Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
  • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
  • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
  • E02B3/06—Moles; Piers; Quays; Quay walls; Groynes; Breakwaters ; Wave dissipating walls; Quay equipment
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
  • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
  • E02B3/20—Equipment for shipping on coasts, in harbours or on other fixed marine structures, e.g. bollards
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
  • B63C—LAUNCHING, HAULING-OUT, OR DRY-DOCKING OF VESSELS; LIFE-SAVING IN WATER; EQUIPMENT FOR DWELLING OR WORKING UNDER WATER; MEANS FOR SALVAGING OR SEARCHING FOR UNDERWATER OBJECTS
  • B63C1/00—Dry-docking of vessels or flying-boats
  • B63C1/08—Graving docks
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
  • Y10T137/2713—Siphons
  • Y10T137/2842—With flow starting, stopping or maintaining means
  • Y10T137/2877—Pump or liquid displacement device for flow passage

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of coastal development and more specifically that of the development of ports.
• the present invention relates more particularly to a method of constructing a port structure capable of communicating with a body of water.
• the body of water may be an ocean, a sea, a lake, a pond, a port or any other kind of body of water.
• the land includes a harbor, a fjord or a natural dike, in order to serve as a basis for the construction of the port structure.
• the present invention has for first object to provide a method of forming a port structure that frees itself from the topography of the coast and the nature of the land.
• a second object of the invention is to provide a port structure obtained by the implementation of the method.
• the invention achieves its goal by forming in at least one curvilinear closed-wall continuous wall having at least one arcuate wall portion whose intrados is turned towards the interior of the structure so as to have a vault effect vis-à-vis the outside of the structure, is cleared at least a portion of the volume defined by the continuous wall, there is at least one opening in the continuous wall, said opening for communicating said volume with the body of water.
• the term "soil” means any surface in which it is possible to form a wall, that is to say for example a ground, an embankment, a foreshore, a seabed, or any other type of area.
• curvilinear wall a wall whose contour is formed essentially of curved lines.
• the total length of these curved lines represents more than 50% of the total length of the wall contour and, preferably, the total length of these curved lines represents more than 75% of the total length of the wall contour, to improve the self-stability of the continuous wall.
• the continuous wall according to the invention may have rectilinear portions, but the total length thereof must not exceed 50% (preferably 25%) of the total length of the contour of the continuous wall.
• the port structure when the port structure comprises a single arcuate wall portion, the port structure has the form of a cylinder with an opening.
• the continuous wall is formed while leaving the opening in said continuous wall, then it clears all or part of the volume defined by the continuous wall. Nevertheless, one could also arrange the opening after clearing the volume delimited by the continuous wall.
• the term "continuous wall” is intended to mean both a wall that can be made at one time, and a wall that is continuous in pieces, that is to say formed from a juxtaposition of portions of continuous walls. .
• the continuous wall preferably extends into the ground in a substantially vertical direction. It follows that according to the invention, the port structure can be built both on land and in a body of water.
• the continuous wall may be surrounded in whole or part of earth (or other similar material) or water, so that the continuous wall forms an interface between water and land, or between two waters.
• the continuous wall forms a retaining means for retaining the external medium disposed on the outer periphery of the continuous wall, this outer periphery being preferably constituted by the extrados of the continuous wall.
• the soil in which the wall is formed is the bottom of the body of water, so that the wall is able to be immersed in whole or in part in the body of water.
• the volume delimited by the continuous wall is cleared over a fraction of the height of the wall.
• the minimum depth of anchorage depends on both the nature of the terrain and the dimensions of the continuous wall.
• the continuous wall is a molded wall.
• the technique for making molded walls which is already known, consists schematically in digging a trench portion, generally using a milling cutter known under the name "hydrofraise”, or any other trenching material in the trench. the soil, while filling it with grout to support its lateral edges, before pouring concrete into said trench portion so as to form an elementary portion of wall or panel.
• the continuous wall is formed of a plurality of molded piles.
• the technique of making molded piles is to drill in the ground a well, for example, using an auger, which is filled with concrete.
• the continuous wall is made of reinforced concrete.
• This technique already known elsewhere, schematically consists of producing a formwork that is scraped before pouring the concrete.
• the curvilinear contour continuous wall is formed of a plurality of elementary portions of short length, two adjacent elementary portions being slightly inclined relative to one another. to the other.
• the elementary portions of a curved wall do not constitute straight portions and can not be taken into consideration when calculating the total length of rectilinear portions of the continuous wall.
• a curved portion is formed of a juxtaposition of rectilinear panels inclined relative to each other, each of the panels having a small length in front of the length total of the continuous wall, so that the curved portion corresponds to the envelope of this juxtaposition of rectilinear panels.
• the continuous wall is made by combining the four techniques which have just been described.
• An advantage of the techniques mentioned above is that it is easy to make continuous walls in very varied types of terrain, which can be rocky as well as muddy or sandy.
• an advantage of the method according to the invention is to be able to easily achieve a port structure on a ground that does not lend itself to the construction of conventional ports, or which, at the very least, would make the construction of conventional ports very expensive.
• the opening in the molded wall may extend over all or part of the height of the wall. Preferably, the opening has a height less than the height of the wall considered from the bottom of the port structure.
• all opening widths can be envisaged, even if a small opening width with respect to the perimeter of the wall is preferred.
• the opening has the shape of a notch made in an upper part of the continuous wall.
• This notch includes lateral edges that can be vertical or inclined so that the notch has the shape of a "V" or a trapezium whose small base is located under the large base, or in the form of 'staircase.
• the port structure When the port structure is built, it fills its interior volume with water using for example pumps and / or through the opening communicating with the body of water.
• the opening forms an access route allowing boats to navigate between the water body and the interior of the port structure.
• the depth of the opening will be dimensioned according to the draft of the boats that the port structure is intended to receive.
• the port structure in a body of water or, at the very least, on horseback between a body of water and a coast.
• an additional step is performed during which it advantageously forms a backfill extending from the side to the water body and said continuous wall is formed at least partly in the embankment.
• the embankment is advantageously a kind of mold for producing the continuous wall.
• the continuous wall will be made of molded wall or formed by a plurality of molded piles.
• the continuous wall extends to a depth greater than that of the seabed so that the port structure is anchored in the ground.
• the opening is formed in the continuous wall portion formed in the embankment and the embankment is cleared, at least in front of the opening, so that the volume communicates with the water plane.
• embankment that is cleared is that which is on the outer circumference of the continuous wall in addition to that which is inside the volume defined by the continuous wall.
• the embankment was formed in the body of water, it can be seen that when the embankment is cleared, the part of the continuous wall that has been formed in the embankment is surrounded by water. In some cases, it can be useful to leave at least a part of the embankment as protection of the structure, and as a factor of improvement of the self-stability of the wall.
• the present invention also relates to a harbor structure which comprises at least one curvilinear continuous wall with closed contour capable of forming a basin, said wall comprising at least one opening communicating with a body of water to allow the passage of a boat, the harbor structure characterized in that the continuous wall further comprises at least one arcuate wall portion whose intrados is turned inwardly of the structure so as to have an arch effect vis-à-vis the outside of the structure.
• the continuous wall is made of molded wall, but it could also be made from molded piles or reinforced concrete.
• the continuous wall is anchored in the ground, so that the depth of the basin is less than the total height of the wall.
• continuous wall also means a wall which is continuous in pieces.
• the continuous wall has a cylindrical shape.
• cylinder in its broadest sense, namely a bundle of parallel lines describing a curve, called “director”, which in this case is closed.
• This director forms a closed curve that can be a distorted ellipse, an oval or any other closed curve.
• the continuous wall has a cylindrical shape with an elliptical or circular base.
• the director is in this case an ellipse or a circle so that the basin is circular or elliptical.
• An advantage of the circular contour basin lies in the fact that it allows to take diametrically opposite forces applying to the continuous wall. As a result, this particular shape advantageously makes it possible to dispense with additional means for supporting the cylindrical, elliptical or circular continuous wall.
• such a continuous wall is self-stable, in that it is not necessary to add support means to ensure its stability.
• the continuous wall comprises a plurality of arcuate wall portions connected together by their ends, said arcuate walls having their intrados turned towards the interior of the structure so as to have an arch effect vis-à-vis the outside of the structure.
• the intrados is the inner part of the arcuate portion.
• the harbor structure has at least one plane of symmetry so that an arcuate wall is able to take up the forces sustained by the arcuate wall which is symmetrical to it.
• the ends of two symmetrical arcuate walls are advantageously connected by means of stress-relieving elements, such as for example beams.
• the continuous basin wall comprises closure means adapted to make the wall tight with respect to the water plane.
• said closing means comprise a door adapted to close said opening.
• said door comprises a panel able to move vertically to close the opening.
• the port structure further comprises pumping means for emptying water that the basin is able to contain.
• the pumping means are intended to be activated when the opening is closed.
• the continuous wall has the shape of a circular director cylinder so that the structure can withstand the pressure exerted by the earth bordering the extrados of the molded wall, this pressure being particularly high when the basin is empty .
• Such a basin can advantageously serve as a basis for the construction of a structure type fairing or dry dock.
• this structure comprises a ramp extending along the inner periphery of the basin, from its upper part to its lower part.
• the width of the ramp is sufficient for a vehicle to access the bottom of the basin when the latter is emptied.
• this structure further comprises at least one pontoon able to move vertically as a function of the height of water contained in the basin.
• the pontoon is guided in displacement by guiding means cooperating with the continuous wall.
• the pontoon preferably comprises flotation means for maintaining it above the level of the water contained in the basin.
• the fairing basin according to the invention comprises at least one ber adapted to cooperate with a boat moored to the pontoon and means for positioning the ber, so that when the basin empties, said means position the ber under the boat to carry the boat when the pool is emptied.
• the harbor structure according to the invention comprises a plurality of continuous walls with closed contours capable of forming basins, said continuous walls forming basins communicating with each other via their openings.
• the port structure is able to form a boat access channel.
• the plurality of continuous walls form an access channel through which a boat can access the body of water by passing successively through the openings in each of the continuous walls.
• the continuous walls according to the invention can be made in the body of water or in the soil, it is understood that the present invention makes it easy to construct a channel extending from an area of the body of water away from the coast to the sea. 'to an area within the coast.
• one of the continuous walls of the channel has a portion immersed in the body of water.
• this wall corresponds to the continuous wall located at the end of the channel on the side of the body of water.
• this end wall has an opening in the portion which is immersed, this opening providing the main communication between the water body and the access channel.
• the channel has a length sufficient for this part to always be immersed, especially during low tide in the case where the body of water is for example an ocean.
• FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a molded wall element according to the invention
• FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing only a harbor structure according to the invention formed of four molded wall elements
• FIG. 3 represents a perspective view of the port structure of FIG. 2 integrated with a coastal environment
• FIG. 4 is a top view of a harbor structure according to the invention comprising four molded wall elements, the structure being shown at low tide;
• FIG. 5 is a side sectional view of a harbor structure according to the invention comprising four molded wall elements, the structure being shown at high tide;
• - Figure 6 is a top view of the port structure of Figure 3;
• FIG. 7 is a sectional side view of the port structure of FIG. 4;
• FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a fairing wall element according to the invention
• FIG. 9 is a sectional side view of the fairing basin of FIG. 8, representing the full basin
• FIG. 10 is a sectional side view of the fairing basin of Figure 8, showing the vacuum tank;
• FIG. 11 shows an elevational view of a third embodiment of the port structure according to the present invention.
• the continuous wall is a molded wall.
• other construction techniques are conceivable.
• the concept of harbor structure defined in the present invention can be broken down into several embodiments, which can naturally be combined with one another in order to form more complex port structure arrangements.
• the present invention particularly but not exclusively allows the construction of marinas, fairing ponds and access channels.
• the port structure according to the invention has the advantage of being modular.
• the port structure according to the invention may therefore comprise one or more modules forming basins connected to each other.
• FIG. 1 represents an exploded view of an embodiment of an elementary module 10 within the meaning of the invention, made of molded walls, consisting of two portions of arcuate molded walls 12, 14 interconnected by means of two portions of rectilinear molded walls 16, 18.
• the straight portions are only optional.
• the total length of the rectilinear parts is less than 25% of the total length of the contour of the module 10.
• the module may have a completely different shape, including but not exclusively a circular shape base (or director).
• a module can usually have a width (or diameter) of between 10 and 100 meters. It can, in some cases, be much higher.
• the elementary module forms a curvilinear continuous wall with a closed contour, this contour having a substantially elliptical shape.
• the height H of the arcuate walls 12, 14 is larger than the heights h1, h2 of the rectilinear wall portions 16, 18, so that the module 10 has two openings 20, 22 arranged in the upper part of the module 10 forming basin.
• the total height H of the arcuate wall portions is preferably between 5 and 40 meters, while the usual thickness of the wall is between 20 and 200 centimeters. It can nevertheless be superior.
• each of the openings 20, 22 has the shape of a notch.
• FIG. 1 A first embodiment of port structure 100 according to the invention consisting of an assembly of four modules 10, 10a, 10b and 10c according to the invention is shown in FIG.
• first, second and third modules 10, 10a and 10b are identical and each have two openings respectively referenced 20; 22; 20a; 22a and 20b; 22b, while the fourth module 10c has only one opening 20c.
• the modules are arranged side by side so that the rectilinear wall portions of two adjacent modules are in contact.
• FIG. 3 represents the first embodiment of port structure 100 integrated with the coastal environment in which it is constructed.
• the coastal environment shown in Figure 3 comprises a coast 24, a foreshore 26 and a body of water 28, in this case an ocean.
• the port structure extends between the body of water and the coast, and communicates with the body of water 28 through the opening 20 of the first module.
• the second, third and fourth modules 10a, 10g, 10c are buried in the ground, while the first module 10 is immersed in the body of water.
• the second and third modules 10a, 10b are built on the foreshore, while the fourth module is built on the coast, which is always emerged regardless of the tide.
• the opening of the first module makes it possible to communicate the interior volume of the port structure 100 with the water body, which makes it possible in particular to fill the port structure 100 during the installation of the port structure.
• this opening 20, as seen in Figure 3 has a lower edge 30 immersed to a depth sufficient to allow boats 32 to enter or leave the structure of the invention.
• An embankment can come to protect and / or reinforce the self-stability of the structure.
• the fourth module forms a docking basin for boats and can be equipped with pontoons (not shown here).
• the boats 32 can access the fourth module by crossing the first, second and third modules which constitute in this case an access channel for the fourth module 10c.
• the structure according to the invention still allows the boats to enter the access channel, thanks to the fact that the opening 20 of the first module is still immersed. , whatever the tide.
• it could advantageously connect two adjacent modules via a lock, particularly if the terrain has a significant inclination.
• FIG. 4 represents a sectional view of the harbor structure 100 in a vertical plane extending between the water plane 28 and the coast 24, at low tide, while FIG. 5 represents the same view, during high tide.
• dashed lines schematize the ground level on either side of the structure 100, while Nl and N2 represent the water level in the fourth module respectively at low tide and high tide.
• the molded walls of the modules 10, 10a, 10b and 10c are advantageously anchored in the ground, in that the molded wall portions 12, 14, 16 and 18 extend vertically at a distance from one another. depth greater than that of the bottom of the basin.
• the end module in this case the first module, to always have its opening 20 sufficiently submerged so that the boats can enter or leave the channel, whatever the tide.
• the passages constituted by the juxtaposition of the openings 22; 20a; 22a; 20b and 22b; 20c are dimensioned to have a lower edge which is always sufficiently immersed so that the boats can pass at low tide.
• the first module 10 is immersed at high tide.
• tags indicating the position of the opening 20 it is possible to add tags indicating the position of the opening 20.
• the juxtaposition of modules advantageously allows "to come” for the natural deep water zone.
• the assembly of modules makes it possible to protect against silting (not produced by sedimentation) of a channel zone in deep water, the terrain of weak mechanical characteristics not being able to enter the interior of the modules, because that the opening is formed on the upper part of the continuous wall.
• the length, width and depth of the channel vary according to the slope of the foreshore and can adapt to any configuration by providing the necessary number of modules to reach the desired natural depth zone.
• Figures 6 and 7 show an elevational view of the first embodiment of the invention, schematically the entry of a boat 32 in the channel, at low tide and at high tide.
• an embankment 34 is formed extending from the coast 24 to a zone of the body of water 28 which is always immersed whatever the tide .
• the embankment 34 shown schematically by dashed lines in FIGS. 6 and 7, is in the form of a tongue of land rising to a height greater than the level of the body of water 28.
• embankment is flattened along its length so as to form a plateau extending the coast to the body of water.
• the wall could also be made from a barge.
• the next step consists in forming, in the backfill and in the soil of the rib 24, a plurality of molded wall portions so as to produce the four juxtaposed modules shown in FIG.
• the embankment advantageously serves as a mold for the production of the molded walls, in particular on the foreshore 26 and in the body of water 28.
• Trench portions are preferably dug to a depth greater than the height of the backfill, i.e., the trench portion is also dug into the natural soil beneath the backfill so as to anchor the diaphragm wall. in the natural soil.
• the earth located in the volume delimited by the continuous wall that is to say in the modules, is cleared, preferably on a fraction of the height of the wall so that the wall continues is blocked between the ground remaining at the bottom of the modules and the ground located bordering the outside of the modules.
• it also clears the backfill which is on the outer periphery of the modules constructed in the body of water so that the walls of these modules are surrounded by water.
• This port structure 200 comprises a module 40 having the general shape of a circular cylinder buried, this module being preferably made of molded walls.
• the base may have an elliptical, ovoid or substantially circular shape.
• the module of the second embodiment consists solely of a curved molded wall.
• This module 40 able to form a basin, has an opening 42 formed in the upper part of the molded wall and making it possible to communicate the module 40 with a body of water 44, in this case a basin 46.
• this body of water may be another module according to the invention, or a structure according to the first embodiment of the invention, or any other kind of body of water.
• the module 40 further comprises closure means 48 shown in Figure 8 for closing the opening 42 sealingly.
• closing means 48 are in the form of a double hinged door.
• the fairing basin 200 further comprises a pontoon 50 to which boats 50 can moor.
• the pontoon 50 forms an arc around the inner periphery of the module 40, the pontoon 50 having an opening 54 to allow boats to enter and exit the fairing basin.
• the pontoon 50 further comprises a plurality of wharves 56 for boats extending orthogonally towards the center of the basin, two successive wharves delimiting a boat position.
• the fairing basin 200 also comprises pumping means 58 disposed at the bottom of the basin 200 and for emptying the latter when the opening 42 is closed by the sealed closure means 48, as shown in Figure 10.
• These means pumping 58 comprise a tube 60 opening at the bottom of the basin, the tube 60 being connected to a pump 62 and to an evacuation pipe 64 opening into the surrounding water 44.
• a ramp 66 extending between the upper part of the module 40 and the bottom of the basin 200, while skirting the inner periphery of the module 40, allows vehicles 63 to access the bottom of the basin 200.
• the pressure exerted on the molded wall of the module 40 is greater than when the basin is filled. Thanks to the cylindrical shape of the molded wall, the module 40, even empty, is able to take up the forces exerted by the ground. This effect is further increased if the continuous wall of this module 40 is advantageously given a substantially circular shape.
• the basin 200 according to the invention may comprise a floor forming a raft (not shown here), to improve the support of the molded wall of the module 40.
• the pontoon 50 is able to move vertically according to the height of water contained in the fairing basin 200.
• Guiding means guide the vertical displacement of the pontoon, for example slides mounted in the inner face of the molded wall.
• the pontoon 50 preferably further comprises means for carrying the boats 52 moored to the pontoon 50 when the fairing basin is emptied.
• These means are in the form of bers mounted under the wharves 56 and are able to carry the boats located in the locations.
• the fairing basin 200 When the fairing basin 200 is empty, it is expected that the pontoon 50 is maintained at a certain height of the bottom of the basin so that the hull of the boat 52 to fair is housed in the corresponding ber.
• FIGS. 8 to 10 may also serve to protect the boats against the risks associated with a cyclone or a tropical storm. For that, it is enough to empty the water of the basin or to lower the level appreciably.
• Figure 11 shows an elevational view of a third embodiment of the harbor structure according to the present invention.
• This harbor structure 300 is a marina built in the coast 68 and able to communicate with a body of water 70 via a module 72 according to the invention forming an access channel for boats.
• the periphery of the harbor structure 300 comprises a continuous wall 73 formed of twelve portions of arcuate walls 74, which are buried in the ground and interconnected by means of their ends 76.
• the access channel 72 and the harbor structure 300 communicate with each other via an opening 80 formed in the continuous wall.
• these arcuate wall portions are formed of molded walls.
• the interior volume delimited by the arcuate wall portions is cleared so as to form a basin.
• these arcuate wall portions 74 have their intrados 78 facing the interior of the structure 300 such that each of the arcuate wall portions 74 forms an arch allowing the structure 300 to withstand the pressure exerted by the ground outside the molded wall 73.
• the structure 300 advantageously has two axes of symmetry S1, S2 orthogonal to each other. Therefore, it is understood that two arcuate wall portions symmetrical to each other undergo opposite forces and of the same intensity, so that the forces undergone by the structure are balanced.
• the inner periphery of the continuous wall 73 is provided with pontoons 82 and pontoons 84 to which boats 86 can come to moor.
• the wharves 84 extend orthogonally with respect to the pontoons 82.
• pontoons 88 disposed orthogonally with respect to the ends 76 of the arcuate wall portions 74.
• a port structure made of molded walls has been described, such a harbor structure could also be made from molded piles or reinforced concrete, without departing from the scope of the present invention.
• the production of a continuous wall by molded piles, preferably secant, constitutes a strict technical equivalent of the conventional molded walls.
• the construction method according to the invention therefore makes it possible to envisage the construction of port complexes on new sites, accessible independently of the tidal range, ecological in terms of management of siltation and efficient in terms of construction costs.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Civil Engineering (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Revetment (AREA)
• Bulkheads Adapted To Foundation Construction (AREA)
• Sewage (AREA)
• Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)

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