EP2059356B1 - Single-part expendable casting mould with a controlled temperature for cast metal parts and associated production method - Google Patents

Single-part expendable casting mould with a controlled temperature for cast metal parts and associated production method Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2059356B1
EP2059356B1 EP07817442A EP07817442A EP2059356B1 EP 2059356 B1 EP2059356 B1 EP 2059356B1 EP 07817442 A EP07817442 A EP 07817442A EP 07817442 A EP07817442 A EP 07817442A EP 2059356 B1 EP2059356 B1 EP 2059356B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mould
lost
moulding material
pattern
cooling channel
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EP07817442A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2059356A1 (en
Inventor
Heiko Voigt
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ACTech GmbH
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ACTech GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/02—Sand moulds or like moulds for shaped castings
    • B22C9/04—Use of lost patterns
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C7/00—Patterns; Manufacture thereof so far as not provided for in other classes
    • B22C7/02—Lost patterns
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C7/00—Patterns; Manufacture thereof so far as not provided for in other classes
    • B22C7/02—Lost patterns
    • B22C7/023—Patterns made from expanded plastic materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
    • B22D27/04—Influencing the temperature of the metal, e.g. by heating or cooling the mould
    • B22D27/045—Directionally solidified castings

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a one-piece lost mold for castings made of metal and a method for their preparation.
  • a preferred application of one-piece lost molds for metal castings is the rapid and economical production of single castings or castings in small numbers, most of which are used as so-called prototypes.
  • Such prototype castings are used to verify the properties, eg. As the strength of more complex workpieces, which are standard z. B. to be produced by pressure or Kokilleng imagine compiler before making the permanent metal molds for mass production.
  • they In order to be able to realistically evaluate the prototype castings, they must correspond in their material properties to the later series product or come as close as possible.
  • Gypsum and ceramic molds are usually made using fusible wax models, sand molds using, for example, burnable or gasifiable foam polystyrene or plastic models. Due to the poor heat conduction of such molds made of gypsum, ceramic or foundry sand, the solidification times for the molten metal are relatively long, at least for larger wall thicknesses. Due to the slow solidification and cooling, depending on the metal to be cast, a relatively coarse-grained and therefore not always sufficiently load-bearing structure is often produced. Furthermore, by an unfavorable directional course of solidification in the individual areas of the mold and casting defects such. B. porosities or voids arise.
  • a number of casting molds and methods for making prototype castings having one-piece gypsum, ceramic or sand molds made using lost models are known in the art.
  • US 4579166 describes the application of the plaster casting technique for the testing of new machined parts, which could otherwise only be produced by pressure or chill casting.
  • the casting of such components by means of plaster casting technique is indeed well suited for the production of prototypes made of aluminum, zinc, magnesium and their alloys.
  • the prototypes produced therewith correspond only in their outer shape produced in a mold or die casting, and the casting of such parts of magnesium or its alloys without inert gas and without cooling is difficult.
  • the provision of a more or less porous plaster mold is recommended, which contains only a small amount of unbound and bound water after calcination.
  • the casting mold is protected from melt reactions by flooding the mold cavity with a protective gas.
  • This shielding gas contains sulfur or sulfur hexafluride (SF 6 ) as inhibiting agents.
  • SF 6 sulfur or sulfur hexafluride
  • a thermocouple is placed in the mold near the casting and the temperature monitored during the cooling of the casting to detect uncontrolled reactions in the mold in time and, for. B. to prevent impending explosions. An active control of the cooling to achieve a finer structure is not possible with such a shape.
  • Chilled plaster molds are disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Publications JP 63168250 A1 and JP 02187236 A1 described.
  • a closure plate made of a plastic, which is burned out during curing of the plaster mold.
  • a cooling plate is used during casting in order to achieve local cooling of the casting mold.
  • a cooler is also inserted into a plaster mold.
  • a wax model consisting of a product part and a rotor part is inserted into an iron frame.
  • a pattern material having the same shape as the radiator is placed on the part in which the cooling speed in the product part is to be accelerated.
  • the plaster is filled in the space under the pattern material and the wax pattern as well as in the frame.
  • the whole is fired at about 700 ° C, whereby the wax pattern melts out.
  • the plaster mold is turned and the cooler used. Finally, the liquid metal is poured.
  • the present invention is therefore based on the object to develop a casting mold for metal castings for the production of single castings or castings in small quantities, in which controlled by the casting of the molten metal solidification to a cast body with respect to the direction and speed of solidification using a coolant can be. It is a further object of the present invention to develop a simple and inexpensive method for producing such a casting mold.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrated pattern or master model 1 provides the exact shape of a casting to be produced with a casting mold according to the invention for metal castings 4 4, which in FIG. 5 is shown.
  • a so-called master model 1 must first be produced.
  • the production of such a basic model 1 is usually carried out by means of stereolithography.
  • Other suitable methods are for. These include Selective Laser Sintering, Fused Deposition Modeling, Laminated Object Modeling and 3D Printing.
  • a master model 1 has to be recreated, if only one casting 2 is to be made, it should immediately be manufactured as a lost model of fusible wax, a low melting model alloy, a burnable plastic, or a plastic foam suitable for making the mold of the invention. If a sample of the casting to be produced is present or if the master model 1 is not already a lost model, a lost model must first be produced from the existing pattern or master model 1 to produce the casting mold according to the invention. This is done by molding the pattern or master model 1 in a mold box with liquid silicone, as shown in FIG FIG. 2 is recognizable.
  • the silicone mold 5 formed in this way is divided by cutting along a dividing plane 15, the pattern 1 is taken from the mold cavity formed and the silicone mold 5 is provided with a pouring and feeding system (not shown in detail). Thereafter, the silicone mold 5 is exactly assembled again in the mold box and z. B. poured with liquid wax (also not shown). After the solidification of the wax from the silicone mold a lost model 3 z. B. be removed from wax.
  • the mold material for the one-piece lost casting mold for metal castings 2 may also include binder-containing mold base material (eg quartz sand).
  • binder-containing mold base material eg quartz sand.
  • one-piece sand molds especially lost models of foam polystyrene are particularly suitable, which by foaming in a foam mold or by mechanical processing, for. As milling, a foam polystyrene block are produced.
  • the lost model 3 made in one way or another is made of wax, plastic (eg foam polystyrene) or a low melting model alloy for the purpose of making the invention one-piece lost mold for castings made of metal 4 at least partially encased with a flexible cooling duct 6.
  • plastic eg foam polystyrene
  • a low melting model alloy for the purpose of making the invention one-piece lost mold for castings made of metal 4 at least partially encased with a flexible cooling duct 6.
  • the selection of these critical areas can, for. B. done by simulation of the solidification processes (casting simulation) advantageous.
  • the lost model After sheathing the lost model 3 with the cooling channel 6, the lost model is embedded in a solidifiable molding material by providing a casting and feeding system 12.
  • the lost model 3 is a wax model and is used as a molding material plaster
  • the wax model is melted after solidification of the plaster mold.
  • the wax model is also melted after solidification of the molding material and then fired the ceramic form.
  • the lost model is a polystyrene foam or a plastic model and if a binder-containing molding base material is used as molding material
  • the one-piece lost casting mold according to the invention for castings made of metal 4, as described in US Pat FIG. 4 is shown ready for use after solidification of the binder-containing molding base material. The burnout or gasification of the lost model takes place in this case only during casting by the molten metal itself.
  • the metallic cooling channel 6 a metal material is selected which is resistant to the molten metal.
  • the metallic cooling channel 6 may be smooth-walled and have a round or oval cross-section.
  • the cooling channel 6 can be made smooth-walled and bent by means of bending tools to the lost model 3 with contact to the surface.
  • a flexible metal hose, a flexible metal corrugated pipe or a wound corrugated metal hose is used for the metallic cooling channel 6.
  • a flexible stainless steel corrugated hose can easily be wound around the lost model 3 with a small radius of curvature.
  • Such stainless steel corrugated hoses are manufactured in the form of a corrugated pipe or wound as Stahlwellschlauch.
  • the corrugation of the tube may have a wavy contour or a rectangular contour. Such contours allow the formation of narrow arches and create a relatively large cooling surface. At the same time they improve the heat exchange between the molten metal and the guided in the cooling channel 6 cooling medium.
  • the ends of the at least one cooling channel 6 are provided with connecting flanges 7, 8, which are each connected to a cooling medium feed 9, not shown, and a cooling medium discharge 10.
  • As cooling media are gaseous and liquid substances such. As air or cooling water used.
  • the quantity of heat supplied to the one-piece lost casting mold for metal castings 4 with the molten metal can not be released directly to the environment by convection and radiation, as in the case of a mold or a diecasting mold. Rather, according to the invention, the heat is intensively extracted via the cooling medium via the cooling channel 6 embedded in the molding material and exposed to the mold cavity or only slightly covered, in order to cool the solidifying casting 2 as quickly as possible.
  • the cooling and heat transfer fluids can be used with which the one-piece lost mold for castings made of metal 4 can be tempered before pouring. If the cooling is started at the latest when pouring the melt into the casting mold for metal castings 4, the melting of the melt at the cooling channel 6 can be avoided.
  • the mold materials used for the one-piece lost mold for castings made of metal 4 are poor heat conductors, via the uncovered and / or only slightly covered outer sides of the metallic cooling channel 6 to the mold cavity, the heat supplied with the molten metal through the existing heat gradient in the cooling channel 6 on derived the cooling medium become.
  • suitable arrangement of the at least one cooling channel 6 in the one-piece lost casting mold for castings made of metal 4 also a directional solidification can be effected and thus the formation of casting defects such as voids and porosities can be counteracted.
  • the casting 2 can be easily demolded after cooling.
  • the cooling channel 6 can be easily removed from the casting 2 together with the mold material of the lost casting mold for metal castings 4.
  • the casting parts 2 produced in the one-piece lost casting mold according to the invention for castings made of metal 4 have the same or very similar properties as can be achieved during casting in molds or die casting molds.
  • the one-piece lost casting mold according to the invention for castings made of metal 4 is therefore particularly suitable for producing prototypes of castings whose service properties, eg. B. whose strength before production of expensive mold or die casting molds are checked for mass production.

Abstract

In the case of a one-piece lost mould for metal castings 4 of a set moulding material which encloses a mould cavity and has at least one metallic cooling channel 6 that is embedded in the moulding material and carries a cooling medium, portions of the outer side of the metallic cooling channel 6 are uncovered and/or only slightly covered by the moulding material in the direction of the mould cavity.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine einteilige verlorene Gießform für Gussteile aus Metall sowie ein Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung. Ein bevorzugter Anwendungsbereich von einteiligen verlorenen Gießformen für Gussteile aus Metall ist die schnelle und ökonomische Herstellung von Einzelgussteilen oder Gussteilen in kleinen Stückzahlen, die meist als sogenannte Prototypen verwendet werden. Solche Prototypengussteile dienen zur Überprüfung der Eigenschaften, z. B. der Festigkeit, von komplizierter geformten Werkstücken, welche serienmäßig z. B. im Druck- oder Kokillengießverfahren hergestellt werden sollen, vor Anfertigung der metallischen Dauerformen für die Serienfertigung. Um die Prototypengussteile realistisch bewerten zu können, müssen sie in ihren Materialeigenschaften dem späteren Serienprodukt entsprechen oder möglichst nahe kommen.The invention relates to a one-piece lost mold for castings made of metal and a method for their preparation. A preferred application of one-piece lost molds for metal castings is the rapid and economical production of single castings or castings in small numbers, most of which are used as so-called prototypes. Such prototype castings are used to verify the properties, eg. As the strength of more complex workpieces, which are standard z. B. to be produced by pressure or Kokillengießverfahren before making the permanent metal molds for mass production. In order to be able to realistically evaluate the prototype castings, they must correspond in their material properties to the later series product or come as close as possible.

Zur Herstellung derartiger Prototypengussteile eignen sich vor allem Gips-, Keramik- und Sandformen, die u. a. mit verlorenen Modellen hergestellt werden. Gips- und Keramikformen werden meist unter Verwendung von ausschmelzbaren Wachsmodellen, Sandformen beispielsweise unter Verwendung von ausbrennbaren bzw. vergasbaren Schaumpolystyrol- oder Kunststoffmodellen hergestellt. Auf Grund der schlechten Wärmeleitung solcher Gießformen aus Gips, Keramik oder Formsand sind die Erstarrungszeiten für die Metallschmelze zumindest bei größeren Wanddicken relativ lang. Durch das langsame Erstarren und Abkühlen entsteht in Abhängigkeit von dem zu vergießenden Metall oft ein relativ grobkörniges und deshalb nicht immer ausreichend belastbares Gefüge. Des Weiteren können durch einen ungünstigen richtungsmäßigen Verlauf der Erstarrung in den einzelnen Bereichen der Gießform auch Gussfehler wie z. B. Porositäten oder Lunker entstehen.For the production of such prototype castings are mainly gypsum, ceramic and sand molds, which are produced, inter alia, with lost models. Gypsum and ceramic molds are usually made using fusible wax models, sand molds using, for example, burnable or gasifiable foam polystyrene or plastic models. Due to the poor heat conduction of such molds made of gypsum, ceramic or foundry sand, the solidification times for the molten metal are relatively long, at least for larger wall thicknesses. Due to the slow solidification and cooling, depending on the metal to be cast, a relatively coarse-grained and therefore not always sufficiently load-bearing structure is often produced. Furthermore, by an unfavorable directional course of solidification in the individual areas of the mold and casting defects such. B. porosities or voids arise.

Aus dem Stand der Technik sind eine Reihe von Gießformen und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Prototypengussteilen mit einteiligen Gips-, Keramik- oder Sandformen, die unter Verwendung von verlorenen Modellen hergestellt werden, bekannt.A number of casting molds and methods for making prototype castings having one-piece gypsum, ceramic or sand molds made using lost models are known in the art.

US 4579166 beschreibt die Anwendung der Gipsgusstechnik zur Prüfung von neuen Maschincnbauteilen, die sonst nur durch Druck- oder Kokillenguss hergestellt werden könnten. Das Gießen solcher Bauteile mittels Gipsgusstechnik ist zwar für die Herstellung von Prototypen aus Aluminium, Zink, Magnesium und deren Legierungen gut geeignet. Die damit hergestellten Prototypen entsprechen jedoch nur in ihrer äußeren Gestalt den in einer Kokille bzw. Druckgussform hergestellten Gussteilen, und das Gießen solcher Teile aus Magnesium oder dessen Legierungen ohne Schutzgas und ohne Kühlung bereitet Schwierigkeiten. Zur Beseitigung der Nachteile wird die Bereitstellung einer mehr oder weniger porösen Gipsform empfohlen, die nach der Kalzinierung nur eine geringe Menge ungebundenes und gebundenes Wasser enthält. Beim Gießen wird die Gießform durch Fluten des Formhohlraumes mit einem Schutzgas vor Reaktionen mit der Schmelze geschützt. Dieses Schutzgas enthält Schwefel oder Schwefelhexaflurid (SF6) als inhibierende Mittel. Um den Prozess der Abkühlung zu kontrollieren, wird ein Thermoelement in die Form nahe beim Gussteil eingesetzt und die Temperatur während der Abkühlung des Gussteiles überwacht, um unkontrollierte Reaktionen in der Gießform rechtzeitig erkennen und z. B. drohende Explosionen verhindern zu können. Eine aktive Steuerung der Abkühlung zur Erzielung eines feineren Gefüges ist mit einer solchen Form nicht möglich. US 4579166 describes the application of the plaster casting technique for the testing of new machined parts, which could otherwise only be produced by pressure or chill casting. The casting of such components by means of plaster casting technique is indeed well suited for the production of prototypes made of aluminum, zinc, magnesium and their alloys. However, the prototypes produced therewith correspond only in their outer shape produced in a mold or die casting, and the casting of such parts of magnesium or its alloys without inert gas and without cooling is difficult. To eliminate the disadvantages, the provision of a more or less porous plaster mold is recommended, which contains only a small amount of unbound and bound water after calcination. During casting, the casting mold is protected from melt reactions by flooding the mold cavity with a protective gas. This shielding gas contains sulfur or sulfur hexafluride (SF 6 ) as inhibiting agents. To control the process of cooling, a thermocouple is placed in the mold near the casting and the temperature monitored during the cooling of the casting to detect uncontrolled reactions in the mold in time and, for. B. to prevent impending explosions. An active control of the cooling to achieve a finer structure is not possible with such a shape.

In der Europäischen Patentschrift EP 571703 B1 wird die Abkühlung der Metallschmelze unter Verwendung einer die Wandung der Gießform allmählich penetrierenden Kühlflüssigkeit, deren Siedetemperatur niedriger als die Eingießtemperatur der Schmelze liegt, beschrieben. Die Gießform wird von einem Ende aus beginnend stetig in die Kühlflüssigkeit eingetaucht. Durch das Eintauchen soll eine gerichtete Erstarrung bewirkt werden. Eine in dieser Weise gerichtete Erstarrung hat Vorteile hinsichtlich des Seigerungs-, Ausscheidungs- und Lunkerverhaltens bei gegossenen Bauteilen und kann somit Gussfehler vermeiden. Eine gezielte Beeinflussung der Gefügestruktur des Gussteiles ist jedoch auch mit diesem Verfahren nicht möglich.In the European patent specification EP 571703 B1 the cooling of the molten metal is described using a cooling liquid gradually penetrating the wall of the casting mold, the boiling point of which is lower than the pouring temperature of the melt. The casting mold is continuously immersed in the cooling liquid starting from one end. By dipping a directed solidification should be effected. Solidification in this manner has advantages in terms of segregation, precipitation and voids behavior in cast Components and can thus avoid casting errors. However, a targeted influencing of the microstructure of the casting is also not possible with this method.

In der internationalen Patentanmeldung WO 9805450 wird neben der Abkühlung der Gießform durch eine Flüssigkeit zusätzlich ein Ankeimblech zur gerichteten Erstarrung der Schmelze eingesetzt. Dies geschieht, indem die Gießform zur gerichteten Erstarrung der Schmelze eine in das Kühlbad eintauchende metallische Bodenplatte aufweist. Durch die schnellere Abkühlung an der metallischen Bodenplatte entstehen in der Schmelze Kristallisationskeime, von denen ausgehend sich die Schmelze verfestigt. Bei Bodenplatten aus Metall muss jedoch mit einem Anlegieren der Schmelze gerechnet werden. Aus diesem Grund sind bereits mit einem Kühlmittel durchflossene Bodenplatten beschrieben worden. Zum Schutz der Schmelze vor Verunreinigungen durch in Lösung gehendes Material der Bodenplatte wurde zusätzlich eine Zwischenplatte aus einem zu der erstarrenden Schmelze artgleichen Material vorgesehen. Mit dieser Lösung lassen sich zwar Gussfehler weitgehend vermeiden, jedoch ist auch hiermit eine gezielte Beeinflussung der Gefügestruktur des Gussteiles nicht möglich.In the international patent application WO 9805450 In addition to the cooling of the mold by a liquid additionally a Ankeimblech for directional solidification of the melt is used. This is done by the casting mold for directional solidification of the melt has a immersed in the cooling bath metallic bottom plate. Due to the faster cooling on the metallic base plate, crystallization nuclei are formed in the melt, from which the melt solidifies. In the case of metal floor slabs, however, the melting of the melt must be expected. For this reason, already described with a coolant bottom plates have been described. To protect the melt from contamination by going into solution material of the bottom plate, an intermediate plate made of a same material to the solidifying melt material was additionally provided. Although this solution can largely avoid casting defects, however, a targeted influencing of the microstructure of the casting is also not possible here.

Gekühlte Gipsformen werden in den japanischen Offenlegungsschriften JP 63168250 A1 und JP 02187236 A1 beschrieben. Bei der Herstellung der Gießform wird eine Öffnung in der Gießform durch eine Verschlussplatte aus einem Kunststoff verschlossen, die beim Aushärten der Gipsform ausgebrannt wird. Anstelle der Verschlussplatte wird beim Gießen eine Kühlplatte eingesetzt, um eine lokale Abkühlung der Gießform zu erreichen. In der JP 02187236 A1 wird ebenfalls ein Kühler in eine Gipsform eingesetzt. Ein aus einem Produktteil und einem Läuferteil bestehendes Wachsmodell wird in einen aus Eisen bestehenden Formrahmen eingesetzt. Ein Mustermaterial, welches die gleiche Form wie der Kühler hat, wird auf das Teil gesetzt, in welchem die Abkühlgeschwindigkeit im Produktteil beschleunigt werden soll. Der Gips wird in den Raum unter dem Mustermaterial und dem Wachsmuster sowie in den Rahmen gefüllt. Das ganze wird bei ungefähr 700 °C gebrannt, wobei das Wachsmuster ausschmilzt. Nachfolgend wird die Gipsform gedreht und der Kühler eingesetzt. Schließlich wird das flüssige Metall vergossen.Chilled plaster molds are disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Publications JP 63168250 A1 and JP 02187236 A1 described. In the manufacture of the mold, an opening in the mold is closed by a closure plate made of a plastic, which is burned out during curing of the plaster mold. Instead of the closure plate, a cooling plate is used during casting in order to achieve local cooling of the casting mold. In the JP 02187236 A1 a cooler is also inserted into a plaster mold. A wax model consisting of a product part and a rotor part is inserted into an iron frame. A pattern material having the same shape as the radiator is placed on the part in which the cooling speed in the product part is to be accelerated. The plaster is filled in the space under the pattern material and the wax pattern as well as in the frame. The whole is fired at about 700 ° C, whereby the wax pattern melts out. Subsequently, the plaster mold is turned and the cooler used. Finally, the liquid metal is poured.

Dadurch wird das Abkühlen am stärkeren Teil des Gussstückes beschleunigt und eine Schrumpfung wird verhindert. Nachteilig ist, dass mit dem Einsatz von Kühlplatten oder Kühlern eine gerichtete Erstarrung nur von einer Seite des Gussstückes her möglich ist. Aus diesem Grund können mit den vorstehend beschriebenen Gipsformen ebenfalls keine dem Druckguss oder Kokillenguss ähnlichen Gussstücke mit weitgehend feiner Gefügestruktur hergestellt werden.This accelerates cooling at the thicker part of the casting and prevents shrinkage. The disadvantage is that with the use of cooling plates or coolers a directional solidification is possible only from one side of the casting ago. For this reason, with the plaster molds described above also no die casting or chill casting-like castings with a substantially fine microstructure can be produced.

Bekannt ist außerdem aus dem europäischen Patent EP 0004844 B1 der Einsatz einer Kühlleitung in einer Gießform aus Gips zur Herstellung von Kunststoffgegenständen. Die Kühlleitung ist in den Gips der Gießform eingebettet. Wie erwähnt dient die Gipsform zur Herstellung von Teilen und Prototypen aus Kunststoff, welcher in den Hohlraum der Gießform injiziert wird. Hierbei dient die in den Gips eingebettete Kühlleitung zum schnelleren Abkühlen der Kunststoffmasse, um den Fertigungsvorgang zu beschleunigen. Auf Grund der schlechten Wärmeleitung des Gipses kann die in den Gips vollkommen eingebettete Kühlleitung jedoch eine für die schnelle Abkühlung und die gerichtete Erstarrung eines Metallgussteiles erforderliche Wärmeableitung nicht gewährleisten. Im Vergleich zu einer Druckgussform oder Kokille aus Metall ist die Wärmeleitfähigkeit einer solchen Gipsform mit der in den Gips eingebetteten Kühlleitung immer noch um ein Vielfaches geringer. Deshalb ist auch diese Gießform nicht geeignet, um die vom Druck- oder Kokillenguss bekannten Erstarrungszeiten und somit vergleichbar feine Gefügestrukturen der damit erzeugten Gussstücke zu erreichen.It is also known from the European patent EP 0004844 B1 the use of a cooling line in a casting mold made of plaster for the production of plastic objects. The cooling line is embedded in the plaster of the mold. As mentioned, the plaster mold is used to make plastic parts and prototypes, which are injected into the cavity of the mold. Here, the embedded in the plaster cooling line for faster cooling of the plastic material is used to accelerate the manufacturing process. Due to the poor thermal conductivity of the gypsum perfectly embedded in the gypsum cooling line, however, can not guarantee a required for rapid cooling and directional solidification of a metal casting heat dissipation. In comparison to a die-casting mold or mold made of metal, the thermal conductivity of such a plaster mold with the cooling pipe embedded in the plaster is still many times lower. Therefore, this mold is not suitable to achieve the known by pressure or chill casting solidification times and thus comparable fine microstructures of the castings thus produced.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt deshalb die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Gießform für Gussteile aus Metall zur Herstellung von Einzelgussteilen oder Gussteilen in kleinen Stückzahlen zu entwickeln, bei welcher nach dem Abguss der Metallschmelze die Erstarrung zu einem Gusskörper hinsichtlich Richtung und Geschwindigkeit der Erstarrung unter Verwendung eines Kühlmittels gesteuert werden kann. Es ist weiterhin Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, ein einfaches und kostengünstiges Verfahren zur Herstellung einer solchen Gießform zu entwickeln.The present invention is therefore based on the object to develop a casting mold for metal castings for the production of single castings or castings in small quantities, in which controlled by the casting of the molten metal solidification to a cast body with respect to the direction and speed of solidification using a coolant can be. It is a further object of the present invention to develop a simple and inexpensive method for producing such a casting mold.

Erfindungsgemäß wird die Aufgabe hinsichtlich der Gießform mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruches 1 und hinsichtlich des Verfahrens zur Herstellung der Gießform mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruches 7 gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen.According to the invention the object is achieved with respect to the mold with the features of claim 1 and with respect to the method for producing the mold with the features of claim 7. Advantageous embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims.

Die Erfindung soll nachstehend anhand eines Ausführungsbeispiels und unter Bezugnahme auf die Figuren 1 bis 5 näher erläutert werden.The invention will be described below with reference to an embodiment and with reference to the FIGS. 1 to 5 be explained in more detail.

Im Einzelnen zeigen die Figuren in schematischer Darstellung:

Figur 1
ein Muster bzw. ein Urmodell für ein herzustellendes Gussteil,
Figur 2
eine Silikonform zum Abgießen eines verlorenen Modells,
Figur 3
ein in der Silikonform nach Figur 2 hergestelltes und mit einem Kühlkanal ummanteltes verlorenes Modell in Seitenansicht,
Figur 4
eine unter Verwendung des mit dem Kühlkanal ummantelten verlorenen Modells nach Figur 3 hergestellte Gießform in Schnittansicht und
Figur 5
ein mit der Gießform nach Figur 4 hergestelltes Gussteil nach dessen Entformung.
In detail, the figures show in a schematic representation:
FIG. 1
a sample or a master model for a casting to be produced,
FIG. 2
a silicone mold for casting a lost model,
FIG. 3
one in the silicone mold FIG. 2 manufactured and with a cooling channel encased lost model in side view,
FIG. 4
one using the lost model sheathed with the cooling channel FIG. 3 produced mold in sectional view and
FIG. 5
one with the mold after FIG. 4 manufactured casting after demolding.

Das in Figur 1 schematisch dargestellte Muster oder Urmodell 1 gibt die exakte Gestalt eines mit einer erfindungsgemäßen Gießform für Gussteile aus Metall 4 herzustellenden Gussteiles 2 vor, welches in Figur 5 dargestellt ist. Wenn nicht bereits ein Muster 1 vorhanden ist, muss zunächst ein sogenanntes Urmodell 1 hergestellt werden. Die Herstellung eines solchen Urmodells 1 erfolgt meist mittels Stereolithographie. Es können aber auch andere generative Fertigungsverfahren zur schichtweisen Herstellung des Urmodells 1 eingesetzt werden. Weitere geeignete Verfahren sind z. B. das Selektive Laser Sintern, das Fused Deposition Modelling, das Laminated Objekt Modelling sowie das 3D-Printing.This in FIG. 1 schematically illustrated pattern or master model 1 provides the exact shape of a casting to be produced with a casting mold according to the invention for metal castings 4 4, which in FIG. 5 is shown. If a pattern 1 is not already available, a so-called master model 1 must first be produced. The production of such a basic model 1 is usually carried out by means of stereolithography. However, it is also possible to use other generative production methods for the layered production of the original model 1. Other suitable methods are for. These include Selective Laser Sintering, Fused Deposition Modeling, Laminated Object Modeling and 3D Printing.

Wenn ein Urmodell 1 neu erstellt werden muss, sollte, wenn nur ein Gussteil 2 hergestellt werden soll, dieses sofort als ein zur Herstellung der erfindungsgemäßen Gießform geeignetes verlorenes Modell aus ausschmelzbarem Wachs, einer niedrig schmelzenden Modelllegierung, einem ausbrennbaren Kunststoff bzw. Kunststoffschaum hergestellt werden. Ist ein Muster des herzustellenden Gussstückes vorhanden oder handelt es sich bei dem Urmodell 1 nicht bereits um ein verlorenes Modell, muss zur Herstellung der erfindungsgemäßen Gießform aus dem vorhandenen Muster oder dem Urmodell 1 zunächst ein verlorenes Modell hergestellt werden. Dies erfolgt, indem das Muster oder Urmodell 1 in einem Formkasten mit flüssigem Silikon umgossen wird, wie dies in Figur 2 erkennbar ist. Nach Verfestigung des Silikons wird die in dieser Weise gebildete Silikonform 5 durch Schneiden entlang einer Teilungsebene 15 geteilt, das Muster bzw. Urmodell 1 dem gebildeten Formhohlraum entnommen und die Silikonform 5 mit einem Gieß- und Speisesystem versehen (im Einzelnen nicht dargestellt). Danach wird die Silikonform 5 im Formkasten wieder exakt zusammengefügt und z. B. mit flüssigem Wachs ausgegossen (ebenfalls nicht dargestellt). Nach dem Erstarren des Wachses kann aus der Silikonform ein verlorenes Modell 3 z. B. aus Wachs entformt werden.If a master model 1 has to be recreated, if only one casting 2 is to be made, it should immediately be manufactured as a lost model of fusible wax, a low melting model alloy, a burnable plastic, or a plastic foam suitable for making the mold of the invention. If a sample of the casting to be produced is present or if the master model 1 is not already a lost model, a lost model must first be produced from the existing pattern or master model 1 to produce the casting mold according to the invention. This is done by molding the pattern or master model 1 in a mold box with liquid silicone, as shown in FIG FIG. 2 is recognizable. After solidification of the silicone, the silicone mold 5 formed in this way is divided by cutting along a dividing plane 15, the pattern 1 is taken from the mold cavity formed and the silicone mold 5 is provided with a pouring and feeding system (not shown in detail). Thereafter, the silicone mold 5 is exactly assembled again in the mold box and z. B. poured with liquid wax (also not shown). After the solidification of the wax from the silicone mold a lost model 3 z. B. be removed from wax.

Werden Prototypengussteile mit hoher Oberflächengüte und Genauigkeit, d. h. sogenannte Feingussteile benötigt, kommen einteilige verlorene Gießformen aus Gips oder einer keramischen Masse in Betracht. Bei Gussteilen mit geringeren Anforderungen an die Oberflächengüte kann als Formstoff für die einteilige verlorene Gießform für Gussteile aus Metall 2 auch bindemittelhaltiger Formgrundstoff (z. B. Quarzsand) verwendet werden. Zur Herstellung einteiliger Sandformen sind vor allem verlorene Modelle aus Schaumpolystyrol besonders geeignet, welche durch Schäumen in einer Schäumform oder durch mechanische Bearbeitung, z. B. Fräsen, eines Schaumpolystyrolblockes hergestellt werden.Are prototype castings with high surface quality and accuracy, i. H. so-called precision castings are needed, come one-piece lost molds made of gypsum or a ceramic mass into consideration. In the case of castings with lower surface quality requirements, the mold material for the one-piece lost casting mold for metal castings 2 may also include binder-containing mold base material (eg quartz sand). For the production of one-piece sand molds especially lost models of foam polystyrene are particularly suitable, which by foaming in a foam mold or by mechanical processing, for. As milling, a foam polystyrene block are produced.

Wie in Figur 3 erkennbar, wird das in der einen oder anderen Weise hergestellte verlorene Modell 3 aus Wachs, Kunststoff (z. B. Schaumpolystyrol) oder einer niedrig schmelzenden Modelllegierung zwecks Herstellung der erfindungsgemäßen einteiligen verlorenen Gießform für Gussteile aus Metall 4 zumindest teilweise mit einem biegsamen Kühlkanal 6 ummantelt. Dies geschieht vor allem in den Bereichen, in welchen die Metallschmelze in der Gießform gerichtet erstarren soll, um Gussfehler zu vermeiden, und in welchen die Erstarrung relativ schnell erfolgen soll, um ein feinkörniges, ausreichend belastbares Materialgefüge zu erreichen. Die Auswahl dieser kritischen Bereiche kann z. B. durch Simulation der Erstarrungsvorgänge (Gießsimulation) vorteilhaft erfolgen. Nach der Ummantelung des verlorenen Modells 3 mit dem Kühlkanal 6 wird das verlorene Modell unter Vorsehen eines Gieß- und Speisesystems 12 in einen verfestigbaren Formstoff eingebettet. Ist das verlorene Modell 3 ein Wachsmodell und wird als Formstoff Gips verwendet, wird das Wachsmodell nach dem Verfestigen der Gipsform ausgeschmolzen. Bei Verwendung eines Wachsmodells und einer keramischen Masse als Formstoff wird das Wachsmodell nach dem Verfestigen des Formstoffes ebenfalls ausgeschmolzen und die keramische Form anschließend gebrannt. Ist das verlorene Modell ein Polystyrolschaum- oder ein Kunststoffmodell und wird als Formstoff ein bindemittelhaltiger Formgrundstoff verwendet, ist die erfindungsgemäße einteilige verlorene Gießform für Gussteile aus Metall 4, wie sie in Figur 4 dargestellt ist, bereits nach dem Verfestigen des bindemittelhaltigen Formgrundstoffes gebrauchsfertig. Das Ausbrennen bzw. Vergasen des verlorenen Modells erfolgt in diesem Falle erst beim Abguss durch die Metallschmelze selbst.As in FIG. 3 Recognizable, the lost model 3 made in one way or another is made of wax, plastic (eg foam polystyrene) or a low melting model alloy for the purpose of making the invention one-piece lost mold for castings made of metal 4 at least partially encased with a flexible cooling duct 6. This happens above all in the areas in which the molten metal in the casting mold should solidify in order to avoid casting defects, and in which the solidification should take place relatively quickly in order to achieve a fine-grained, sufficiently loadable material structure. The selection of these critical areas can, for. B. done by simulation of the solidification processes (casting simulation) advantageous. After sheathing the lost model 3 with the cooling channel 6, the lost model is embedded in a solidifiable molding material by providing a casting and feeding system 12. If the lost model 3 is a wax model and is used as a molding material plaster, the wax model is melted after solidification of the plaster mold. When using a wax model and a ceramic mass as a molding material, the wax model is also melted after solidification of the molding material and then fired the ceramic form. If the lost model is a polystyrene foam or a plastic model and if a binder-containing molding base material is used as molding material, the one-piece lost casting mold according to the invention for castings made of metal 4, as described in US Pat FIG. 4 is shown ready for use after solidification of the binder-containing molding base material. The burnout or gasification of the lost model takes place in this case only during casting by the molten metal itself.

Für den metallischen Kühlkanal 6 wird ein Metallwerkstoff ausgewählt, welcher gegenüber der Metallschmelze beständig ist. Der metallische Kühlkanal 6 kann glattwandig sein und einen runden oder ovalen Querschnitt besitzen. Bei geometrisch einfach geformten verlorenen Modellen 3 kann der Kühlkanal 6 glattwandig ausgeführt sein und mit Hilfe von Biegewerkzeugen um das verlorene Modell 3 mit Kontakt zu dessen Oberfläche gebogen werden.For the metallic cooling channel 6, a metal material is selected which is resistant to the molten metal. The metallic cooling channel 6 may be smooth-walled and have a round or oval cross-section. In geometrically simple shaped lost models 3, the cooling channel 6 can be made smooth-walled and bent by means of bending tools to the lost model 3 with contact to the surface.

Vorzugsweise wird für den metallischen Kühlkanal 6 ein flexibler Metallschlauch, ein flexibles Metallwellrohr oder ein gewickelter Metallwellschlauch verwendet.Preferably, a flexible metal hose, a flexible metal corrugated pipe or a wound corrugated metal hose is used for the metallic cooling channel 6.

Als Material für den metallischen Kühlkanal 6 hat sich Stahl oder Edelstahl bewährt. Ein flexibler Edelstahlwellschlauch kann in einfacher Weise auch mit kleinem Krümmungsradius um das verlorene Modell 3 gewickelt werden. Derartige Edelstahlwellschläuche werden in der Form eines Wellrohres hergestellt oder als Stahlwellschlauch gewickelt. Bei Verwendung eines solchen Wellschlauches können unerwünschte Deformationen des Rohrquerschnittes sowie Spannungen des Kühlkanals 6 beim bogenförmigen Ummanteln des verlorenen Modells 3 vermieden werden. Die Wellung des Schlauches kann eine wellenförmige Kontur oder eine rechteckige Kontur aufweisen. Solche Konturen ermöglichen die Bildung von engen Bögen und schaffen eine relativ große Kühlfläche. Gleichzeitig verbessern sie den Wärmeaustausch zwischen der Metallschmelze und dem in dem Kühlkanal 6 geführten Kühlmedium. Die Enden des mindestens einen Kühlkanals 6 sind mit Anschlussflanschen 7, 8 versehen, die mit je einer nicht weiter dargestellten Kühlmedienzufuhr 9 und einer Kühlmedienabfuhr 10 verbunden sind. Als Kühlmedien werden gasförmige und flüssige Stoffe wie z. B. Luft oder Kühlwasser eingesetzt.As a material for the metallic cooling channel 6, steel or stainless steel has been proven. A flexible stainless steel corrugated hose can easily be wound around the lost model 3 with a small radius of curvature. Such stainless steel corrugated hoses are manufactured in the form of a corrugated pipe or wound as Stahlwellschlauch. When using such a corrugated tube unwanted deformations of the pipe cross-section and stresses of the cooling channel 6 in the arcuate sheathing of the lost model 3 can be avoided. The corrugation of the tube may have a wavy contour or a rectangular contour. Such contours allow the formation of narrow arches and create a relatively large cooling surface. At the same time they improve the heat exchange between the molten metal and the guided in the cooling channel 6 cooling medium. The ends of the at least one cooling channel 6 are provided with connecting flanges 7, 8, which are each connected to a cooling medium feed 9, not shown, and a cooling medium discharge 10. As cooling media are gaseous and liquid substances such. As air or cooling water used.

Die der einteiligen verlorenen Gießform für Gussteile aus Metall 4 mit der Metallschmelze zugeführte Wärmemenge kann nicht wie bei einer Kokille oder einer Druckgießform durch Konvektion und Strahlung direkt an die Umgebung abgegeben werden. Vielmehr wird die Wärme erfindungsgemäß über den im Formstoff eingebetteten und zum Formhohlraum hin unbedeckten oder nur geringfügig bedeckten Kühlkanal 6 über das Kühlmedium intensiv entzogen, um das erstarrende Gussteil 2 möglichst schnell abzukühlen. Für die Kühlung können auch Wärmeträgerflüssigkeiten eingesetzt werden, mit denen die einteilige verlorene Gießform für Gussteile aus Metall 4 vor dem Gießen temperiert werden kann. Wenn mit der Kühlung spätestens beim Eingießen der Schmelze in die Gießform für Gussteile aus Metall 4 begonnen wird, kann das Anschmelzen der Schmelze am Kühlkanal 6 vermieden werden. Obwohl die für die einteilige verlorene Gießform für Gussteile aus Metall 4 verwendeten Formstoffe schlechte Wärmeleiter sind, kann über die unbedeckten und/oder nur geringfügig bedeckten Außenseiten des metallischen Kühlkanals 6 zum Formhohlraum hin die mit der Metallschmelze zugeführte Wärme durch das vorhandene Wärmegefälle im Kühlkanal 6 über das Kühlmedium abgeleitet werden. Durch geeignete Anordnung des mindestens einen Kühlkanals 6 in der einteiligen verlorenen Gießform für Gussteile aus Metall 4 kann auch eine gerichtete Erstarrung bewirkt und damit die Bildung von Gussfehlern wie Lunkern und Porositäten entgegengewirkt werden. Durch die Vermeidung des Anschmelzens der Metallschmelze am Kühlkanal 6 kann das Gussteil 2 nach dem Abkühlen problemlos entformt werden. Der Kühlkanal 6 lässt sich zusammen mit dem Formstoff der verlorenen Gießform für Gussteile aus Metall 4 leicht vom Gussteil 2 entfernen.The quantity of heat supplied to the one-piece lost casting mold for metal castings 4 with the molten metal can not be released directly to the environment by convection and radiation, as in the case of a mold or a diecasting mold. Rather, according to the invention, the heat is intensively extracted via the cooling medium via the cooling channel 6 embedded in the molding material and exposed to the mold cavity or only slightly covered, in order to cool the solidifying casting 2 as quickly as possible. For the cooling and heat transfer fluids can be used with which the one-piece lost mold for castings made of metal 4 can be tempered before pouring. If the cooling is started at the latest when pouring the melt into the casting mold for metal castings 4, the melting of the melt at the cooling channel 6 can be avoided. Although the mold materials used for the one-piece lost mold for castings made of metal 4 are poor heat conductors, via the uncovered and / or only slightly covered outer sides of the metallic cooling channel 6 to the mold cavity, the heat supplied with the molten metal through the existing heat gradient in the cooling channel 6 on derived the cooling medium become. By suitable arrangement of the at least one cooling channel 6 in the one-piece lost casting mold for castings made of metal 4 also a directional solidification can be effected and thus the formation of casting defects such as voids and porosities can be counteracted. By avoiding the melting of the molten metal at the cooling channel 6, the casting 2 can be easily demolded after cooling. The cooling channel 6 can be easily removed from the casting 2 together with the mold material of the lost casting mold for metal castings 4.

Infolge der mittels der erfindungsgemäßen Gießform für Gussteile aus Metall 4 erreichbaren schnellen und gerichteten Abkühlung des Gussteiles 2 werden Gussfehler im Gussteil 2 weitgehend vermieden und es wird eine feinkörnige Struktur des Gussteiles 2 erreicht. Damit besitzen die in der erfindungsgemäßen einteiligen verlorenen Gießform für Gussteile aus Metall 4 erzeugten Gussteile 2 gleiche oder sehr ähnliche Eigenschaften, wie sie beim Gießen in Kokillen oder Druckgießformen erreichbar sind. Die erfindungsgemäße einteilige verlorene Gießform für Gussteile aus Metall 4 ist damit besonders geeignet, Prototypen von Gussteilen zu erzeugen, deren Gebrauchseigenschaften, z. B. deren Festigkeit vor Herstellung der teuren Kokillen- oder Druckgießformen für die Serienfertigung überprüft werden.As a result of the achievable by means of the casting mold according to the invention for metal castings 4 fast and directed cooling of the casting 2 casting defects in the casting 2 are largely avoided and it is achieved a fine-grained structure of the casting 2. Thus, the casting parts 2 produced in the one-piece lost casting mold according to the invention for castings made of metal 4 have the same or very similar properties as can be achieved during casting in molds or die casting molds. The one-piece lost casting mold according to the invention for castings made of metal 4 is therefore particularly suitable for producing prototypes of castings whose service properties, eg. B. whose strength before production of expensive mold or die casting molds are checked for mass production.

Es wird ausdrücklich darauf hingewiesen, dass die vorstehende Beschreibung von Ausführungsformen der erfindungsgemäßen einteiligen verlorenen Gießform für Gussteile aus Metall 4 sowie der Verfahren zu deren Herstellung lediglich erläuternden Charakter besitzt und keinerlei einschränkende Wirkung hinsichtlich des Schutzumfanges der Erfindung haben soll. Der Schutzumfang der Erfindung ergibt sich aus dem Wortlaut der anliegenden Patentansprüche.It is to be expressly understood that the foregoing description of embodiments of the one-piece cast metal lost mold casting mold 4 of the invention and the methods of making it are illustrative only and not intended to have any limiting effect on the scope of the invention. The scope of the invention will be apparent from the language of the appended claims.

Claims (10)

  1. One-piece lost mould for metal castings (4) of a set moulding material which encloses a mould cavity and has at least one metallic cooling channel (6) that is embedded in the moulding material and carries a cooling medium, characterized in that portions of the outer side of the at least one metallic cooling channel (6) are uncovered and/or only slightly covered by the moulding material in the direction of the mould cavity.
  2. Mould for metal castings (4) according to Claim 1, characterized in that the at least one cooling channel (6) is smooth-walled and has a wound or oval cross section.
  3. Mould for metal castings (4) according to Claim 1, characterized in that the at least one metallic cooling channel (6) is a flexible metal tube, a flexible corrugated metal tube or a wound corrugated metal tube.
  4. Mould for metal castings (4) according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one metallic cooling channel (6) is formed from steel or high-grade steel.
  5. Mould for metal castings (4) according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that plaster or a ceramic compound is used as the moulding material.
  6. Mould for metal castings (4) according to at least one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a moulding base material that contains a binder is used as the moulding material.
  7. Method for producing a one-piece lost mould for metal castings (4) according to at least one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized by the steps of:
    forming a lost pattern (3),
    enclosing selected regions of the lost pattern (3) with at least one cooling channel (6),
    embedding the lost pattern (3) that is enclosed by the at least one cooling channel (6) in a moulding material which can be made to set, while providing a gating and feeding system (12),
    making the moulding material set, and
    removing the lost pattern (3) by melting or burning or gasifying.
  8. Method according to Claim 7, characterized in that the lost pattern (3) is a wax pattern, plaster is used as the moulding material and the wax pattern is melted away after the setting of the plaster mould.
  9. Method according to Claim 7, characterized in that the lost pattern (3) is a wax pattern, a ceramic compound is used as the moulding material, the wax pattern is melted away after the setting of the moulding material and the ceramic mould is fired.
  10. Method according to Claim 7, characterized in that the lost pattern (3) is an expanded polystyrene or plastic pattern, a moulding base material that contains a binder is used as the moulding material, and removal of the lost pattern by burning or gasifying only takes place by the molten metal itself when it is poured off.
EP07817442A 2006-09-05 2007-08-25 Single-part expendable casting mould with a controlled temperature for cast metal parts and associated production method Not-in-force EP2059356B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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DE102006041627A DE102006041627A1 (en) 2006-09-05 2006-09-05 One-piece lost mold for metal castings and method of making same
PCT/DE2007/001516 WO2008028455A1 (en) 2006-09-05 2007-08-25 Single-part expendable casting mould with a controlled temperature for cast metal parts and associated production method

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DE102007023152A1 (en) * 2007-05-16 2008-11-20 Mtu Aero Engines Gmbh Method for producing a casting, casting mold and casting produced therewith
FR3004366B1 (en) * 2013-04-10 2021-04-30 Snecma MONOCRISTALLINE FOUNDRY MOLD
JP6955556B2 (en) * 2016-09-30 2021-10-27 サーモディクス，インコーポレイテッド Therapeutic balloon system with contraction guide
CN110893453B (en) * 2019-12-02 2024-02-27 中北大学 Gypsum type precision casting method and device for magnesium alloy castings
CN112427606A (en) * 2020-10-21 2021-03-02 德盛镁汽车部件（芜湖）有限公司 Casting mould arranged on engine cylinder cover production line
CN113600795B (en) * 2021-06-30 2023-07-14 上海航天精密机械研究所 Casting method for refining investment casting structure
CN114012071B (en) * 2021-09-26 2023-09-15 芜湖泓鹄材料技术有限公司 Method for solving abnormal molding surface of automobile stamping die casting based on air cooling technology

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WO2008028455A8 (en) 2008-05-02
JP2010502443A (en) 2010-01-28
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CA2646675A1 (en) 2008-03-13
US20090133848A1 (en) 2009-05-28

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