invention, an "amplification" of a nucleic acid means any generation of a new strand of nucleic acid from an existing nucleic acid strand. Thus, the term "amplification" also includes the synthesis of a single complementary strand in a primer extension reaction. The term "amplification" preferably also includes the duplication or further amplification of nucleic acid strands in processes such as polymerase chain reaction or multiple displacement amplification.

5.2 Summary of the invention

In a first aspect, the invention relates to a molecular biological processing system comprising (a) a device for the ms // w synthesis of arrays of receptors, (b) one or more elements for the processing of fluidic steps, such as the addition of samples, reagent (C) a detection unit for the detection of an optical or electrical signal, (d) a programmable logic control unit, and (e) a programmable fluidics control, detection and control unit storage and management of measurement data.

In preferred embodiments of this first aspect, the molecular biology Process plant characterized in that it comprises one or more miniaturized flow cells and that a fluidic step in said one or more miniaturized flow cells is 1 minute or less, more preferably 30 seconds or less, even more preferably 10 seconds or less, even more preferably 1 second or less, more preferably 0.1 sec or less, even more preferably 0.01 sec or less, even more preferably 0.001 sec or less, and most preferably 0.0001 sec or less. In preferred embodiments of this first aspect, the molecular biology process plant is characterized by having one or more miniaturized flow cells and the volume of fluid in said one or more miniaturized flow cells is 40% or less, more preferably 25% or less, even more preferably 10%. or less, more preferably 5% or less, still more preferably 1% or less, even more preferably 0.5% or less, even more preferably 0.1% or less, even more preferably 0.01% or less, still more preferably 0.001% or less and most preferably 0.0001% or less of the volume of the supply to the fluid reservoir. In preferred embodiments of this first aspect, the molecular biological process plant is characterized in that it has one or more miniaturized flow cells and that during the processing of the fluidic steps at least 2, more preferably at least 5, even more preferably at least 10, even more preferably at least 100, still more preferably at least 500 and most preferably at least 1000 different reagents are introduced into these one or more miniaturized flow cells. In particularly preferred embodiments, when processing the fluidic steps, these different reagents will be in 10 minutes or less, preferably 1 minute or less, more preferably 30 seconds or less, even more preferably 10 seconds or less, even more preferably 1 second or less, more preferably in 0.1 second or less, even more preferably in 0.01 second or less, and most preferably in 0.001 second or less, into one or more miniaturized flow cells.

In a second aspect, the invention relates to a method of analyzing the nucleic acid sequence of a nucleic acid analyte comprising the steps of: (a) in situ synthesis of at least one oligonucleotide probe in at least one synthesis region in a miniaturized flow cell; (b) adding at least one single-stranded or double-stranded nucleic acid analyte to the miniaturized flow cells; (c) ligation or sequence-specific hybridization of the nucleic acid analyte to the oligonucleotide probe; and (d) at least one template-dependent nucleic acid synthesis step associated with a change in an optical or electrical signal. In preferred embodiments of this second aspect, the internal volume of the flow cell of step (a) is preferably 40% or less, more preferably 25% or less, even more preferably 10% or less, even more preferably 5% or less, even more preferably 1%. or less, more preferably 0.5% or less, even more preferably 0.1% or less, still more preferably 0.01% or less, still more preferably 0.001% or less, and most preferably 0.0001% or less the volume of the supply line to the fluid reservoir. In preferred embodiments of this second aspect, the flow cell of step (a) is characterized in that a fluidic step is preferably 1 minute or less, more preferably 30 seconds or less, even more preferably 10 seconds or less, even more preferably 1 second or less, even more preferably 0.1 sec or less, more preferably 0.01 sec or less, even more preferably 0.001 sec or less, and most preferably 0.0001 sec or less.

In a third aspect, the invention relates to a method of amplifying a target nucleic acid comprising the steps of: (a) ms / Yw synthesis of at least one oligonucleotide probe in at least one synthesis region in a miniaturized flow cell; (b) adding at least one single or double stranded nucleic acid analyte to the miniaturized flow cells; (c) ligation or sequence-specific hybridization of the nucleic acid analyte to the oligonucleotide probe; and (d) at least one round of nucleic acid amplification. In preferred embodiments of this third aspect, step (d) comprises the step of template-dependent nucleic acid synthesis and / or ligating an oligonucleotide primer or adapter nucleotide to the nucleic acid analyte and / or the step of digestion with a restriction endonuclease. In preferred embodiments of this third aspect, one or more of steps (a) through (d) is accompanied by a change in optical or electrical properties. Preferably, this change in optical property is a change in localization, emission, absorption, or amount of an optical marker. In preferred embodiments of this third aspect, the method additionally comprises the step of ms / tw synthesis of at least one oligonucleotide primer in the miniaturized flow cell detachably attached in its synthesis region. In preferred embodiments of this third aspect, the method additionally comprises releasing two or more oligonucleotide primers and hybridizing them to form a double-stranded adapter oligonucleotide. It is also preferred that the amplification method be selected from strand displacement amplification, PCR and λ / Z / ng czVc / e amplification. In preferred embodiments of this third aspect the amplification product is released from the surface of the miniaturized flow cell. It is also preferred that the amplification product be subjected to one or more further processing and / or analysis steps selected from PCR, gel electrophoresis, ligation, restriction digestion, phosphatase treatment, kinase treatment, m-vzϊro protein translation and m-vzvo -Proteintranslation.

In a fourth aspect, the invention relates to a method of amplifying a target nucleic acid comprising the steps of: (a) / w-s / tw synthesis of at least one oligonucleotide probe in at least one synthesis region in a miniaturized flow cell; wherein the oligonucleotide probe has intramolecular hybridization regions; wherein one of the intramolecular hybridization regions is positioned at the 3 'end of the oligonucleotide probe; and wherein a recognition sequence for a nicking endonuclease (I) is present in the hybridization region at the 3 'end of the oligonucleotide probe, or (II) can be generated by a sequence-dependent extension of the hybridization region at the 3' end of the oligonucleotide probe, or (III) is partially present in the hybridization region at the 3 'end of the oligonucleotide probe and can be completed by a sequence-dependent extension of the hybridization region at the 3' end of the oligonucleotide probe; (b) sequence-specific hybridization of the intramolecular hybridization regions of the oligonucleotide probe to each other; (c) adding a DNA polymerase; (d) sequence-dependent synthesis of a complementary strand of DNA by the DNA polymerase from the 3 'end of the oligonucleotide probe; (e) adding a nicking endonuclease; (f) generation of a recognition sequence specific single strand break by the nicking endonuclease; (g) sequence-dependent synthesis of a new complementary DNA strand by the DNA polymerase starting from the single-strand break generated in (f) with displacement of the previously synthesized complementary DNA strand; and (h) optionally repeating steps (f) and (g) one or more times; wherein step (c) may occur before, during or after step (b); and wherein step (e) may occur before, during or after any of steps (b), (c) or (d).

In a fifth aspect, the invention relates to a method of amplifying a target nucleic acid comprising the steps of: (a) ms / tw synthesis of at least one oligonucleotide probe in at least one synthesis region in a miniaturized flow cell; (b) adding a primer molecule; wherein the primer is designed to have at least at its 3 'end a region complementary to the oligonucleotide probe; and wherein a recognition sequence for a nicking endonuclease (I) is present in the region of the primer complementary to the oligonucleotide probe, or (II) by a sequence-dependent Extension of the region complementary to the oligonucleotide probe can be generated, or (III) is partially present in the region of the primer complementary to the oligonucleotide probe and can be completed by a sequence-dependent extension of the region of the primer complementary to the oligonucleotide probe; (c) sequence-specific hybridization of the primer molecule to the oligonucleotide probe; (d) adding a DNA polymerase; (e) sequence-dependent synthesis of a complementary strand of DNA by the DNA polymerase from the 3 'end of the primer molecule; (f) adding a nicking endonuclease; (g) generation of a recognition sequence specific single strand break by the nicking endonuclease; (h) sequence-dependent synthesis of a new complementary DNA strand by the DNA polymerase starting from the single-strand break generated in (g) with displacement of the previously synthesized complementary DNA strand; and (i) optionally one or more repetitions of steps (g) and (h); wherein step (d) may be before, during or after any of step (b) or (c); and wherein step (f) may occur before, during or after any one of steps (b), (c), (d) or (e). In a sixth aspect, the invention relates to a method of amplifying a target nucleic acid comprising the steps of: (a) / ss / Yw synthesis of a plurality of at least one first oligonucleotide probe in at least one synthesis region in a miniaturized flow cell; (b) in situ synthesis of a plurality of at least one second oligonucleotide probe in at least one synthesis region in a miniaturized flow cell; wherein the distance between any two oligonucleotide probes is selected so that they can not bind to each other; in each case associated first and second oligonucleotide probes are synthesized in the same synthesis region; (c) adding at least one single- or double-stranded nucleic acid analyte to the miniaturized flow cells; (d) ligating or sequence-specific hybridization of the nucleic acid analyte to a first oligonucleotide probe; (e) adding a DNA polymerase; (f) sequence dependent synthesis of a complementary strand of DNA by the DNA polymerase from the 3 'end of the first oligonucleotide probe; (g) ligating or sequence-specific hybridization of the newly synthesized DNA strand in (f) to a second oligonucleotide probe; (h) sequence-dependent synthesis of a complementary strand of DNA by the DNA polymerase from the 3 'end of the second oligonucleotide probe; (i) optionally ligation or sequence-specific hybridization of the newly synthesized DNA strand in (h) to a first oligonucleotide probe; and Q) optionally repeating steps (f) to (i) once or several times; wherein step (e) may be before, during or after any of steps (b), (c) or (d).

In preferred embodiments of the method according to the invention for Amplifϊkation of a target nucleic acid, the methods comprise one or more stringent washing steps, preferably a stringent washing step after step (d) and / or after step (f) of the sixth aspect.

In preferred embodiments of the method according to the invention for amplifying a target nucleic acid, the amount of newly synthesized nucleic acids is determined in real time.

In a seventh aspect, the invention relates to a method for the preparation of a carrier for the determination of nucleic acid analytes by hybridization, comprising the steps: (a) providing a carrier body and (b) constructing an array of several different receptors selected from nucleic acids step by step and nucleic acid analogs on the support by local or / and time-specific immobilization of receptor building blocks at respectively predetermined positions on or in the carrier body, wherein one uses several different sets of synthetic building blocks for the synthesis of the receptors to asymmetric, ie to obtain from several different types of receptor building blocks existing receptors.

In an eighth aspect, the invention relates to a method of making a carrier for the determination of nucleic acid analytes by hybridization comprising the steps of: (a) providing a carrier and (b) constructing an array of several different receptors selected from nucleic acids stepwise and nucleic acid analogs on the carrier by local or / and time-specific immobilization of receptor building blocks at respectively predetermined positions on or in the carrier body, wherein in one or more of the predetermined positions, the nucleotide sequences of the receptors are selected such that the receptors are specifically bindable in the absence thereof Analytes at least partially present as a secondary structure. In a ninth aspect, the invention relates to a method for the determination of analytes, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a carrier having a plurality of predetermined regions to each of which different receptors are immobilized selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs, wherein in one or more of (b) contacting the carrier with an analyte-containing sample, and (c) determining the analytes via their binding to the receptors immobilized on the carrier, the binding of an analyte to a specific one thereof bindable receptor leads to a detectable signal change.

In a tenth aspect, the invention relates to a method of determination analyte comprising the steps of: (a) providing a carrier having a plurality of predetermined regions to each of which different receptors selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs are immobilized, wherein in one or more of the predetermined regions the receptors are at least partially absent in the absence of an analyte specifically capable of binding thereto (b) contacting the support with an analyte-containing sample, and (c) determining the analytes via their binding to the receptors immobilized on the support, wherein the binding of an analyte to a receptor capable of binding specifically with it proves the dissolution of the receptor Absence of the analyte present secondary structure includes. In an eleventh aspect, the invention relates to a method for the determination of

An analyte comprising the steps of: (a) providing a support having a plurality of predetermined regions to each of which different receptors are immobilized selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs; wherein each individual receptor comprises at least one hybridization region to which an analyte can specifically hybridize; (b) contacting the carrier with a sample containing analyte; (c) performing a primer extension reaction; wherein the analyte acts as a primer; wherein in the primer extension reaction, building blocks are incorporated which carry one or more signaling groups and / or one or more haptens; and (d) determining the analyte via the incorporation of signal group-containing or hapten-containing building blocks. In a twelfth aspect, the invention relates to a method for the determination of analytes, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a carrier having a plurality of predetermined regions, on each of which different receptors are immobilized selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs; wherein each individual receptor comprises at least one hybridization region to which an analyte can specifically hybridize; (b) contacting the carrier with a sample containing analyte; wherein the analytes in the sample have been linked before, during or after contacting with one or more signaling groups and / or with one or more haptens; (c) Determination of the analyte via the detection of the signaling group (s) or the hapten / haptene in the analyte. In a thirteenth aspect, the invention relates to a method for

Amplification of analytes, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a support having a plurality of predetermined regions to each of which different receptors are immobilized selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs; each individual receptor having at its 3 'end a hybridization region to which an analyte is specific can hybridize; (b) contacting the carrier with a sample containing analyte; and (c) performing a primer extension reaction; wherein the different receptors function as primers, thereby obtaining a double-stranded nucleic acid consisting of analyte and extended receptor. In preferred embodiments of this thirteenth aspect, the method additionally comprises the following method steps which follow step (c): (d) thermal denaturation of the double-stranded nucleic acid obtained in step (c); (e) adjustment of reaction conditions allowing hybridization of analyte and non-extended receptors; (f) performing a primer extension reaction, wherein the different non-extended receptors function as primers; and (g) optionally repeating steps (d) to

(F) -

In preferred embodiments, in the primer extension reaction (c) and / or in the primer extension reaction (f) building blocks will be incorporated which carry one or more signaling groups and / or one or more haptens. In further preferred embodiments, the method additionally includes the following

Process step which is carried out during one of the steps (c) to (g) or after one of the steps (c) to (g): Determination of the analyte via the incorporation of the signal group-containing and / or hapten-containing building blocks.

In preferred embodiments of the thirteenth aspect, the analyte is an RNA; wherein the different receptors additionally have a region with a primer sequence 1 positioned 5 'to the hybridization region, and wherein the process additionally comprises the following steps following step (c): (d) ligation of a nucleic acid cassette having a region a primer sequence 2, to the double-stranded nucleic acid obtained in step (c); (e) performing a second strand synthesis; (f) performing at least one cycle of an amplification reaction with the addition of a primer with primer sequence 1 and a primer with primer sequence 2.

In preferred embodiments, building blocks which carry one or more signaling groups and / or one or more haptens will be incorporated in step (e) and / or in step (f). In further preferred embodiments, the method additionally includes the following

Process step which is carried out during one of the steps (e) to (f) or after one of the steps (e) to (f): Determination of the analyte via the incorporation of the signal group-containing and / or hapten-containing components.

In a fourteenth aspect, the invention relates to a method for Preparation of a carrier for nucleic acid analysis and / or synthesis, comprising the steps: (a) providing a carrier body and (b) constructing an array of several different receptors selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs on the carrier by site-specific or / and time-specific immobilization stepwise of receptor building blocks at respectively predetermined positions on or in the support body, wherein at least 2 different receptors are synthesized in at least one synthesis area by orthogonal chemical processes.

In a fifteenth aspect, the invention relates to a reagent kit comprising a carrier body and at least two different sets of building blocks for the synthesis of receptors on the carrier body.

In a sixteenth aspect, the invention relates to the use of the molecular biological process plant according to the first aspect for the detection or / and the isolation of nucleic acids; for sequencing; for point mutation analysis; for the analysis of genomes, genome variations, genome instabilities and / or chromosomes; for the typing of pathogens; for genotyping; for gene expression or transcriptome analysis; for the analysis of cDNA libraries; for the preparation of substrate-bound cDNA libraries or cRNA libraries; for generating arrays for the production of synthetic nucleic acids, nucleic acid double strands and / or synthetic genes; for the preparation of arrays of primers, ultra-longmers, probes for homogeneous assays, molecular beacons and / or hairpin probes; for generating arrays for the production, optimization and / or development of antisense molecules; for further processing of the analytes or target molecules for the logically subordinate analysis on the microarray, in a sequencing method, in an amplification method or for analysis in a gel electrophoresis; for preparing processed RNA libraries for subsequent steps selected from: translation in vitro or in vivo or modulation of gene expression by iRNA or RNAi; for the production of sequences which are subsequently cloned by means of vectors or in plasmids or directly; and / or for the ligation of nucleic acids into vectors or plasmids.

In preferred embodiments of the aforementioned methods and uses, the analyte or nucleic acid analyte or the nucleic acid to be detected and / or to be isolated is selected from the group consisting of: a microRNA, a cDNA corresponding to a microRNA, a nucleic acid which acts pathogenically, and a pathogen Nucleic acid.

In the following, a preferred embodiment for the specific detection of Nucleic acids or poly-nucleotides described. In this embodiment, the specificity of the hybridization is integrated with the parallelism of a microarray and the amplification as in a conventional PCR amplification in the method according to the invention.

As a miniaturized reaction carrier, a microstructure with three-dimensional microcavities is used, each of which has at least one input and one output. Preferably, the interior space is designed such that it leads from an entrance to an exit, like a single long channel, and thus a fast pressure-driven filling

Reagents and other media allowed.

This reaction support is first prepared by in situ synthesis, e.g. equipped with oligonucleotides, oligonucleotide derivatives or Oligonukleotidanaloga, which are arranged in rows and columns of separate reaction fields. The individual reaction fields preferably have dimensions of less than 100 × 100 μm.

Functional biological molecules are thus available in the reaction support, which can now selectively bind nucleic acids contained in an added sample via specific hybridization. These target molecules are thus bound depending on the sequences previously generated during the m-s / Yw synthesis. In the next step, all nucleic acids not bound to the desired extent are washed away. Only the specifically bound nucleic acids remain. However, the amount of these bound nucleic acids may be below the detection limit of a prior art confocal, e.g. on a scanning laser based, or parallel, e.g. based on CCD chips, optical detector lie.

Now with the bound material, a nonspecific or specific enzymatic amplification, which is not dependent on additional specific primers. Numerous methods are known to the person skilled in the art. For amplification via PCR, a cassette containing the necessary primer sequences can be ligated to the bound nucleic acids. For this purpose, it may be helpful to first treat the sample with one or more restriction nucleases so that the specific sequences known to the person skilled in the art are produced at the interfaces. Alternatively, commercial kits, such as e.g. recourse to the "GenomePlex Whole Genome Amplification WGA Kit" available from Rubicon Genomics, USA, or from Sigma-Aldrich, USA.

After the amplification step, the nucleic acid material is allowed to hybridize again with the oligonucleotides of the array. It may be helpful to perform additional intermediate steps, such as a heating step to separate the strands. It is important in all steps that before each washing step or after a processing step Opportunity exists that those target molecules, which are to be further processed, can bind to the matrix of functional biological molecules, in this embodiment, to the microarray of oligonucleotides. After the hybridization step, the material is washed again and all or some of the unspecific material is removed. Now, the detection can be carried out, which can be carried out as described above with various methods and apparatuses known to the person skilled in the art for the use of microarrays. Examples include microscopes, optical scanners, laser scanners, confocal scanners, or parallel, for example, based on CCD chips, optical detectors that can record more than one measuring point at a time, or even record the entire reaction carrier in the whole, and mixed forms of devices described above, such as scanners with CCD lines. Examples of signals which can be used in the analysis of the reaction results on the reaction support or array include the following signals well known in the art:

> Optical signals o fluorescence (organic and inorganic fluorophores, fluorescent biomolecules), o light scattering (eg gold particles in nm dimensions), o chemiluminescence, o bioluminescence; > Electrical signals o current flow, o redox reactions.

As an alternative to detection, a further enrichment of the result-relevant material can first be achieved by repeating the wash-separation steps, in addition the signal-to-noise ratio can be improved.

An important technical feature of the necessary equipment is a suitable

Fluid or reagent changes. In particular, systems with the possibility of rapid and automatable change of fluids or reagents are therefore the subject of this invention. Such systems are described in WO 00/13017 and in WO 00/13018, incorporated herein by reference

Reference is made. 6 Preferred embodiments

The present invention will now be described in more detail. In the following paragraphs, various aspects, features, and embodiments of the invention will be described in greater detail. Each aspect, feature, or embodiment so defined may be combined with any other aspect, feature, or embodiment, unless expressly stated to the contrary. This also includes multiple combinations of aspects, features or embodiments. In particular, any preferred feature or embodiment may be combined with one or more preferred features or preferred embodiments.

6.1 primer in DNA processor

Oligonucleotides, oligonucleotide derivatives or oligonucleotide analogs are synthesized in the reaction support such that their 3 'OH end is extendible to a polymerase. This can e.g. can be realized by linking the 5 'end to the reaction carrier with free 3'-OH end. The nucleic acid molecules to be copied by a polymerase are hybridized to the attached molecules and the 3'-OH end of the probes is extended by the polymerase by linking nucleotides or nucleotide analogues. During extension, but not necessarily, a copy of the hybridized molecule can be made. In particular, the newly formed strand may belong to a different class of compound than the hybridized strand, for example, nucleic acid derivatives and analogues may be incorporated into the strand or attached. The course of the reaction can optionally be monitored optically, e.g. by incorporation of modified nucleotides or presence of additional signaling substances, e.g. interact with DNA. Alternatively, the hybridized, non-reaction-carrier molecule can function as a primer and be extended. Again, but not necessarily, a copy of the molecule made in the reaction support can be made. An example of extension of the primer molecule, in which no copy of the hybridized strand is made, are template-independent extension reactions, as known to those skilled in the art. This can e.g. the production of poly-A tails formed by certain polymerases.

6.2 Integrated sample preparation

Methods for the preparation or preparation of an analytical method can also be carried out directly in the reaction medium. These include, for example, the distance or conversion of interfering impurities (such as by enzymatic processing), attachment of signaling groups or their precursors and attachment of certain groups to bind ligands such as proteins, nucleic acids, signaling molecules or their precursors. These linkages can be carried out by chemical or, for example, also enzymatic methods known to the person skilled in the art. The reaction carrier can furthermore be used for the purification of sample molecules, which is based on the affinity of the desired sample molecules from the biological sample mixture to probe molecules located on the surface of the reaction carrier. This affinity chromatography-like method is based on the binding of the sample molecules to said probe molecules and one or more washing steps, in which the temperature can be varied.

6.3 Method for Generation of Full Length cDNA Libraries on Solid Phase

For this purpose, "capture oligos" in the reaction support are synthesized in such a way that they are specific with their sequence for all or a selection of genes for a region "downstream" of the poly-A tail, whereby it may be advantageous to close this region in the vicinity of the 5 In this way, transcripts derived from an mRNA preparation or an already processed mRNA population (eg a cDNA library) are extracted specifically with solid-phase support. "The next step may be complementary in the synthesis of capture oligos with distal 3 'end Strands are synthesized to the isolated strand This is done with the addition of appropriate known in the art enzymes and other starting materials.

In a further step, copies of the strand covalently linked to the solid phase can now be made. By definition, all full-length sequences (starting from the binding site of the capture oligos) have a poly-T segment at the distal end of the strand. This can be used for linear amplification with corresponding poly-A primers. An advantage of such a linear amplification is the low distortion of the concentration ratios of individual transcripts to one another. Alternatively, in the capture oligo, conservative primer sequences can also be inserted proximal to the carrier, which allow exponential amplification of the isolated strands.

6.4 Combination of solid phase cDNA libraries with analysis on an array

In a further embodiment, the isolation and amplification of transcripts or of genomic or other sequences as described above, combined with analysis on an in situ synthesized polymer probe array so that either both types of oligo {capture oligo and analysis oligo) are housed in a common support or in automatically interconnected compartments of the support. In one example, with 35mer capture oligos at relatively high stringency or

Temperature target molecules isolated and amplified as described above. In the same reaction carrier previously also significantly shorter analysis oligos of e.g. Synthesized 20 nucleotides in length. The skilled worker can see how serial processing of the process steps of isolation, amplification and analysis can be carried out by means of the different length of the oligos on the basis of stringency or temperature.

Compartments containing individual process steps in series can be created by hydrophobic barriers, valves, separate reaction chambers or similar engineering details of the reaction support known from microreactor technology.

6.5 "Sequencing by synthesis" in the process plant according to the invention

In a further embodiment, the method according to the invention can be used to carry out a "sequencing by synthesis." First, a microarray of oligonucleotides, oligonucleotide derivatives or oligonucleotide analogs (probes) is prepared in the reaction support and hybridized with a nucleic acid sample to be analyzed molecules produced contain free 3'-OH ends, so that - as known in the art - an extension of the ends by a polymerase is possible., Several methods are known which allow attachment of only one nucleotide and the compound of the phosphate backbone, This blocking group can be cleaved off within the miniaturized reaction carrier so that a nucleotide which can be extended by a polymerase is formed. For detection, the nucleotide can contain, for example, signal-emitting groups or their precursors can be split off within the miniaturized reaction medium (such as fluorophores). Alternatively, the cleavable blocking group may be bound by a ligand linked to a signaling group or its precursor (eg, fluorescently labeled antibody). By cycles of nucleotide addition, optionally ligand binding, detection, cleavage of the blocking group (and optionally the signaling group) and renewed nucleotide addition, sequences of bound nucleic acid molecules to be analyzed can be elucidated. The process according to the invention offers considerable advantages for this technology in comparison to test formats known to those skilled in the art.

In, for example, the test systems developed by 454 Life Sciences, Helicos or Solexa, which were described in more detail under 2.3 (Bennett ST, Barnes C, Cox A, Davies L, Brown C. Pharmacogenomics, 2005 Jun; 6 (4): 373-82 RL, Sutton GG, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Bioinformatics, 2006 Dec 8; Bentley DR. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2006 Dec; 16 (6): 545-52, Bennett S. Pharmacogenomics, 2004 Jun; 5 (4): 433-8 Margulies, M. Eghold, M. et al., Nature, 2005 Sep 15; 437 (7057): 326-7, Patrick Ng, Jack JS Tan, Hong Sain Ooi, Yen Ling Lee, Kuo Ping Chiu, Melissa J. Fullwood, Kandhadayar G. Srinivasan, Clotilde Perbost, Lei Du, Wing-Kin Sung, Chia-Lin Wei and Yijun Ruan Nucleic Acids Research, 2006, Vol. 34, No. 12. Robert Pinard , Alex de Winter, Gary J Sarkis, Mark B Gerstein, Karrie R Tartaro, Ramona N Plant, Michael Egholm, Jonathan M Rothberg, and John H Leamon BMC Genomics 2006, 7: 216 John H. Leamon, Michael S. Braverman and Jonathan M. Rothberg, Gene Therapy and Regulation, Vol. 3, No. 1 (200 7) 15-31), the gene sections to be examined are immobilized on surfaces without information about their identity in order to subsequently sequence them according to the method described. The information on longer gene segments is then obtained bioinformatic by assembling the small single information. As a result, the entire genome must always be analyzed and the number and length of the individual sequenced regions must exceed a critical size in order to allow assembly by sufficiently overlapping the sections at all. In many cases, however, interest only exists for the sequence of part of the genome. In the process plant according to the invention, it is possible to selectively select desired gene segments by sequence-specific immobilization (hybridization of the desired segment to a specific probe synthesized in the reaction support of the process plant according to the invention) for sequencing. Thus, by selecting the number and sequence of the probes synthesized and provided in the reaction support of the process plant according to the invention, the number and identity of the desired gene segments of the sample can be determined. There is no limitation in terms of the number, type or minimum length of the sequenced sections since no subsequent bioinformatic assembly has to take place. In this preferred embodiment, the process plant according to the invention can be used in particular for a multi-step processing and analysis of sample material in the following manner: By providing probes in the reaction support of the process plant according to the invention, which are specific for gene sections to be analyzed, first desired gene segments by binding to the Probes are selected. Optionally, a washing step may be performed to remove unwanted sample material from the reaction support. It may then be an amplification of the sample material, which can already provide information about the sequence of the bound. Numerous methods are known to the person skilled in the art. Optionally, a sequencing of the bound and optionally amplified sample molecules can be carried out according to the method described. Such sequential processing and analysis of sample material is considerably simplified by the design of the reaction support as a microfluidic unit and thus offers a substantial improvement over the prior art.

6.6 amplification of the signal instead of the target molecule in one of the steps after the initial initial binding

Examples of such signal amplification are known to those skilled in the art, including but not limited to: Rolling circle amplification, tyramide-mediated amplification, chemiluminescence and bioluminescence, phosphatase-induced amplification or decoration of the bound target molecules by one or more other oligonucleotides, which in turn are already labeled, e.g. using "branched DNA" or "bDNA" from Genospectra, USA (Collins M. L. et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25 (15): 2979-2984, 1997). Preferably, conjugates of streptavidin and an oligonucleotide linked thereto via the 5 'end may be used. These can bind to biotin units previously attached to the sample molecule or to the sample molecule. Subsequently, after addition of a circular nucleic acid using the oligonucleotides bound to the streptavidin, an i.sup.o / 7mg-c / rc / e amplification known to those skilled in the art can take place. The use of a process step (after the last sufficient binding or in between) that allows for amplification of the measurement signal instead of further amplification of the target molecule can be beneficial to the cost of the assay. Another advantage may be the lowest possible distortion of the ratio of the target molecules in the sample.

6.7 Reaction Carriers For most embodiments of the processes according to the invention and molecular biological process plants, a plurality of reaction carriers can be used. Important is the targeted supply of reagents or fluids and the appropriate assembly of functional biological molecules by spatially or / and time-resolved immobilization. The reaction carriers can in principle be flat glass slides, as they are used as microscope slides. Known slide and microarray, wherein the surfaces can be prepared with one of the numerous known in the art configurations for the binding of molecules, such as by reactive or activatable functional groups (epoxy groups, amino groups, etc.). Alternatively it can be applied to the reaction carriers, a further layer such as a gel, a polyacrylamide or a porous coating, which can also increase the loading capacity of the reaction carrier.

The reaction supports may take the form of three-dimensional microstructures, such as e.g. in WO 00/13018, in WO 02/46091 and in WO 01/08799. Thus, the reaction carriers may contain a plurality of small holes or pores that may be parallel or orthogonal to inlets and outlets. Alternatively, it may be useful to use a support that physically, electrostatically, fluidically, or chemically immobilizes a set of beads, microspheres, or microparticles, such as e.g. in WO 02/32567 or known by Illumina, USA.

In addition to glass, many other organic and inorganic materials, e.g. Silicon, plastic, plastic, polypropylene, resins, polycarbonate, cyclic olefin copolymers or mixtures of these materials.

Three-dimensional structures can be integrated directly into the system according to the invention with suitable connection techniques. Flat or non-closed reaction carriers are introduced accordingly in a flow cell or another three-dimensional reaction space, so that the necessary change of reagents or fluids can take place. These constructs can be permanent, so that no change of the actual flat or non-closed reaction carrier is provided for normal operation. This can be done by gluing, screwing, indirect mounting, clamping or clamping. Likewise, it can be provided that the reaction carriers are reversibly introduced into the three-dimensional reaction space. The person skilled in methods for holding reaction carriers in flow cells and measuring devices are known.

The three-dimensional reaction spaces or closed structures are then provided with appropriate connections for the supply of fluids and reagents.

6.8 Oligos are enzymatically depreciated

The molecules produced in the reaction carrier can act as a template and are written off. This can not only be used for analysis of the reaction support when signaling devices are incorporated in the write-off, but can be used to make a copy of the reaction support in the form of a mixture of soluble copies of the Reaction carriers synthesized molecules to generate. The reaction carrier can then be reused eg for a new copy. An example of such a process is the transcription of DNA molecules in the reaction support by a primer extension reaction by a polymerase. In this case, by using a thermostable polymerase, an amplification can also take place if, for example, an excess of primer and suitable changes in the temperature during the reaction result in repeated binding and lengthening of the primers. The resulting copies can then be isolated by washing from the reaction medium. A primer extension reaction can also be used without washing in order to convert, for example, DNA strands synthesized in the reaction support into double strands. These can be used to analyze, for example, proteins that bind or modify double-stranded DNA.

During the process of copying the molecules of the reaction carrier, another type of molecule can also be formed. So z. B. DNA synthesized in the reaction carrier can be transcribed into RNA. This can be done, for example, by the described previous conversion of the DNA strands synthesized in the reaction support into double strands and subsequent transcription. Numerous methods are known to the person skilled in the art. It is also possible to incorporate or attach nucleic acid analogs or derivatives that are not natural DNA or RNA building blocks.

Figure 23 illustrates the described embodiment and shows data from experiments demonstrating successful copying of primer extension probes synthesized on the surface of the reaction support. The created copies can then be removed by washing from the reaction support and used successfully as a template in a PCR reaction, where they are propagated.

6.9 Configurations of molecules synthesized in the reaction support

The molecules synthesized in the reaction support can belong to different classes of compounds. For example, DNA or RNA molecules but also peptides in the reaction carrier can be synthesized. It is also possible to synthesize various derivatives and / or analogs of these classes of compounds in the reaction carrier. These include peptide nucleic acids (PNA) Locked nucleic acids (LNA), various nucleobase-modified nucleic acid derivatives and analogs, such as nucleic acids with altered hybridization behavior or attached functional groups such as haptens, fluorescent dyes, luminescent groups or their precursors, photoreactive groups, inorganic particles, photoisomerizable groups or Groups with a desired certain binding or reaction behavior or a desired optical behavior. These include but are not limited to gold nanoparticles, stilbenes, azobenzenes, nitrobenzyl compounds, biotin, digoxigenin, quantum dots, phosphate, phosphorothioates, groups that increase the stability of the molecule to, for example, enzymes, groups that are substrates for enzymes, etc.

It is also possible to prepare mixtures of molecules in the reaction carrier. The

Molecules may also include branches or dendritic structures. It is also possible to synthesize molecules in the reaction carrier, which belong to several classes of compounds or consist of different, linked parts, each of which belongs to different classes of compounds. The linkage can be direct or via specific linker groups. For example, nucleic acids can be linked to peptides and / or proteins. In general, to produce and alter the desired molecules, not only e.g. organic chemical methods are used, but also e.g. enzymatic methods.

6.10 Preparation of different reagents for the new molecular biology method in the same reaction carrier (specific primers or other functional oligonucleotide probes)

The specific primers, aptamers, ribozymes, aptazymes or other oligonucleotide probes or functional oligonucleotides or polynucleotides can be prepared in the same reaction carrier and in some embodiments also on the same array and dissolved in one of the process steps. These can either be equipped with suitable labile linkers or as copies of on the

Reaction carrier generated oligonucleotide probes are produced. By using known methods for preparing such arrays of nucleic acid polymers, e.g. in the form of a so-called microarray, very many (typically more than 10) different

Nucleic acid polymers of at least more than 2, typically more than 10 bases in length, can be produced.

In one embodiment, a portion of the microarray (s) immobilized thereon is used as copyable matrices for enzyme-based synthesis

Copying provided. They stand after their actual synthesis in copierfähigem

Condition available and can be amplified in an enzyme-based process with the addition of appropriate reagents and excipients, such as nucleotides.

The next step in the process according to the invention is now that on the solid Phase synthesized molecules using appropriate enzymes to copy. Numerous enzyme systems are known and commercially available for this purpose. Examples include DNA polymerases, thermostable DNA polymerases, reverse transcriptases and RNA polymerases. The reaction products are characterized by a large variety of sequence, which can be programmed arbitrarily indirectly via the template molecules during the upstream synthesis process. A microarray from the genome instrument can synthesize 6,000 freely selectable oligonucleotides with a sequence of up to 30 nucleotides in a microarray arrangement as a reaction space in a microchannel array. After the copying step, there are correspondingly up to 6,000 freely programmable DNA 30mers or RNA 30mers in solution and can be made available as reactants for a next process step.

For the start of the copying step it will be necessary in some embodiments to add so-called primer molecules, which serve as the initiation point for polymerases. These primers may consist of DNA, RNA, a hybrid of the two or modified bases. Also, the use of nucleic acid analogs, such as PNA or LNA molecules as an example, is contemplated in certain embodiments. To provide a primer recognition site, it may be desirable to add a uniform sequence to the end of each nucleic acid polymer on the support, either as part of the synthesis or in an additional step by means of an enzymatic reaction, such as ligation of a preformed nucleic acid cassette. In a variant, the distal end of the sequence synthesized on the support is self-complementary and can thus form a hybrid double strand, which is recognized by the polymerases as an initiation point.

Examples of embodiments of the method according to the invention and of process steps with the use of such free-in-solution nucleic acid polymers are:> the preparation of primers for primer extension methods, beach displacement

Amplification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Site Directed Mutagenesis or Rolling Circle Amplification,

> Further processing of the analytes or target molecules for the logical subordinate analysis on the microarray, in a sequencing method, in an amplification method {Strand Displacement Amplification, Polymerase Chain

Reaction or rolling circle amplification) or for analysis in a gel electrophoresis,

> Preparation of processed RNA libraries for subsequent steps, such as translation in vitro or in vivo or modulation of gene expression by iRNA or RNAi,

> Production of sequences which are subsequently cloned by means of vectors or in plasmids or directly,

> Ligation of nucleic acids into vectors or plasmids. All of these methods are the use of nucleic acids as hybridisierbarigem

Reagent together. In addition, there are also methods that use nucleic acid polymers not or not exclusively via a hybridization reaction. These include aptamers, ribozymes and aptazyme.

The preparation of the nucleic acid polymers for the process according to the invention via a copying reaction offers the additional advantage at several points in the process

Possibility of using known methods in the reaction products modifications or

Introduce markers. These include labeled nucleotides, e.g. labeled with haptens or optical markers such as fluorophores and luminescent markers

Primers or nucleic acid analogs having particular properties, e.g. special melting temperature or accessibility for enzymes.

In principle, initiation on the template nucleic acids can be carried out by any means known to those skilled in the art for initiating an enzymatic copying of nucleic acids, e.g. from the applications Polymerase Chain Reaction, Strand Displacement and Strand Displacement Amplification, / n-v / 7ro-replication, transcription, reverse transcription or viral transcription (representatives of which are T7, T3 and SP6).

In one embodiment, a Tl, T3 or an SP6 promoter is incorporated into a part or all of the nucleic acid polymers on the reaction support.

According to a further embodiment, nucleic acid molecules which serve to bind microRNAs are synthesized in the reaction carrier. The nucleic acid molecules may consist of DNA, but also of nucleic acid analogs which have a changed hybridization behavior.

According to a further embodiment, nucleic acids which are bound to the molecules synthesized in the reaction support are linked by enzymatic methods with a universal group. This can be done by extension by template-independent polymerases, e.g. Poly A polymerase or telomerase.

In another embodiment, a primer extension reaction is used to generate duplexes from single-stranded nucleic acid molecules synthesized in the reaction support. These can be used to analyze binding or modification events by eg Serve proteins that bind to the duplex. For this purpose, it may be expedient to incorporate general sequence sections in the molecules synthesized in the reaction support, which serve, for example, as a binding site for one or more primers. It is also possible to insert chemical groups which allow a covalent linking of the two strands. Numerous examples are known to the person skilled in the art, for example the use of psoralen.

In another embodiment, the portion of the array of nucleic acids that is provided for these reaction products, the initiation of an isothermal copying reaction. One representative of this procedure is the beach displacement reaction. Of these, many variations are known to those skilled in the art. For this purpose, e.g. a primer is chosen which binds to the template polymers at their distal end and can then be extended there in the 3 'direction. All or some of the nucleic acid polymers on the carrier contain this primer sequence distally. Next, an enzyme is added, for which the primer contains a recognition site, so that a single-strand break is induced. The usual procedure involves the use of a restriction nuclease, e.g. N.BstNB I (available, for example, from New England Biolabs), which inherently introduces single-strand breaks (so-called nicks) because it can not form dimers.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, double-stranded, circular nucleic acid fragments are provided, one strand anchored to the surface of the support and the other strand comprising a self-priming 3 'end so that elongation of the 3' end can occur. The enzymatic synthesis in this variant of the method according to the invention comprises a replication analogous to the known for the replication of bacteriophages ito / Vmg-C / rc / e mechanism, wherein one strand of the annular nucleic acid fragments is anchored to the surface of the carrier and can be copied several times , If a double-stranded closed nucleic acid fragment is initially present, the second strand can first be opened by a single-strand break, forming a 3 'end, from which the elongation takes place. The cleavage of the elongated strand can be carried out enzymatically, for example. By addition of nucleotide building blocks and a suitable enzyme, synthesis of the partial sequences complementary to the base sequences of the nucleic acid strands anchored on the surface of the support is then carried out. In another embodiment, single-stranded, circular DNA molecules are used to be copied in an i0 // mg OVc / e amplification. In this case, it is possible to use as primers nucleic acid molecules synthesized in the reaction support or nucleic acid molecules which interact with the molecules synthesized in the reaction support hybridize. Preference is also given to using oligonucleotides which are linked to streptavidin as primers. The streptavidin-biotin conjugate may have previously bound to biotin units previously attached to hybrids of probe molecules and sample molecules. These nucleic acid molecules hybridizing with the molecules synthesized in the reaction support may contain a universal group, such as a poly A tail. It may be expedient for this method to use universal binding sites in the circular DNA molecule for the binding of the primer. This creates long concatemers, in which signaling molecules are incorporated and can be used for analysis.

In another embodiment, the resulting concatemers may serve as a template for other extendable molecules. These hybridize to the strand formed by the rolling C / rc / e amplification and are extended by a polymerase. Since several molecules can sequentially bind to each other, a molecule can reach a length by its extension, adjacent to the end of a molecule bound to the same strand. Here, the extension can be continued, if the hybridization of the second molecule is resolved by the progressive extension ("Strand displacement") and the hybridization region of the second molecule is copied again by the extension of the first molecule by the resolution of the hybridization of a molecule arise again Single-stranded domains that can serve as a template for an extendable molecule give rise to complex, branched dendritic structures, and, in particular, signaling groups or their precursors or haptens can also be incorporated into the growing strand during elongation of the bound molecules may also contain signaling groups or their precursors or haptens, and the structures formed may be bound by substances that bind to the structures formed by the extension Change one or more of their optical properties experienced.

The products of the copying process can be given various labels, binding sites or markers that are desired for further processing or use in further assays or procedures.

These include markers and labels that allow for direct detection of the copies and are known to those skilled in the art from other methods of copying nucleic acids. Examples are fluorophores. Furthermore, binding sites may be provided for indirect detection or purification procedures. These include as examples haptens, such as biotin or digoxigenin.

The labels, binding sites or markers can be modified in a variant by Nucleotides are introduced. Another way is to use primers to initiate the copying process. The primers can already be introduced into the reaction with labels, binding sites or markers.

Label, binding sites or markers can subsequently be introduced by treating the reaction products of a subsequent labeling reaction with generic agents which react with the nucleic acids. An example of this is cis-platinum reagents or nanogold particles, as e.g. offered by the company Aurogen, USA. Alternatively, labels, binding sites, or markers may also be introduced by a further enzymatic reaction, such as, e.g. catalyzed by a terminal transferase. In a preferred embodiment, the copies of the template nucleic acids in turn are used to react with the bound target nucleic acids. The initiation of their synthesis as copy products of nucleic acid probes can take place during or after the specific binding of the target molecules. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the non-specifically bound or unbound sample material is first washed away. The sequences of the nucleic acid probes to be copied are selected such that the sequence to be analyzed later in a hybridization reaction only arises upon successful extension of the individual nucleic acid polymers copied in solution. These sections can then be detected by means of another area of the array. In a variant for generating the signal, it may be provided that the primer for

Initiation of the copying process already carry a modification that supports the generation of the signal. An example of such a modification is a primer carrying a branched DNA structure in its 5 'portion in a region that is not necessary for hybridization with the template (for bDNA see above). Another variant provides that for each target sequence, e.g. a single gene or exon, two primers of opposite specificity are provided such that efficient exponential amplification occurs in a PCR or isothermal amplification.

By simultaneously copying, amplifying and hybridizing the analytical probes, complete analysis of a mixture of target nucleic acids can be performed in a very compact and simplified format. Such a complete analysis may e.g. elucidate the detection of all expressed genes - without prior sample amplification and with very simple sample preparation.

An associated device as a preferred embodiment of the system according to the invention consists of a) a device for the in-situ synthesis of the arrays of template polymers and analytical nucleic acid probes, b) elements for the processing of fluidic steps, such as the sample addition, reagent addition, washing steps or / and sample extraction c) a detection unit for the detection of an optical or electrical signal, d) a programmable logic control unit, e) a programmable logic fluid control unit, detection and storage and management of measurement data.

In another embodiment, the extended polymers are contacted with analytical nucleic acid probes, which in turn are useful for extension in the form of primer extension. The arrangement of a primer extension expectorant is known from the specialist literature. The signal of the primer extension to these analysis probes is then evaluated to determine the analysis result. Such an analysis may e.g. the determination of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genomic DNA. For this purpose, only extensible primers are copied to template nucleic acids. The sequence is selected such that the SNPs to be examined are located in the 3 'region after the primer sequence on the target nucleic acid. In the next step, these primers are extended beyond the sequence of SNPs to be detected. Subsequently, the reaction products of this extension are examined by primer extension or directly by hybridization and the results for the determination of the SNPs queried in the analysis are registered. In the programmable logic device, for the user of the device according to the invention, the data are processed in such a way that e.g. directly receive a report with the base positions and the found bases.

The big advantage of the invention lies in the fact that only a universal, generic sample preparation is necessary for such genotyping or SNP analysis assays. Primers and reagents specific to individual genotypes or SNPs are not needed since all sequence specificity is derived from the ms / tw synthesis of the underlying template array and the analysis array. In the embodiment with the combination of these two in a reaction carrier, the genotyping and SNP analysis is thereby maximally simplified. 6.11 Production of synthetic genes and other synthetic nucleic acid double strands using the method according to the invention by processing nucleic acids which have been prepared outside the reaction carrier

For this purpose, high-quality and freely programmable nucleic acids in the form of oligonucleotides are provided in order to produce synthetic coding double-stranded DNA (synthetic genes). For this purpose, the method according to the invention is used.

The oligonucleotides, which serve as building blocks of the synthetic gene, are prepared by synthesis in the reaction carrier. The use of carrier-bound libraries of nucleic acid probes is described for the synthesis of synthetic genes in PCT / EP00 / 01356. The synthesis of oligonucleotides by copying carrier-bound nucleic acids e.g. for gene synthesis or for the preparation of reagents such as siRNAs or aptamers is described in DE 103 53 887.9. In both methods, oligonucleotides with a freely selectable sequence in a range from 10 to 100, possibly also up to 500 nucleotides, are provided for the subsequent methods, such as the construction of synthetic genes. In addition, oligonucleotides prepared outside the reaction carrier can be linked to the oligonucleotides synthesized in the reaction carrier by methods known to those skilled in the art.

In one embodiment of the method according to the invention, further process steps which comprise the use, purification, modification or refinement of the oligonucleotides or the partial or complete construction of the target sequence, that is to say of the finished synthetic gene, are carried out according to the method in a corresponding reaction carrier.

6.12 Production of synthetic genes and other synthetic nucleic acid double strands using the method according to the invention by processing nucleic acids which have been prepared directly in the reaction support or in the microarray a. Synthesis and detachment by labile linker b. Synthesis via copy of nucleic acid probes

In one embodiment, high quality and freely programmable nucleic acids in the form of oligonucleotides are provided to produce synthetic double-stranded DNA (synthetic genes). For this purpose, the method according to the invention is used. The oligonucleotides, which serve as building blocks of the synthetic gene, are prepared by synthesis and detachment by means of a labile linker or by synthesis via a copy of nucleic acid probes. The use of carrier-bound libraries of nucleic acid probes is described for the synthesis of synthetic genes in PCT / EP00 / 01356. The synthesis of oligonucleotides by copying carrier-bound nucleic acids, for example for gene synthesis or for the preparation of reagents such as siRNAs or aptamers, is described in DE 103 53 887.9. In both methods, oligonucleotides with a freely selectable sequence in a range from 10 to 100, possibly also up to 500 nucleotides, are provided for the subsequent methods, such as the construction of synthetic genes. In one embodiment of the method according to the invention are more

Process steps which comprise the use, purification, modification or refinement of the oligonucleotides or the partial or complete construction of the target sequence, that is to say optionally of the finished synthetic gene, are carried out according to the process in an appropriate reaction carrier.

6.13 Ligation mediated by probes from array

In one embodiment, two strands are linked, one of which is a probe molecule synthesized in the reaction support. The linkage is made possible by a template strand, which brings the two strands to be linked in spatial proximity. Alternatively, the probe molecule synthesized in the reaction support can serve as a template, which brings two further strands in close proximity and thus allows a linkage. The ligation may be e.g. be catalyzed by a ligase, but also by the skilled person known chemical coupling reactions. In all the cases mentioned, the probe molecule synthesized in the reaction support can either be immobilized on the surface of the reaction support or have been detached before the attachment. Alternatively, a transcription of the molecules of the reaction carrier before the linkage can be made and the linkage with the molecules that make up the copy done. For copying, methods known to the person skilled in the art can be used, for example a primer extension reaction.

6.14 Lab on a chip

The special construction of the reaction support as a microfluidic system in combination with pumping systems is ideally suited for sequential modifications of molecules produced on the reaction support or those prepared on the reaction support Make molecules binding molecules. Since the molecules to be modified are immobilized on or bind to the reaction support, washing steps between the various modification events are greatly simplified over current methods. A variety of molecular biological processes known to those skilled in the art include several sequential steps of particular modifications between which a purification step occurs. These are, for example, enzymatic modifications such as amplification, primer extension, ligation, phosphorylations or dephosphorylations, nuclease treatments, etc. The purification steps are, for example, binding and washing of the sample with the aid of affinity columns, precipitation steps, gel electrophoretic methods, etc. In one embodiment, the invention is used to: consecutive

Modification events of molecules to perform. The design of the reaction support, whose microfluidic channels can be flushed through with solutions and mixtures, can achieve a considerable simplification of such processes in comparison with methods of the prior art. Optionally, after the individual modification steps, a washing step may be carried out in each case, in order to obtain e.g. Remove substances of a modification step that could interfere with a subsequent step.

6.15 Improved polymer probe arrays

In one embodiment, asymmetric polymer probes are used in particular for the polymer probes. These allow the practice of the invention in a variant in which such probes, which are full-length products, are thermodynamically favored by other factors than solely by the fact that they are full-length products. This is achieved by making the probes individual building blocks with a particularly strong

Including binding behavior. These particular building blocks are introduced asymmetrically or in a later step during polymer synthesis. This creates an asymmetry that gives the probes thermodynamic properties that affect the binding behavior.

In the case of nucleic acids, analogues are used which contribute to a stronger binding to the complementary bases. Alternatively, such building blocks are inserted distally on the probe molecules, which influence the binding behavior and contribute to stronger binding of these probes. An example of this are peptide derivatives. For example, those skilled in the art are aware of "minor groove binders" which are also used in the polymerase chain reaction.

Various methods are available for the ms / ta synthesis of polymer probe arrays on a support. They have the common goal, an elegant way to create these arrays, which is resource-saving and economical and usually provides a particularly well-defined substrate for subsequent analyzes. In addition, arrays with a particularly large number of different receptor probes can be generated on a reaction support by in-situ methods. However, a major disadvantage of such methods is that in the case of a / s-Yw synthesis

Process the product of the synthesis can not subsequently be purified. To avoid this disadvantage, so-called "off-chip" syntheses of the polymer probes, the corresponding DNA molecules are prepared by conventional methods and then purified in such a way that almost exclusively the full-length product of the synthesis is present. Only this molecule population is then arranged on the substrate as an array. A disadvantage of this method, however, is that the arrangement of the finished polymer probes on the array is very expensive.

The lack of purification in combination with the specific yield of the m-szYw synthesis can lead to significant losses in the quality of the analysis if the proportion of full-length product is comparatively low. This plays an important role especially in DNA microarrays, since the length of an immobilized DNA probe molecule determines the specificity of the potential hybridization reaction with a sample molecule. This specificity is again a crucial parameter for the analytical potential of a DNA microarray. Previously known methods for m-szYu production of polymer probe arrays involve performing all successive addition steps with individual building blocks of these probes. None of these steps has a coupling rate of 100%. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that chemical serial condensation, as in the case of in-situ synthesis of polymer probes, can not result in 100% full-length product. In the DNA synthesis, the coupling rates for the conventional column methodology are still below 100% after many years of optimization and using the most efficient known chemical method (Caruthers phosphoramidite method).

With comparatively low yields in the case of the serial coupling of synthesis building blocks, the proportion of the full-length product can fall below a critical value after a certain number of synthesis cycles, so that the analysis result is not at all characterized by this full-length product. In the photolithographic / siYw synthesis of DNA with MeNPOC protective groups, for example, B. described that the coupling rate of the individual addition steps is below 95% (Beier, M., Hoheisel, JD, Production by quantitative photolitogaphic synthesis of individually tested DNA microarrays, Vol. 28, No. 4, p. 6, 2000). With such methods, it makes sense to produce only DNA polymer probes up to a length of 25 bases. On such an array are only about 27% full-length products, if the rate is actually 95%. With a coupling rate of 90% per addition step, only a value of 7% results. To date, only the synthesis of polymer probes prior to assembly on the array can provide nearly 100% full-length probes using a suitable purification step followed by subsequent application to the reaction support. However, this approach suffers from other disadvantages, notably logistical effort and the advance of production including investment in polymer probes of a particular selected design.

Against this background, in one embodiment with asymmetric probes, the goal is to avoid the disadvantages described, which can result from a population of molecules of different lengths on the individual positions of a microarray, without accepting the disadvantages of an "off-chip" synthesis to have to. This embodiment of the invention with asymmetrical probes thus describes one

A method for improving the use of m-s / Yw synthesis methods in the production of polymer probe arrays for the method according to the invention by increasing the contribution of full-length products from the synthesis process to the analysis result. This is achieved by an asymmetric configuration of the polymer probes. In particular, in the last steps of the synthesis, modified building blocks are used, which in certain thermodynamic properties, such as. the binding stability, different from the previously used building blocks. Alternatively or additionally, the same effect may be achieved by suitable modification of the distal end of the polymer probes, e.g. B. with a hybridization amplifier can be achieved. Such a molecule is e.g. a so-called "Minor Groove Binder" (Epoch Biosciences 2000 Annual Report, pages 4-5), which significantly increases the stability of binding to the last 4-5 bases of the polymer probe. Examples of such "minor groove binders" are some natural antibiotics having a shape that allows for folding into the minor groove of a DNA helix. This substitutes the lack of purification of the polymer probes in / w-s / ta syntheses prior to application in a polymer probe array. The quality disadvantage of / n-szYw synthesis methods is thus partially or fully compensated.

The method described as an embodiment of the invention improves the usability of in-situ synthesized polymer probe arrays in terms of the quality and validity of the analysis. In particular, for the application in analyzes and processes, which must work with very accurate analysis result or very precise differentiation of very similar examination material, thus the method is further improved.

Methods and molecules for the synthesis of polymer probes with modified thermodynamic properties using modified nucleotide building blocks are known from US Pat. No. 6,156,501 A. In addition, in the literature

Modifications to the finished polymer probe are known that affect the binding properties of the polymer

Change polymer probes, z. B. a storage of "Minor Groove Binders" (MGB).

Modified synthetic building blocks are, for example, ribonucleoside analogs, such as locked nucleic acids (LNAs), modified purine or pyrimidine bases, such as superstabilizers

Adenosine analogues (e.g., 2,4-diaminoadenosine), pyrazolopyrimidines (e.g., PPG), as well as

Phosphate backbone analogs, such as. As methylphosphonates, phosphorothionates, phosphoramidates, etc.

Other useful duplex stabilizers are building blocks which can lead to triple helix formation by a third nucleic acid or peptide strand, as well as stabilizing molecules, such as e.g. Intercalators intercalated between the base stacking of a DNA double strand.

Another aspect of the invention is the combination of the asymmetric probe design with m-s / tw purification methods in which the termination products of the probe synthesis are removed in situ. The postsynthetic array optimization is enabled in this embodiment by the modified building blocks at the end of the last extended polymer probes. Shorter probes predominantly carry no such modified building blocks and can be obtained by suitable methods, such as e.g. a chemical and / or enzymatic digestion.

An object of the invention is therefore a method for producing a carrier for the determination of nucleic acid analytes by hybridization, comprising the steps: (a)

Providing a support body and (b) constructing an array of several different receptors selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs stepwise on the

Carriers by local or / and time-specific immobilization of receptor building blocks at respectively predetermined positions on or in the carrier body, wherein several different sets of synthetic building blocks are used for the synthesis of the receptors to asymmetric, i. consisting of several different types of receptor building blocks

To get receptors.

The different sets of building blocks are selected so that the individual building blocks with respect to the specificity for complementary nucleic acid building blocks are equal to the analyte, but have a different affinity for complementary nucleic acid building blocks from the analyte so that the preference for full length products of an in situ synthesized polymer probe array is achieved by targeted distribution of different types of building blocks along the polymer probes during synthesis.

Preferably, preference is given to full-length products of an in-situ synthesized polymer probe array by targeted distribution of different types of building blocks along the polymer probes during synthesis. For this purpose, the method according to the invention uses sets of synthesis building blocks that behave the same with regard to certain parameters, but in certain, e.g. thermodynamic, properties differ from each other. The distribution of the building blocks along the growing polymer during the m-s / Y "synthesis is chosen so that the full-length products with the number of building blocks n or at least the synthesis products from the last addition steps of the polymer extension modified building blocks. The number of components n can be 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 , 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57 , 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, or 70.

In a preferred embodiment, at least for the last step or the last steps, for. For example, in the last two, three or four steps, in the construction of the receptors, a set of synthetic building blocks is used which has a higher affinity for complementary nucleic acid building blocks from the analyte than those previously used.

Furthermore, in one embodiment, it is possible that the set of synthesis building blocks used for the last step or steps in the construction of the receptors additionally a higher resistance to degradation reagents, eg. As enzymes, such as nucleases and / or chemical reagents, such as acids or bases, compared to the set used for the first steps of the construction of the receptors set of synthetic building blocks. In this case, z. B. after completion of the receptor synthesis, a targeted degradation step can be performed, with which the proportion of non-full-length products compared to the proportion of full-length products is reduced. Incidentally, the incorporation of "degradable" building blocks and a subsequent degradation step can also take place one or more times during earlier steps of the receptor synthesis.

An alternative or complementary approach is to generate different hybridization affinities for individual sets of building blocks by using modifications of the receptors, e.g. B. by means of hybridization amplifiers before, whereby their Properties can be changed in the desired manner in favor of full-length products. The incorporation of hybridization enhancers is site-specific, ie, increased hybridization affinity for complementary nucleotide building blocks from the analyte is provided for a predetermined number (ie, set) of individual building blocks from the receptor. Preferably, the hybridization enhancer is added to the distal end of the receptor, eg, modifying the last 3-5 bases of the receptor for hybridization affinity.

In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, a nucleic acid array selected from DNA or RNA arrays, in particular a DNA array, constructed, wherein a first set of synthesis blocks, consisting of unmodified DNA or RNA synthesis blocks, which expediently in Form of suitable derivatives with phosphoramidites, H-phosphonates, etc., is used. The second set of final or final steps of the receptor assembly is then a set of synthetic building blocks selected from N3'-P5'-phosphoramidate (NP) building blocks, Locked nucleic acid (LNA) building blocks, morpholinophosphordiamidate (MF) - Building blocks, 2'-O-methoxyethyl (MOE) building blocks, 2'-fluoro arabino-nucleic acid (FANA) building blocks, phosphorothioate (PS) building blocks, 2'-O-methyl (OMe) building blocks or peptide nucleic acid (PNA) building blocks. Of course, the inventive method, however, is also suitable for the construction of modified nucleic acid arrays, wherein a first modified block set is used as the first set of blocks and a second modified block set is used as a second set, wherein the two sets of blocks, as described above, with respect to Distinguish affinity for complementary nucleic acid components of the analyte and optionally additionally with respect to the resistance to degradation reagents.

This variant of the method according to the invention circumvents the cleaning problem for m-5 / Yw polymer probes by an asymmetrical configuration of the probes, which leads to an increased contribution of the full-length products to the binding energy in the double strand in the case of nucleic acids in a later application on the biochip.

This variant of the method according to the invention is suitable, in addition to the other applications described in this disclosure, for the detection or / and isolation of nucleic acids, eg. To perform Z) e "ovo-sequencing, re-sequencing and point mutation analyzes, e.g. B. SNP analyzes and the detection of new SNPs. Furthermore, the method can be used for the analysis of genomes, genome variations, genome instabilities and chromosomes as well as gene expression or transcriptome analysis or for the analysis of cDNA libraries. The method is also suitable for the production of substrate-bound cDNA libraries or cRNA libraries. In addition, arrays can be generated for the production of synthetic nucleic acids, nucleic acid double strands and synthetic genes.

In addition, arrays of PCR primers, probes for homogeneous assays, molecular beacons and hairpin probes can also be prepared.

Finally, arrays can also be generated for the production, optimization or development of antisense molecules.

The inventive method is particularly suitable for the production of carrier bodies with channels, z. B. with closed channels. The channels are in one embodiment microchannels with a cross section of z. B. 10-1000 microns. Examples of suitable carrier bodies with channels are described in WO 00/13018. Preferably, a carrier body is used which is at least partially optically transparent and / or electrically conductive in the region of the positions to be equipped with receptors.

This variant of the method according to the invention is furthermore particularly suitable as integrated synthesis analysis method, i. the finished support is used in situ for the determination of analyte and then optionally for further synthesis-analysis cycles as described in WO 00/13018.

Furthermore, this variant of the method according to the invention also relates to a carrier for the determination of analytes containing a plurality, preferably at least 100 and more preferably at least 500, of different immobilized receptors, wherein the receptors from each of several different, eg. B. two or more

Sets of synthesis building blocks are constructed, and wherein the individual building blocks in

With respect to the specificity for complementary nucleic acid building blocks from the analyte are the same, but have a different affinity for complementary nucleic acid building blocks from the analyte.

Furthermore, this variant of the method according to the invention relates to a reagent kit comprising a carrier body and at least two different sets of building blocks for the synthesis of receptors on the carrier. Furthermore, the reagent kit may also contain reaction liquids. This variant of the method according to the invention also relates to a device for integrated synthesis and analyte determination on a carrier, comprising a programmable light source matrix, optionally a detector matrix, a carrier preferably arranged between light source and detector matrix when using a detector matrix and means for supplying fluids in the carrier and for the discharge of fluids from the Carrier and optionally reservoirs for synthesis reagents and samples. The programmable light source or exposure matrix may comprise a reflection matrix, a light valve matrix, e.g. Example, an LCD matrix, or a self-emitting exposure matrix. Such light matrices are disclosed, for example, in WO 00/13018. The detector matrix, z. As an electronic CCD matrix, may be integrated as an option in the carrier body.

The structure of the receptors on the support can include fluid-chemical synthesis steps, photochemical synthesis steps, electrochemical synthesis steps, or combinations of two or more of these steps. An example of the electrochemical synthesis of receptors on a support is described in DE 101 20 663.1. An example of a hybrid process comprising the combination of fluorochemical steps and photochemical steps is described in DE 101 22 357.9.

Furthermore, the invention will be illustrated by the following example. A DNA microarray is synthesized to a length of DNA probes of 25 building blocks. For the last building block, instead of a natural nucleotide, an analogue with suitable properties is condensed on the probe. This may be a locked nucleic acid (LN A) bridge, which is known to be able to be produced for all four bases of the DNA (and for a set of matching building blocks), and for all Thus, the discrimination between hybridization or binding to the full-length 25-block length product compared to the 24-residue or less nucleotide termination products is improved, which has a positive effect on the analysis result.

In a further embodiment, DNA or other nucleic acid polymer probes are used which are all or partially capable of forming desired three-dimensional structures. These three-dimensional structures may be hairpin structures or other structures known to those skilled in the art. In this embodiment, the invention encompasses arrays of nucleic acids immobilized on a support that are at least partially in the form of secondary structures, such as hairpin structures. Furthermore, methods for making such arrays and applications thereof are claimed.

A binding event between immobilized receptor and analyte is usually detected by detection of a label group bound to the analyte. A carrier and method for analyte determination that allow integrated synthesis of receptors and analysis are known e.g. As described in WO 00/13018. To deal with receptor arrays, eg. As DNA chips, complex biological issues (gene expression studies, target validation, sequencing by hybridization, re-sequencing) to be able to process, it is of fundamental importance that the hybridization between the receptor and target can be performed as error-free. The detection system must therefore be able to distinguish between a so-called "filling match", ie when the probe and target are completely complementary, and a "mismatch" when one or more erroneous base pairs are present. Of course, it is particularly difficult to distinguish between a single mismatch if only 1 base pair is faulty and the fill match. Furthermore, for terminal thermodynamic reasons, particularly terminal (terminal) base mismatches are difficult or insufficient to detect. Mismatches in the middle of a sequence, however, are easier to detect for the same reasons.

Nucleic acid receptors are present in known single-stranded form on known DNA chips. In selecting the sequences for the receptors, care is therefore taken to avoid any formation of secondary structures. The detection of base mismatches now takes place in that not only the actual query sequence, but also the corresponding sequence with a mismatch in the middle of the base sequence is applied as a negative control on the DNA chip. Whether it is a "filling match" or "mismatch" is detectable by the respective different signal intensities which result from hybridization of the sample (target) to the probe or its negative control sequence (mismatch sequence). However, since it is not always possible to make an unambiguous decision, not only one single sequence but several (eg 20 sequences per gene) sequences have to be detected in order to detect a specific DNA sequence within the target (R. Lipschutz et al. , Nature Genetics, 1999, 21, 20 et seq.), Each of which results as fragments of the sample to be detected, with the respectively associated control sequences (mismatch sequences). As a result, not only a single nucleic acid sequence on the DNA chip is required to detect a single sample sequence, but usually 20 sequences plus the respective 20 negative control sequences (mismatch sequences) are required. This results in a significant overhead in the production of DNA chips and significantly reduces their information density.

At present, there are still no ways to detect terminal base mismatches on DNA chips.

An object of this embodiment of the invention is therefore to provide a system ready make it possible to detect base mismatches very accurately. Furthermore, the system according to the invention should detect not only base mismatches in the middle of a sequence, but also at the end (terminal) on an array in high parallel.

This object is achieved by providing receptor arrays containing nucleic acid receptors that are at least partially in the form of hairpins.

Hairpins are a special form of secondary structures in nucleic acids, which are composed of two complementary sequence sections in the so-called star and a further sequence section in the so-called loop (FIG. 1a). In this case, there is a balance between the closed mold and the opened mold (FIG. 1b). Hairpin structures have already been used in solution for the label-free detection of hybridization events (Tyagi et al., Nature Biotechnology 1995, 14, 303-308). These hairpin structures (Figure 2 type A) are characterized in that the recognition sequence is in the loop of the hairpin (Marras et al., Genetic Analysis, Biomolecular Engineering, 1999, 14, 151-156). In a particular embodiment, a quencher and a fluorophore molecule in the closed state are in close spatial proximity, so that the fluorescence is deleted. If a hybridization event occurs with the recognition sequence in the loop, the hairpin opens, whereby the fluorophore and the quencher are spatially separated. As a result, a fluorescence signal is observed. In addition to known dyes, poly-deoxyguanosine sequences can act as quenchers (M. Sauer, BioTec, 2000, 1, 30 ff). This has the advantage that the hairpin structure only has to be labeled with a fluorophore (M. Sauer et al., Anal. Chem. 1999, 71 (14), 2850 ff) that the incorporation of a quencher molecule is omitted.

Studies on the Behavior of Hairpin Structures on a Solid Phase - d. H. Arrays with hairpin structures - although known (US 5,770,772), but only use the presence of the double-stranded structure of a hairpin as a recognition site for z. For example, proteins. The detection of an analyte binding by dissolution of the hairpin structure is not disclosed. In particular, no hairpin structures are known which use the sequence information in the star of the hairpin as a recognition sequence for a hybridization. Furthermore, no hairpin structures are known to date whose attachment to the solid phase is not via a terminal end.

An object of the invention in this embodiment is a method for the determination of analytes, comprising the steps of: a) providing a carrier with a plurality of predetermined regions, on each of which different receptors selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs are immobilized, wherein in one or more of the predetermined areas, the receptors in the absence of an analyte specifically bindable thereby at least partially present as a secondary structure. In some cases, this refers to each individual receptor in such a way that the presence of the respective analyte capable of binding specifically causes a change or abolition of the secondary structure in the receptor. b) contacting the carrier with a sample containing analyte; and c) determining the analytes via their binding to the receptors immobilized on the carrier, wherein the binding of an analyte to a receptor which is specifically bindable comprises detection of the resolution of the secondary structure present in the absence of the analyte ,

Another object of the invention is a device for the determination of analytes, comprising a) a light source matrix, b) a carrier having a plurality of predetermined positions, on each of which different receptors are immobilized on the carrier, c) means for supplying fluids to the carrier and the Discharging fluids from the carrier; and d) a detection matrix comprising a plurality of detectors associated with the predetermined positions on the carrier. The hairpin structures according to the invention can surprisingly be used for a very precise discrimination of base mismatches on a solid phase, in particular on an array. The hairpin structures according to the invention can be produced highly parallel both in situ on the solid phase, but can also, if prefabricated, be immobilized thereon. The receptors are selected from nucleic acid biopolymers, e.g. As nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA or nucleic acid analogues such as peptide nucleic acids (PNA) and Locked nucleic acids (LNA) and combinations thereof. Particular preference is given to determining nucleic acids as analytes, where the binding of the analytes comprises hybridization. However, the method also allows the detection of other receptor-analyte-change effects, eg. B. the detection of nucleic acid-protein interactions.

This variant of the method according to the invention preferably comprises a parallel determination of a plurality of analytes, ie a carrier is provided which contains a plurality of different receptors which can react with respectively different analytes in a single sample. The number of different receptors on a support is preferably at least 50, more preferably at least 100, even more preferably at least 200, even more preferably at least 500, even more preferably at least 1000, even more preferably at least 5000, even more preferably at least 10,000, even more preferably at least 50,000. Preferably, at least 50, preferably at least 100 and more preferably at least 200 analytes are determined in parallel.

Immobilization of the receptors to the support may be by covalent bonding, non-covalent self-assembly, charge interaction, or combinations thereof. The covalent bond preferably comprises the provision of a carrier surface with a chemically reactive group, to which the starting components for receptor synthesis, preferably via a spacer or linker can be bound. The non-covalent self-assembly can be carried out, for example, on a precious metal surface, e.g. As a gold surface, using thiol groups, preferably via a spacer or linker done.

The present invention is preferably characterized in that the detection system for analyte determination, a light source matrix, a microfluidic carrier and a detection matrix combined in an at least partially integrated structure. This detection system can be used for integrated synthesis and analysis, in particular for the construction of complex carriers, for. As biochips, and for the analysis of complex samples, eg. For genomic, gene expression or proteome analysis.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the synthesis of the receptors takes place in situ on the support, for example by passing fluid with receptor synthesis units over the support, the building blocks being immobilized on respectively predetermined areas on the support in a location-specific or / and time-specific manner and these steps being repeated, until the desired receptors have been synthesized at the respective predetermined regions on the support. This receptor synthesis preferably comprises at least one fluid chemical step, one photochemical step, one electrochemical step or a combination of such steps and one online process monitoring, for example using the detection matrix.

The light source matrix is preferably a programmable light source matrix, e.g. B. selected from a light valve matrix, a mirror array, a UV laser array and a UV LED (diode) array.

The carrier is preferably a flow cell or a microfluidic cell, ie a microfluidic carrier with channels, preferably with closed channels, in which the predetermined positions with the respectively differently immobilized receptors are located. The channels preferably have diameters in the range of 10 to 10,000 μm, more preferably from 50 to 250 microns and may in principle be configured in any form, for. B. with round, oval, square or rectangular cross-section.

As already stated, the secondary structures in this embodiment of the invention preferably comprise a hairpin structure composed of a star and a loop. In a first embodiment of the method according to the invention, the sequence of the receptor which is capable of binding with the analyte can be in the region of the loop of a hairpin. Binding the loop to the receptor opens the hairpin structure. This hairpin opening can in turn be detected by suitable means (eg see above). In a particularly preferred embodiment, however, the specific binding of the analyte sequence of the receptor is located in the star of the hairpin structure. Also in this embodiment, the binding of the analyte to the receptor causes a detectable dissolution of the hairpin structure.

According to a preferred embodiment, the hairpin structures according to the invention having a recognition sequence in the star (FIGS. 38, 39A and 39B) comprise complementary sequences A and A * in the star and a linker unit L in the loop. In the loop of the hairpin there are building blocks which can not undergo base pairings (eg polyethylene glycol, alkyl, polyethylene glycol phosphate or alkyl phosphate units) or building blocks which can only accept weak base pairings (eg a Tn loop) with n = 2-8). As recognition sequences, both sequence sections A (FIG. 39B) or A * (FIG. 39A) can serve in the star. If a hybridization experiment is performed, z. For example, a sequence A located in the sample to be examined with the reference sequence A in the star of the hairpin around the sequence A * (Figure 39A). This competitive situation is used to increase the specificity of the hybridization. Is z. For example, if the sequence A in the sample is not completely complementary to A * (ie, mismatches occur), the pairing between the two sequences A and A * is more stable in the hairpin, with the result that the hybridization equilibrium is on the left side is displaced to the closed shape of the hairpin (Fig. 39A). If a labeled sample A is used for hybridization, this means that no or only a small signal is detectable, since the equilibrium lies on the side of the closed hairpin. Signals become detectable only when the hairpin structure is in the open state, i. H. a stable pairing between A in the sample to be examined and A * in the hairpin is possible, and the equilibrium on the right, d. H. with an open hairpin, lies.

Thus, in addition to common variables of stringency conditions, such. Salt concentration, temperature, probe and target concentration, another variable introduced, with the impact on the stringency of a hybridization experiment can be taken. Furthermore, the hybridization equilibrium (and thus the stringency) of the reference probe or of the recognition sequence can be varied, inter alia, by virtue of the fact that these sequences contain building blocks of nucleic acid analogues which are characterized in that they bind more strongly with DNA than DNA with DNA , For this purpose, inter alia, PNA or LNA building blocks or other components known to those skilled in the art with the described characteristics come into question.

The procedure described achieves that, in contrast to the usual procedure (using 1 Perfect Match + 1 single base mismatch probe), only a single probe is used for the discrimination between Perfect match and single base mismatch must, and thus parking spaces on the array can be saved or more information can be queried with a predetermined amount of parking spaces. Furthermore, this can also be queried terminal mismatches, since by the presence of the reference sequence in the same molecule higher stringency conditions can be set than when used for the discrimination of Perfect match and single-base mismatch 2 separate probes.

In another preferred embodiment, the hairpin structures comprise two complementary sequences (A, A *) and two non-complementary units (Z, X) in the star and one linker unit (L) in the loop (Figure 40). As recognition sequences, both the solid phase near sequence sequence AZ (FIG. 40A) and the solid phase remote sequence sequence A ⁺ -Z (FIG. 40B) can serve as recognition sequences. Of crucial importance is the fact that X and Z do not mate with each other. For this purpose, it is proposed according to the invention that X is one or more nucleic acid building blocks which can be coupled and Z is one or more non-combinable building blocks. Z may be, for example, an "abasie site" (DNA or RNA building block without heterobase) or a building block known to the person skilled in the art, which does not undergo base pairing but does not disturb the DNA structure. L is a linker to understand, preferably from non-pairable nucleic acid building blocks, such. Polyethylene glycol phosphate units (R. Micura, Angew. Chemie, 2000, 39 (5), 922 et seq.) Or building blocks which can only undergo weak base pairings (eg a Tn loop with n = 2-8), consists. This ensures that particularly terminal mismatches are better detectable. This is done in that, in this embodiment (Figure 40A), more bases are available for pairing with the target A-X *, but the reference AZ is not. This causes the equilibrium between closed hairpin shape (left) to be favorably shifted to the right side (hairpin open) when additional base pairing from the target AX * can be done with the sequence area X in the hairpin. If there are mismatches between the target AX * and the sequence area X in the hairpin, this is not the case, and the balance is not shifted to the right (open) side.

By the presence of additional mating sections X in the hairpin structure of the receptor, which are complementary to the analyte to be detected, thus can

Stringency of the hybridization experiment can be further increased (Fig. 4OA and 40B). Again, nucleic acid analogs, as previously described, may find use that bind more to DNA than DNA to DNA.

In another embodiment, Z may also be the mixture of the 4 bases adenosine, guanosine, cytidine and thymidine or uracil.

In yet another embodiment, the hairpin structure includes an at least partially quenched label group in the closed state, e.g. B. a fluorophore. By resolution of the hairpin structure, the signal originating from the marker group increases and this signal increase is detected. For example, a hairpin structure of the invention (Figure 41) includes, for example, a quencher (Q) and a fluorophore (F) located at opposite ends of the nucleic acid sequence of the hairpin. According to the invention, the fluorescence in the closed hairpin is quenched by the spatial proximity of Q and F. When opened, fluorescence is detectable. Molecular combinations Q and F are well known to those skilled in the art. In yet another embodiment, the hybridization can also be carried out with double-stranded targets (FIG. 42). If both strands are marked, the luminous intensity detectable for a parking space can thus be increased.

In another embodiment, the carrier connection of the hairpin structures of both type A (recognition sequence in the loop) and of type B (recognition sequence in the star) can be carried out not only terminally but also internally (FIG. 43). It also discloses hairpin structures of type A bound internally to the wearer. Combinations of terminally and internally immobilized receptors on a support are possible.

An improvement over the prior art is achieved in one embodiment in particular by the hairpin structure according to the invention comprising the recognition sequence in the stem. The complementary sequence to the recognition sequence is used as a reference sequence for mismatch discrimination. In a hybridization experiment, a target sequence present in the sample solution competes with the reference sequence (A *) for the probe sequence (A). If desired, stringency can be further enhanced by incorporation of particular nucleic acid building blocks (PNA, LNA) in the reference strand. This means that only one hybridization will take place - ie the hairpin will change to the open form - if the target sequence present in the sample solution is exactly complementary to the probe sequence. If this is not the case, the hairpin built-in reference sequence ensures that the hairpin does not switch to the open form, and thus can not be hybridized with a target sequence.

Furthermore, the hairpin structure according to the invention allows the discrimination of terminal base mismatches. These are the hybridization of the target sequence to the

Position X possible. Base pairings complementary to the terminal position X decide whether the hairpin increasingly changes to the open form and as a result a hybridization event can be detected.

As a result, unlike traditional DNA arrays for the

Deciding if it is a "filling match" or "mismatch" is much less

Sequences must be applied. As a result, with the a priori given maximum parking space density of an array more different target sequences can be edited. This significantly increases the information density of the array.

Incorporation of fluorescence (F) or / and quencher (Q) building blocks into the hairpin structure according to the invention also makes it possible to achieve label-free detection of DNA arrays (FIG. 41).

In a further embodiment of the invention using the above-described probes with secondary structures and hairpins is an integrated system for

Determination of analytes provided that highly parallel m-szYw production of complex populations of hairpin receptors immobilized in microstructures for

Detection of analytes allowed.

Conveniently, a device is used for this purpose, comprising: a) a light source matrix, b) a microfluidic carrier having a plurality of predetermined positions, on each of which different receptors selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs are immobilized on the carrier, wherein in one or more of the predetermined regions the receptors c) means for supplying fluids to the carrier and for discharging fluids from the carrier, and d) a detection matrix comprising a plurality of detectors associated with the predetermined regions on the carrier. In the device according to the invention, preferably any two or three or all four of the components a), b), c) and d) are present in integrated form. Particularly preferably, the carrier is arranged between the light source matrix and the detection matrix. The

Detectors of the detection matrix are preferably photodetectors and / or electronic detectors, eg. As electrodes selected.

The device according to the invention can be used for the controlled in situ synthesis of nucleic acids, eg. As DNA / RNA oligomers can be used as temporary protective groups photochemical, fluid chemical, and / or electronically cleavable protecting groups can be used. The spatially or / and time-resolved receptor synthesis can be carried out by targeted control of electrodes in the detection matrix, targeted fluid supply to defined areas or area groups on the support and / or targeted exposure via the light source matrix.

All three-dimensional and fully or partially controlled or wholly or partially uncontrolled secondary and three-dimensional polymer probe structures can be used for binding studies and the multistep molecular biological processes of the invention such that the binding of proteins, peptides, cells, cell fragments, organelles, saccharides, Low molecular weight drugs, complex molecules, nanoparticles, synthetic organisms or molecules or cells from synthetic biology are analyzed and possibly optimized. From this, in one embodiment, the investigation of the binding of proteins from cell extracts or m-vz7ro production can be deduced whose binding pattern is examined on a set of sequence motifs. This set of sequence motifs can consist of a set of binding sites for transcription factors. Furthermore, this set may consist of hypothetical or empirically validated binding sites. A mixture of hypothetical or empirically validated binding sites may also be provided.

In a further embodiment, the three-dimensional and wholly or partially controlled or wholly or partially uncontrolled secondary and three-dimensional polymer probe structures for binding studies and the multistep molecular biological processes of the invention are used in such a way that thus the binding pattern of microRNA, other non-protein-coding RNA molecules or partially from RNA, partially consisting of proteins or peptides existing complexes with the double-stranded hairpin structures, other structures or derived from the hairpin structures double strands on the reaction carrier and possibly detected by markers on the analyte. In another embodiment, as part of the multistep molecular biology process, a FRET reaction can be generated and used for further analysis or information gathering. The FRET effect can be caused by a polymer probe and target interaction. To allow local excitation of the fluorescence, an acceptor or donor molecule is coupled to the assembled polymer probes. This can be done during the synthesis (by the building blocks) or after the synthesis, eg with reagents like Cis-Platin (see eg KREATECH ULS-Cy5). The sample carries the corresponding other label to enable the FRET, eg the pairing Cy5 / Cy3 or phycoerythrin, or a quencher matching the donor. Energy transfer can only take place near the surface, so that autofluorescence of the solution or unbound, freely labeled sample material does not cause any disturbing background fluorescence. In one embodiment, which can be used eg in the genotyping of nucleic acids, the probe with free 3 'end can be the fluorescence acceptor, and by a polymerase reaction as described above (eg a primer extension) or another enzyme reaction ( eg a ligation), an appropriate donor (EX) is attached to the bound complex or to the polymer probe itself, which enables the FRET. The "big-dye" principle for "four-color sequencing" can be enabled in this way. A donor exciter molecule (fluorescein, etc.) is excited and transfers its energy to the primer extension-attached dd nucleotide dye molecules. In another embodiment with FRET, the FRET reaction is made possible by incorporation of acceptor and donor molecule pairs in the sample after or during attachment to the polymer probe, eg, during or through a primer extension reaction. In this variant, this leads to high marking densities, so that many FRET transmissions can take place. A particular advantage lies in an embodiment with a combination of FRET and CCD detection, since this allows the direct detection of the course of the reaction.

In another embodiment of the invention, polymer probes are immobilized in or on a reaction support. This can be covalent or non-covalent. These polymer probes are constructed of nucleic acids or their analogs. On these polymer probes, the sample to be examined, which consists of at least 2 nucleic acid sequences, is immobilized by hybridization. In the controlled loading of individual reaction fields according to the invention with certain different polymer probes, the specificity of the subsequent attachment of nucleic acids from the sample can be influenced by the sequence. For example, a reaction support can address the 3 'or 5' sequence motifs of all exons of a gene family or an entire genome. In the next step can still one Amplification carried out on the reaction carrier. In the following step, the sequence of the building blocks along the bound nucleic acids from the sample is determined by an enzymatic reaction. This can be done directly on the nucleic acid strands from the sample or through their amplicons or through the complementary sequence following primer extension on the polymer probes. Methods for the determination of the building blocks along the nucleic acid strands are known to the person skilled in the art, inter alia, under the term "sequencing by synthesis." For this purpose, among others, polymerases, kinases and ligases are used as enzymes Technical embodiments have been presented by the companies Agencourt, 454 and Solexa. Common to all these methods is an end point of the decryption reaction in which the reaction does not allow a sufficiently accurate differentiation of correctly correct signals from other signals and therefore no unambiguous assignment, eg caused by nonspecific side reactions, thus leading to a first round in the decryption process.

In the further process, possibly after a calibration, purification or initialization step, a mixture of at least 2 short nucleic acid strands is added. These short nucleic acid strands have a similar function as a primer molecule in the PCR reaction. They serve a second round of the different embodiments of the decryption reaction along the bound nucleic acids from the sample. The sequence of short nucleic acid strands that perform a similar function as a primer molecule in the PCR reaction may have been determined prior to the first round of the decryption reaction along the bound nucleic acids. In a preferred alternative embodiment, this sequence is tuned to the results of the first round of the decryption reaction. The skilled person is familiar in this connection from the conventional sequencing methods "primer walking." The method described here as a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is a highly parallel primer walking on 2 or more nucleic acids from the sample by means of 2 or more short Nucleic acids having sequences which are selected on the basis of the sequence determined for the 2 or more nucleic acids from the sample It may be provided in one embodiment that the sequence determination of the second round initially comprises a short sequence motif which also already determined in the first round to derive a quality characteristic from it.

It is provided in a preferred embodiment that the short nucleic acids originate from a parallel synthesis process. Such parallel synthesis methods are known to those skilled in the art of biochips and microarrays. There are electrochemical, optically controlled and fluidically controlled processes for the production of 2 or more nucleic acid sequences on a carrier. Claimed here is the use according to the invention of two or more nucleic acid sequences from a parallel production process, in which the two or more nucleic acid sequences are either produced on a common carrier or prepared in a process in which at least one step comprises two or more reaction sites for the production of 2 or more nucleic acid sequences are simultaneously contacted with a reagent. Examples of such parallel preparation methods for 2 or more nucleic acid sequences for the method according to the invention are DNA microarrays, which are produced by means of photolithography, projector technology, LED technology, emitting semiconductor components or LCOS projection. In addition, examples are fabrication methods using direct photochemistry and fabrication methods using indirect photochemistry such as light-induced bases or acids. Further examples are electrochemical processes. In addition, reference is here made to fluidic methods, which either apply the building blocks to a carrier (printing technology, printing technology) or selectively apply the reagents of the synthesis.

In a variant of the "parallel primer walking", the immobilization of the nucleic acids from the sample can also take place directly on the solid phase, for example on beads or particles, on a reaction support, on a microscope slide or in a gel layer, followed by a first round the decryption reaction, followed by the second round described above, in between which further process steps may be taken.

6.16 Several different probes are synthesized per position of the reaction carrier

By using orthogonal chemical methods to produce the molecules in the reaction support, it is possible to synthesize more than one sequence of a particular type of molecule for each addressable location for the synthesis. For example, two mating hybridisable molecules can be made at a location that bind together and form a hybrid. These may be, for example, a DNA duplex or duplexes of nucleic acid analogs or derivatives. Preferred is the synthesis of DNA oligonucleotides or derivatized DNA oligonucleotides or DNA oligonucleotide analogs having different sequences at a location. It can be synthesized 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 different sequences per addressable for the synthesis location. The synthesized molecules can be synthesized with different total surface concentrations or different individual surface concentrations. The molar ratio of the different molecules is thereby variable. For example, for the production of such locations containing DNA oligonucleotides or derivatized DNA oligonucleotides or DNA oligonucleotide analogs having different sequences, first of all different building blocks with mutually orthogonal chemical protective groups can be applied, as known to the person skilled in the art. The ratio of these components is arbitrary and is preferably 10/1, 9/1, 8/1, 7/1, 6/1, 5/1, 4/1, 3/1, 2/1, 1/1 or vice versa, but can also be between these values (1/1 - 10/1). It is now a kind of selectively applied to the surface of mutually orthogonally protected building blocks deprotected, so cleaved the protective group, whereby only this is a kind of building block for a further reaction available. A sequence of DNA oligonucleotides or derivatized DNA oligonucleotides or DNA oligonucleotide analogues is then synthesized on these deprotected building blocks according to methods of nucleic acid solid phase synthesis known to the person skilled in the art and subsequently protected again. This protection is orthogonal to the conditions of deprotection of the other knotted building blocks which have previously been orthogonally protected against each other on the surface of the reaction support. It is now deprotected another type of this previously linked to the surface of the reaction carrier blocks, with other protecting groups in the reaction medium are preferably not cleaved with. It is now only this one kind of building block for a further reaction available. A second sequence of DNA oligonucleotides or derivatized DNA oligonucleotides or DNA oligonucleotide analogs is then synthesized on these deprotected building blocks according to methods of nucleic acid solid phase synthesis known to those skilled in the art. This process can be repeated for each individual type of previously mutually orthogonally protected building blocks linked to the surface of the reaction support, thus producing several different sequences at a location.

6.17 Lable linker probes are synthesized in the reaction support

In a further preferred embodiment, molecules are synthesized on the surface of the reaction support which are bound to the surface of the reaction support via a unit which can be cleaved under certain conditions (labile linker, labile spacer). By means of certain methods, these units can now be cleaved and the molecules synthesized on the surface of the reaction support can be detached from the surface. The cleavage can be triggered, for example, by changes in the temperature, the pH, by irradiation of light and / or by addition of chemicals such as acids, bases, nucleophiles, electrophiles, radicals, ions or catalysts, enzymes and others. The speed of the cleavage reaction can be controlled and the Complete conversion of the cleavage reaction may take hours and / or days. The cleavage reaction is preferably carried out so that it is carried out simultaneously with an analytical method in the reaction carrier. Thus, for example, an enzymatic reaction can be carried out in the reaction support, while a part of the molecules is slowly split off from the surface and only then the enzyme is available as a reaction or binding partner or as a substrate. It can be controlled during the reaction, the supply of molecules. This makes it possible, for example, to control the rate of the reaction or the amount of final product formed. The cleavable molecule may preferably be a DNA oligonucleotide or derivatized DNA oligonucleotide or DNA oligonucleotide analog which may act as a primer in an enzyme reaction in the reaction support when cleaved off. It is also particularly preferred to use enzymes for cleavage. Several methods are known to those of skill in the art utilizing enzymes such as uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG, UDG) to cleave DNA oligonucleotides or derivatized oligonucleotides or oligonucleotide analogs.

6.18 PCR in the reaction support: Control of the binding events via covalent linkage of participating molecules with the reaction support

In a further preferred embodiment, reactions for an amplification in the reaction carrier are carried out, as are known to the person skilled in the art. In particular, the methods described under 6.1, 6.5, 6.6, 6.9, 6.15, 6.16, 6.18, 6.19, 6.20 and 6.21 can be used. A PCR is preferred in which DNA oligonucleotides or derivatized DNA oligonucleotides or DNA oligonucleotide analogs bound on the surface of the reaction support act as primers. Figures 20-22 illustrate these applications and show data from successful PCR reactions on the surface of the reaction support. It is possible to use primers which, as described under 6.16, are present at the same addressable location for the synthesis. Preferably, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 primers per location are used. Particularly preferred are 2 primers. These primers can be covalently linked to the surface of the reaction support in such a way that they can no longer bond to one another. Thus, no primer dimers known to those skilled in the art, neither homodimers nor heterodimers, can be formed during the PCR. If longer molecules are added to the reaction carrier which can bind to the primers and serve as a template in the PCR, the primers are extended by a polymerase and reach thereby a length that allows binding of a second primer in the opposite direction. Without the addition of longer molecules this primer extension does not take place. After a second extension step, a PCR is possible in which all primers and all but the originally added longer template molecules are covalently linked to the surface of the reaction support. Thus, no cross-reactions or interactions between primers, template molecules, substrates or products of the PCR reaction can arise between different addressable locations. The only diffusible components of the reaction mixture in this case are enzymes, nucleotides and other buffer constituents known to the person skilled in the art, but not oligonucleotides or other nucleic acids which are contained in the mixture. In a preferred embodiment, two primers with different sequences are located at one location, each binding specifically to particular sequences in complex sample mixtures. Partially or completely purified or unpurified fragmented or unfragmented genomic DNA or partially or completely purified or untreated fragmented or unfragmented RNA extracts from sample material are preferably used as complex sample mixtures. As in the case of a PCR known to the person skilled in the art, the primers are in opposite directions and after binding to the desired sample molecule are not more than 20000 nucleotides apart. One primer binds to the sense strand of the sample molecules known to those skilled in the art, and the other to the antisense strand. In a preferred embodiment, it is achieved by combining hybridization and washing steps that the desired sample molecules bind to the primers and are retained in the reaction carrier, whereas undesired ones are removed by washing, so that the complexity of the sample mixture can be reduced by this process. It is then possible to perform a so-called primer extension by means of the primers bound to the desired sample molecules. The primers are extended so far that they can serve as a template for further, opposite primers. It is then stringently washed in a manner that all non-covalently bound to the surface of the reaction carrier components of the mixture are removed from the reaction medium. Subsequently, those skilled in the art, necessary for a PCR components are introduced into the reaction carrier and carried out a PCR. Figures 26 and 27 illustrate this embodiment. Overall, this strategy represents a significant improvement over the prior art, since usually unavoidable, unwanted interactions are prevented, as occur in multiplex PCRs known in the art. These include mis-hybridization of primers to sample molecules (ie, unwanted sites) and among the primers with each other (primer dimers). Without the need for prior bioinformatic calculation of primers (eg for the exclusion of primer dimers), primer dimers can in fact no longer occur in such systems since the primers can no longer bind to one another by virtue of their covalent bonding to the surface. During PCR, all primers, template molecules, and PCR-generated products that can hybridize to each other, with primers or template molecules, are covalently bound to the surface and thereby isolated from each other. This results in the individual locations on the surface of the reaction carrier simple systems of a few primers and covalently bound to the surface of the reaction carrier molecules that are formed by the extension of these primers and can serve as a template for other primers of the location. It is thus possible to carry many thousands or hundreds of thousands of individual PCRs isolated from one another in the reaction carrier without undesired cross-reactions occurring between the individual PCRs. The only soluble and freely diffusing components in the reaction carrier are the components of a PCR reaction known to the person skilled in the art, such as buffer constituents, enzymes, building blocks such as triphosphates etc., but not specific nucleic acids or derivatives.

6.19 Quantitative (allele-specific) real-time PCR

In a further preferred embodiment, PCR reactions are carried out in the reaction support with participation of molecules which are synthesized on the surface of the reaction support and function as primers. The progress of the reaction, i. the amount of nucleic acid synthesized during the PCR reaction is monitored during the reaction by certain methods. For this, e.g. methods known to those skilled in the art, such as the use of molecular beacons, Scorpion primers, intercalators, minor groove binders, sunrise primers, and the like. A signal is read out at different times during the PCR reaction, e.g. a fluorescent signal.

This signal can then be used to quantify the particular molecules contained in the sample mixture used. Alternatively, the signals can be used to make statements about the sequence of the molecules contained in the sample. For example, it is possible to elucidate mutations such as SNPs, deletions or insertions known to the person skilled in the art. This method is particularly preferably used in combination with the PCR method described under 6.18. 6.20 Ultra-Longmers

In a further preferred embodiment, molecules synthesized on the surface of the reaction support are used as primers. These are extended after specific binding to specific template molecules by a primer extension, so that very long, on the surface of the reaction carrier covalently bound molecules formed, so-called ultra-Longmers. Preferably, a PCR can also be carried out with a counterprimer or antisense primer known to the person skilled in the art, so that the length of the extended primer after a PCR can be defined by the position of this counterprimer. After stringent washing of the reaction carrier, a reaction carrier is then obtained which contains long, single-stranded probe molecules with known sequences and optionally defined lengths. For each addressable location on the surface of the reaction carrier, only one sequence of high purity is obtained. The resulting probe molecules are then available to bind desired sample molecules from complex sample mixtures. The length of the probe molecules is preferably 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 or 10000 nucleotides or Nucleotide derivatives or nucleotide analogs. Particularly preferred is the described preparation of such very long probe molecules on the surface of the reaction carrier for probe molecules, which consist of DNA. These are preferably used to bind sequences of genomic DNA. The result of these synthesis steps may be an array comprising a plurality of such ultralongamers.

In a preferred embodiment, these long fragments can be used to produce, for example, synthetic genes. If a copy of a sample material in the reaction carrier is prepared by the described primer extension and / or PCR, the reaction carrier can again be written off by a primer extension and the resulting noncovalently bound molecules to the reaction carrier be dissolved out of the reaction carrier. Alternatively, techniques with a labile linker molecule as described in 6.17 may be used, which allow detachment of the extended primer molecules from the reaction support. These may be used to assemble longer fragments and to express or produce in the sequence of the molecules encoded RNAs or proteins in vitro or in vivo or to express encoded RNAs or proteins in vitro or in vivo without further assembly into the sequence of the molecules or to produce or store in the form of clones. Due to the large length (100-10000 nucleotides) of the individual molecular copies of the sample material, which were generated by the primer extension as well as the large number of the individual sequences, so sequence information in the range from 1,000,000 to 1,000,000,000 nucleotides can be imaged on the reaction support. Such reaction carriers can be used several times and represent a copy of the sample material used. This can be used, in particular, for example, to generate fingerprints based on the DNA or RNA sequence information of, for example, pathogens, biofuels or other organisms.

The long molecules covalently bound to the surface of the reaction support can, since they are a transcript of the sample material, be sequenced directly in the reaction support instead of the sample material and thus provide the same sequence information as a sequencing of the sample material itself. For this purpose, methods known to those skilled in the art as well as those described in US Pat 2.3 and 6.5 described sequencing method can be used. A sequencing simultaneously represents a quality assurance of the reaction carrier generated by the copying of the sample material, which can be used for a further use of the reaction carrier.

6.21 Propagation of Molecules by Interaction of Polymerases and Nucleases in the Reaction Support

In a further preferred embodiment, molecules synthesized on the surface of the reaction support are used as primers. It is possible to use so-called hairpin structures which have intramolecular hybridization regions which are completely or partially double-stranded and have a free 3 'end which can be extended by a polymerase. Alternatively, primer molecules can be hybridized to the molecules synthesized on the surface of the reaction support and extended by a polymerase. The primers may be previously covalently linked (crosslinked) to the molecules synthesized on the surface of the reaction support by certain methods. For example, psoralen can be used.

The probe molecules synthesized on the surface of the reaction support also contain a recognition sequence for nicking endonucleases known to those skilled in the art. By sequential or simultaneous processing of the thus prepared reaction carrier with polymerases and nicking endonucleases, thereby an amplification of molecules arise. After extension of the primer or hairpin by the nicking endonuclease, the newly synthesized strand linked by the polymerase to the primer may be cut at one site. By cutting the previously extended primer is again available as a substrate for a polymerase. This is again extended, wherein the polymerase displaces the previously synthesized strand separated from the primer, as is known to the person skilled in the art Beach displacement is known. Alternatively, the strand can also be displaced by a temperature change. This process can be repeated, which results in an increase in the molecules synthesized by the polymerase and cut off by the nicking endonuclease. Figures 24 and 25 illustrate this preferred embodiment. Preferably, mixtures of polymerases and nicking endonucleases can be used, whereby re-synthesis and truncation of the strands to be propagated can proceed in a mixture in a reaction carrier, without having to exchange mixtures. It can also be used thermostable enzymes. Enzymes to be used are, for example, the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I and mutants such as 3'-5 'exonuclease deficient mutants, Bacillus stearothermophilus (Bst) DNA polymerase, Phi29 DNA polymerase, the endonucleases N.AlwI, N .BstNBI and others. The newly formed molecules are preferably DNA oligonucleotides or derivatized DNA oligonucleotides or DNA oligonucleotide analogs. These have a length of preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48 , 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73 , 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 , 99, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, or 200 nucleotides.

6.22 Crosslinking of Hybridized Molecules with the Probe Molecules Synthesized in the Reaction Support

In a further preferred embodiment, other molecules are bound to and covalently linked to the molecules synthesized on the surface of the reaction support. Different methods known to those skilled in the art for crosslinking biomolecules are used. Nucleic acids are preferably linked to one another, ie the molecules synthesized on the surface of the reaction support are oligonucleotides or derivatives or analogs of DNA or RNA. These are hybridized with specific oligonucleotides or derivatives or analogs of DNA or RNA introduced sequence-specific in the reaction carrier and linked together. For example, linking methods known to those skilled in the art, which are based on, for example, a psoralen unit, or on aldehydes or ketones or radical or carbene or nitrene-forming chemical groups can be used for this purpose. 6.23 Assembly of short probe molecules to longer molecules directly in the reaction support

In a further preferred embodiment, molecules synthesized in the reaction support are specifically linked together directly in the reaction support to form longer molecules. The molecules to be linked may have been chemically synthesized on the surface of the reaction carrier or prepared by certain enzymatic methods. Preferably, these are present directly after the synthesis or by a cleavage in soluble form and are no longer bound to the surface. Preference is given to using methods such as PCR, primer extension or the methods described under 6.21. Different molecules can be linked together in a defined sequence. This can be done for example by complementary, contained in the molecules, specific binding sites. These binding sites cause a specific, initially non-covalent assembly of the molecules. By using certain enzymes such as ligases or polymerases, these molecules can now be covalently linked together. The length of the molecules to be linked can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47 , 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72 , 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97 , 98, 99, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, or 200 nucleotides. Preferably oligonucleotides or derivatives or analogs of DNA or RNA are linked. This results in long fragments in the range of hundreds to thousands of nucleotides.

6.24 Control of assembly of short probe molecules to longer molecules directly in the reaction support over the mole fraction of certain probe molecules and their location in the reaction medium

In a further preferred embodiment, molecules synthesized in the reaction support are specifically linked together directly in the reaction support to form longer molecules. The linkage as under 6.23 is controlled by certain properties of the reaction carrier. Preferably, the amount of substance of individual types of molecules relative to the molar amount of other molecules may be altered in a manner that favors a particular positioning at specific locations in the later, covalently linked target molecule. Particularly preferably, the sequence of the linkage and the position of the individual molecules in the later, covalently linked target molecule can be controlled by the individual Molecules at addressable locations on the surface of the reaction support are synthesized in such a way that their spatial position on the surface favors each other a directed, specific linkage. For example, molecules which are to be linked directly to one another in the later, covalently linked target molecule and thus should lie next to one another can also be synthesized at adjacent locations of the reaction carrier. By physical effects such as diffusion of the individual molecules to one another at different speeds, for example controlled by different path lengths, it is also possible to control the time of the collisions and thereby the linking of individual molecules. For example, individual populations can be synthesized very close to each other in island-like groups and, after peeling or after creating soluble, non-surface-associated copies, preferentially be linked to one another by the diffusion paths being short and the molecules colliding rapidly. Within the islands longer, linked molecules are formed, which are composed of relatively few single molecules, whereby the complexity of the assembly and linking remains small. If several such islands are farther apart than the molecules within an island and, for example, is the linkage complete and faster than the diffusion of the unlinked single molecules from island to island, the molecules pre-linked within one island can diffuse to the nearest island and to the pre-linked molecules there meet what they are linked to. As a result, the number of molecules and the complexity during the individual links remain small and gradually larger fragments can be built up. By using viscous solvents, the strength of this regulatory mechanism can be further controlled.

6.25 Use of the reaction support for the detection of microRNAs and other small RNAs

In a further preferred embodiment, the receptors synthesized on the surface of the reaction support are used to detect microRNAs (also called "miRNAs") and other small RNAs in sample mixtures Figures 28 to 36 and 44 to 53 illustrate this preferred embodiment The receptors synthesized on the reaction support may preferably be linked to the surface via the 5 'or 3' end, so that the free end of the receptor is preferably either a 3 'or a 5' end The linkage may be direct or via a linker The receptors preferably contain one or more binding sites that specifically bind, ie hybridize with, certain microRNAs or other small RNAs while 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 binding sites, more preferably 1, 2 or 3 binding sites. The binding sites can be directly adjacent to each other or separated by small intermediate areas of predetermined length. These intermediate regions may have a length of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 nucleotides.

The molecules synthesized on the surface of the reaction support are preferably oligonucleotides or derivatives or analogs of DNA or RNA with a length of preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 , 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, or 200 individual building blocks such as nucleotides or derivatives or Analogs of nucleotides. The microRNAs or other small RNAs can thus be specifically bound and thereby detected in complex sample mixtures by detection methods, as known to those skilled in microarray technology. The molecules to be detected can be linked with signaling groups or haptens prior to introduction into the reaction support or else directly into the reaction support before, during or after binding to the molecules synthesized on the surface of the reaction support, which enable their detection, preferably by an optical signal. A variety of labeling methods known to those skilled in the art are available for this, e.g. by direct labeling with biotin or fluorophores or indirectly during cDNA synthesis or amplification. Both chemical and enzymatic methods are known for this, e.g. based on cis-platinum compounds, periodate hydrazine labeling, T4 RNA ligase, poly-A polymerase or coupling to amino-modified RNAs. The signal-emitting groups may be in particular fluorescence-active groups or fluorophores or FRET quencher or FRET acceptor groups or luminescent groups known to the person skilled in the art. These may be introduced directly or as groups with other chemical moieties such as e.g. Linked to dendrimers or with ligands that previously bind to the RNA-linked hapten groups. Figures 28-36 and 44-53 illustrate these preferred embodiments of the present invention.

Preferably, signal amplification may also be used, such as the introduction of a hapten such as biotin, the subsequent binding of a conjugate of streptavidin and a fluorophore or multiple fluorophores. Optionally, a another ligand bound, which in turn is linked to one or more haptens or fluorophores, so that a larger number of haptens or fluorophores binds. It may then bind another ligand, which in turn is linked to one or more haptens or fluorophores, so that a larger number of haptens or fluorophores bind. This process can be repeated several times, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 times. The ligands used are preferably antibodies; as haptens preferably biotin or digoxigenin. Preferably, oligonucleotides can also be used as primers in a known to those skilled i o // mg c / rc / e amplification, which are linked to streptavidin. The streptavidin-biotin conjugate may have previously bound to biotin units previously attached to hybrids of probe molecules and sample molecules.

Figures 16 and 17 show data from successful experiments for this preferred embodiment.

In likewise preferred embodiments, microRNAs or other analytes are amplified on the surface of the reaction carrier. This amplification may be a single strand amplification or a double strand amplification. In further preferred embodiments, the microRNA or another analyte is detected before, during or after the amplification as described above by the incorporation of labeled building blocks. In further preferred embodiments, the microRNA or other analyte is detected by DNA intercalators, molecular beacons, Taqman probes, and other methods known to those skilled in the art.

The molecules synthesized for the binding of certain miRNAs or other small RNAs synthesized on the surface of the reaction support can be completely or only partially complementary to the sequence of the RNA to be bound with regard to their desired binding site or binding sites. For example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 individual bases may be non-complementary to the sequence of the RNA to be bound. Figure 14 shows data from successful experiments in which microRNAs were detected in complex samples of different tissues in the manner described. Molecules having 1 or 2 binding sites were used for the binding of the microRNAs which were directly adjacent or separated by intermediate regions and were either completely complementary to the sequence of the RNA to be bound or at 1, 2 or 3 nucleotide positions not complementary to the sequence of binding RNA. FIG. 15 illustrates detailed optimization results regarding the temperature and buffer conditions for the specific detection of a multiplicity of microRNAs from a complex sample mixture. The type of sample mixture may be different, uncleaned or wholly or partially purified extracts of cells or tissues may be used. These can be, for example, total nucleic acid purification, total RNA purification or special purification, which allow enrichment of small RNAs such as microRNAs. Numerous methods are known to the person skilled in the art. Figure 18 shows data from successful experiments in which microRNAs from different tissues were detected in the manner described. The complexity of the sample mixtures was different, total RNA extracts were used or small RNAs were previously enriched using a special purification procedure. The RNAs to be detected can also be enzymatically processed directly in the reaction carrier before detection in a specific manner. Particularly preferred is an extension of the bound RNAs by a polymerase as in a primer extension known in the art, wherein at the same time one or more signaling groups or haptens can be linked to the RNA. This can preferably be done by the incorporation of signaling groups or haptens modified nucleotides by a polymerase. The type and number of nucleotides modified with signaling groups or haptens can be determined by the composition of the probe molecule. This can preferably be done by a template sequence that genetically encodes the presence of certain nucleotides type and number of built-in building blocks. It is also possible to use nucleases in the reaction support which selectively cleave or hydrolyse or hydrolyze the molecules synthesized on the surface of the reaction support which are not bound to an RNA or selectively cleave or hydrolyse or synthesize the molecules synthesized on the surface of the reaction support bound to an RNA. Figure 28 illustrates this preferred embodiment of the invention. In a particularly preferred embodiment, desired microRNAs present in the sample mixture to be examined and other small RNAs are specifically amplified. Due to the ability to generate a large number of different sequences in the reaction carrier and to use them as primers, a multiplicity of amplification reactions individually adapted to the respective RNAs to be amplified can be carried out in parallel. It is the entire bandwidth of the amplification reactions, which are known in the art available. In particular, the methods described under 6.1, 6.5, 6.6, 6.9, 6.15, 6.16, 6.18, 6.19, 6.20 and 6.21 can be used. The RNAs to be examined can either function as a template or as a primer or both and / or be linked to universal sequences before the amplification. FIGS. 44 and 45 show a preferred embodiment in which the receptors are linked to the surface of the carrier via the 5 'end. The hybridization region with the microRNA is positioned at the free 3 'end of the receptor. The hybridization region is preferably arranged such that after the hybridization of the microRNA the receptor is at least one, preferably 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 , 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 or more unhybridized receptor building blocks at the 5 'end. This non-hybridized 5 'region of the receptor preferably has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more building blocks, which can serve as template for signal-containing building blocks, such as adenines using biotin-labeled uridines as hapten group-containing building blocks. The free 3 'end of the hybridized microRNA serves as a primer for subsequent amplification. The amplification may consist only in the single extension, preferably by a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, eg Klenow fragment. Preferably, signal-group-containing or hapten-containing building blocks, preferably nucleotide building blocks, are incorporated in this amplification. The amplification preferably comprises the covalent linking of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 or more building blocks. The result of this amplification is an RNA-DNA hybrid when using deoxynucleotide building blocks.

Alternatively, as shown in Figure 46, the receptor can be linked to the surface of the support via the 3 'end. In this case, the hybridization region with the microRNA is preferably at the 3 'end of the receptor and is preferably arranged such that after hybridization of the microRNA the receptor is at least one, preferably 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 , 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 or more non-hybridized receptor building blocks at the 5 'end. The amplification is preferably carried out from the 3 'end of the microRNA to the end of the receptor. The unhybridized 5 'region of the receptor is preferably selected as previously described.

To increase the stability of the DNA-RNA duplex, the receptor may have 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more preferably 2 hybridization regions that are reverse-complementary to the microRNAs to be detected. Preferably, these regions are arranged such that there are no unhybridized receptor building blocks between the hybridized microRNAs. The receptors may be linked to the surface of the support via the 3 'end (see FIGS. 47 and 49) or may be linked to the surface of the support by the 5' end. In a preferred embodiment, the two, three, four or more are attached to the receptor hybridized microRNAs are covalently linked by a suitable ligase, for example RNA ligase or T4 DNA ligase (see FIG. 49). In this embodiment, the amplification is preferably carried out after the ligation of the microRNAs by a suitable polymerase, preferably a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase such as Klenow fragment. In a further embodiment in which the receptor is linked either to the surface of the carrier via the 5 'or 3' end, in addition to the analyte to be detected, eg the microRNA, one or two ligation probes, either together with the analyte or before or after the Hybridization of the analyte hybridized to the receptor (see Figure 48). With simultaneous addition, the ligation probe (s) is, for example, added to the sample to be analyzed and mixed with it. The ligation probe (s) has a sequence that allows it to hybridize 3 'and / or 5' of the microRNA to be detected to the receptor. Preferably, the receptor sequence and the sequence of the ligation probes are chosen so that after hybridization of the microRNA and the ligation probe (s) between the respective free 3 'and 5' ends no unhybridized receptor building block are arranged. The ligation probe has at least one signal-generating group or detectable group, such as, for example, a hapten and at least one group which can be linked by a ligase to a free 3 'OH group or 5'-phosphate group of the microRNA, for example an OH group. Group or a monophosphate group. The ligation is preferably carried out in a separate step following hybridization with a suitable ligase, for example RNA ligase or T 4 DNA ligase. However, when using a heat-resistant ligase, the hybridization and the ligation can also be done in one step, whereby an acceleration of the detection reaction can be achieved. The detection of the group (s) contained in the ligation probe is preferably carried out after washing the surface of the support, with a stringency that is preferably chosen so that hybridized unligated microRNAs are washed away from the surface of the support.

In a variant of the embodiment described in FIG. 48, instead of an enzymatic linkage of the 3 'end of the analyte, eg the microRNA, a chemical linkage via suitable activated nucleotides is achieved. Suitable chemical linkages have been described, for example, in International Patent Application WO 2006/063717 (the content of this application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety by reference to chemical ligation). This linkage can take place both at the 3 'and at the 5' end of the analyte, for example the microRNA. In this case, either only one activated nucleotide or an oligonucleotide, at the 3 'or 5' end of which an activated nucleotide is arranged, can be used (see FIGS. 50 and 51). When a activated oligonucleotide is linked to the analyte, in particular a microRNA, the sequence is selected to be complementary to the receptor sequence located 5 'and / or 3' adjacent to the receptor sequence to which the analyte is hybridized. In this case, first a sequence-specific hybridization of the oligonucleotide takes place followed by a chemical linkage with the hybridized microRNA. Preferably, the oligonucleotide and / or the activated nucleotide comprises a signaling and / or a detectable group, such as, for example, hapten-containing groups, in particular biotin. In a particularly preferred embodiment, one or two short helper oligonucleotides are hybridized to the receptor before, after or together with the analyte, in particular the microRNA. The helper oligonucleotide is preferably 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides in length, and has a sequence that satisfies the art Helper oligonucleotides allow 3 'and / or 5' in addition to the analyte, in particular to hybridize the microRNA. Following hybridization of the one or two helper oligonucleotides and the analyte, chemical ligation is performed using an activated nucleotide or oligonucleotide. When using an activated nucleotide, the sequence of the helper oligonucleotide is chosen so that after hybridization, an unhybridized receptor nucleotide is located between the respective ends of the helper oligonucleotide and the analyte. When using an activated oligonucleotide, the sequences of the helper oligonucleotide and the receptor are chosen so that after hybridization of the analyte and the helper oligonucleotide to the receptor, the number of unhybridized receptor nucleotides between the 3 'and 5' ends of the helper oligonucleotide and the 5 ' or 3 'end of the analyte correspond to the number of nucleotide units of the activated oligonucleotide. When using a helper oligonucleotide, this may include signaling and / or detectable groups, such as hapten-containing groups, in particular biotin. In this case, the activated oligonucleotide may additionally contain a signaling and / or detectable group. For example. For example, helper oligonucleotide and activated nucleotide or activated oligonucleotide may each contain the groups of a FRET pair, so that only after the chemical linkage of the helper oligos to the analyte a FRET pair is present. After the step of chemical ligation, which in some embodiments may occur together with hybridization, the detection step follows. Preferably, prior to detection, the surface of the support is washed with a stringency, which is preferably selected to wash off hybridized unligated helper oligonucleotides from the surface of the support.

In a preferred embodiment, one or more additional ones may be added to the first amplification step or ligation step in the previously described methods Connect amplification steps. For this purpose, the first amplificate (see FIGS

45 to 47) or by chemical (see Figures 50 or 51) or enzymatic ligation

(see Figures 48 and 49) produced ligation product by heating detached from the receptor

(denatured). By adding one or two oligonucleotides (primers) which hybridize to the first amplificate or ligation product, the amplificate or the

Ligation product can be amplified linearly (using a primer) or exponentially (using two primers). The sequence of the primer (s) is preferably chosen to match that in the first amplification or by the ligation

• hybridize the analyte, in particular the microRNA, attached part. In some embodiments, the primer (s) are selected to hybridize to both the analyte and the attached portion or ligated portion in the first amplification. This can ensure a higher specificity for amplificates of certain analytes. If, at the same time, the first amplicons or ligation products of different receptors are to be amplified, it is preferred that the primer or primers hybridize exclusively to the sequences which have been added by ligation or the first amplification to the different analytes, since thereby an amplification reaction all different amplified first amplicons or ligation products. In preferred embodiments, in this amplification reaction, the primers and / or the nucleotide building blocks may be labeled with signal-donating or detectable groups. In a further step, amplification may be followed by backhybridization to the receptors on the surface of the support. The detection of the amplificates takes place, if appropriate, after a stringent washing step on the surface of the support.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cap group is preferably located at the free end of the receptor at the free 5 'end of the receptor (see FIG. 53). Upon hybridization of an analyte, preferably a microRNA, near or at the free end of the receptor. "Cap groups" in the sense of the invention interact and stabilize with the duplex formed by the hybridization Suitable stabilizing cap groups are known to the person skilled in the art and include, for example, substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic or tricyclic aromatics or heteroaromatics and stilbenes, in particular trans-stilbene (eg, trans-1,2,3-trimethoxy-5-stilbene.) Particularly preferred cap groups are capable of intercalating into the formed duplex, and by intercalation, stabilize the duplex, ie, particularly preferred cap groups are DNA -Interkalatoren.

Overall, the utilization of the described molecular biological process plant represents is a significant improvement over the prior art for the detection, quantification and characterization of microRNAs and other small RNAs. Since the number of naturally occurring small RNAs such as microRNAs is still unknown and new RNAs are being discovered in very short periods of time an adaptation of analytical methods to the conditions found in each case, ie the number and type of RNAs to be examined is absolutely necessary. Due to the possibility of synthesizing and testing a large number of different probe molecules on the surface of the reaction support in a very short time, it is possible with the described process equipment to react very rapidly to changes in the types of molecules to be investigated and to adapt the analysis methods.

6.26 Use of the reaction support for the detection and typing of pathogens

In a further preferred embodiment, the molecules synthesized on the surface of the reaction support are used to detect and characterize microorganisms and / or pathogens. Preferably, certain nucleic acids characteristic of a particular pathogen or a microorganism are selectively bound by the molecules synthesized on the surface of the reaction support. Genes, mRNAs, genomic RNA or DNA or other RNAs of the pathogen are preferably used as nucleic acids. In addition, molecules synthesized on the surface of the reaction support are used to analyze the identity of individual nucleotides in these nucleic acids. Thus, mutations such as nucleotide substitutions, deletions or insertions can be elucidated. For this purpose, methods are used which are based on the selective hybridization of molecules synthesized on the surface of the reaction support. The skilled person is aware of numerous methods for detecting such mutations. In addition to the hybridization, which proceeds selectively for certain mutations, numerous other methods known to those skilled in the art are used, which are based on enzymes. Particularly preferred is the use of polymerases, nucleases and ligases. In all these cases, the nucleic acids to be examined are bound and / or used as a substrate, wherein the efficiency of the reaction catalyzed by the particular enzyme then changes when a mutation is present in the nucleic acid to be examined. Alternatively, this efficiency may also change if, by binding the nucleic acid to be investigated to the molecules synthesized on the surface of the reaction support, certain nucleotide pairs are formed which differ, for example, in that they form pairs known to the person skilled in the art as Watson-Crick base pairs or others couples. The expert is numerous Methods for such detection methods are known, such as APEX, allele-specific hybridization, allele-specific primer extension, allele-specific PCR, ASA, Taqman assays, molecular beacons, minisequencing, SSCP-PCR, mismatch cleavage, OLA, branch migration assay (BMI), pyrosequencing, dynamic allele specific Hybridization (DASH), Multiplex Automated Primer Extension Assay, (MAPA) and many more. It is also possible to use the methods described under 6.1, 6.5, 6.6, 6.9, 6.15, 6.16, 6.18, 6.19, 6.20 and 6.21. Figure 19 illustrates such an assay and shows data from successful identifications of individual nucleotide positions in a DNA sample. These methods are particularly preferably used to distinguish pathogen strains from each other and to allow typing of pathogens. All pathogen species occur in nature with different genotypes, which often differ only by a few mutations, but have different properties, such as infection potential, resistance to certain drugs and many more. In a particularly preferred embodiment, desired, existing in the sample to be examined mixture of pathogen-originating or self-pathogens representing nucleic acids are specifically amplified. Due to the ability to generate a large number of different sequences in the reaction carrier and to use them as primers, a multiplicity of amplification reactions individually adapted to the respective RNAs to be amplified can be carried out in parallel. It is the entire bandwidth of the amplification reactions, which are known in the art available. In particular, the methods described under 6.1, 6.5, 6.6, 6.9, 6.15, 6.16, 6.18, 6.19, 6.20 and 6.21 can be used. The nucleic acids to be examined can either function as a template or as a primer or both and be linked before the amplification with universal sequences.

Molecular diagnostics is used today in many areas to detect microorganisms and viruses and to quantify them in samples. In particular, quantitative real-time PCR is used. For example, in routine workflows, samples in individual PCRs or multiplex PCRs are assayed for the content of a particular pathogen. If the test is positive, a large number of further studies based on quantitative real-time PCR will follow to elucidate the exact genotype of the pathogen species. This may be necessary, for example, to decide on the type of chemotherapy or to conduct epidemiological investigations or to monitor the populations of certain strains or to detect the appearance of new strains. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the products of the first real-time PCR, which are used for the detection of a pathogen, are used directly in the Reaction carrier to elucidate an elucidation of the exact genotype of the pathogen species. The reaction carrier can be designed in such a way that both known and new genotypes can be detected. Figure 37 illustrates this preferred embodiment of the invention. Overall, the utilization of the described molecular biological process system for the detection, quantification and genotyping of pathogens represents a considerable improvement over the prior art. Since the genotypes of pathogens are highly variable, a rapid adaptation of analytical methods to the prevailing conditions is absolutely necessary. Due to the possibility of synthesizing and testing a large number of different probe molecules on the surface of the reaction support in a very short time, it is possible with the described process equipment to react very rapidly to changes in the samples to be examined such as pathogens and to adapt the analysis methods.

6.27 Rapid Prototyping in the Molecular-Biological Process Plant Described In a further preferred embodiment, the process plant described is used to empirically test probe molecules and thus rapidly provide a large number of suitable probe molecules for certain applications. It is known that the binding properties of probe molecules such as oligonucleotides or derivatives or analogs of DNA or RNA can not be predicted very accurately. There are no bioinformatic methods to predict the binding strength and / or specificity of such probe molecules with respect to desired sample molecules. This results in a need for empirical testing of probe molecules. After such a test experiment, probes can then be selected in a "rapid prototyping process" according to certain quality criteria, which fulfill the desired conditions and will be used in later experiments.If it is desired to examine a sample for which no suitable or limited For example, if suitable probe molecules are known, a number of probes can be generated, tested and / or optimized very quickly in model experiments, which can then be used in later experiments for this type of sample Most systems known to those skilled in the art for producing a variety of different probe molecules are either very slow or can not afford this at an economically acceptable cost In contrast, dining equipment offers the opportunity to produce a very large number of products in a very short time To generate, test and / or optimize probe molecules at a low price, so that it is possible to react quickly to changes in the type of sample molecules to be examined, ie the analysis method can be adapted individually.

7 experiments

The invention is illustrated below by the following experiments:

For the data shown in Figures 4 and 5, DNA probes of 21-23 nucleotides in length were synthesized analogously to published methods in a micro fluidic reaction support (Baum, M. et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, 31, el 51 and references cited therein). It was an inverse synthesis chemistry was used so that the probes were bound to the 5 'end of the surface of the reaction carrier and had a free 3' end. For the experiments, an external reaction unit was used, which allows the filling and temperature control of the reaction carrier. The reaction support was reacted with a mixture of 200 nM PCR product and 33 to 200 μM of each of the four dNTPs (of which 33% of the TTP was replaced by biotin-16-dUTP (Roche)) in the reaction buffer provided by the manufacturer for each DNA polymerase heated, heated to 80 ⁰ C for 5 min and cooled to room temperature over 20 min. The reaction medium was heated for mesophilic DNA polymerases at 37 ⁰ C and for thermostable DNA polymerases to 72 ⁰ C, the mixture was removed and the reaction carrier with the same mixture, containing 1 .mu.l of enzyme per 15 .mu.l filled. After a reaction time of 10 minutes, the reaction carrier was washed with 500 μL of water. The reaction carrier was incubated within the molecular biological process plant with a streptavidin-phycoerythrin-containing buffer solution, washed and analyzed by fluorescence measurement. For the data shown in Figure 6 AD, DNA probes were prepared as above containing a self-complementary sequence and thereby forming a hairpin structure having a paired 3 'end that can be used as a primer by a DNA polymerase. The probes had a length of 27 and 30 nucleotides, the length of the self-complementary region varied between 4-7 nucleotides, the loop region between the self-complementary regions was in each case a TTTT sequence. The experiments were carried out analogously to the experiments described above with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5.

For the data shown in Figures 7-9, probes of length between 30 and 50 nucleotides were synthesized which had different binding sites for primers, so that forms a primer-template complex with a single-stranded region that can be copied by a DNA polymerase by hybridization. The experiments were carried out analogously to the experiments described above with respect to Figures 4 and 5, with the change that instead of the PCR product corresponding primers in a concentration of 13 .mu.M were present in the reaction mixture.

For the data shown in Figure 8, after analysis of the reaction support by fluorescence measurement with water at 80 ⁰ C was washed and re-analyzed under the same conditions.

For the experiments shown in Figures 14-18, 1-5 μg of total RNA was fractionated and purified by means of the flashP AGE kit known to those skilled in the art; or fragmented and used directly; or used directly; and marked by the mirVana kit known to those skilled in the art according to the manufacturer's protocol. The purified, labeled RNA samples were introduced into the reaction support and incubated at certain temperatures under buffer conditions as described in FIG. After the incubation, the solution was removed from the reaction medium. Of the

Reaction carrier was incubated within the molecular biological process plant with a streptavidin-phycoerythrin-containing buffer solution, washed and analyzed by fluorescence measurement. Optionally, signal amplification was performed as described in the figure description of Figs. 16 and 17 (Figs. 16 and 17). For the data shown in Figures 19 and 23, DNA probes of between 21-50 nucleotides in length were synthesized analogously to published methods in a microfluidic reaction support (Baum, M. et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, 31, el51 and references cited therein). An inverse synthesis chemistry was used for the data shown in FIG. 19, so that the probes with the 5 'end were bound to the surface of the reaction support and had a free 3' end. For the data shown in Figure 23, a regular synthetic chemistry was used, so that the probes with the 3'-end were bound to the surface of the reaction support and had a free 5 'end. For the experiments, an external reaction unit was used, which allows the filling and temperature control of the reaction carrier. FIG. 19: The reaction carrier was incubated with a mixture of 200 nM PCR product and

200 μM of each of the four dNTP (of which 33% of the TTP had been replaced by biotin-16-dUTP (Roche)) in the reaction buffer provided by the manufacturer for each DNA polymerase, heated to 80 ° C for 5 min and to room temperature over 20 min cooled. The reaction mixture was heated to 68 ° C, the mixture was removed and the reaction carrier with the same mixture containing 1 μL of a Taq polymerase per 15 μL filled. After a reaction time of 15 minutes, the reaction carrier was washed with 500 μL of water. The reaction carrier was incubated within the molecular biological process plant with a streptavidin-phycoerythrin-containing buffer solution, washed and analyzed by fluorescence measurement.

FIG. 23: The reaction support was filled with a mixture of 13 .mu.M of a primer and 33 .mu.M of each of the four dNTPs (of which 33% of the TTP was replaced by biotin-16-dUTP (Roche)) in the reaction buffer "2" from NEB, 5 The reaction mixture was heated to 37 ° C., the mixture was removed and the reaction mixture was removed with the same mixture containing 1 μL of Klenow fragment (3'-5'-exo). After a reaction time of 30 minutes, the reaction support was washed with 500 μl of water, the reaction support was incubated with a streptavidin-phycoerythrin-containing buffer solution within the molecular biological process plant, washed and analyzed by fluorescence measurement The same reaction was repeated, this time without biotin-16-dUTP The reaction carrier was washed with 25% ammonia solution , the eluate is dried, used as a template in a PCR reaction, and analyzed by gel electrophoresis.

For the data shown in Figs. 20-22, DNA probes were synthesized as for the data shown in Fig. 19. For the experiments, an external reaction unit was used, which allows infilling and tempering of the reaction medium.

The reaction medium was mixed with a mixture of 5 μM primer, -214 pM PCR product, 200 μM of each of the four dNTP (of which 33% of the TTP had been replaced by biotin 16-dUTP (Roche)) and 0.1 U / μL Taq DNA polymerase (NEB) in 20 mM Tris-HCl pH = 8.8, 10 mM KCl, 10 mM ammonium sulfate and 2 mM magnesium sulfate. The reaction support was then exposed to a temperature profile as shown in Figure 20 (s = seconds). At the end of the temperature program, the solution was removed from the reaction medium. The reaction carrier was incubated within the molecular biological process plant with a streptavidin-phycoerythrin-containing buffer solution, washed and analyzed by fluorescence measurement.

Claims

1. A molecular biological process plant comprising (a) an apparatus for the in situ synthesis of arrays of receptors,

(b) one or more elements for processing fluidic steps, such as sample addition, reagent addition, wash steps, and / or sample removal,

(c) a detection unit for detecting an optical or electrical signal,

(d) a programmable logic control unit, and (e) a programmable logic fluid control unit, detection, storage and management of measurement data.

2. Molecular biological process plant according to claim 1, characterized in that the process plant has one or more miniaturized flow cells and that a fluidic step in this one or more miniaturized flow cells takes 1 min or less.

3. A molecular biological process plant according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the process plant has one or more miniaturized flow cells and that the fluid volume in this one or more miniaturized flow cells is 40% or less of the volume of the supply line to the fluid reservoir.

4. Molecular biological process installation according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the process plant has one or more miniaturized flow cells and that during the execution of the fluidic steps at least 2 different reagents are introduced into these one or more miniaturized flow cells.

5. A molecular biological process plant according to claim 4, characterized in that during the execution of the fluidic steps, these different reagents are introduced in 10 minutes or less in these one or more miniaturized flow cells.

6. Molecular biological process plant according to one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the Receptors are selected from oligopeptides, polypeptides, oligonucleotides and polynucleotides.

7. Molecular biological process plant according to one of claims 1 to 6, additionally comprising a light source matrix, which is optionally programmable.

8. The molecular biological process plant according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the device according to paragraph (a) comprises a reaction carrier having a plurality of predetermined positions, to which the receptors can be immobilized or are already immobilized.

9. Molecular biological process plant according to claim 8, wherein different receptors can be immobilized to other predetermined positions or are already immobilized.

10. The molecular biological process plant according to any one of claims 8 to 9, wherein the apparatus according to paragraph (a) comprises means for supplying fluids into the carrier and for discharging fluids from the carrier.

1 1. A molecular biological process plant according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the detection unit is in the form of a detection matrix comprising a plurality of detectors associated with the predetermined positions on the carrier.

12. The molecular biological process installation according to claim 11, wherein the microfluidic support is arranged between the light source matrix and the detection matrix.

13. The molecular biological process plant according to claim 8, wherein the receptors are selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs, and wherein in one or more of the predetermined positions the receptors at least partially form a secondary structure in the absence of an analyte capable of specific binding.

14. The molecular biological process plant according to claim 13, wherein the secondary structure is a hairpin structure.

The molecular biological processing system of any of claims 8 to 12, wherein the receptors are selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs, and wherein the receptors consist of several different types of receptor building blocks.

16. A method for analyzing the nucleic acid sequence of a nucleic acid analyte comprising the steps:

(a) in situ synthesis of at least one oligonucleotide probe in at least one synthesis region in a miniaturized flow cell;

(b) adding at least one single-stranded or double-stranded nucleic acid analyte to the miniaturized flow cells;

(c) ligation or sequence-specific hybridization of the nucleic acid analyte to the oligonucleotide probe; and

(d) at least one template-dependent nucleic acid synthesis step associated with a change in an optical or electrical signal.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the internal volume of the flow cell of step (a) is 40% or less of the volume of the supply to the fluid reservoir.

18. The method according to claim 16 or 17, wherein the flow cell from step (a) is characterized in that a fluidic step l lasts or less.

19. The method according to any one of claims 16 to 18, additionally comprising at least one step of nucleic acid amplification before step (d).

20. The method according to any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein the nucleic acid analyte is selected from the group consisting of:

a microRNA,

a cDNA corresponding to a microRNA,

a pathogenic nucleic acid, and a nucleic acid derived from a pathogen,

- a genomic DNA and

- a cDNA.

21. A method of amplifying a target nucleic acid comprising the steps of: (a) in situ synthesis of at least one oligonucleotide probe in at least one synthesis region in a miniaturized flow cell;

(b) adding at least one single or double stranded nucleic acid analyte to the miniaturized flow cells; (c) Ligation or sequence-specific hybridization of the nucleic acid analyte to the

oligonucleotide probe; and (d) at least one round of nucleic acid amplification.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the nucleic acid analyte is selected from the group consisting of:

a microRNA,

a cDNA corresponding to a microRNA,

a pathogenic nucleic acid, and

a nucleic acid derived from a pathogen, a genomic DNA, and

- a cDNA.

23. A method of amplifying a target nucleic acid comprising the steps of:

(a) in situ synthesis of at least one oligonucleotide probe in at least one synthesis region in a miniaturized flow cell; wherein the oligonucleotide probe has intramolecular hybridization regions; wherein one of the intramolecular hybridization regions is positioned at the 3 'end of the oligonucleotide probe; and wherein a recognition sequence for a nicking endonuclease (i) is present in the hybridization region at the 3 'end of the oligonucleotide probe, or

(ii) by a sequence-dependent extension of the hybridization region at the 3 '

Or (iii) is partially present in the hybridization region at the 3 'end of the oligonucleotide probe and can be completed by sequence dependent extension of the hybridization region at the 3' end of the oligonucleotide probe;

(b) sequence-specific hybridization of the intramolecular hybridization regions of the oligonucleotide probe to each other;

(c) adding a DNA polymerase; (d) sequence-dependent synthesis of a complementary strand of DNA by the DNA polymerase from the 3 'end of the oligonucleotide probe;

(e) adding a nicking endonuclease;

(f) generation of a recognition sequence specific single strand break by the nicking endonuclease;

(g) Sequence-dependent synthesis of a new complementary DNA strand by the DNA polymerase starting from the single-strand break generated in (f) while displacing the previously synthesized complementary DNA strand; and

(h) optionally one or more repetitions of steps (f) and (g); wherein step (c) may occur before, during or after step (b); and wherein step (e) may occur before, during or after any of steps (b), (c) or (d).

24. A method of amplifying a target nucleic acid comprising the steps of:

(b) adding a primer molecule; wherein the primer is designed to have at least at its 3 'end a region complementary to the oligonucleotide probe; and wherein a recognition sequence for a nicking endonuclease

(i) is present in the region of the primer complementary to the oligonucleotide probe, or

(ii) can be generated by a sequence-dependent extension of the region complementary to the oligonucleotide probe, or

(iii) is partially present in the region of the primer complementary to the oligonucleotide probe and can be completed by sequence-dependent extension of the oligonucleotide probe complementary region of the primer;

(c) sequence-specific hybridization of the primer molecule to the oligonucleotide probe;

(d) adding a DNA polymerase;

(e) sequence-dependent synthesis of a complementary strand of DNA by the DNA polymerase from the 3 'end of the primer molecule;

(f) adding a nicking endonuclease;

(g) generation of a recognition sequence specific single strand break by the nicking endonuclease;

(h) Sequence dependent synthesis of a new complementary DNA strand by the DNA polymerase starting from the single-strand break generated in (g) with displacement of the previously synthesized complementary DNA strand; and (i) optionally one or more repetitions of steps (g) and (h); wherein step (d) may be before, during or after any of step (b) or (c); and wherein step (f) may occur before, during or after any one of steps (b), (c), (d) or (e).

25. A method of amplifying a target nucleic acid comprising the steps of:

(a) in situ synthesis of a plurality of at least one first oligonucleotide probe in at least one synthesis region in a miniaturized flow cell;

(b) m-s / tw synthesis of a plurality of at least one second oligonucleotide probe in at least one synthesis region in a miniaturized flow cell; wherein the distance between any two oligonucleotide probes is selected so that they can not bind to each other; wherein respective associated first and second oligonucleotide probes are synthesized in the same synthesis region.

(c) adding at least one single- or double-stranded nucleic acid analyte to the miniaturized flow cells;

(d) ligating or sequence-specific hybridization of the nucleic acid analyte to a first oligonucleotide probe; (e) adding a DNA polymerase;

(f) sequence-dependent synthesis of a complementary strand of DNA by the DNA polymerase from the 3 'end of the first oligonucleotide probe;

(g) ligating or sequence-specific hybridization of the DNA strand newly synthesized in (f) to a second oligonucleotide probe; (h) sequence-dependent synthesis of a complementary DNA strand by the DNA

Polymerase from the 3 'end of the second oligonucleotide probe; (i) optionally ligation or sequence-specific hybridization of the newly synthesized DNA strand in (h) to a first oligonucleotide probe; and (j) optionally one or more repetitions of steps (f) through (i); wherein step (e) may be before, during or after any of steps (b), (c) or (d).

26. The method of claim 25, further comprising one or more of the following method steps: (A) a stringent washing step after step (d); or

(B) a stringent washing step after step (f).

27. The method according to any one of claims 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 or 26, wherein the amount of newly synthesized nucleic acids is determined in real time.

28. A method for producing a carrier for the determination of nucleic acid analytes by hybridization, comprising the steps:

(A) providing a carrier body and (b) constructing an array of several different receptors selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs on the carrier by localized and / or time-specific immobilization of receptor building blocks at respectively predetermined positions on or in the carrier body, wherein for the Synthesis of receptors Several different sets of building blocks are used to obtain asymmetric receptors.

29. A method for producing a carrier for the determination of nucleic acid analytes by hybridization, comprising the steps:

(A) providing a carrier body and (b) constructing an array of several different receptors selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs on the carrier by localized and / or time-specific immobilization of receptor building blocks at respectively predetermined positions on or in the carrier body, wherein in one or a plurality of the predetermined positions, the nucleotide sequences of the receptors are selected such that the receptors are at least partially present as a secondary structure in the absence of an analyte which is specifically bindable therewith.

30. A method of determining analytes, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a carrier having a plurality of predetermined regions to each of which different receptors are immobilized selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs, wherein in one or more of the predetermined areas, the receptors of several different types consist of receptor building blocks,

(b) contacting the carrier with a sample containing analyte and (c) determining the analytes via their binding to the receptors immobilized on the support, wherein the binding of an analyte to a receptor which is specifically bindable thereby leads to a detectable signal change.

31. A method for the determination of analytes, comprising the steps:

(a) providing a carrier having a plurality of predetermined regions, on each of which different receptors selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs are immobilized, wherein in one or more of the predetermined regions the receptors are at least partially present as a secondary structure in the absence of an analyte capable of specific binding therewith,

(b) contacting the carrier with a sample containing analyte and

(c) determining the analytes via their binding to the receptors immobilized on the support, wherein the binding of an analyte to a receptor which is specifically capable of binding thereto comprises the detection of the resolution of the secondary structure present in the absence of the analyte.

32. The method according to any one of claims 30 or 31, wherein the analyte is selected from the group consisting of:

a microRNA, a cDNA corresponding to a microRNA,

a pathogenic nucleic acid, and

a nucleic acid derived from a pathogen,

- a genomic DNA and

- a cDNA.

33. Method for the determination of analytes, comprising the steps:

(A) providing a carrier having a plurality of predetermined regions, to each of which different receptors are immobilized selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs; wherein each individual receptor comprises at least one hybridization region to which an analyte can specifically hybridize;

(b) contacting the carrier with a sample containing analyte;

(c) performing a primer extension reaction; wherein the analyte acts as a primer; wherein in the primer extension reaction, building blocks are incorporated which carry one or more signaling groups and / or one or more haptens; and

(d) Determination of the analyte via the incorporation of signal group-containing or hapten-containing building blocks.

34. The method according to claim 33, additionally comprising the following method step:

an incubation with a ssDNA-specific nuclease between step (b) and (c).

35. Method for the determination of analytes, comprising the steps:

(A) providing a carrier with a plurality of predetermined regions, on each of which different receptors selected from nucleic acids and

Nucleic acid analogs are immobilized; wherein each individual receptor comprises at least one hybridization region to which an analyte can specifically hybridize;

(b) contacting the carrier with a sample containing analyte; wherein the analytes in the sample have been linked before, during or after contacting with one or more signaling groups and / or with one or more haptens;

(c) Determination of the analyte via the detection of the signaling group (s) or the hapten / haptene in the analyte.

36. The method of claim 33, wherein the analyte is a nucleic acid selected from the group consisting of:

a microRNA,

a cDNA corresponding to a microRNA, a pathogenic nucleic acid, and

a nucleic acid derived from a pathogen,

- a genomic DNA and

- a cDNA.

37. A method of amplifying analytes, comprising the steps of:

(A) providing a carrier having a plurality of predetermined regions, to each of which different receptors are immobilized selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs; each individual receptor having at its 3 'end a hybridization region to which an analyte can specifically hybridize; (b) contacting the carrier with a sample containing analyte; and

(c) performing a primer extension reaction; wherein the different receptors function as primers, thereby obtaining a double-stranded nucleic acid consisting of analyte and extended receptor.

38. The method according to claim 37, additionally comprising the following method steps which follow step (c):

(d) thermal denaturation of the double-stranded nucleic acid obtained in step (c); (e) adjustment of reaction conditions allowing hybridization of analyte and non-extended receptors;

(f) performing a primer extension reaction, wherein the different non-extended receptors function as primers; and

(g) optionally repeating steps (d) through (f).

39. The method of claim 37 or 38, wherein in the primer extension reaction (c) according to claim 37 and / or in the primer extension reaction (f) according to claim 38 building blocks are incorporated, which carry one or more signaling groups and / or one or more haptens.

40. The method according to claim 39, additionally comprising the following method step, which is carried out during one of the steps (c) to (g) or after one of the steps (c) to (g):

- Determination of the analyte via the incorporation of the signal group-containing and / or hapten-containing blocks.

41. The method of claim 37; wherein the analyte is an RNA; wherein the different receptors additionally have a region with a primer sequence 1 which is positioned 5 'to the hybridization region, and wherein the process additionally comprises the following process steps which follow step (c):

(d) ligation of a nucleic acid cassette having a region having a primer sequence 2 to the double-stranded nucleic acid obtained in step (c);

(e) performing a second strand synthesis;

(f) performing at least one cycle of amplification reaction with addition a primer with primer sequence 1 and a primer with primer sequence 2.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein in step (e) and / or step (f) building blocks are incorporated, which carry one or more signaling groups and / or one or more haptens.

43. The method according to claim 42, additionally comprising the following method step, which is carried out during one of the steps (e) to (f) or after one of the steps (e) to (f):

44. The method of claim 37, wherein the analyte is a nucleic acid selected from the group consisting of:

a microRNA,

a cDNA corresponding to a microRNA,

a pathogenic nucleic acid, and

a nucleic acid derived from a pathogen, a genomic DNA, and

- a cDNA.

45. A method for producing a carrier for nucleic acid analysis and / or synthesis, comprising the steps: (a) providing a carrier body and

(B) stepwise construction of an array of several different receptors selected from nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs on the support by local or / and time-specific immobilization of receptor building blocks at respectively predetermined positions on or in the support body, wherein in at least one synthesis region by orthogonal chemical processes at least different receptors are synthesized.

46. The method according to any one of claims 16 to 45, wherein the molecular biological process plant according to claims 1 to 15 is used.

47. Reagent kit, comprising a carrier body and at least two different sets of building blocks for the synthesis of receptors on the carrier body.

48. Reagent kit according to claim 47 additionally comprising reaction liquids.

49. Reagent kit according to claim 47 or 48, wherein the building blocks for the synthesis of receptors are selected from deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, N3'-P5'-phosphoramidate (NP) building blocks, Locked nucleic acid (LNA) building blocks, Morpholinophosphordiamidate (MF) building blocks, 2'-O-methoxyethyl (MOE) building blocks,

2'-fluoro arabino-nucleic acid (FANA) building blocks, phosphorothioate (PS) building blocks, 2'-O-methyl (OMe) building blocks and / or peptide nucleic acid (PNA) building blocks.

50. Use of the molecular biological process system according to any one of claims 1 to 15

for the detection or / and isolation of nucleic acids;

- for sequencing;

- for point mutation analysis;

- for the analysis of genomes, genome variations, genome instabilities and / or chromosomes;

- for the typing of pathogens;

- for genotyping;

- for gene expression or transcriptome analysis;

for the analysis of cDNA libraries; for the preparation of substrate-bound cDNA libraries or cRNA libraries;

to generate arrays for the production of synthetic nucleic acids; Nucleic acid double strands and / or synthetic genes;

for the preparation of arrays of primers, ultra-longmers, probes for homogeneous assays, molecular beacons and / or hairpin probes; to generate arrays for the production, optimization and / or development of antisense molecules;

for further processing of the analytes or target molecules for the logically subordinate analysis on the microarray, in a sequencing method, in an amplification method or for analysis in a gel electrophoresis; for preparing processed RNA libraries for subsequent steps selected from: translation in vitro or in vivo or modulation of gene expression by iRNA or RNAi; for the production of sequences which are subsequently cloned by means of vectors or in plasmids or directly; and or

for the ligation of nucleic acids into vectors or plasmids.

51. Use according to claim 50, wherein the sequencing is a sequencing-by-synthesis method.

The use of claim 50, wherein the point mutation analysis is SNP analysis or detection of new SNPs.

53. Use according to claim 50, wherein the prepared arrays of primers for primer extension Msthoden, Strand Displacement Amplification, Polymerase Chain Reaction

(PCR), site-directed mutagenesis or rolling circle amplification can be used.

54. Use according to claim 50, wherein the logically subordinate analysis on the microarray is an amplification method selected from Strand Displacement

Amplification, Polymerase Chain Reaction and Rolling Circle Amplification.

55. Use according to claim 50, wherein the nucleic acid to be detected and / or to be isolated is selected from the group consisting of: a microRNA,

a cDNA corresponding to a microRNA,

a pathogenic nucleic acid, and

a nucleic acid derived from a pathogen,

- a genomic DNA and - a cDNA.