EP1966586A1 - Microscopie a effet tunnel par emission de photons perfectionnee - Google Patents
Microscopie a effet tunnel par emission de photons perfectionneeInfo
- Publication number
- EP1966586A1 EP1966586A1 EP06847091A EP06847091A EP1966586A1 EP 1966586 A1 EP1966586 A1 EP 1966586A1 EP 06847091 A EP06847091 A EP 06847091A EP 06847091 A EP06847091 A EP 06847091A EP 1966586 A1 EP1966586 A1 EP 1966586A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- substrate
- sample
- gap
- tip
- deposited
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01Q—SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES OR APPARATUS; APPLICATIONS OF SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES, e.g. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY [SPM]
- G01Q60/00—Particular types of SPM [Scanning Probe Microscopy] or microscopes; Essential components thereof
- G01Q60/10—STM [Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy] or apparatus therefor, e.g. STM probes
- G01Q60/12—STS [Scanning Tunnelling Spectroscopy]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y35/00—Methods or apparatus for measurement or analysis of nanostructures
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of near-field microscopy, more particularly the tunneling microscopy (STM for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy).
- STM tunneling microscopy
- STM microscopy The principle of STM microscopy is to move a thin polarized metallized tip, above a substrate consisting of a conductive or semiconducting surface, during a horizontal scan in a plane parallel to the surface of the substrate on which is deposited the sample.
- STM microscopy typically provides an atomic scale topography of the local chemistry of a surface. For example, STM microscopy allows the determination of the band gap widths of semiconductors, the detection of electron density densities of an analyzed surface or the analysis of the interaction of an organic molecule with a surface. .
- the present invention improves the situation. To this end, it proposes a photon emission tunneling imaging method using an indirect gap semiconductor substrate.
- gap denotes the band gap of a semiconductor.
- large gap denotes any gap whose value is typically greater than that of the silicon gap, (preferably greater than 1.5 eV).
- small gap denotes any gap whose value is smaller than that of the silicon gap.
- the term "indirect gap semiconductor” means any semiconductor whose maximum energy of the valence band and the minimum of the conduction band do not coincide with the center of the Brillouin zone.
- the invention also relates to an indirect gap semiconductor substrate implemented in this photon emission tunneling imaging method.
- a substrate is particularly suitable as a deposition surface of a sample that a user would like to analyze by tunneling microscopy.
- an advantageous substrate has in its electronic band diagram, at least under photon emission tunneling microscopy conditions, an electron transition allowed in the center of the first Brillouin zone between a volume state and a state of surface, and that while the massive material, itself, is at indirect gap.
- a maximum of the valence band of the volume band structure corresponds, in the center of the first Brillouin zone, to a minimum of the conduction band of the surface band structure.
- silicon carbide Si-C with a surface reconstruction (4x2) or (3x2), is an example of a substrate having this property. It is also indicated that, under the aforementioned conditions of tunneling microscopy by emission of photons, the electron-induced photon emission (electro / cathodoluminescence) is at the atomic scale, and therefore with a atomic resolution. Thus, under these conditions, the surface of the substrate has a "unique" character that is not likely to be found in particular in the document: P.
- the invention finally relates to devices for implementing the imaging method according to the invention.
- the photon emission tunneling imaging method according to the invention comprises the following steps:
- the substrate is an indirect gap-gap semiconductor (typically greater than that of silicon, preferentially greater than 1.5 eV, and more preferably between 2.2 eV and 3, 3 eV).
- indirect gap semiconductor substrates are silicon carbide (SiC) or gallium phosphide (GaP).
- the silicon carbide may be selected from cubic SiC and hexagonal SiC polytype 4H.
- the substrate is the hexagonal SiC polytype 4H, it is preferable to use ⁇ -SiC whose surface is finished with silicon and rebuilt c (4x2) in order to take advantage of the presence of silicon dimer on the surface of the substrate.
- the coupling between the silicon dimers is visible by the process according to the invention. The disruptive effect related to the presence of the sample is then easily detectable.
- the invention relates to a photon emission tunneling imaging method of a sample comprising the following steps:
- injection device and / or electron extraction is meant any means capable of supplying and / or extracting an electron, by applying a potential difference.
- the electron injection / extraction device consists of a metal tip.
- the metal tip is the nanoscale tip of a tunneling electron microscope.
- the metal tip comprises a metal selected from among silver, platinum, iridium, tungsten and an alloy thereof.
- tip in general with reference to any electron injection and / or extraction device.
- “Scanning” means the passage of the tip of a tunneling microscope, vertically from the sample deposited on the substrate, and in a plane parallel to the surface of said substrate, at a distance such that tunnel current can be established between the two electrodes formed by the tip and the substrate / sample. Typically, such a distance is subnanometric.
- the scan is usually done under computer control.
- the means usually used in the field of atomic tunneling microscopy imaging are applicable to the process according to the invention.
- the scanning implementation conditions are those usually used in the field of tunneling microscopy imaging.
- the method is carried out under the conditions usually used in tunneling microscopy and known to those skilled in the art.
- the polarization of the tip is greater than that of the substrate, the work output of the tip being less than the polarization.
- the resolution in topography is degraded while the resolution in photon emission is on the atomic scale (FIGS. 1 and 2).
- the yield photonic which corresponds to the proportion of electrons participating in the emission of photons is small; Among the electrons participating in topographic imaging, only a tiny fraction of them participate in the emission of photons.
- the polarization of the tip is less than that of the substrate.
- Tip contamination can increase the workload of the tip and favor the photon emission conditions.
- the tip is brought into contact with foreign elements selected from O, H, CO, NO in a residual vacuum.
- the degree of contamination can be adapted by varying the amount of foreign elements.
- the tip is contaminated until traces of foreign elements are detected therein.
- Topography resolution and photon emission resolution are at the atomic scale. Indeed, the photon efficiency is much greater in this second embodiment than in the first embodiment in which the polarization of the tip is greater than that of the substrate.
- the photon yield remains negligible compared to the main tunnel current which makes it possible to obtain the topography of the sample.
- the phenomenon of hole-electron recombination occurs between the states of the surface.
- the mechanism of photon emission is related to the creation of surface holes that recombine with electrons. Photons are emitted in a quantum process and directly report surface states. The photons can be detected in all directions and their energy is less than the amount of energy ey t necessary for an electron to pass the tunnel barrier.
- the method according to the invention comprises a detection step using a suitable device.
- the photon detection device is preferably chosen as a function of the detection zones. Devices that can be used for detection are chosen in particular from photomultipliers ( ⁇ 2-4 eV), microchannel patches (-1.5 eV), cooled CCD networks ( ⁇ 1 eV) and avalanche photodiodes ( ⁇ 1 eV). ) depending on what the operator wishes to observe. Typically a photon counter device can be used.
- the method may comprise a photomultiplication step, using techniques known to those skilled in the art, in particular by using a photomultiplier or any other suitable device.
- the method may include an additional focusing step that will be implemented by any optical means directing and / or focusing the emitted photons to a detector.
- a lens with a large numerical aperture can be used. It is also possible to have a polarizer near the sample.
- the photon emission imaging techniques are used to draw photonic maps of the areas explored that represent the number of photons emitted at each point of the area explored on the surface of a sample.
- a photon analysis step after their detection is typically performed by computer processing, this step also relates to the implementation of a means for a visual representation of the observation made.
- the means used by those skilled in atomic tunneling microscopy imaging are applicable to the present method for performing the analysis.
- the process according to the invention is preferably carried out under reduced pressure, preferably in an ultrahigh vacuum. Standard conditions used in tunneling microscopy are recommended, preferably at pressures ranging from 10 "to 10 " Torr. The method makes it possible to analyze any type of sample deposited on the surface of the substrate.
- the thickness of the deposited sample is at least 1 monolayer of some isolated molecules or of several molecular layers, preferably from 2 to about 300 layers. These samples may be organic or inorganic molecules. These samples may also be metallic, semiconductor or insulating nano-objects. Such nano-objects may be atomic lines, pads or islands.
- the amount of sample deposited is defined according to the objective of the experimenter. For example, it is preferable to deposit a small amount of a sample on the substrate according to the invention to analyze isolated molecules. Thus, the process according to the invention is particularly suitable for studying the chirality of organic molecules since it makes it possible to image isolated molecules. Conversely, by depositing a large quantity of molecules on the substrate, the method according to the invention makes it possible to determine the self-assembly properties of molecules.
- the organic molecules can be deposited by evaporation on the substrate.
- the sample is purified, in particular by degassing or sublimation, and then evaporated under reduced pressure to be deposited.
- the thickness of the deposit is easily controlled using any means known to those skilled in the art as a quartz oscillator.
- the evaporation temperature is chosen according to the molecules to be deposited.
- the pressure inside the cell is reduced, preferably at a pressure of less than 10 -9 Tor, more preferably less than 3.10 -10 Tor.
- the amount of deposited molecules can thus vary from a few isolated molecules to film thicknesses of several hundred angstroms and up to about three hundred molecular layers.
- the method can be coupled to any other atomic imaging method that uses a similar tip, including the methods implemented in STM and AFM.
- the emitted photons are generated by intrinsic direct transition located at the surface of the sample, allowing its imaging with atomic resolution.
- the implementation of a large gap substrate has the advantage of confining carriers (electrons and holes) to its surface, thus preserving its luminescence properties. Consequently, thanks to the process according to the invention, it is possible to image samples deposited on its surface with atomic or molecular resolution.
- the substrate is a silicon carbide
- couplings between pendant bonds of Si atoms belonging to two rows of adjacent dimers can be imaged by means of the process according to the invention.
- Such a result can not be envisaged by STM microscopy in topographic mode or by the experimental study of electronic properties by photoemission.
- the process according to the invention can also be applied to full or nearly full "d" band metals selected from the group consisting of Au, Cu, Pt, transition metals.
- the transition metals can be niobium, tungsten, molybdenum or titanium.
- the process according to the invention makes it possible to image organic molecules such as the dianhydride of perylenetetracarboxylic acid (PTCDA), pentacene, sexithiophene and all thiophenes, triphenylene, benzene and its derivatives, pyrrole, TRIMA (diacetyl paraterphenyl), phthalocyanine. Any other OD, ID, 2D or 3D organic molecule can also be imaged by the method according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to the use of an indirect gap semiconductor substrate with gap greater than the gap of silicon, preferably greater than 1.5 eV to image a sample by tunneling microscopy in photon emission.
- the substrate is a silicon carbide.
- the excitation energy of the sample is less than the gap of the substrate according to the invention on which said sample is deposited.
- the invention also relates to imaging devices for implementing the method according to the invention.
- imaging devices are of tunneling microscope type, STM or AFM with metallized tip.
- Figure 3 This is the representation of STM imaging mechanisms in topography and photon emission.
- b) wave functions of the different states responsible for tunnel currents in field emission c) field emission energy diagram and representation of the surface states ⁇ * 2 and ⁇ * l respectively responsible for the topography and the emission of photons in tunnel conditions, d) wave functions of the different states responsible for tunnel currents in tunnel conditions.
- Silicon carbide is a semi-conductor with indirect gap which prohibits direct optical transitions and therefore the existence of luminescent processes in the volume.
- Example 1 - the polarization of the tip is greater than that of the substrate
- the experiment is performed in field emission condition. These are the tunnel transition conditions obtained when the bias voltage is large enough so that the Fermi level at the tip side is higher than the vacuum level at the substrate side. The electrons then transit between the tip and the junction to non-bonded states. It can be seen that the resolution at the atomic scale in topography is degraded [Fig. I]. For a positive polarization between the tip and the surface, the current flows from the sample to the tip. The image in emission of photons has meanwhile, the resolution on the atomic scale and the map obtained in photons is characteristic of the specific electronic states of the reconstruction c (4x2). The photon yield corresponds directly to the proportion of electrons participating in the emission of photons.
- FIG. 3 shows the surface of the substrate (1) separated by an ultra-high vacuum zone (2) from a tunnel distance from the tip (3) and the energy states.
- Example 2 - the polarization of the tip is less than that of the substrate
- the topographic image is characteristic of the electronic states ⁇ 2 of the c (4x2) while the image in photon emission depends [Fig.3] on the state ⁇ ⁇ , a deeper electronic state.
- the photon yield is much larger than before but remains negligible compared to the main tunnel current which is responsible for the image in topography. It is possible for the electrons to transition elastically from the two surface states ⁇ i and ⁇ 2 of the surface (1) to states of the tip (3).
- the state ⁇ i is deeper than the state ⁇ * 2 , so its wave function penetrates less deeply into the tunnel barrier.
- the current from will therefore decrease more rapidly than the current from ⁇ 2 if one increases Z which is in agreement with the measured variation curves of the quantum efficiency, as a function of the height of the tip relative to the substrate.
- the electrons from ⁇ i locally create holes.
- An electron-hole recombination can then explain the creation of a photon [Fig. 3.c].
- the recombination intervenes between the states of the surface, this mechanism can account for the atomic resolution obtained in photon emission and the dependence on clearly identified electronic states.
- Example 3 Deposition of a layer of PTCDA, pentacene and sexithiophene on a surface of silicon carbide
- the PTCDA layers are formed under ultrahigh vacuum on SiC substrate at room temperature or raised to a higher temperature up to 100 ° C (80 ° C is an advantageous temperature).
- the source consists of commercial PTCDA (Aldrich) previously properly purified by degassing and / or sublimation, and placed in a Knudsen cell. During evaporation, the temperature of the cell is maintained at a temperature range of from 250 ° C to 300 ° C (270 ° C represents an advantageous mode) with a pressure in the evaporation chamber not exceeding ⁇ 10 " 9 Torr (preferably 3.10 "10 Torr).
- the deposition rate is monitored in real time by a quartz oscillator at 0.2 monolayer per minute. It can be increased with the temperature of the source.
- the amount of PTCDA deposited may range from a few isolated molecules to film thicknesses of several hundred angstroms up to 800 ⁇ .
- the deposition conditions for pentacene and sexithiophene are similar to those for PTCDA.
- the layers of sexithiophene or pentacene are formed under ultrahigh vacuum on substrates carried at a temperature of 80 ° C (pentacene) or 120 ° C (sexithiophene).
- the commercial pentacene source Aldrich
- Aldrich is first purified by sublimation, and the sexithiophene is synthesized and purified by column chromatography.
- the material is placed in a Knudsen cell. During evaporation, the temperature of the cell is maintained at 290 ° C. (sexithiophene) or 32 ° C.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
- Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0513429A FR2895515B1 (fr) | 2005-12-28 | 2005-12-28 | Microscopie a effet tunnel par emission de photons, perfectionnee |
| PCT/FR2006/002812 WO2007074228A1 (fr) | 2005-12-28 | 2006-12-20 | Microscopie a effet tunnel par emission de photons perfectionnee |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1966586A1 true EP1966586A1 (fr) | 2008-09-10 |
Family
ID=36602765
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP06847091A Withdrawn EP1966586A1 (fr) | 2005-12-28 | 2006-12-20 | Microscopie a effet tunnel par emission de photons perfectionnee |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8006315B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1966586A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2895515B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2007074228A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US10495665B2 (en) * | 2016-09-19 | 2019-12-03 | Zyvex Labs, Llc | Methods, devices and systems for scanning tunneling microscopy control system design |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2704349B1 (fr) * | 1993-04-21 | 1995-07-07 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Sensibilisation d'une surface en emission photonique par microscopie a champ proche. |
| US5559330A (en) * | 1993-12-20 | 1996-09-24 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | Scanning tunneling microscope |
| JP2000097837A (ja) * | 1998-09-25 | 2000-04-07 | Inst Of Physical & Chemical Res | 波長可変光源 |
-
2005
- 2005-12-28 FR FR0513429A patent/FR2895515B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2006
- 2006-12-20 EP EP06847091A patent/EP1966586A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-12-20 US US12/087,103 patent/US8006315B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-12-20 WO PCT/FR2006/002812 patent/WO2007074228A1/fr not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| "Couche mince", 17 March 2011 (2011-03-17), Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couche_mince> [retrieved on 20110714] * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US8006315B2 (en) | 2011-08-23 |
| US20090300805A1 (en) | 2009-12-03 |
| WO2007074228A1 (fr) | 2007-07-05 |
| FR2895515B1 (fr) | 2008-07-04 |
| FR2895515A1 (fr) | 2007-06-29 |
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