EP2043930A1 - Système de stockage d'énergie thermique - Google Patents

Système de stockage d'énergie thermique

Info

Publication number
EP2043930A1
EP2043930A1 EP07784645A EP07784645A EP2043930A1 EP 2043930 A1 EP2043930 A1 EP 2043930A1 EP 07784645 A EP07784645 A EP 07784645A EP 07784645 A EP07784645 A EP 07784645A EP 2043930 A1 EP2043930 A1 EP 2043930A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
vessel
thermal energy
storage system
energy storage
cavity
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP07784645A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
David Mills
Peter Le Lievre
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Areva Solar Pty Ltd
Original Assignee
Solar Heat and Power Pty Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from AU2006903801A external-priority patent/AU2006903801A0/en
Application filed by Solar Heat and Power Pty Ltd filed Critical Solar Heat and Power Pty Ltd
Publication of EP2043930A1 publication Critical patent/EP2043930A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/0034—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using liquid heat storage material
    • F28D20/0043—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using liquid heat storage material specially adapted for long-term heat storage; Underground tanks; Floating reservoirs; Pools; Ponds
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a thermal energy storage system for use in association with steam raising plant.
  • the invention might be employed, for example, in association with such plant as nuclear reactors and package boilers that may be required to meet transient peak demands that exceed the steady state output capacity of the plants.
  • a further application of the invention is in conjunction with solar energy collector systems of the type that are employed for converting solar energy to thermal energy.
  • a solar energy collector system that is employed in the generation of thermal energy comprises a Linear Fresnel Collector ('LFR") system.
  • 'LFR Linear Fresnel Collector
  • This system employs a field of reflectors and elevated energy receivers that are illuminated by reflected radiation for energy exchange with fluid that is carried through the receivers, and the thermal storage system of the present invention is hereinafter described by way of example in the context of an LFR system.
  • the LFR system is typically employed in the production of steam for delivery to electricity generating plant, either for admission directly to steam turbines or for heat exchange with a working fluid.
  • the LFR and other solar collector systems are functional only in the presence of adequate incident solar radiation and, in order to prolong the duty cycle of solar-based electricity generation (and so minimise the demand on parallel sources of energy), thermal energy produced in excess of demand during periods of high-level solar radiation and/ or low power consumption must be stored.
  • Three storage systems have previously been proposed for this purpose; one involving the use of preexisting or purpose-built deep subterranean cavities, the second involving the employment of an above-ground pressure vessel and the third involving the use of concrete-encased fluid feed pipes.
  • Subterranean cavity storage of water at required temperature and pressure offers certain advantages, in that surrounding rock provides a natural "pressure vessel” and large storage volumes can be accommodated.
  • This type of storage currently is employed for combustible gases, for example LPG; but for high temperature water storage it would be necessary to completely line the cavity with an impermeable water-rock interface and the cavity would need be located at a depth that provides for a rock surface stratum of thickness sufficient to withstand the high fluid pressure within the cavity.
  • Above ground pressure vessels that are suitable for containing water at the required temperature and a pressure sufficient to maintain the fluid in a liquid phase have been built for various purposes and are commonly referred to as "steam accumulators".
  • steam accumulators the fabrication and material costs inherent in building a vessel having the volumetric capacity required for storage of sufficient water to provide the steam mass flow rate required to sustain power generation, for example 1 to 5 MW for a period of 3 to 24 hours, has been determined to be disproportionately high relative to other components of the total power generating system.
  • the present invention provides a thermal energy storage system that comprises at least one vertically extending cavity formed within ground that is constituted by geologically stable consolidated rock. At least one cylindrical steel vessel having a diametral dimension smaller than its longitudinal dimension is positioned within the at least one cavity and surrounded peripherally by a containment material. Conduits are provided for directing pressurised water (in vapour and/ or liquid phase) into the vessel, and for conveying steam from an upper region of the vessel.
  • the vessel has a peripheral wall that functions as a liner for the containment material whereby, in operation of the system, internal pressure-induced forces are transferred from the vessel to the containment material by way of the peripheral wall.
  • the invention is further defined as providing a method of storing thermal energy wherein water at a high temperature is maintained under pressure within a cylindrical steel vessel which is positioned within a cavity which is formed within ground that is constituted by geologically stable consolidated rock, wherein the vessel is surrounded peripherally by a containment material and wherein the vessel has a peripheral wall that functions as a liner for the containment material and internal pressure-induced forces are transferred from the vessel to the containment material by way of the peripheral wall.
  • cylindrical steel vessel is to be understood as meaning a vessel having any desired cross-sectional configuration (for example, circular or hexagonal) but one that is substantially constant along its length.
  • the containment material optionally comprises surrounding rock and, in such case, the invention in one of its aspects may be defined as providing a thermal energy storage system that comprises at least one vertically extending cylindrical cavity formed within ground that is constituted by geologically stable consolidated rock, the cavity having a diametral dimension that is substantially smaller than the cavity's longitudinal depth.
  • a cylindrical steel vessel is positioned within the cavity and conduits are provided for directing pressurised water (in vapour and/ or liquid phase) into the vessel, whereby water is maintained within a major volumetric portion of the vessel, and for conveying steam from an upper region of the vessel.
  • the vessel is dimensioned to function as a liner for the cavity and, in operation of the system, to transfer internal pressure-induced forces to the surrounding rock.
  • the vessel In functioning as a liner and, consequently, preventing movement of stored water into the surrounding rock, the vessel substantially eliminates the possibility of explosive rock fracturing that might otherwise occur with generation of steam pressure in pores and defects with conductive heating of the rock to temperatures above 100 0 C.
  • the containment material optionally comprises a filler material and, in this case, the invention in accordance with another of its aspects may be defined as providing a thermal energy storage system that comprises a vertically extending cavity formed within ground that is constituted by geologically stable consolidated rock. At least one cylindrical steel vessel is positioned vertically within the cavity, and conduits are provided for directing pressurised water (in vapour and/ or liquid phase) into the vessel and for conveying steam from an upper region of the vessel. Also, a thermally stable filler material is located between the vessel and a surrounding wall of the cavity.
  • the vessel has a diametral dimension that is substantially- smaller than the vessel's longitudinal length and the wall of the vessel functions as a liner for the filler material whereby, in operation of the system, internal pressure induced forces are transferred from the vessel to the surrounding rock by way of the filler material.
  • thermally stable filler material is meant one that maintains its physical and chemical properties when exposed to operating temperatures of the storage system, for example temperatures of the order of 200 0 C to 42O 0 C.
  • the pressure-induced forces exerted on the ends (and, more relevantly, on the upper near-ground- surface end) of the vessel are reduced to a level that can reasonably be accommodated.
  • This in turn permits practicable end-capping and securement of the upper end of the vessel against high internal pressures, typically of the order of 80 to 200 Bar.
  • the vessel by dimensioning the vessel as a liner for the filler material, the surrounding filler material and rock are
  • the cavity may be formed in ground constituted by high strength, low porosity rock such as granite.
  • high strength, low porosity rock such as granite.
  • this rock typically has a porosity of 15% to 25%, care should be taken to form the cavity in dry rock above the level of any underlying water table.
  • the cavity should be formed with a depth sufficient to locate the contained vessel below ground coverage and, thus, wholly within surrounding consolidated rock.
  • the size of the vessel will be determined by the required storage volume. This might be of the order of 60m 3 for approximately 5 hours of storage for a 1 MW heating module, and for this capacity the vessel may have dimensions of the following order: About 3.0m diameter and about 9m length, about 2.0m diameter and about 20m length, about 1.5m diameter and about 36m length, or about 1.0m diameter and about 75m length.
  • the storage may be provided by a plurality of parallel vessels, disposed in a matrix of the filler material, either in a grid formation with regular mutual separation or in a cluster.
  • each vessel When disposed in a grid formation each vessel may have a diameter of approximately 1.5m and a depth in the range of 6m to 36m. A typical inter-vessel spacing of about 3m may then be employed, with the filler material between adjacent vessels being loaded in compression by the radial forces attributable to pressure within the vessels.
  • the vessels When disposed in a cluster, the vessels may be formed with a triangular, square, hexagonal or other polygonal cross-sectional configuration that permits close packing of the vessels. They may alternatively be formed with a circular cross- section and be close- packed with the filler material occupying interstitial spaces between the vessels.
  • the vessels when heated When close-packed as above described, the vessels when heated will expand effectively as a unit, so it is necessary that the surrounding filler material be constituted or structured in a way to accommodate the total effective expansion. With these various arrangements, heat within the boundary of the total storage region will substantially be conserved and, allowing for the high rock-to-water relative heat capacities, the cavity-defining rock will make a useful dynamic contribution to the thermal storage. Also, the filler 5 material may be selected to provide a high filler material-to-water relative heat capacity and so add a further useful dynamic contribution to the thermal storage.
  • each vessel may0 be accommodated by selecting the filler material as one having a coefficient of thermal expansion approximately the same as that of the steel from which the vessel is fabricated or as one that exhibits resiliency sufficient to compress and expand with change in diameter of the vessel.
  • the filler material might comprise a compressible material5 such as cork or other vegetable material, or a mineral material in either solid or particulate form.
  • the filler material will be selected to withstand prevailing storage temperatures and, when in the form of a mineral, the filler material may comprise solid concrete or discrete particles of, for example, a thermally conductive material, capped in the latter case to o prevent vertical displacement of the material.
  • the compressible material When in the form of concrete it may be laminated with a layer of a compressible material, either within the concrete or at the concrete /vessel interface. In the latter case, the compressible material may be wrapped about a vessel prior to placing the vessel in position and prior to surrounding the5 vessel with such other filler material as concrete. When the vessels are positioned in close-packed relationship, a compressible material may be positioned between adjacent vessels
  • the complete thermal energy storage system may be configured to o provide for receipt and liberation of thermal energy by and from the vessel(s) either directly or by way of heat exchangers.
  • Heated fluid to and flash steam from the (or each) vessel may be channelled through separate, parallel circuits or, in one application of the invention, by way of a series circuit incorporating a steam turbine, a condensate reservoir and a solar energy collection system.
  • the arrangements comprising a plurality of vessels may be employed to provide for storage volume adjustment and temperature control under variable load demands. This may be achieved by interconnected valving and pumping of at least some of the vessels.
  • Temperature and pressure conditions in a multi-vessel system may be maintained substantially constant across all vessels, by connecting all vessels in parallel to a common input header, to create uniform input temperature conditions, and by connecting all vessels in parallel to a common output header, for maintenance of uniform vessel pressure.
  • the common output header will allow flow of steam between vessels, leading to temperature equalisation but possible water volume differences.
  • the vessels may be interconnected to permit gravitational adjustment of water level differences.
  • the heating system that is employed to generate the thermal energy to be stored in the thermal energy storage system as above described may optionally comprise or incorporate any known type of heating system, such as for example a fossil-fuel-fired boiler or a nuclear-reactor- powered plant that is arranged to exchange heat with the working fluid.
  • the heating system comprises a solar energy collector system in which incident solar radiation is reflected to illuminate receivers through which the working fluid is passed.
  • the heating system comprises a solar energy collector system
  • such system may optionally incorporate at least one field of reflectors within which a plurality of receivers is located.
  • Each receiver may be - S - associated with a single reflector, for example a parabolic trough reflector, or each receiver may be associated with and receive reflected radiation from a plurality of reflectors.
  • the reflectors may comprise heliostats having either horizontal or vertical fixed axes, or linear reflectors.
  • the working fluid is directed through tubes within the receivers and is heated by concentrated solar radiation from the reflectors.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a power generating plant incorporating an arrangement of a solar energy collection system, a steam turbine and a thermal energy storage system having a single ground cavity.
  • Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of a power generating plant incorporating a series arrangement of a solar energy collection system, a steam turbine, a condensate reservoir and a thermal energy storage system having plural ground cavities,
  • Figure 3 shows a diagrammatic representation of a ground cavity and a contained water storage vessel
  • Figure 4 shows a diagrammatic representation of an alternative capping/ securing arrangement for the upper end of the vessel shown in
  • Figure 5 shows (in plan) an example of a grid arrangement of plural cavities
  • Figure 6 shows a diagrammatic representation of a ground cavity containing a water storage vessel and, in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention, a filler material
  • Figure 7 shows (in plan) an example of a grid arrangement of plural water storage vessels located within a filler material matrix which is, in turn, located within a ground cavity
  • Figure 8 shows a representative cluster of hexagonal- section water storage vessels located within a filler material matrix
  • Figure 9 shows a representative cluster of circular- section water storage vessels located within a filler material matrix
  • Figure 10 shows a schematic representation of a solar energy collections system portion of the power generating plant.
  • the power generating plant incorporates a solar energy collector system 10, a steam turbine 11 coupled to an electrical generator 1 Ia and a thermal energy storage system 12.
  • Ancillary equipment, such as valves and metering devices, as would normally be included in such a plant have been omitted from the drawings as being unnecessary for an understanding of the invention. So too have been connections and valving arrangements that might be provided for bypassing the thermal storage system and directly feeding the steam turbine from the solar collection system and alternative energy sources.
  • the solar energy collection system 10 comprises a field of arrayed ground-mounted, pivotal reflectors 13 that are driven to track the sun and, in so doing, to reflect incident solar radiation to illuminate an elevated receiver system 14.
  • the reflectors might typically comprise units as disclosed in International Patent Applications PCT/ AU2004/ 000883 and PCT/ AU2004/ 000884, and the receiver system might typically comprise a system as disclosed in International Application
  • Flash steam that is released (as required) from the upper region of the energy storage system is admitted to the steam turbine 11 at a temperature typically in the range of 215°C to 340 0 C by a conduit 18 and, after expanding through the turbine, is returned to the lower region of the storage system by way of a conduit 19 and a pump 20.
  • FIG. 2 The system as illustrated in Figure 2 is conceptually similar to that of Figure 1 and like reference numerals are used to identify like components.
  • flash steam from the upper region of each of two thermal storage systems 12 is conveyed to the turbine 11 by a conduit 21 , and after expanding through the turbine the resultant vapour is directed into a ground level series-connected condensate reservoir 23.
  • the reservoir accommodates fluctuations in the water level in the thermal storage system 12 and provides for balancing of water transport throughout the system.
  • Water typically at about 30 0 C to 50 0 C, is conveyed to the solar energy collection system 10 by way of a pump 24 and conduit 25 where it is heated to a temperature in the range of 270 0 C to 340 0 C and returned via conduits 26 and pumps 27 to the lower region of the thermal storage systems 12, under a pressure of about 70 to 150 Bar.
  • FIG 3 provides a diagrammatic illustration of a single thermal storage system 12 which comprises a vertically extending cylindrical cavity 28 which is formed by boring or by any other suitable excavation process within ground that is constituted by geologically stable consolidated rock 29.
  • the cavity 28 has a diametral dimension that is substantially smaller than the cavity's longitudinal depth, and a cylindrical steel vessel 30 that holds the pressurised water is positioned within the cavity at a level below that of unconsolidated ground cover 31.
  • the vessel 30 is formed with a relatively thin wall, having a thickness in the range 6mm to 16 mm over a major portion of its extent, and the vessel is otherwise dimensioned to be a neat fit in the cavity 28 and thus to function as a liner for the cavity.
  • the lower end of the vessel is formed with a convex end portion 32 that is welded to the cylindrical wall portion 33 of the vessel, and the supporting rock 29 is formed with a complementary concavity for nesting the end portion.
  • the upper end of the vessel is also formed with a convex end portion 34 that is welded to the cylindrical wall.
  • the convex end portion 34 will be formed from steel having a thickness typically of at least 20mm.
  • the upper end of the vessel may be closed by a heavy clamp 35a that is anchored to the rock stratum by rock bolts 35b.
  • a heavy clamp 35a that is anchored to the rock stratum by rock bolts 35b. This approach might be adopted when, for example, larger diameter cavities are employed and greater upward forces would be applied to the welded end portion of the vessel.
  • the steel vessel 30 may be prefabricated, either partly or wholly, before being located in the ground cavity 28.
  • the vessel may be fabricated in situ by welding successive cylindrical sections together and by lowering the vessel into the ground cavity as fabrication progresses.
  • the upper end of the vessel is covered with removable backfill, and roofing or another form of covering (not shown) may be employed to direct rain away from and/ or to shield the area of hot ground.
  • the thermal energy storage system may comprise a plurality of ground cavities 28, each occupied by its own storage vessel 30, and in such case the cavities may be arranged in a grid pattern such as shown in Figure 5.
  • FIG 6 provides a diagrammatic illustration of a second embodiment of a thermal energy storage system 12 that is similar to that described with reference to Figure 1 and like reference numerals are employed to designate like parts.
  • a thermally stable filler material 36 in the form of cork sheeting, a particulate material, a mortar, a compressible concrete or other compressible material is located about the vessel, and the vessel wall thus functions as an internal liner for the filler material.
  • the thermal storage system may comprise a plurality of the water storage vessels 30 located within a single ground cavity 28.
  • the vessels may be arranged in a grid pattern and be positioned within a matrix of the filler material 36 in the form of concrete or particulate material as shown in Figure 7. With this arrangement each vessel 30 forms a liner for the filler material 36, and the filler material surrounding and between adjacent vessels is loaded in compression by the radial forces attributable to pressure within the vessels.
  • the water storage vessels 30 may be clustered in a close-packed contacting arrangement within a surrounding filler material 36.
  • each of the vessels may be formed with a hexagonal cross- section, as indicated, or with such other cross-section, such as a triangular cross-section, as permits their close packing.
  • Figure 9 illustrates a further possible close-packed arrangement of multiple water storage vessels 30, in this case with circular section vessels positioned within a matrix of filler material 36 and with the filler material located in the interstices between adjacent vessels.
  • the heating system 10 in the form of a CLFR solar energy collector system 20, is illustrated in a diagrammatic way in Figure 10.
  • the illustrated solar energy collector system comprises a field of arrayed ground-mounted, pivotal reflectors 13 that are driven to track the sun and, in so doing, reflect incident solar radiation to illuminate an elevated receiver system 14.
  • the reflectors 13 pivot about horizontal axes.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention a trait à un système de stockage d'énergie thermique dans lequel au moins une cavité verticale (28) est creusée dans un sol constitué de roche consolidée géologiquement stable (29), et au moins une chaudière d'acier cylindrique (30) présentant une dimension diamétrale inférieure à sa dimension longitudinale est placée à l'intérieur de la cavité et entourée par un matériau de confinement. De même, des conduites (21) et (26) sont fournies pour diriger l'eau sous pression (en phase vapeur et/ou liquide) dans la chaudière (30) et pour transporter la vapeur depuis une région supérieure de la chaudière. La chaudière est équipée d'une paroi périphérique qui tient lieu de chemise pour le matériau de confinement et, lorsque le système est en service, des forces intérieures dues à la pression sont transférées depuis la chaudière jusqu'au matériau de confinement au moyen de la paroi périphérique. Le matériau de confinement, selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, comprend la roche environnante (29). Selon un autre mode de réalisation, le matériau de confinement comprend un matériau de remplissage (36), et dans ce cas, les forces intérieures dues à la pression sont transférées depuis la chaudière jusqu'à la roche environnante au moyen du matériau de remplissage.
EP07784645A 2006-07-14 2007-07-13 Système de stockage d'énergie thermique Withdrawn EP2043930A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2006903801A AU2006903801A0 (en) 2006-07-14 Thermal Energy Storage System
AU2006905367A AU2006905367A0 (en) 2006-09-28 Thermal Energy Storage System
PCT/AU2007/000980 WO2008006174A1 (fr) 2006-07-14 2007-07-13 Système de stockage d'énergie thermique

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2043930A1 true EP2043930A1 (fr) 2009-04-08

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP07784645A Withdrawn EP2043930A1 (fr) 2006-07-14 2007-07-13 Système de stockage d'énergie thermique

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US20090294096A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2043930A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2007272319A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008006174A1 (fr)

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AU2007272319A1 (en) 2008-01-17
WO2008006174A1 (fr) 2008-01-17

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