EP1952368A1 - Method and device for detecting forest fires - Google Patents

Method and device for detecting forest fires

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Publication number
EP1952368A1
EP1952368A1 EP06831030A EP06831030A EP1952368A1 EP 1952368 A1 EP1952368 A1 EP 1952368A1 EP 06831030 A EP06831030 A EP 06831030A EP 06831030 A EP06831030 A EP 06831030A EP 1952368 A1 EP1952368 A1 EP 1952368A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sensor
fire
control terminal
signal
detection
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP06831030A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1952368B1 (en
Inventor
Henri Boccia
Philippe Patrice
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Smart Packaging Solutions SAS
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Smart Packaging Solutions SAS
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Smart Packaging Solutions SAS filed Critical Smart Packaging Solutions SAS
Publication of EP1952368A1 publication Critical patent/EP1952368A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1952368B1 publication Critical patent/EP1952368B1/en
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C3/00—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places
    • A62C3/02—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places for area conflagrations, e.g. forest fires, subterranean fires
    • A62C3/0271—Detection of area conflagration fires
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
    • G08B17/005—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion for forest fires, e.g. detecting fires spread over a large or outdoors area
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B25/00—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems
    • G08B25/009—Signalling of the alarm condition to a substation whose identity is signalled to a central station, e.g. relaying alarm signals in order to extend communication range
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
    • G08B17/10—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means
    • G08B17/11—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means using an ionisation chamber for detecting smoke or gas
    • G08B17/113—Constructional details

Definitions

  • the invention relates to methods and devices for detecting fire, in particular for the early detection of forest fires.
  • the term "forest” shall generally be used to denote, in general and for simplicity, any external environment containing vegetation that may burn, it being understood that the designation “trees” of the said forest includes for the purposes of the present application, plants of any size and of any kind.
  • Another commonly used method is to visually monitor a wooded area from a viewing point that is usually placed high.
  • This solution is also expensive in terms of human resources, since to cover a large area, you need several observation points, and for each observation point, a team of agents who take turns to monitor the forest with the binoculars.
  • detection of a fumarole it is then necessary to send someone on the suspect zone, to check if it is indeed a beginning of fire.
  • This verification and confirmation process is time consuming because it is not easy to pinpoint the area of probable start of fire. If the fire is out and there is wind, valuable time may be lost before the actual start of the fire and the actual mobilization of the means of fighting the fire.
  • An object of the invention is therefore to provide a method and a device for detecting forest fires without the disadvantages of known methods.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a method and an automated fire detection and monitoring device, to limit to a minimum the human interventions in the monitoring phase and detection of the beginning of fire.
  • Another object of the invention is to propose a method and a fire detection device which makes it possible to detect a fire start very quickly, and also to locate it with great precision, which makes it possible to direct on the spot very quickly. the first means of intervention.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a method and a fire detection device capable of following in real time the spread of a forest fire after starting, including at night.
  • the subject of the invention is an early detection system for a forest fire departure, characterized in that it comprises a a plurality of sensors constituting a mesh of the forest area to be monitored, each sensor being able to locally detect a start of fire, and being associated with a radiofrequency transmitter connected by radio to a control station or terminal, so that the detection of a fire departure near a sensor is automatically transmitted to the control terminal, which generates an alert signal, especially for firefighters.
  • each sensor and / or each control terminal is associated with positioning information, in particular of GPS ("Global Positioning System”) type, and each sensor periodically transmits an identification signal towards the control terminal, so that the absence of an identification signal is interpreted as a probable start of fire at the location of the sensor or near the control terminal.
  • GPS Global Positioning System
  • control unit is configured to emit an alarm signal only in the event of simultaneous absence of the identification signal from two or more neighboring fire sensors.
  • each sensor comprises an antenna made of a material which deteriorates above a predetermined temperature threshold, so that the temperature rise in the vicinity of the sensor above the predetermined temperature threshold.
  • predetermined threshold causes the disappearance or the deterioration of the antenna and the impossibility for the sensor to communicate with its control terminal.
  • each sensor is sensitive to a gaseous component representative of a start of fire, so that when the concentration of said gas component exceeds a predetermined threshold in the vicinity of a sensor, this sensor sends an alert signal to the control terminal.
  • the system's sensors are located in the trees, about halfway up the trees.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of the detection system according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of a sensor used in the detection system of FIG. 1.
  • This system 1 comprises on the one hand a plurality of sensors 3 able to detect the evolution of a physical or chemical quantity whose sudden variation is able to indicate a start of fire.
  • This network of sensors 3 constitutes a mesh of the forest area to be monitored, with a density, that is to say a number of sensors per unit area, which the skilled person will be able to determine on a case by case basis. , in particular depending on the recurrent risk of fire starts in the area to be protected, or the usual climatic conditions in the area.
  • the choice of the density of the sensor network is a compromise between the cost of the system which increases with the number of sensors, and the environmental conditions of the area to be protected.
  • the density of the sensor network will have to be higher in a rather dry wooded area often exposed to high winds, such as the South of France or Portugal, and it may be lower in an area. more northern woodland.
  • a system of detection according to the invention is already very effective as soon as it comprises between 3 and 5 sensors per hectare of forest, the network being for example constituted of square meshes comprising a sensor at each corner of a square, and a control terminal at center of a mesh.
  • each sensor 3 is associated with a radiofrequency transmitter 7 preferably connected by radiofrequency to a neighboring control terminal 5, so that the detection of a fire departure near a sensor 3 is automatically transmitted to the control terminal, which then generates a long-range radiofrequency warning signal, especially for firefighters.
  • each sensor 3 In order to obtain the finest granularity possible, it would be possible to provide each sensor 3 with long-range radiofrequency transmission means, so that each sensor would itself be able to directly alert the firefighters in the event of detection of fire start. This solution would however be quite expensive.
  • a preferred variant of the invention is that in which the sensors 3 have a radiofrequency range of the order of 50 to 100 meters, sufficient to transmit an identification and warning signal to a control terminal 5 located in the center of the sensor mesh considered.
  • each sensor 3 comprises a unique identification, which is associated with positioning information of the sensor (or of the nearest control terminal), in particular of the GPS type ( "Global Positioning System").
  • GPS type "Global Positioning System”
  • each sensor 3 transmits by radio information including its identification number, and a database makes it possible to link the identification of each sensor, and its geographical location.
  • each sensor does not transmit continuously, but transmits a periodic identification signal, so that the absence of an identification signal for a period greater than one or a few periods of the signal, be interpreted as a start of fire at the location of the sensor.
  • each control terminal is configured to emit an alarm signal only in the event of the simultaneous absence of an idenfication signal of two or several neighboring fire sensors. Since the probability that two or more neighboring sensors will simultaneously fail is small, this almost simultaneous failure or in a short time interval will make it possible to determine with very little error that the origin of the absence of a signal is in fact a departure. of fire.
  • Each sensor 3 comprises an electronic circuit (not shown) powered by a battery calculated for an autonomy of several years, which supplies a memory circuit associated with a radio frequency transmitter 7.
  • the memory circuit enables the storage of the GPS location information of the sensor 3 during his installation. This information is converted into an analog signal by a digital-to-analog converter, which at the output delivers the analog signal to an antenna 11.
  • the electronic circuit comprises a simple logic circuit which receives as input the information of temperature from a stage 9 providing the temperature sensor function, and when the temperature is detected as having passed above a certain predetermined threshold, for example 70 ° C, the logic circuit controls the end of the transmission of the radio signal for the control terminal 5, which corresponds to the detection of a fire departure.
  • a certain predetermined threshold for example 70 ° C
  • the antenna 11 is made of a material which deteriorates above a predetermined temperature threshold.
  • the rise in temperature near the fire sensor 3 above the predetermined threshold results in the disappearance or the deterioration of the antenna 11 and the impossibility for the sensor 3 to communicate with the associated control terminal, which which will be interpreted by the control terminal and downstream elements, as a start of fire.
  • each sensor 3 can be designed to be sensitive to a gaseous component representative of a start of fire, such as terpene, so that when the concentration of said gaseous component exceeds a predetermined threshold in the vicinity of a sensor 3 , this sensor sends an alert signal to the associated control terminal which relays it to the fire department.
  • a gaseous component representative of a start of fire such as terpene
  • the invention makes it possible to detect automatically, and almost in real time, the start of a forest fire.
  • the system is easily adjustable, especially by playing on the density of the implantation of the sensors, to obtain a more or less rapid detection of a fire departure.
  • the regrouping and the computer monitoring of the signals of presence and the absence of sensors makes it possible to follow in real time the evolution of a proven fire, including at night, which allows a better management of the means of fight fireproof.
  • real-time monitoring makes it possible to quickly detect a change in the spread of the fire, which makes it possible to position firefighters with maximum safety.

Abstract

The invention relates to a method of detecting a fire in a wooded area. Some trees in the area are provided with a fire sensor having a radiofrequency emitter able to emit information for identifying and/or locating each sensor, according to a grid of the area to be monitored. At each fire sensor, the fire absent or fire present state is detected A fire sensor emits an alert signal to a monitoring post if a fire is present in the vicinity of the sensor. The alert signal contains information for identifying and/or locating the sensor. The alert signal is transmitted from the monitoring post to a fire brigade by means of a long-range radiofrequency link.

Description

Procédé et dispositif de détection d'incendie de forêt Method and device for detecting forest fire
L'invention concerne les procédés et dispositifs de détection d'incendie, notamment pour la détection précoce de feux de forêts.The invention relates to methods and devices for detecting fire, in particular for the early detection of forest fires.
Pour les besoins de la présente description, on désignera de façon générale et pour simplifier, par la dénomination « forêt », tout milieu extérieur comportant de la végétation susceptible de brûler, étant entendu que la désignation « arbres » de ladite forêt incluent pour les besoins de la présente demande, les végétaux de toute taille et de toute nature.For the purposes of this description, the term "forest" shall generally be used to denote, in general and for simplicity, any external environment containing vegetation that may burn, it being understood that the designation "trees" of the said forest includes for the purposes of the present application, plants of any size and of any kind.
On connaît déjà dans l'état de la technique, des procédés relativement empiriques et visuels de détection de feux de forêts, sur le principe « pas de fumée sans feu ». Ainsi, une première méthode consiste à détacher sur le terrain à observer, des personnes chargées de surveiller la forêt et de visualiser toute fumée suspecte et de confirmer un départ de feu le cas échéant. Effectivement, lorsqu'un feu est détecté rapidement, il est plus facile d'intervenir à un moment précoce, et d'éviter ainsi que le feu se propage rapidement et dévaste des centaines d'hectares de forêts. Cette méthode est onéreuse compte tenu des moyens humains mobilisés. Elle est de plus inefficace dans des zones géographiques difficiles d'accès.Already known in the state of the art, relatively empirical and visual methods of forest fire detection, on the principle of "no smoke without fire". Thus, a first method is to detach on the ground to observe, people responsible for monitoring the forest and to view any suspicious smoke and confirm a fire if necessary. Indeed, when a fire is detected quickly, it is easier to intervene at an early moment, and thus prevent fire spreading quickly and devastating hundreds of hectares of forests. This method is expensive considering the human resources mobilized. It is also inefficient in geographic areas that are difficult to access.
Une autre méthode communément employée consiste à surveiller visuellement une zone boisée, à partir d'un point d'observation généralement placé en hauteur. Cette solution est également coûteuse en moyens humains, puisque pour couvrir une vaste zone, il faut plusieurs points d'observation, et pour chaque point d'observation, une équipe d'agents qui se relaient pour surveiller la forêt à la jumelle. En cas de détection d'une fumerolle, il faut alors dépêcher quelqu'un sur la zone suspecte, pour vérifier s'il s'agit bien d'un début d'incendie. Cette opération de vérification et de confirmation fait perdre un temps précieux, car il n'est pas facile de localiser avec précision la zone de probable départ de feu. Si le départ de feu est avéré et qu'il y a du vent, un temps précieux peut être perdu avant la constatation effective du départ de feu et la mobilisation réelle des moyens de lutte contre l'incendie. D'un autre côté, il n'est pas possible d'un point de vue économique d'envoyer des moyens lourds de lutte contre le feu, avant d'avoir effectivement constaté et localisé un départ de feu avec précision.Another commonly used method is to visually monitor a wooded area from a viewing point that is usually placed high. This solution is also expensive in terms of human resources, since to cover a large area, you need several observation points, and for each observation point, a team of agents who take turns to monitor the forest with the binoculars. In case of detection of a fumarole, it is then necessary to send someone on the suspect zone, to check if it is indeed a beginning of fire. This verification and confirmation process is time consuming because it is not easy to pinpoint the area of probable start of fire. If the fire is out and there is wind, valuable time may be lost before the actual start of the fire and the actual mobilization of the means of fighting the fire. On the other hand, it is not possible from an economic point of view to send heavy means of fight against fire, before having actually found and located a fire departure with precision.
Quelquefois, les deux méthodes connues décrites plus haut sont utilisiées en combinaison, ce qui augmente le coût de la surveillance sans toutefois garantir une efficacité absolue.Sometimes, the two known methods described above are used in combination, which increases the cost of monitoring without guaranteeing absolute efficiency.
Par ailleurs, aucune des méthodes connues ne permet de suivre de façon sûre et efficace la propagation d'un feu dès lors que celui-ci a démarré, à moins de leur adjoindre des moyens d'observation aériens ou héliportés, particulièrement coûteux.Moreover, none of the known methods makes it possible to follow in a safe and effective manner the propagation of a fire once it has started, unless they are supplemented by particularly expensive airborne or helicopter-borne observation means.
Un but de l'invention est par conséquent de proposer un procédé et un dispositif de détection des feux de forêts dépourvu des inconvénients des méthodes connues.An object of the invention is therefore to provide a method and a device for detecting forest fires without the disadvantages of known methods.
Un autre but de l'invention est de proposer un procédé et un dispositif de détection et de suivi d'incendie automatisé, permettant de limiter au strict minimum les interventions humaines en phase de surveillance et de détection de début d'incendie.Another object of the invention is to provide a method and an automated fire detection and monitoring device, to limit to a minimum the human interventions in the monitoring phase and detection of the beginning of fire.
Un autre but de l'invention est de proposer un procédé et un dispositif de détection d'incendie qui permette de détecter un départ de feu très rapidement, et également de le localiser avec une grande précision, ce qui permet de diriger sur place très rapidement les premiers moyens d'intervention.Another object of the invention is to propose a method and a fire detection device which makes it possible to detect a fire start very quickly, and also to locate it with great precision, which makes it possible to direct on the spot very quickly. the first means of intervention.
Un autre but de l'invention est de proposer un procédé et un dispositif de détection d'incendie apte à suivre en temps réel la propagation d'un feu de forêt après son démarrage, y compris la nuit.Another object of the invention is to provide a method and a fire detection device capable of following in real time the spread of a forest fire after starting, including at night.
A cet effet, l'invention a pour objet un système de détection précoce d'un départ de feu de forêt, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte une pluralité de capteurs constituant un maillage de la zone de forêt à surveiller, chaque capteur étant apte à détecter localement un départ de feu, et étant associé à un émetteur radiofréquence relié par radio à une station ou borne de contrôle, de sorte que la détection d'un départ de feu à proximité d'un capteur est transmise automatiquement à la borne de contrôle, qui génère un signal d'alerte, notamment à destination des pompiers.For this purpose, the subject of the invention is an early detection system for a forest fire departure, characterized in that it comprises a a plurality of sensors constituting a mesh of the forest area to be monitored, each sensor being able to locally detect a start of fire, and being associated with a radiofrequency transmitter connected by radio to a control station or terminal, so that the detection of a fire departure near a sensor is automatically transmitted to the control terminal, which generates an alert signal, especially for firefighters.
De préférence, chaque capteur et/ou chaque borne de contrôle est associé à une information de positionnement, notamment de type GPS (« Global Positioning System »), et chaque capteur émet périodiquement un signal d'identification vers la borne de contrôle, de sorte que l'absence de signal d'identification soit interprétée comme un probable départ de feu à l'endroit du capteur ou à proximité de la borne de contrôle.Preferably, each sensor and / or each control terminal is associated with positioning information, in particular of GPS ("Global Positioning System") type, and each sensor periodically transmits an identification signal towards the control terminal, so that the absence of an identification signal is interpreted as a probable start of fire at the location of the sensor or near the control terminal.
Avantageusement, la centrale est configurée pour n'émettre un signal d'alarme qu'en cas d'absence simultanée du signal d'idenfication de deux ou plusieurs capteurs d'incendie voisins.Advantageously, the control unit is configured to emit an alarm signal only in the event of simultaneous absence of the identification signal from two or more neighboring fire sensors.
Il est envisageable d'obtenir une couverture suffisante de la zone de forêt à protéger, avec un système de détection qui utilise entre 3 et 5 capteurs par hectare de forêt.It is conceivable to obtain sufficient coverage of the forest area to be protected, with a detection system that uses between 3 and 5 sensors per hectare of forest.
Selon un mode de réalisation avantageux du système de détection, chaque capteur comporte une antenne réalisée en un matériau qui se détériore au-dessus d'un seuil de température prédéterminé, de sorte que l'élévation de température à proximité du capteur au-dessus du seuil prédéterminé entraine la disparition ou la détérioration de l'antenne et l'impossibilité pour le capteur de communiquer avec sa borne de contrôle.According to an advantageous embodiment of the detection system, each sensor comprises an antenna made of a material which deteriorates above a predetermined temperature threshold, so that the temperature rise in the vicinity of the sensor above the predetermined temperature threshold. predetermined threshold causes the disappearance or the deterioration of the antenna and the impossibility for the sensor to communicate with its control terminal.
Selon un autre mode de réalisation du système de détection, chaque capteur est sensible à une composante gazeuse représentative d'un départ de feu, de sorte que lorsque la concentration de ladite composante gazeuse dépasse un seuil prédéterminé au voisinage d'un capteur, ce capteur envoie un signal d'alerte à la borne de contrôle.According to another embodiment of the detection system, each sensor is sensitive to a gaseous component representative of a start of fire, so that when the concentration of said gas component exceeds a predetermined threshold in the vicinity of a sensor, this sensor sends an alert signal to the control terminal.
Il est bien entendu possible d'utiliser des capteurs combinant la détection de température et la détection de gaz.It is of course possible to use sensors combining temperature detection and gas detection.
Idéalement, les capteurs du système sont disposés dans les arbres, environ à mi-hauteur de ceux-ci.Ideally, the system's sensors are located in the trees, about halfway up the trees.
D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront à la lecture de la description détaillée des dessins annexés dans lesquels :Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear on reading the detailed description of the appended drawings in which:
- la figure 1 illustre un schéma de principe du système de détection selon l'invention.- Figure 1 illustrates a block diagram of the detection system according to the invention.
- La figure 2 illustre un schéma de principe d'un capteur utilisé dans le système de détection de la figure 1.FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of a sensor used in the detection system of FIG. 1.
On se réfère à la figure 1.Reference is made to FIG.
Dans cette figure, on a représenté de façon schématique un système 1 de détection précoce et automatique d'un départ de feu de forêt. Ce système 1 comporte d'une part une pluralité de capteurs 3 aptes à détecter l'évolution d'une grandeur physique ou chimique dont la variation subite est apte à indiquer un départ de feu. Ce réseau de capteurs 3 constitue un maillage de la zone de forêt à surveiller, avec une densité, c'est-à-dire un nombre de capteurs par unité de surface, que l'homme du métier sera capable de déterminer au cas par cas, notamment en fonction du risque récurrent de départs de feu dans la zone à protéger, ou des conditions climatiques habituelles dans la zone. On comprendra aisément que le choix de la densité du réseau de capteurs est un compromis entre le coût du système qui augmente avec le nombre de capteurs, et les conditions environnementales de la zone à protéger. Ainsi on comprendra aisément que la densité du réseau de capteurs devra être plus élevée dans une zone boisée plutôt sèche et souvent exposée à des vents violents, comme par exemple le Sud de la France ou le Portugal, et elle pourra être moins élevée dans une zone boisée plus septentrionale. Ainsi, on peut déterminer qu'un système de détection selon l'invention est déjà très efficace dès qu'il comporte entre 3 et 5 capteurs par hectare de forêt, le réseau étant par exemple constitué de mailles carrées comportant un capteur à chaque coin d'un carré, et une borne de contrôle au centre d'une maille.In this figure, there is shown schematically a system 1 for early and automatic detection of a forest fire departure. This system 1 comprises on the one hand a plurality of sensors 3 able to detect the evolution of a physical or chemical quantity whose sudden variation is able to indicate a start of fire. This network of sensors 3 constitutes a mesh of the forest area to be monitored, with a density, that is to say a number of sensors per unit area, which the skilled person will be able to determine on a case by case basis. , in particular depending on the recurrent risk of fire starts in the area to be protected, or the usual climatic conditions in the area. It will be readily understood that the choice of the density of the sensor network is a compromise between the cost of the system which increases with the number of sensors, and the environmental conditions of the area to be protected. Thus it will be easily understood that the density of the sensor network will have to be higher in a rather dry wooded area often exposed to high winds, such as the South of France or Portugal, and it may be lower in an area. more northern woodland. Thus, it can be determined that a system of detection according to the invention is already very effective as soon as it comprises between 3 and 5 sensors per hectare of forest, the network being for example constituted of square meshes comprising a sensor at each corner of a square, and a control terminal at center of a mesh.
Il est essentiel pour le bon fonctionnement du système selon l'invention, que l'information de détection locale d'un départ de feu par l'un des capteurs 3 du système, soit relayéee le plus rapidement possible vers une borne de contrôle 5 des informations issues des capteurs, afin de pouvoir générer une alerte et de mettre en place un dispositif de luttre contre le feu. A cet effet, chaque capteur 3 est associé à un émetteur radiofréquence 7 relié de préférence par radiofréquence à une borne de contrôle 5 voisine, de sorte que la détection d'un départ de feu à proximité d'un capteur 3 est transmise automatiquement à la borne de contrôle, qui génère alors un signal d'alerte radiofréquence de longue portée, notamment à destination des pompiers.It is essential for the proper functioning of the system according to the invention, that the local detection information of a start of fire by one of the sensors 3 of the system, is relayed as soon as possible to a control terminal 5 of the information from the sensors, in order to be able to generate an alert and set up a device for fighting against fire. For this purpose, each sensor 3 is associated with a radiofrequency transmitter 7 preferably connected by radiofrequency to a neighboring control terminal 5, so that the detection of a fire departure near a sensor 3 is automatically transmitted to the control terminal, which then generates a long-range radiofrequency warning signal, especially for firefighters.
Afin d'obtenir une granularité la plus fine possible, il serait possible de pourvoir chaque capteur 3 de moyens de transmission radiofréquence de longue portée, de sorte que chaque capteur serait lui- même en mesure d'alerter directement les pompiers en cas de détection de départ de feu. Cette solution serait cependant assez onéreuse. Une variante privilégiée de l'invention est celle où les capteurs 3 ont une portée radiofréquence de l'ordre de 50 à 100 mètres, suffisante pour transmettre un signal d'identification et d'alerte à une borne de contrôle 5 située au centre de la maille de capteurs considérée.In order to obtain the finest granularity possible, it would be possible to provide each sensor 3 with long-range radiofrequency transmission means, so that each sensor would itself be able to directly alert the firefighters in the event of detection of fire start. This solution would however be quite expensive. A preferred variant of the invention is that in which the sensors 3 have a radiofrequency range of the order of 50 to 100 meters, sufficient to transmit an identification and warning signal to a control terminal 5 located in the center of the sensor mesh considered.
Il est bien entendu possible de faire fonctionner les capteurs 3 et les bornes de contrôle 5 selon une logique positive, dans laquelle l'état de chaque capteur est surveillé en permanence, et un changement d'état est interprété comme un départ de feu potentiel. Cependant, il est préférable de faire fonctionner les capteurs 3 et les bornes de contrôle 5 selon une logique négative, dans laquelle seule l'arrêt de la capture d'un signal de détection par une borne de contrôle 5 est signalé, avec les coordonnées du ou des capteurs 3 qui viennent de s'arrêter d'émettre. Cette solution a l'avantage de mettre directement l'accent sur la zone de départ de feu probable.It is of course possible to operate the sensors 3 and the control terminals 5 according to a positive logic, in which the state of each sensor is continuously monitored, and a change of state is interpreted as a potential fire start. However, it is preferable to operate the sensors 3 and the control terminals 5 in a negative logic, in which only the stopping of the capture of a detection signal by a control terminal 5 is signaled, with the coordinates of the sensor or sensors 3 which have just stopped transmitting. This solution has the advantage of directly focusing on the likely starting fire zone.
Afin de localiser précisément la zone de départ de feu, il est prévu que chaque capteur 3 comporte une identification unique, qui est associée à une information de positionnement du capteur (ou de la borne de contrôle la plus proche), notamment de type GPS (« Global Positioning System »). Ainsi, il suffit que chaque capteur 3 émette par voie radio une information incluant son numéro d'identification, et une base de données permet de faire le lien entre l'identification du chaque capteur, et sa localisation géographique. Bien entendu, il serait possible de faire émettre directement par chaque capteur 3 sa position géographique comme indiqué précédemment, mais au prix d'un coût sensiblement plus élevé.In order to precisely locate the fire departure zone, it is provided that each sensor 3 comprises a unique identification, which is associated with positioning information of the sensor (or of the nearest control terminal), in particular of the GPS type ( "Global Positioning System"). Thus, it suffices that each sensor 3 transmits by radio information including its identification number, and a database makes it possible to link the identification of each sensor, and its geographical location. Of course, it would be possible to emit directly by each sensor 3 its geographical position as indicated above, but at a cost significantly higher.
De préférence, afin de prolonger la durée de vie de sa baterie interne, chaque capteur n'émet pas en continu, mais émet un signal périodique d'identification, de sorte que l'absence de signal d'identification pendant une période supérieure à une ou quelques périodes du signal, soit interprétée comme un départ de feu à l'endroit du capteur.Preferably, in order to prolong the life of its internal battery, each sensor does not transmit continuously, but transmits a periodic identification signal, so that the absence of an identification signal for a period greater than one or a few periods of the signal, be interpreted as a start of fire at the location of the sensor.
Afin de diminuer le risque de fausse alerte, l'invention prévoit dans une variante, que chaque borne de contrôle soit configurée pour n'émettre un signal d'alarme qu'en cas d'absence simultanée d'un signal d'idenfication de deux ou de plusieurs capteurs d'incendie voisins. La probabilité que deux ou plusieurs capteurs voisins soient simultanément défaillants étant infime, cette défaillance quasi-simultanée ou dans un court intervalle de temps permettra de déterminer avec très peu d'erreur que l'origine de l'absence de signal est en fait un départ de feu.In order to reduce the risk of false alarm, the invention provides in a variant that each control terminal is configured to emit an alarm signal only in the event of the simultaneous absence of an idenfication signal of two or several neighboring fire sensors. Since the probability that two or more neighboring sensors will simultaneously fail is small, this almost simultaneous failure or in a short time interval will make it possible to determine with very little error that the origin of the absence of a signal is in fact a departure. of fire.
On se réfère maintenant à la figure 2 ou on a représenté un schéma de principe d'un des capteurs 3 utilisés dans le système selon l'invention. Chaque capteur 3 comporte un circuit électronique (non représenté) alimenté par une pile calculée pour une autonomie de plusieurs années, qui alimente un circuit mémoire associé un émetteur radiofréquence 7. Le circuit mémoire permet le stockage des informations de localisation GPS du capteur 3 lors de son installation. Cette information est transformée en un signal analogique par un convertisseur numérique-analogique, qui en sortie délivre le signal analogique à une antenne 11. Dans une première variante de réalisation, le circuit électronique comporte un circuit logique simple qui reçoit en entrée l'information de température issue d'un étage 9 assurant la fonction de capteur de température, et lorsque la température est détectée comme étant passée au-dessus d'un certain seuil prédéterminé, par exemple de 70 ° C, le circuit logique commande la fin de l'émission du signal radio destiné à la borne de contrôle 5, ce qui correspond à la détection d'un départ de feu. Dans un autre mode de réalisation encore plus simple du capteur d'incendie, qui rend le circuit logique précité inutile, l'antenne 11 est réalisée en un matériau qui se détériore au- dessus d'un seuil de température prédéterminé. Ainsi, l'élévation de température à proximité du capteur d'incendie 3 au-dessus du seuil prédéterminé entraine la disparition ou la détérioration de l'antenne 11 et l'impossibilité pour le capteur 3 de communiquer avec la borne de contrôle associé, ce qui sera interprété par la borne de contrôle et les éléments en aval, comme un départ de feu.Referring now to Figure 2 or there is shown a block diagram of one of the sensors 3 used in the system according to the invention. Each sensor 3 comprises an electronic circuit (not shown) powered by a battery calculated for an autonomy of several years, which supplies a memory circuit associated with a radio frequency transmitter 7. The memory circuit enables the storage of the GPS location information of the sensor 3 during his installation. This information is converted into an analog signal by a digital-to-analog converter, which at the output delivers the analog signal to an antenna 11. In a first variant embodiment, the electronic circuit comprises a simple logic circuit which receives as input the information of temperature from a stage 9 providing the temperature sensor function, and when the temperature is detected as having passed above a certain predetermined threshold, for example 70 ° C, the logic circuit controls the end of the transmission of the radio signal for the control terminal 5, which corresponds to the detection of a fire departure. In yet another simpler embodiment of the fire sensor, which renders the aforementioned logic circuit unnecessary, the antenna 11 is made of a material which deteriorates above a predetermined temperature threshold. Thus, the rise in temperature near the fire sensor 3 above the predetermined threshold results in the disappearance or the deterioration of the antenna 11 and the impossibility for the sensor 3 to communicate with the associated control terminal, which which will be interpreted by the control terminal and downstream elements, as a start of fire.
D'autres variantes de capteurs sont possibles. Ainsi, chaque capteur 3 peut être conçu pour être sensible à une composante gazeuse représentative d'un départ de feu, comme par exemple le terpène, de sorte que lorsque la concentration de ladite composante gazeuse dépasse un seuil prédéterminé au voisinage d'un capteur 3, ce capteur envoie un signal d'alerte à la borne de contrôle associée qui le relaie vers les pompiers. Le positionnement idéal des capteurs 3 dans les arbres de la zone boisée à protéger sera aisément déterminé par l'homme du métier en fonction des caractéristiques de la zone à protéger. Idéalement les capteurs sont disposés environ à mi-hauteur des arbres.Other sensor variants are possible. Thus, each sensor 3 can be designed to be sensitive to a gaseous component representative of a start of fire, such as terpene, so that when the concentration of said gaseous component exceeds a predetermined threshold in the vicinity of a sensor 3 , this sensor sends an alert signal to the associated control terminal which relays it to the fire department. The ideal positioning of the sensors 3 in the trees of the wooded area to be protected will be easily determined by those skilled in the art depending on the characteristics of the area to be protected. Ideally the sensors are placed about halfway up the trees.
Il est à noter que l'invention permet de détecter de façon automatique et quasiment en temps réel, le démarrage d'un feu de forêt. Le système est aisément modulable, en jouant notamment sur la densité de l'implantation des capteurs, pour obtenir une détection plus ou moins rapide d'un départ d'incendie.It should be noted that the invention makes it possible to detect automatically, and almost in real time, the start of a forest fire. The system is easily adjustable, especially by playing on the density of the implantation of the sensors, to obtain a more or less rapid detection of a fire departure.
En outre, le regroupement et le suivi informatique des signaux de présence et d'absence de capteurs permet le suivi en temps réel de l'évolution d'un incendie avéré, y compris la nuit, ce qui permet une meilleure gestion des moyens de lutte anti-incendie. En particulier, le suivi en temps réel permet de détecter très vite un changement de propagation de l'incendie, ce qui permet de positionner les pompiers avec un maximum de sécurité. In addition, the regrouping and the computer monitoring of the signals of presence and the absence of sensors makes it possible to follow in real time the evolution of a proven fire, including at night, which allows a better management of the means of fight fireproof. In particular, real-time monitoring makes it possible to quickly detect a change in the spread of the fire, which makes it possible to position firefighters with maximum safety.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Système (1) de détection précoce de départ de feu de forêt, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte une pluralité de capteurs (3) constituant un maillage de la zone de forêt à surveiller, chaque capteur (3) étant apte à détecter localement un départ de feu, et étant associé à un émetteur radiofréquence (7) relié par radio à une borne de contrôle (5), de sorte que la détection d'un départ de feu à proximité d'un capteur est transmise automatiquement à la borne de contrôle, qui génère un signal d'alerte, notamment à destination des pompiers.1. System (1) for early detection of forest fire, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of sensors (3) constituting a mesh of the forest area to be monitored, each sensor (3) being able to detect locally a fire departure, and being associated with a radiofrequency transmitter (7) connected by radio to a control terminal (5), so that the detection of a fire departure near a sensor is automatically transmitted to the control terminal, which generates a warning signal, especially for firefighters.
2. Système (1) de détection selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que chaque capteur (3) et/ou chaque borne de contrôle (5) est associé à une information de positionnement, notamment de type GPS (« Global Positioning System »), et en ce que chaque capteur (3) émet périodiquement un signal d'indentification, de sorte que l'absence de signal d'identification soit interprétée comme un départ de feu à l'endroit du capteur (3).2. Detection system (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that each sensor (3) and / or each control terminal (5) is associated with positioning information, in particular of GPS ("Global Positioning System") type. ), and in that each sensor (3) periodically transmits an identification signal, so that the absence of identification signal is interpreted as a start of fire at the location of the sensor (3).
3. Système (1) de détection selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que chaque borne de contrôle (5) est configurée pour n'émettre un signal d'alarme qu'en cas d'absence simultanée d'un signal d'idenfication de deux ou plusieurs capteurs (3) d'incendie voisins. 3. Detection system (1) according to claim 2, characterized in that each control terminal (5) is configured to emit an alarm signal only in the event of the simultaneous absence of an idenfication signal. two or more adjacent fire sensors (3).
4. Système (1) de détection selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte entre 3 et 5 capteurs et une borne de contrôle (5) par hectare de forêt.4. System (1) for detection according to claim 3, characterized in that it comprises between 3 and 5 sensors and a control terminal (5) per hectare of forest.
5. Système (1) de détection selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que chaque capteur (3) comporte une antenne (11) réalisée en un matériau qui se détériore au-dessus d'un seuil de température prédéterminé, de sorte que l'élévation de température à proximité du capteur au- dessus du seuil prédéterminé entraine la détérioration de l'antenne (11) et l'impossibilité pour le capteur (3) de communiquer avec la borne de contrôle (5).5. Detection system (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that each sensor (3) comprises an antenna (11) made of a material which deteriorates above a predetermined temperature threshold, so that the rise in temperature near the sensor above the predetermined threshold results in the deterioration of the antenna (11) and the impossibility for the sensor (3) to communicate with the control terminal (5).
6. Système (1) de détection selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que chaque capteur est sensible à une composante gazeuse représentative d'un départ de feu, de sorte que lorsque la concentration de ladite composante gazeuse dépasse un seuil prédéterminé au voisinage d'un capteur, ce capteur envoie un signal d'alerte à la borne de contrôle (5).6. System (1) for detection according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that each sensor is responsive to a gaseous component representative of a start of fire, so that when the concentration of said gaseous component exceeds a predetermined threshold in the vicinity of a sensor, this sensor sends an alert signal to the control terminal (5).
7. Système (1) de détection selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, cacactérisée en ce que les capteurs (3) sont disposés dans les arbres, environ à mi-hauteur de ceux- ci.7. System (1) for detection according to any one of the preceding claims, cacactérisée in that the sensors (3) are arranged in the trees, about halfway up these.
8. Procédé de détection d'incendie dans une zone boisée, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte les étapes suivantes : pourvoir certains arbres de la zone d'un capteur d'incendie (3) pourvu d'un émetteur radiofréquence (7) apte à émettre une information d'identification et/ou de localisation de chaque capteur, selon un maillage de la zone à surveiller ; détecter au niveau de chaque capteur d'incendie (3) l'état d'absence ou de présence de feu, et en cas de présence de feu au voisinage d'un capteur d'incendie, faire émettre par ledit capteur un signal d'alerte comportant une information d'identification et/ou un signal de localisation dudit capteur, vers une borne de contrôle (5) ; transmettre le signal d'alerte de la borne de contrôle (5) vers les pompiers au moyen d'une liaison radiofréquence à longue portée.8. A method of detecting fire in a wooded area, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: provide some trees in the area of a fire sensor (3) provided with a radiofrequency transmitter (7) fit to issue identification information and / or location of each sensor, according to a mesh of the area to be monitored; detecting at the level of each fire sensor (3) the state of absence or presence of fire, and in the case of presence of fire in the vicinity of a fire sensor, causing said sensor to transmit a signal of an alert comprising identification information and / or a signal for locating said sensor, to a control terminal (5); transmit the warning signal from the control terminal (5) to the fire brigade by means of a long-range radiofrequency link.
9. Procédé de détection d'incendie selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce chaque capteur (3) détecte localement la concentration d'un gaz caractéristique d'un départ de feu, et en ce qu'un capteur donné émet un signal d'alerte à destination de la borne de contrôle (5) associée dès lors que la concentration dudit gaz dépasse un seuil prédéterminé au voisinage dudit capteur.9. Fire detection method according to claim 8, characterized in that each sensor (3) locally detects the concentration of a gas characteristic of a fire departure, and in that a given sensor emits a signal of alert to the associated control terminal (5) when the concentration of said gas exceeds a predetermined threshold in the vicinity of said sensor.
10. Procédé de détection d'incendie selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que chaque capteur (3) détecte les conditions de température dans son voisinage, et en ce qu'il cesse d'émettre son signal d'identification lorsque cette température dépasse un seuil prédéterminé, de sorte que la borne de contrôle associée (5) en déduise un départ de feu au voisinage du capteur dès lors que ledit capteur (3) est détecté absent. 10. Fire detection method according to claim 8, characterized in that each sensor (3) detects the temperature conditions in its vicinity, and in that it stops transmitting its identification signal when this temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold, so that the associated control terminal (5) deduces a fire departure in the vicinity of the sensor when said sensor (3) is detected absent.
EP06831030A 2005-11-10 2006-10-25 Method and device for detecting forest fires Not-in-force EP1952368B1 (en)

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FR0511491A FR2893743B1 (en) 2005-11-10 2005-11-10 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETECTING FIRE IN A DRILL
PCT/FR2006/002417 WO2007054630A1 (en) 2005-11-10 2006-10-25 Method and device for detecting forest fires

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CA2629779C (en) 2016-01-05
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