EP1974431B1 - Wandlerstation - Google Patents

Wandlerstation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1974431B1
EP1974431B1 EP06747905.5A EP06747905A EP1974431B1 EP 1974431 B1 EP1974431 B1 EP 1974431B1 EP 06747905 A EP06747905 A EP 06747905A EP 1974431 B1 EP1974431 B1 EP 1974431B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
line
breaker
neutral
disconnector
current path
Prior art date
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Not-in-force
Application number
EP06747905.5A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1974431A4 (de
EP1974431A2 (de
Inventor
Ulf Radbrant
Lars-Erik Juhlin
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ABB Schweiz AG
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ABB Schweiz AG
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Publication date
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Publication of EP1974431A2 publication Critical patent/EP1974431A2/de
Publication of EP1974431A4 publication Critical patent/EP1974431A4/de
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Publication of EP1974431B1 publication Critical patent/EP1974431B1/de
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/36—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between ac networks via a high-tension dc link
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/02—Details
    • H02H3/05—Details with means for increasing reliability, e.g. redundancy arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/60—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between AC networks or generators via a high voltage DC link [HVCD]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a converter station for connecting an AC system to a bipolar HVDC transmission line, said station comprising two converters each having a DC-side thereof connected on one hand to a respective of two poles of said transmission line on high potential and on the other to a neutral bus for that pole of a DC neutral arrangement in common to the converters on zero potential by being earthed, and having an AC-side connected to said AC system, said DC neutral arrangement having a member connecting to two electrode lines and the arrangement being provided with first DC breakers enabling breaking of a first current path from the neutral bus of one pole to the neutral bus of the other pole at bipolar operation of the station for changing to monopolar operation thereof, the station also comprising a control device adapted to control a said changing from bipolar to monopolar operation by controlling a said first DC breaker to open said current path between said two neutral buses and establish a current path to said electrode line connecting member for diverting the current from said one pole thereto.
  • Such change to monopolar operation will take place for isolating a faulty
  • the invention is not restricted to any particular levels of voltage between earth and each said pole of the HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) transmission line, but it is especially applicable to such voltages above 500 kV, which means that said transmission line transmits a substantial power and the transmission system to which the converter station belongs requires a very high level of reliability. Neither is the invention restricted to any particular levels of currents through said poles of a said transmission line, but said lines are preferably rated for currents above 1 kA.
  • HVDC High Voltage Direct Current
  • a HVDC transmission system of this type is schematically shown in Fig 1 . It is shown how a converter station 1, 2 is arranged at each end of a HVDC transmission line 3 having two poles 4, 5, one with positive and one with negative polarity.
  • An AC system 6, 6' is connected to each converter station through transformers 7, 7' for obtaining a suitable level of the voltage of said DC system.
  • the AC system may be a generating system in the form of any type of power plant with generators of electricity or a consuming system or network connecting to consumers of electric power, such as industries and communities.
  • Each converter station has two converters 8, 9 each having a DC-side thereof connected on one hand to a respective of said two poles 4, 5 and on the other to a DC neutral arrangement 10 in common to the converters and connecting the low voltage side thereof to earth for defining a certain voltage on each pole.
  • Each converter 8, 9 may be replaced by a set of converters, such as two or three, connected in series for obtaining high voltages, may be in the order of 800 kV.
  • the converters include a number of current valves in any known configuration, for instance in a 12-pulse bridge configuration.
  • the converters may be line commutated Current Source Converters in which the switching elements, such as thyristors, are turned off at zero crossing of the AC current in said AC system.
  • the converters may also be forced commutated Voltage Source Converters, in which said switching elements are turn-off devices controlled according to a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) pattern.
  • PWM Pulse Width Modulation
  • HVDC transmission systems are therefore mostly used to transmit much power, often in the order of some GW, over long distances, such as hundreds of kilometres. This means that the consequence for the connected AC systems can be very severe if both poles of the transmission line would be tripped, i.e. be disconnected as a consequence of for instance an earth fault, at the same time.
  • a said AC system belongs to a major system providing a large city with electric power such a bipolar trip may result in such a large reduction of the electric power supplied to said major system, that unstabilities may be created in that system and other parts may then also fail.
  • the consequence for the connecting AC system if only one pole is tripped is not half as severe as if both poles would be tripped.
  • the present invention is occupied with the reliability of converter stations of the type defined in the introduction, which is closely related to the function of said DC neutral arrangement thereof, and a traditional DC neutral arrangement of a known converter station is shown in Fig 2 .
  • This arrangement 10 has a neutral bus 11 connecting to the low voltage side of one converter 8 and a neutral bus 12 connecting to the low voltage side of the other converter 9.
  • the neutral buses are connected to each other through a series connection of two first DC breakers 13, 14 and a disconnector 15, 16 associated with each DC breaker 13, 14.
  • the midpoint 17 of this series connection between the first DC breaker and disconnector associated with one neutral bus and those associated with the other neutral bus is through a line 18 including disconnectors connected to a member 19 connecting to two electrode lines 20, 21 extending from the converter station to an electrode station 22, the function of which will be described further below.
  • the DC neutral arrangement 10 also comprises a grounding switch 23 connected through lines including disconnectors to a point 24, 24' between the first DC breaker and the disconnector associated with each neutral bus 11, 12.
  • the function of a converter station having this known DC neutral arrangement shown in Fig 2 is as follows.
  • Fig 3 illustrates how the converter station and especially the DC neutral arrangement thereof will then act.
  • the current valves of the converter 8 will then be blocked with by-pass pairs, which means that series connected current valves are fired and thereby the AC side is by-passed for protecting said AC system 6 and equipment connected thereto.
  • These by-pass pairs will form a low impedance connection between the DC pole 4 and the DC neutral arrangement. It is shown by dots how the current will then flow to the earth fault 26. However, it is important to quickly isolate the earth fault 26 for maintaining the other pole 5 in operation.
  • the disconnectors of the line 18 are closed for forming a current path to the electrode line connecting member 19 and through the electrode lines 20, 21 to the electrode station 22.
  • the DC current of the pole 5 will now be shared by two current paths, one via the electrode lines to earth and one via the other pole 4 to the earth fault. About half the current will go in each of the two current paths.
  • the first DC breaker 13 is opened, so that all current will go through the electrode lines to the electrode station.
  • the disconnectors 15 and 15' at the neutral bus as well as a disconnector 27 at the pole 4 are opened to fulfil the isolation of the faulty pole 4.
  • the DC breaker 13 fails to bring the current through it down to zero, i.e. commutate that current to the electrode lines, it will be reclosed.
  • the grounding switch 23 is then closed as a backup for the DC breaker 13 while forming a low impedance connection between the neutral bus 12 and earth. Almost all current of the "healthy" pole 5 will then go down into the station earth grid, and the current through the other pole 4 will thereby go down to almost zero, so that the disconnectors 15, 27 and 15' may then be opened to fulfil the isolation.
  • the grounding switch 23 is opened and all current will be commutated to the electrode lines.
  • the converter station and the HVDC transmission system is then in monopolar operation, so that half the power as in bipolar operation may still be delivered.
  • a connection of the neutral bus 12 to the pole 4 will be obtained by closing disconnectors and a switch diverting the current according to the arrows 28 for metallic return instead of earth return through the electrode station if it would be necessary to maintain the monopolar operation of the system for not charging the earth of the electrode station too much.
  • US 6 141 226 discloses a plant for transmitting electric power having a direct voltage network for High Voltage Direct Current and at least one pole conductor interconnecting two stations.
  • a bidirectionally controlled thyristor BCT
  • a control unit is adapted to control the current direction through the bidirectionally controlled thyristors so as to choose that the earth electrode of each station is always either anode or cathode.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a converter station of the type defined in the introduction, which reduces at least one of the drawbacks mentioned above of such a converter station already known.
  • This object is according to the invention obtained by providing such a converter station in which said neutral arrangement is provided with a separate said connecting member for each of said electrode lines and means for connecting each neutral bus to an optional of said two electrode line connecting members.
  • said connecting means comprises for each said neutral bus in a first line separate from said first current path including said first DC breaker and connecting that bus to one of the electrode line connecting members associated with that bus at least one disconnector and/or DC breaker and in a second line interconnecting said two first lines closer to the respective bus than the location of said at least one disconnector and/or breaker at least one disconnector and DC breaker.
  • each neutral bus may through operation of said DC breaker and/or disconnectors be connected to an optional of said electrode line connecting members or both of them for disconnecting any of the electrode lines when an earth fault appears on one of them and by that isolating the earth fault or for even checking the status or performing maintenance thereof during monopolar operation.
  • said interconnecting second line is provided with a DC breaker connected in series with a disconnector on each side thereof.
  • said connecting means comprises for each first line connecting a neutral bus to one of said electrode line connecting members a series connection of a DC breaker and a disconnector closer to the neutral bus in question than the point of connection of said interconnecting second line to this first line.
  • said DC neutral arrangement comprises an additional second DC breaker connected in series with said first DC breaker in said first current path between said two neutral buses for bipolar operation of the station.
  • a midpoint between said first and second DC breaker in said first current path is by a first disconnector connected to a midpoint of a line interconnecting said two poles of the HVDC transmission line, said first disconnector being adapted to be open at bipolar operation of the station, the line interconnecting said two poles is provided with a disconnector on both sides of said midpoint, and said control device is adapted to control said first disconnector to close and a disconnector connecting to one of the poles to close for metallic return of the current from the other pole at monopolar operation of the station after trip of said one pole.
  • the converter station comprises a grounding switch connected to said first current path between the two neutral buses at a point between said first DC breaker and said additional DC breaker. This is for a further backup if the first as well as the second DC breaker would fail, which however is quite unlikely.
  • said control device is adapted to control said DC breakers and disconnectors in each said first line and said interconnecting second line to close and establish a second current path between the two neutral buses through said first lines and said interconnecting second line for enabling maintenance of the equipment, such as a breaker, in said first current path at bipolar operation of the station.
  • the station is adapted for connecting an AC system to a bipolar HVDC transmission line adapted to have a voltage between each pole thereof and earth exceeding 200 kV, advantageously exceeding 500 kV, preferably being 600 kV-1500 kV and most preferably being 600 kV-1000 kV.
  • a converter station according to the invention is mostly the more interesting the higher said voltage and thereby the power transmitted through said HVDC transmission line are, since this would then also mean that the reliability requirements will be higher.
  • the two poles are here designated by 104 and 105 and the two neutral buses by 111 and 112.
  • the poles 104, 105 are here intended to have a polarity of +800kV and -800kV, respectively.
  • the neutral buses 111, 112 are connected to each other through a first current path 130, in which a first DC breaker 131 and a second DC breaker 132 are connected in series. Each of these DC breakers are surrounded by two disconnectors 133-136.
  • Each neutral bus is further through a first line 140, 141 connected to one of two separate electrode line connecting members 142, 143.
  • Each first line is provided with a DC breaker 144, 145 surrounded by two disconnectors 146-149 closer to the neutral bus in question than a point of connection of a second line 150 interconnecting said two first lines.
  • This second line 150 has a DC breaker 151 surrounded by two disconnectors 152, 153.
  • each first line has a disconnector 160, 161 closer to the respective electrode line connecting member than the point of interconnection of the second line 150 to said first line.
  • a grounding switch 170 is connected to said first current path 130 between the two DC breakers 131, 132 with associated disconnectors, and the first current path 130 is there also connected through a disconnector 180 to a midpoint of a line 181 interconnecting said two poles 104, 105 of the HVDC transmission line.
  • This disconnector 180 is adapted to be open at bipolar operation of the station.
  • the line interconnecting the two poles is further provided with a disconnector 182, 183 at both sides of said midpoint.
  • this neutral arrangement is as follows. During bipolar operation of the HVDC transmission system to which the converter station belongs a current will flow between the two neutral buses in a first current path 130 with the DC breakers 131, 132 as well as the disconnectors 133, 136 closed and also through a second current path going through the closed DC breakers 144, 145 and disconnectors 146-149 as well as the closed DC breaker 151 and disconnectors 152, 153 of the second line 150.
  • the disconnectors 160, 161 will be closed connecting the electrode station to said neutral buses for polarity definition. Maintenance of all equipment of this DC neutral arrangement is now possible without any outage at bipolar operation.
  • the DC breakers in said first current path 130 may be opened and the function of them be tested or maintenance thereupon may be carried out while conducing the current between the two neutral buses through the second current path leading through the second line 150.
  • the proper function of the equipment in these second current path may also be checked while conducting the current between the two neutral buses through said first current path 130. It is also possible to check the equipment of the two electrode lines and carry out maintenance on the equipment of one electrode line at the time without any risk that a trip of one pole may result in a bipolar trip of the converter station.
  • the two disconnectors 133 and 134 are open after opening the DC breaker 131. The corresponding is applicable for the DC breaker 132.
  • the current from the neutral bus 112 will flow to the electrode line connecting members 142, 143 and therethrough to the electrode station 190.
  • the DC breaker 151 is for that sake reclosed if it is needed as a backup for the DC breaker 144. However, if an earth fault occurs on the first electrode line 191 or equipment associated therewith the connection between the neutral bus 112 and the electrode line connecting member 142 will be broken by controlling the DC breaker 151 to open and then open any of the disconnectors 161, 152 and 153. If on the other an earth fault would occur in the electrode line 192 or any equipment associated therewith the disconnector 161 will open and all the current from the neutral bus 112 will be conducted to the electrode line connecting member 142.
  • the disconnector 180 and the disconnector 182 can be closed for metallic return of the current to the pole 104 while breaking the connections of the neutral bus 112 to the electrode station 190 for not conducting too much current into the ground of the electrode station.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Direct Current Feeding And Distribution (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
  • Rectifiers (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Stromrichterstation zum Verbinden eines AC-Systems (6) mit einer bipolaren HVDC-Übertragungsleitung (3), wobei die Station zwei Stromrichter (8, 9) umfasst, wobei jeder eine DC-Seite aufweist, die mit einem entsprechenden zweier Pole (104, 105) der Übertragungsleitung auf einem hohen Potential und mit einem Nullleiterbus (111, 112) für den Pol einer DC-Nullleiteranordnung (10) verbunden ist, der gemeinsam für beide Stromrichter auf einem Nullpotential liegt, indem er geerdet ist; und wobei jeder eine AC-Seite aufweist, die mit dem AC-System verbunden ist,
    wobei die DC-Nullleiteranordnung Verbindungsbauteile für Elektrodenleitungen aufweist, die mit zwei Elektrodenleitungen (191, 192) verbunden sind, und wobei die Anordnung mit ersten DC-Trennschaltern bereitgestellt wird, die ein Trennen eines ersten Strompfads (130) von dem Nullleiterbus eines Pols zu dem Nullleiterbus des anderen Pols beim Bipolarbetrieb der Station ermöglichen, um auf einen Monopolarbetrieb derselben umzuschalten,
    wobei die Station auch eine Steuervorrichtung (200) umfasst, die geeignet ist, das Umschalten von einem Bipolarbetrieb auf einen Monopolarbetrieb zu steuern, indem einer der ersten DC-Trennschalter (131) so gesteuert wird, dass der Strompfad zwischen den beiden Nullleiterbussen (111, 112) geöffnet wird und indem ein Strompfad zu dem Verbindungsbauteil der Elektrodenleitung zum Ableiten des Stroms von dem einen Pol auf das Verbindungsbauteil eingerichtet wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Nullleiteranordnung mit zwei Verbindungsbauteilen (142, 143), eines für jede Elektrodenleitung, und mit Verbindungselementen zum Verbinden jedes Nullleiterbusses (111, 112) mit einem der beiden Verbindungsbauteile für Elektrodenleitungen bereitgestellt wird.
  2. Stromrichterstation nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Verbindungselemente für jeden Nullleiterbus mindestens ein Trennelement (160, 161) und/oder einen DC-Trennschalter in einer ersten Leitung (140, 141) separat von dem ersten Strompfad umfassen, der den ersten DC-Trennschalter aufweist und diesen Bus mit einem der Verbindungsbauteile für Elektrodenleitungen (142, 143) verbindet, die diesem Bus zugeordnet sind; und mindestens ein Trennelement (152, 153) und einen DC-Trennschalter (151) in einer zweiten Leitung (150) umfassen, welche die beiden ersten Leitungen näher an dem entsprechenden Bus als dem Standort des mindestens einen Trennelements und/oder Trennschalters miteinander verbindet.
  3. Stromrichterstation nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Verbinden der zweiten Leitung (150) einen DC-Trennschalter (151) umfasst, der auf jeder Seite derselben mit einem Trennelement (152, 153) in Reihe geschaltet ist.
  4. Stromrichterstation nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Verbindungselement für jede erste Leitung (140, 141), die den Nullleiterbus (111, 112) mit einem der Verbindungsbauteile für Elektrodenleitungen (142, 143) verbindet, eine Reihenschaltung eines DC-Trennschalters (144, 145) und eines Trennelements (146 bis 149) näher an dem betroffenen Nullleiterbus als an dem Verbindungspunkt der Verbindung der zweiten Leitung mit der ersten Leitung umfasst.
  5. Stromrichterstation nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die DC-Nullleiteranordnung einen zusätzlichen zweiten DC-Trennschalter (132) umfasst, der in dem ersten Strompfad (130) zwischen den beiden Nullleiterbussen für den Bipolarbetrieb der Station mit dem ersten DC-Trennschalter (131) in Reihe geschaltet ist.
  6. Stromrichterstation nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein Mittelpunkt in dem ersten Strompfad (130) zwischen dem ersten (131) und dem zweiten (132) Gleichstromtrennschalter durch ein erstes Trennelement (180) mit einem Mittelpunkt einer Leitung (181) verbunden ist, welche die beiden Pole (104, 105) der HVDC-Übertragungsleitung miteinander verbindet, wobei das erste Trennelement geeignet ist, bei dem Bipolarbetrieb der Station offen zu sein, dass die Leitung, welche die beiden Pole miteinander verbindet, mit einem Trennelement (182, 183) auf beiden Seiten des Mittelpunkts bereitgestellt wird, und dass die Steuervorrichtung geeignet ist, das erste Trennelement (180) zum Schließen zu steuern und ein Trennelement, das mit einem der Pole verbunden ist, bei einem Monopolarbetrieb der Station zum Schließen für einen metallischen Rücklauf des Stroms von dem anderen Pol zu steuern, nachdem der eine Pol abgeschaltet wurde.
  7. Stromrichterstation nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie einen Erdungsschalter (170) umfasst, der zwischen den beiden Nullleiterbussen (111, 112) an einem Punkt zwischen dem ersten DC-Trennschalter (131) und dem zusätzlichen zweiten DC-Trennschalter (132) mit dem ersten Strompfad (130) verbunden ist.
  8. Stromrichterstation nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Steuervorrichtung geeignet ist, die DC-Trennschalter (144, 145, 151) und die Trennelemente (146 bis 149, 152, 153) in jeder der ersten Leitung und der verbindenden zweiten Leitung so zu steuern, dass ein zweiter Strompfad zwischen den beiden Nullleiterbussen (111, 112) durch die ersten Leitungen (140, 144) und die verbindende zweite Leitung (150) geschlossen und eingerichtet wird, um eine Wartung der Ausrüstung wie zum Beispiel eines DC-Trennschalters (131, 132) in dem ersten Strompfad (130) bei einem Bipolarbetrieb der Station zu ermöglichen.
  9. Stromrichterstation nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie geeignet ist, ein AC-System mit einer bipolaren HVDC-Übertragungsleitung zu verbinden, die geeignet ist, eine Spannung zwischen jedem ihrer Pole und dem Erdpotential aufzuweisen, die 200 kV überschreitet, vorteilhafterweise 500 kV überschreitet, vorzugsweise zwischen 600 kV und 1500 kV und am bevorzugtesten zwischen 600 kV und 1000 kV liegt.
EP06747905.5A 2006-01-18 2006-06-15 Wandlerstation Not-in-force EP1974431B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US75956306P 2006-01-18 2006-01-18
PCT/SE2006/000712 WO2007084035A1 (en) 2006-01-18 2006-06-15 A converter station

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1974431A2 EP1974431A2 (de) 2008-10-01
EP1974431A4 EP1974431A4 (de) 2013-10-30
EP1974431B1 true EP1974431B1 (de) 2017-03-08

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EP06747905.5A Not-in-force EP1974431B1 (de) 2006-01-18 2006-06-15 Wandlerstation

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US (1) US8081497B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1974431B1 (de)
CN (1) CN101297455B (de)
BR (1) BRPI0621037A2 (de)
RU (1) RU2376694C1 (de)
WO (1) WO2007084035A1 (de)
ZA (1) ZA200805663B (de)

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CN103474983B (zh) * 2013-08-20 2015-05-13 国家电网公司 一种高压大电流直流断路器及其控制方法
EP2894752A1 (de) * 2014-01-10 2015-07-15 Alstom Technology Ltd Leistungsübertragungsnetzwerk
CN104007692A (zh) * 2014-06-06 2014-08-27 南京南瑞继保电气有限公司 特高压直流换流器控制装置故障后的后备退换流器方法
GB2537850B (en) * 2015-04-28 2019-09-11 General Electric Technology Gmbh Bipolar DC power transmission scheme
WO2016184496A1 (en) * 2015-05-18 2016-11-24 Abb Technology Ltd Change of current return path in a bipole power transmission system
EP3747100B1 (de) * 2018-01-30 2022-03-16 Hitachi Energy Switzerland AG Dimensionierung eines überspannungsschutzes in einem gleichstromübertragungssystem

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US8081497B2 (en) 2011-12-20
CN101297455B (zh) 2011-05-11
WO2007084035A1 (en) 2007-07-26
EP1974431A4 (de) 2013-10-30
US20090201702A1 (en) 2009-08-13
WO2007084035A8 (en) 2008-05-22
CN101297455A (zh) 2008-10-29
ZA200805663B (en) 2009-05-27
EP1974431A2 (de) 2008-10-01
BRPI0621037A2 (pt) 2011-11-29
RU2376694C1 (ru) 2009-12-20

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