EP1909689A2 - Drug-containing implants and methods of use thereof - Google Patents
Drug-containing implants and methods of use thereofInfo
- Publication number
- EP1909689A2 EP1909689A2 EP06787745A EP06787745A EP1909689A2 EP 1909689 A2 EP1909689 A2 EP 1909689A2 EP 06787745 A EP06787745 A EP 06787745A EP 06787745 A EP06787745 A EP 06787745A EP 1909689 A2 EP1909689 A2 EP 1909689A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- another embodiment
- implants
- implant
- drug
- biodegradable
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
- A61K47/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyesters, polyamino acids, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, copolymers of polyalkylene glycol or poloxamers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
- A61K31/192—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having aromatic groups, e.g. sulindac, 2-aryl-propionic acids, ethacrynic acid
-
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- A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
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- A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
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- A61K31/54—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one sulfur as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. sulthiame
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- A61K31/573—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone substituted in position 21, e.g. cortisone, dexamethasone, prednisone or aldosterone
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- A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
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- A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
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- A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
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Definitions
- the present invention provides implants comprising a therapeutic drug and a polymer containing poly lactic acid (PLA) and optionally polyglycolic acid (PGA).
- PLA poly lactic acid
- PGA polyglycolic acid
- the present invention also provides methods of maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject, releasing a therapeutic drug at a substantially linear rate, and treating schizophrenia and other diseases and disorders, utilizing implants of the present invention.
- Medication noncompliance is the highest determinant of relapse in schizophrenia. Therefore, a therapy method that helps patients remain on medication for extended periods would substantially improve clinical outcomes.
- Current methods of administering anti-schizophrenia medication e.g. risperidone
- risperidone provide dosing for one month or less.
- methods of providing therapeutic levels of risperidone and other medications are needed in the art.
- the present invention provides implants comprising a therapeutic drug and a polymer containing polylactic acid (PLA) and optionally polyglycolic acid (PGA).
- PLA polylactic acid
- PGA polyglycolic acid
- the present invention also provides methods of maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject, releasing a therapeutic drug at a substantially linear rate, and treating schizophrenia and other diseases and disorders, utilizing implants of the present invention.
- the present invention provides a biodegradable implant comprising (a) a therapeutic drug present in an amount of 10%-60% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant; and (b) a polymer present in an amount of 40%-90% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant, the polymer comprising PLA and optionally PGA in a PLA:PGA molar ratio between 50:50 and 100:0.
- the present invention provides a method for maintaining a therapeutic level of a drag in a subject for a period of at least about 1 month, comprising administering to the subject a set of biodegradable implants, the set of biodegradable implants consisting of one or more individual biodegradable implants comprising (a) a therapeutic drug present in an amount of 10%-60% by mass, i relative to the mass of the implant; and (b) a polymer present in an amount of 40%-90% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant, the polymer comprising PLA and optionally PGA in a PLA:PGA molar ratio between 50:50 and 100:0 and wherein the individual biodegradable implants, if more than one in number, do not differ substantially from one another in their PLA:PGA molar ratio, thereby maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject for a period of at least about 1 month.
- the present invention provides a method for maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject for a period of at least about 3 months, comprising (1) administering to the subject an initial set of biodegradable implants, wherein the initial set of biodegradable implants consists of one or more individual biodegradable implants having (a) a therapeutic drug present in an amount of 10%-60% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant; and (b) a polymer present in an amount of 40%-90% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant, the polymer comprising PLA and optionally PGA in a PLA:PGA molar ratio between 50:50 and 100:0; and (2) administering to the subject a maintenance set of one or more biodegradable implants to the subject near the point of peak release of the initial set of biodegradable implants, wherein the maintenance set of biodegradable implants consists of additional individual biodegradable implants equivalent in the PLA:PGA molar ratio to the individual biodegradable implants in the initial set of biodegradable implants.
- Figure 1 Longitudinal detection of haloperidol levels for 443 days in primates as a result of implants.
- FIG. 1 Haloperidol serum concentration from polymer implants in rabbit. Each panel displays the mean ⁇ SEM for 5 animals. A) Multiple-polymer system. B) Single-polymer system. Each set of data is shown with a trendline to illustrate the pattern of the serum concentration over time.
- Figure 4 Cumulative in vitro concentration from disc & rod-shaped implants. Each point represents the mean for 3 replicates of discs or rods.
- Figure 5 Stability of risperidone in physiological aqueous solution.
- A Amount of remaining risperidone vs. time. The y-intercept is 10.42 for HPLC and 10.23 mg for UV spectrophotometry. Similarly, the slope of the linear trendline for HPLC is 0.01 and 0.00 for UV spectrophotometry.
- Figure 6 In vitro risperidone release varies with polymer composition and SA:V ratio:
- Figure 7 In vitro cumulative risperidone release from implants containing 85: 15 PLGA with 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or 60% drug load by weight.
- Risperidone implants increase the P20 and block amphetamine-induced disruption of the N40 evoked potentials.
- Figure 13 Model for continuous delivery from biodegradable implants: A) Pattern of serum concentration that results from one or more single-polymer implants. Trendlines represent the drug release pattern. B) Superimposed profiles for each of 4 implantations of the single-polymer implant system. Re-implantation for this polymer-drug combination is performed every 6 months. C) The total serum concentration that results from individual overlapping implantations (dashed lines) is shown with a sold line. Levels oscillate slightly, but remain within the target range for as long as implantations occur near the time of peak concentration for a given material. Arrows mark implantations in all panels.
- FIG. 14 Risperidone serum concentration resulting from a multiple-polymer risperidone implant system.
- Overall drug concentration is represented with the solid line, and release profiles from individual polymers are represented by dashed lines.
- Target drug levels are attained in approximately 1 week, with small
- FIG. 15 Insertion and removal of rod-shaped implants.
- H A mouse shown back in its home cage 10 minutes after implant removal. Mice in these groups were then sacrificed and serum risperidone and 9-OH risperidone levels obtained. Sterile risperidone implants yielded serum risperidone levels of 7.3 at 2 weeks post implantation and 12.8 at 4 weeks post implantation.
- Figure 16 Representative cross-sectional shapes of rods, disks, and cylinders of implants of the present invention (a non-exhaustive listing).
- FIG. 20 A. Risperidone stability in solutions of pH 7.4, 6.4, 5.4 and 4.4. AU samples remained stable, with negligible daily change in drug mass over the first 77 days of testing (0.06% for pH 7.4, 0.04% for pH 6.4, 0.10% for pH 5.4 and 0.00% for pH 4.4). B. Risperidone stability at pH 2.0-7.4.
- the present invention provides implants comprising a therapeutic drug and a polymer containing polylactic acid (PLA) and optionally polyglycolic acid (PGA).
- PLA polylactic acid
- PGA polyglycolic acid
- the present invention also provides methods of maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject, releasing a therapeutic drug at a substantially linear rate, and treating schizophrenia and other diseases and disorders, utilizing implants of the present invention.
- the present invention provides an implantable, long term delivery system for improving medication adherence in disorders associated with a likelihood of non-compliance.
- the delivery system in one embodiment, includes a therapeutic drug in an implantable, rod shaped structure and improves medication adherence in subjects having disorders associated with a likelihood of non- compliance.
- implantable includes, in various embodiments, compositions which can be inserted into the subject, e.g., subcutaneously, intramuscularly, etc. In a further embodiment, the implantable compositions are also removable.
- long term includes, in various embodiments, periods of time greater than about three months, greater than about four months, greater than about five months, greater than about six months, greater than about seven months, greater than about eight months, greater than about nine months, greater than about ten months, greater than about eleven months, greater than about one year or longer.
- long term delivery system includes, in one embodiment, systems which, once administered to the subject, gradually deliver the target therapeutic drug to the subject in an effective amount to treat the disorder associated with a likelihood of non-compliance.
- the drug may be delivered, in other embodiments, over a period of greater than about three months, greater than about four months, greater than about five months, greater than about six months, greater than about seven months, greater than about eight months, greater than about nine months, greater than about ten months, greater than about eleven months, greater than about one year or longer.
- the language “improving medication adherence” refers, in one embodiment, to increasing the percentage of time subjects with a disorder associated with a likelihood of non-compliance are treated for their disorder with the target therapeutic drug.
- disorder associated with a likelihood of non-compliance includes, in one embodiment, psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, dementia, delirium, impulse control disorder, psychotic depression, drug addiction, etc.
- disorder associated with a likelihood of non-compliance refers, in one embodiment, to disorders which have a high rate of subject non- compliance. It includes, in another embodiment, disorders where the disorder affects the subject's judgment or mental capacity.
- disorders with a low rate e.g., in various embodiments, below 90%, below 80%, below 70%, below 60%, below 50%, below 40% and below 30%
- therapeutic drug includes, in one embodiment, drugs used to treat disorders associated with a likelihood of non-compliance.
- the therapeutic drag exhibits enhanced solubility in a reduced pH environment.
- the therapeutic drug is an anti-depressant.
- the therapeutic drug is an anti-anxiety agent.
- the therapeutic drug is an anti-psychotic agent.
- the target therapeutic drag is a birth control drug.
- “Enhanced solubility” refers, in another embodiment, to an increase of at least 10% over solubility at neutral pH. In another embodiment, the term refers to an increase of at least 20% over solubility at neutral pH. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 30%. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 40%. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 50%. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 60%. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 70%. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 80%. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 100% (2-fold). In another embodiment, the increase is at least 3-fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 4-fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 5-fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 6-fold.
- the increase is at least 8-fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 3-fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 10-fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 15- fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 20-fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 30-fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 40-fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 50-fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 70-fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least ⁇ OO-fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 150-fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 200-fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 300-fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 500-fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least 1000-fold. In another embodiment, the increase is at least more than 1000-fold. In another embodiment, the drug exhibits negligible solubility at neutral pH. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- Reduced pH environment refers, in another embodiment, to a pH of below 5.0.
- the term refers to a pH of below 4.5.
- the term refers to a pH of below 4.0.
- the term refers to a pH of below 3.5.
- the term refers to apH of below 3.0.
- the term refers to a pH of below 2.5.
- the term refers to a pH of below 2.0.
- the term refers to apH of 5.0.
- the term refers to a pH of 4.5. In another embodiment, the term refers to apH of 4.0. In another embodiment, the term refers to a pH of 3.5. In another embodiment, the term refers to a pH of 3.0. In another embodiment, the term refers to a pH of 2.5. In another embodiment, the term refers to a pH of 2.0. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the present invention provides a biodegradable implant comprising (a) a therapeutic drug present in an amount of 10%-60% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant; and (b) a polymer present in an amount of 40%-90% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant, the polymer comprising PLA and optionally PGA in a PLA:PGA molar ratio between 50:50 and 100:0.
- an implant of methods and compositions of the present invention is a sterile implant.
- the implant need not be sterile.
- the implant is substantially sterile.
- the implant has been sterilized.
- the implant is sterile, except for minor contamination introduced between removal from the sterile wrapper and implantation.
- biodegradable refers, in one embodiment, to a material that is degraded in a biological environment. In another embodiment, “biodegradable” refers to a material that has a finite half-life in a biological environment. In another embodiment, “biodegradable” refers to a material that has a measurable half-life in a biological environment. In another embodiment, “biodegradable” refers to a material that is degraded inside a living organism. In another embodiment, “biodegradable” refers to a material that has a finite half-life inside a living organism. In another embodiment, “biodegradable” refers to a material that has a measurable half-life inside a living organism. In another embodiment, the term “biodegradable” is equivalent to the term “bioerodible.”
- the half-life is 1 month or less. In another embodiment, the half-life is 2 months or less. In another embodiment, the half-life is 3 months or less. In another embodiment, the half-life is 4 months or less. In another embodiment, the half-life is 5 months or less. In another embodiment, the half-life is 6 months or less. In another embodiment, the half-life is 8 months or less. In another embodiment, the half -life is 10 months or less. In another embodiment, the half -life is one year or less.
- the half -life is 1.5 years or less. In another embodiment, the half-life is 2 years or less. In another embodiment, the half-life is 3 years or less. In another embodiment, the half -life is 4 years or less. In another embodiment, the half-life is 5 years or less. In another embodiment, the half -life is 7 years or less. In another embodiment, the half-life is 10 years or less.
- Polymer refers, in one embodiment, to a macromolecule composed of individual units, or monomers. In another embodiment, the polymer is a branched polymer. In another embodiment, the polymer is a linear polymer. In another embodiment, the polymer is a cross-linked polymer. In another embodiment, the polymer is any other type of polymer known in the art. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- PLArPGA polymers contain PLA and PGA monomers, while PLA polymers contain only PLA monomers.
- Methods for use and synthesis of PLA polymers and PLA:PGA polymers are well known in the art, and are described, for example, in Fukushima K et al (Macromol Biosci 5(1): 21-9, 2005); Saulnier B et al (Macromol Biosci 15;4(3): 232-7, 2004); and Park SJ et al (J Colloid Interface Sci 271(2): 336-41, 2004). Each method represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- an implant of methods and compositions of the present invention is rod shaped.
- results of the present invention show that rod-shaped implants as well as disk-shaped implants can be used to provide extended delivery of risperidone and other drugs.
- the implant is disc shaped.
- implant is cylindrical.
- implant is a sheet.
- the implant is any shape suitable for retention in a body tissue, (e.g. subcutaneous tissue).
- the implant is any shape suitable for structural stability in the subcutaneous space.
- the implant is any shape suitable for tolerability in the subcutaneous space.
- the implant is any other shape known in the art.
- Rod-shaped refers, in one embodiment, to a shape whose cross-section is substantially round, and whose length is at least twice the diameter of the cross-section.
- the cross- sectional shape is any other cross-sectional shape of the present invention.
- the length is at least as great as the diameter of the cross-section.
- the length is at least 1.1 times the diameter of the cross-section.
- the length is at least 1.2 times the diameter.
- the length is at least 1.3 times the diameter.
- the length is at least 1.4 times the diameter.
- the length is at least 1.5 times the diameter.
- the length is at least 1.6 times the diameter.
- the length is at least 1.7 times the diameter. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1.8 times the diameter. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1.9 times the diameter. In another embodiment, the length is at least 2.2 times the diameter. In another embodiment, the length is at least
- the length is at least 3 times the diameter. In another embodiment, the length is at least 4 times the diameter.
- “Disk-shaped” refers, in one embodiment, to a substantially round, flat shape. In another embodiment, the shape is oval, square, rectangular, etc.
- the thickness is, in one embodiment, less than the diameter of the circle, oval, etc. In another embodiment, the thickness is less than 0.9 times the diameter of the shape. In another embodiment, the thickness is less than 0.8 times the diameter. In another embodiment, the thickness is less than 0.7 times the diameter. In another embodiment, the thickness is less than 0.6 times the diameter. In another embodiment, the thickness is less than 0.5 times the diameter. In another embodiment, the thickness is less than 0.4 times the diameter. In another embodiment, the thickness is less than 0.3 times the diameter. In another embodiment, the thickness is less than 0.2 times the diameter. In another embodiment, the thickness is less than 0.1 times the diameter. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the rods, disks, and cylinders referred to herein have a substantially circular cross- sectional shape.
- the cross-sectional shape is ellipsoidal.
- the ellipsoidal shape need not be round at the edges.
- the cross-sectional shape is any shape in Figure 16.
- the cross-sectional shape is any other shape known in the art. Because the present invention has shown that release rate of drug from an implant is proportional to its surface area, the shape of the implant can be modified, in one embodiment, to confer thereupon desirable characteristics without altering the release rate, provided that the surface area remains constant. The present invention has shown that duration of release of drug from an implant is proportional to its
- the shape of the implant can be modified, in one embodiment, to confer thereupon desirable characteristics without altering the duration of release, provided that the SA:V ratio remains constant.
- substantially circular refers, in another embodiment, to a circle or circle-like shape whose longest diameter at any given cross-section is less than 150% of its shortest diameter. In another embodiment, the longest diameter at each cross section is less than 145% of its shortest diameter. In another embodiment, the number is 140%. In another embodiment, the number is 135%. In another embodiment, the number is 130%. In another embodiment, the number is 125%. In another embodiment, the number is 120%. In another embodiment, the number is 115%. In another embodiment, the number is 110%. In another embodiment, the number is 105%. In another embodiment, the longest diameter is not more than 150% of the shortest diameter. In another embodiment, the longest diameter is not more than 145% of the shortest diameter.
- the longest diameter is not more than 140% of the shortest diameter. In another embodiment, the longest diameter is not more than 135% of the shortest diameter. In another embodiment, the longest diameter is not more than 130% of the shortest diameter. In another embodiment, the longest diameter is not more than 125% of the shortest diameter. In another embodiment, the longest diameter is not more than 120% of the shortest diameter. In another embodiment, the longest diameter is not more than 115% of the shortest diameter. In another embodiment, the longest diameter is not more than 110% of the shortest diameter. In another embodiment, the longest diameter is not more than 105% of the shortest diameter.
- the ratio of the longest to the shortest diameter is any other ratio consistence with a substantially circular shape.
- the number is any other number that describes a substantially circular shape.
- the cross-sectional area is substantially constant over the length of the rods, disks, and cylinders of the present invention. In another embodiment, the cross-sectional area is not constant. In another embodiment, the cross-sectional dimensions are substantially constant over the length of the rods, disks, and cylinders of the present invention. In another embodiment, the cross- sectional dimensions are not constant. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- an implant of the present invention has a rectangular cross-sectional shape.
- the cross-sectional shape is a square.
- the cross-sectional shape is any other shape known in the art.
- the implant is monolithic.
- the implant is composed of several (10 or fewer) smaller components that are fused together.
- the components are linked together. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- implants are inserted through a minimally invasive approach, using a surgical instrument known as a "trochar.”
- the implants are inserted utilizing a procedure and tool set (trochar and obdurator) similar to those used for Norplant (Townsend S "Insertion and removal of Norplant” Netw Fr 6: 8-9, 1991).
- rod-shaped implants provide an advantage due to their ease of implantation and lack of subsequent discomfort ( Figure 15).
- an advantage of rod-shaped implants is the small incisions required for their insertion; e.g.
- implants provide an advantage due to their ability to be implanted on an outpatient basis.
- the incision site is closed, in another embodiment, with either a single stitch or steristrips ( Figure 15).
- the implant is inserted by any other surgical method known in the art. Each method represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- implants of the present invention provide an advantage due to their lack of necessity of the subject receiving injections every few weeks, thus increasing patient compliance.
- the advantage of the implants is due to the resulting increased patient autonomy.
- the advantage of the implants is due to their lack of irritation at the site of administration.
- an advantage of implants of the present invention is due to their stability at body temperature for the delivery period.
- the advantage of the implants is due to their ability to completely erode, thus exhibiting a lack of necessity of removing residual material.
- the erosion is primarily surface erosion.
- the erosion is primarily bulk erosion.
- the erosion is a combination of substantial amounts of surface erosion and bulk erosion.
- an implant of methods and compositions of the present is tethered (Figure 2) to assist in locating it and, if necessary, removing it.
- Figure 2 an implant of methods and compositions of the present is tethered to assist in locating it and, if necessary, removing it.
- the removal process has been successfully tested in mice and rats.
- following palpation of the implant a small incision is made and residual material from the implant is retrieved using forceps.
- the implant is removable. "Removable” refers, in one embodiment, to the ability of the implant to be removed by surgical or other means. In another embodiment, “removable” refers to the ability of the remains of the implant to be removed. In another embodiment, “removable” refers to the ability of most of the remains of the implant to be removed.
- the implant is removed due to an adverse reaction to the medication therein. In another embodiment, the implant is removed due to a decision by the physician. In another embodiment, the implant is removed due to a decision by the patient. In another embodiment, the implant is removed due to an overdose of medication. In another embodiment, the implant is removed due to any other reason for which the course of treatment is desired to be halted.
- implants of the present invention are easily removable and remain cohesive throughout the period of drug delivery.
- the implant is removable throughout the period of drug delivery.
- the implant is removable throughout the period of detectable drug delivery.
- the implant is easily removable throughout the period of drug delivery.
- the implant is easily removable throughout the period of detectable drug delivery.
- the implant is cohesive throughout the period of drug delivery.
- the implant is cohesive throughout the period of detectable drug delivery.
- easily removable refers, in another embodiment, to an ability to be removed using forceps or a similar tool. In another embodiment, the term refers to an ability to be removed without the use of strong suction. In another embodiment, the term refers to an ability to be removed without the necessity to remove surrounding tissue.
- implants of the present invention exhibit the advantage that the internal pH environment drops as the polymer degrades to constituent monomers.
- the drop in pH upon degradation improves the time-dependent release, in another embodiment, of drugs and active agents that are insoluble at neutral pH (and thus locked in the implant), but become increasingly soluble as pH drops.
- the implants improve release of drags with increased solubility at low pH.
- the implants improve release of drugs with an acidic pKa.
- the increased time-dependent release increases ability of the compound to be released into the systemic circulation.
- the drug with pH-dependent solubility is haloperidol.
- the pH-dependent drug is risperidone.
- the pH-dependent drug is any other drug with pH-dependent solubility known in the art.
- the drop in pH upon degradation increases the rate of degradation of the polymer with respect to time.
- the drop in pH upon degradation results in auto- catalysis of degradation of the polymer.
- Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- implants of the present invention exhibit the advantage of a drop in pH upon degradation, which is not observed with smaller dosage forms (e.g. microparticles).
- a polymer utilized in methods and compositions of the present invention comprises PLA but not PGA.
- the polymer comprises PLA and PGA.
- the polymer consists of PLA alone.
- the polymer consists of PLA and PGA.
- the drug load of an implant of methods and compositions of the present invention is between 30-60%.
- results of the present invention have demonstrated the efficacy of particular drug load ranges of biodegradable implants.
- Drug load refers, in one embodiment, to the amount of drug in the implant as a percentage by mass. In another embodiment, “drug load” refers to the percentage by weight of the drug. In another embodiment, e.g. if other materials are present in the implant besides the therapeutic drug and the polymer, the drug load is calculated without considering the other materials. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the drug load is between about 40-50%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 1-5%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 2-5%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 5-10%. In another embodiment, the drag load is from 10-15%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 15-20%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 20-25%. In another embodiment, the drag load is from 25-30%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 30-35%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 35-40%. In another embodiment, the drag load is from 40-45%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 45-50%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 50-
- the drag load is from 55-60%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 60-65%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 65-70%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 70-75%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 75-80%. In another embodiment, the drag load is from 80-85%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 85-90%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 90-95%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 95-99%. In another embodiment, the drag load is from 5-15%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 10- 20%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 15-25%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 20-30%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 25-35%.
- the drug load is from 30-40%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 35-45%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 45-55%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 50-60%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 55-65%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 60-70%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 70-80%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 80- 90%. In another embodiment, the drag load is from 90-99%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 5-20%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 10-25%. In another embodiment, the drag load is from 15-30%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 20-35%. In another embodiment, the drag load is from 25-40%.
- the drag load is from 30-45%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 35-50%. In another embodiment, the drag load is from 40-55%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 45-60%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 50- 65%. In another embodiment, the drag load is from 55-70%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 5-25%. In another embodiment, the drag load is from 10-30%. In another embodiment, the drag load is from 15-35%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 20-40%. In another embodiment, the drag load is from 25-45%. In another embodiment, the drag load is from 30-50%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 35-55%. In another embodiment, the drug load is from 40-60%. In another embodiment, the drag load is from 45-65%. In another embodiment, the drag load is from 50- 70%.
- the drag load is 2%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 3%. In another embodiment, the drag load is 5%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 6%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 8%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 10%. In another embodiment, the drag load is 12%. In another embodiment, the drag load is 14%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 16%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 18%. In another embodiment, the drag load is 20%. In another embodiment, the drag load is 22%. In another embodiment, the drag load is 24%. In another embodiment, the drag load is 26%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 28%. In another embodiment, the drag load is 30%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 32%.
- the drag load is 34%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 36%. In another embodiment, the drag load is 38%. In another embodiment, the drag load is 40%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 42%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 44%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 46%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 48%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 50%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 52%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 54%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 56%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 58%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 60%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 65%. In another embodiment, the drug load is 70%. Each drug load represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- a “therapeutic drug” is, in one embodiment, any drug or compound that exhibits any type of therapeutic or beneficial effect when administered to a subject.
- the therapeutic drag contained in an implant of methods and compositions of the present invention is risperidone.
- the therapeutic drag is 9-OH-risperidone.
- the therapeutic drag is thiothixene.
- the therapeutic drag is haloperidol.
- the therapeutic drug is hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ).
- the therapeutic drag is corticosterone.
- the therapeutic drug is ibuprofen.
- the therapeutic drag is aspirin.
- the therapeutic drag is pimozide.
- the therapeutic drag is aripiprazole.
- the therapeutic drug is olanzapine.
- the therapeutic drug is donepezil.
- the therapeutic drug is any other therapeutic drag known in the art.
- PLA polymers and PLA:PGA polymers exhibit an advantage, in one embodiment, that drags need not be chemically modified before incorporation therein; rather, they need only be mechanically mixed into the polymeric matrix. Thus, a wide variety of therapeutic agents can be incorporated.
- the therapeutic drug is a dopaminergic agent.
- the dopaminergic agent is an agonist.
- the dopaminergic agent is an antagonist.
- the dopaminergic agent is a partial agonist.
- the dopaminergic agent is a monoamine reuptake inhibitor.
- the dopaminergic agent is a monoamine uptake facilitators.
- the therapeutic drug is one of the following drugs, or belongs to one of the following classes: antihypertensives, antidepressants, antianxiety agents, anticlotting agents, anticonvulsants, blood glucose-lowering agents, decongestants, antihistamines, antitussives, anti- inflammatories, antipsychotic agents, cognitive enhancers, cholesterol-reducing agents, antiobesity agents, autoimmune disorder agents, anti-impotence agents, antibacterial and antifungal agents, hypnotic agents, anti-Parkinsonism agents, antibiotics, antiviral agents, anti-neoplasties, barbituates, sedatives, nutritional agents, beta blockers, emetics, anti-emetics, diuretics, anticoagulants, cardiotonics, androgens, corticoids, anabolic agents, growth hormone secretagogues, anti-infective agents, coronary vasodilators, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, antiprotozoals, gastrointestinal agents, se
- the therapeutic drug is one of the following drugs: chlorpropamide, fluconazole, atorvastatin calcium, hydroxyzine hydrochloride, doxepin hydrochloride, amlodipine besylate, piroxicam, celicoxib, valdicoxib, carbenicillin indanyl sodium, bacampicillin hydrochloride, troleandomycin, and doxycycline hyclate.
- the therapeutic drug is one of the following drugs, or belongs to one of the following classes: platinum compounds (e.g., spiroplatin, cisplatin, and carboplatin), methotrexate, fluorouracil, adriamycin, mitomycin, ansamitocin, bleomycin, cytosine arabinoside, arabinosyl adenine, mercaptopolylysine, vincristine, busulfan, chlorambucil, melphalan (e.g., PAM, L-PAM or phenylalanine mustard), mercaptopurine, mitotane, procarbazine hydrochloride dactinomycin (actinomycin D), daunorabicin hydrochloride, doxorubicin hydrochloride, paclitaxel and other taxenes, rapamycin, manumycin A, TNP-470, plicamycin (mithramycin), aminoglutethimi
- platinum compounds
- radiopharmaceuticals e.g. radioactive iodine and phosphorus products
- hormones e.g. progestins, estrogens and antiestrogens
- anti-helmintics antimalarials, and antituberculosis drugs
- biologicals e.g. immune serums, antitoxins and antivenoms
- rabies prophylaxis products bacterial vaccines
- viral vaccines respiratory products, e.g. xanthine derivatives theophylline and aminophylline
- thyroid agents e.g.
- iodine products and anti-thyroid agents cardiovascular products including chelating agents and mercurial diuretics and cardiac glycosides; glucagon; blood products, e.g. parenteral iron, hemin, hematoporphyrins and their derivatives; biological response modifiers, e.g. muramyldipeptide, muramyltripeptide, microbial cell wall components, lymphokines (e.g., bacterial endotoxin, e.g.
- lipopolysaccharide macrophage activation factor
- sub-units of bacteria such as Mycobacteria, Corynebacteria
- anti-fungal agents e.g. ketoconazole, nystatin, griseofulvin, flucytosine (5-fc), miconazole, amphotericin B, ricin, cyclosporins, and ⁇ -lactam antibiotics (e.g., sulfaqueln); hormones, e.g.
- betamethasone dipropionate betamethasone, betamethasone acetate and betamethasone sodium phosphate
- vetamethasone disodium phosphate vetamethasone sodium phosphate
- cortisone acetate dexamethasone, dexamethasone acetate, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, flunisolide, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate, hydrocortisone cypionate, hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, methylprednisolone, methylprednisolone acetate, methylprednisolone sodium succinate, paramethasone acetate, prednisolone, prednisolone acetate, prednisolone sodium phosphate, prednisolone tebutate, prednisone, triamcinolone, triamcinolone ace
- cyanocobalamin cyanocobalamin wholeoic acid, retinoids and derivatives, e.g. retinol palmitate, and .alpha. -tocopherol; peptides, e.g. manganese super oxide dismutase; enzymes, e.g. alkaline phosphatase; anti-allergic agents, e.g. amelexanox; anti-coagulation agents, e.g. phenprocoumon and heparin; circulatory drugs, e.g. propranolol; metabolic potentiators, e.g. glutathione; antituberculars, e.g.
- para-aminosalicylic acid isoniazid, capreomycin sulfate cycloserine, ethambutol hydrochloride ethionamide, pyrazinamide, rifampin, and streptomycin sulfate; antivirals, e.g. amantadine azidothymidine (AZT, DDI, Foscarnet, or Zidovudine), ribavirin and vidarabine monohydrate (adenine arabinoside, ara-A); antianginals, e.g.
- diltiazem nifedipine, verapamil, erythritol tetranitrate, isosorbide dinitrate, nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate; anticoagulants, e.g. phenprocoumon, heparin; antibiotics, e.g.
- dapsone chloramphenicol, neomycin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cephalexin, cephradine erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, bacampicillin, carbenicillin, dicloxacillin, cyclacillin, picloxacillin, hetacillin, methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, penicillin including penicillin G and penicillin V, ticarcillin rifampin and tetracycline; antiinflammatories, e.g.
- ibuprofen diflunisal, ibuprofen, indomethacin, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, naproxen, oxyphenbutazone, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, sulindac, tolmetin, aspirin and salicylates; antiprotozoans, e.g. chloroquine,hydroxychloroquine, metronidazole, quinine and meglumine antimonate; antirheumatics, e.g. penicillamine; narcotics, e.g. paregoric;opiates, e.g. codeine, heroin, methadone, morphine and opium; cardiac glycosides, e.g.
- neuromuscular blockers e.g. atracurium mesylate, gallamine triethiodide, hexafluorenium bromide, metocurine iodide, pancuronium bromide, succinylcholine chloride (suxamethonium chloride), tubocurarine chloride and vecuronium bromide; sedatives (hypnotics), e.g.
- bupivacaine hydrochloride chloroprocaine hydrochloride, etidocaine hydrochloride, lidocaine hydrochloride, mepivacaine hydrochloride, procaine hydrochloride and tetracaine hydrochloride; general anesthetics, e.g. droperidol, etomidate, fentanyl citrate with droperidol, ketamine hydrochloride, methohexital sodium and thiopental sodium; and radioactive particles or ions, e.g. strontium, iodide rhenium and yttrium.
- general anesthetics e.g. droperidol, etomidate, fentanyl citrate with droperidol, ketamine hydrochloride, methohexital sodium and thiopental sodium
- radioactive particles or ions e.g. strontium, iodide rhenium and yttrium.
- the therapeutic drug is a metabolite of risperidone. In another embodiment, the therapeutic drug is a metabolite of one of the above drug. In one embodiment, the metabolite is an active metabolite.
- the therapeutic drug is a drug that is used chronically.
- the therapeutic drug is a high potency drug.
- “High potency agent” refers, in one embodiment, to a drug that requires a low serum concentration to exert a therapeutic effect.
- “high potency agent” refers to a drug that requires a low tissue concentration to exert a therapeutic effect.
- “high potency agent” refers to a drug that requires a low systemic concentration to exert a therapeutic effect.
- the concentration required for a high potency agent to exert a therapeutic effect is 0.01 mg/kg. In another embodiment, the concentration is 0.02 mg/kg. In another embodiment, the concentration is 0.03 mg/kg. In another embodiment, the concentration is 0.04 mg/kg. In another embodiment, the concentration is 0.05 mg/kg. In another embodiment, the concentration is 0.06 mg/kg. In another embodiment, the concentration is 0.07 mg/kg. In another embodiment, the concentration is 0.08 mg/kg. In another embodiment, the concentration is 0.09 mg/kg. In another embodiment, the concentration is 0.10 mg/kg. In another embodiment, the concentration is 0.12 mg/kg.
- Each definition of "high potency agent" represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the concentration required for a high potency agent to exert a therapeutic effect is 1 nanograms (ng)/ml. In another embodiment, the concentration is 1.5 ng/ml. In another embodiment, the concentration is 2 ng/ml. In another embodiment, the concentration is 3 ng/ml. In another embodiment, the concentration is 4 ng/ml. In another embodiment, the concentration is 5 ng/ml. In another embodiment, the concentration is 6 ng/ml. In another embodiment, the concentration is 7 ng/ml. In another embodiment, the concentration is 8 ng/ml. In another embodiment, the concentration is 9 ng/ml. In another embodiment, the concentration is 10 ng/ml. In another embodiment, the concentration is 12 ng/ml. In another embodiment, the concentration is 15 ng/ml. In another embodiment, the concentration is 20 ng/ml.
- Each definition of "high potency agent" represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- Each therapeutic drug represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- an implant of methods and compositions of the present invention contains a combination of therapeutic drugs.
- the implant contains two therapeutic drugs.
- the implant contains three therapeutic drugs.
- the implant contains four therapeutic drugs.
- the implant contains more than four therapeutic drugs.
- the implant contains a combination of one of the above drags with an additional drug.
- the implant contains a combination of two or more drugs not listed above.
- the combination of drugs contained in the implant has a synergistic effect.
- the combination of drugs contained in the implant has an additive effect.
- the drug may be prepared by any method known in the art.
- the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions that contain an active ingredient is well understood in the art.
- the active therapeutic ingredient is mixed, in one embodiment, with excipients that are pharmaceutically acceptable and compatible with the active ingredient.
- the active ingredient or one of its physiologically tolerated derivatives such as salts, esters, N-oxides, and the like is mixed with additives customary for this purpose, such as vehicles, stabilizers, or inert diluents.
- An active component is, in another embodiment, formulated into the composition as neutralized pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the polypeptide or antibody molecule), which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, mandelic, and the like. Salts formed from the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, and the like.
- the PLA:PGA molar ratio of a polymer of methods and compositions of the present invention is between about 75:25 and 100:0. In another embodiment, the ratio is between 85: 15 and 100:0. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 50:50 and 100:0. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 50:50 and 55:45. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 55:15 and 60:40. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 60:40 and 65:35. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 65:35 and 70:30. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 70:30 and 75:25. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 75:25 and 80:20. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 80:20 and 85:15.
- the ratio is from 85: 15 and 90: 10. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 90: 10 and 95:5. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 95:5 and 100:0. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 96:4 and 100:0. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 97:3 and 100:0. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 98:2 and 100:0. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 99:1 and 100:0. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 50:50 and 60:40. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 55:45 and 65:35. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 60:40 and 70:30. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 65:35 and 75:25.
- the ratio is from 70:30 and 80:20. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 75:25 and 85:15. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 80:20 and 90:10. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 85: 15 and 95:5. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 90: 10 and 100:0. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 50:50 and 65:35. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 55:45 and 70:30. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 60:40 and 75:25. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 65:35 and 80:20. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 70:30 and 85:15. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 75:25 and 90: 10. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 80:20 and 95:5.
- the ratio is from 85:15 and 100:0. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 50:50 and 70:30. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 55:45 and 75:25. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 60:40 and 80:20. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 65:35 and 85:15. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 70:30 and 90:10. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 75:25 and
- the ratio is from 80:20 and 100:0. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 50:50 and 75:25. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 55:45 and 80:20. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 60:40 and 85:15. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 65:35 and 90: 10. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 70:30 and 95 :5. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 75:25 and 100:0.
- the ratio is 50:50. In another embodiment, the ratio is 52:48. In another embodiment, the ratio is 54:46. In another embodiment, the ratio is 56:44. In another embodiment, the ratio is 58:42. In another embodiment, the ratio is 60:40. In another embodiment, the ratio is 62:38. In another embodiment, the ratio is 64:36. In another embodiment, the ratio is 66:34. In another embodiment, the ratio is 68:32. In another embodiment, the ratio is 70:30. In another embodiment, the ratio is 72:28. In another embodiment, the ratio is 74:26. In another embodiment, the ratio is 76:24. In another embodiment, the ratio is 78:22. In another embodiment, the ratio is 80:20.
- the ratio is 82:18. In another embodiment, the ratio is 84:16. In another embodiment, the ratio is 86:14. In another embodiment, the ratio is 88:12. In another embodiment, the ratio is 90:10. In another embodiment, the ratio is 92:8. In another embodiment, the ratio is 94:6. In another embodiment, the ratio is 96:4. In another embodiment, the ratio is 97:3. In another embodiment, the ratio is 98:2. In another embodiment, the ratio is 99: 1. In another embodiment, the ratio is 100:0 (e.g. substantially less than 1% PGA).
- the PLA:PGA ratio is a molar ratio.
- the PLA:PGA ratio is a mass ratio.
- the PLA:PGA ratio is a weight ratio.
- the PLA:PGA ratio is a volume ratio.
- a polymer of methods and compositions of the present invention exhibits an inherent viscosity of between about 0.2-0.9 dl/g in chloroform. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.6-0.85 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.2-0.3 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.25-0.35 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.3-0.4 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.35-0.45 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.4-0.5 dl/g.
- the inherent viscosity is from 0.45-0.55 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.5-0.6 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.55-0.65 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.6-0.7 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.65- 0.75 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.7-0.8 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.75-0.85 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.8-0.9 dl/g.
- the inherent viscosity is from 0.85-0.95 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.2-0.35 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.25-0.40 5 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.3-0.45 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.35-0.5 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.4-0.55 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.45-0.6 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.5-0.65 dl/g.
- the inherent viscosity is from 0.55-0.70 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.6-0.75 dl/g. In another embodiment, the 0 inherent viscosity is from 0.65-0.80 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.7-0.85 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.75-0.9 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.8-0.95 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.2-0.40 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.25-0.45 dl/g.
- the inherent viscosity is from 0.3-0.5 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.35-0.55 5 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.4-0.6 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.45-0.65 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.5-0.7 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.55-0.75 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.6-0.8 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.65-0.85 dl/g.
- the inherent viscosity is from 0.7-0.9 dl/g. In another embodiment, the o inherent viscosity is from 0.75-0.95 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.2-0.45 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.25-0.5 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.3-0.55 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.35-0.6 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.4-0.65 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.45-0.7 dl/g.
- the inherent viscosity is from 0.5-0.75 5 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.55-0.80 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.6-0.85 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.65-0.9 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is from 0.7-0.95 dl/g.
- the inherent viscosity is 0.2 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is 0.25 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is 0.3 dl/g. In another embodiment, the 0 inherent viscosity is 0.35 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is 0.4 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is 0.45 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is 0.5 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is 0.55 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is 0.6 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is 0.65 dl/g.
- the inherent viscosity is 0.7 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is 0.75 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is 0.8 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is 0.85 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent viscosity is 0.9 dl/g. In another embodiment, the inherent 5 viscosity is 0.95 dl/g.
- Inherent viscosity refers, in one embodiment, to a measure of the capability of apolymer in solution to enhance the viscosity of the solution.
- intrinsic viscosity increases with increasing polymer molecular weight, is a function of polymerization conditions, and may be varied 0 independently of the PLA:PGA ratio of the polymer.
- intrinsic viscosity is defined as the limiting value of the specific viscosity/concentration ratio at zero concentration. Thus, viscosity is determined at different concentrations and then is extrapolated to zero concentration.
- inherent viscosity is a synonym for "intrinsic viscosity.” Each definition for "inherent viscosity" represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- an implant of methods and compositions of the present invention has a surface area to volume (SA:V) ratio between about 1 and 3 (millimeters [mm])W.
- the ratio is between 0.5-1 IMW.
- the ratio is from 0.7-1.2 mm 2 /mm 3 .
- the ratio is from 0.9-1.4 mm 2 /mm 3 .
- the ratio is from 1.1- 1.6 mm 2 /mm 3 .
- the ratio is from 1.3-1.8 mm 2 /mm 3 .
- the ratio is from 1.5-2 mmW.
- the ratio is from 2-2.5 mmW.
- the ratio is from 2.5-3 mmW.
- the ratio is from 3-3.5 0 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 3.5-4 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 4-4.5 mni 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 4.5-5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 5-5.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 5.5-6 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is between 0.5-1.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 1-2 iranW. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 1.5-2.5 mmW. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 2-3 mm 2 /mm 3 .
- the ratio is from 2.5-3.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 3-4 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 3.5-4.5 mmW. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 4-5 mmW. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 4.5-5.5 mmW. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 5-6 mmW. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 5.5-6.5 mmW. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 6-7 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 6.5-7.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 7-8 mm 2 /mm 3 .
- the ratio is between 0.5-2 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 1-2.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 1.5-3 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 2-3.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 2.5-4 mmW. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 3-4.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 3.5-5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 4-5.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 4.5-6 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 5-6.5 mm 2 /mm 3 .
- the ratio is from 5.5-7 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 6-7.5 mmW. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 6.5-8 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 0.5-2.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 1-3 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 1.5-3.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 2-4 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 2.5-4.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 3-5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 3.5-5.5 mm 2 /mm 3 .
- the ratio is from 4-6 mmW. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 4.5-6.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 5-7 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 5.5-7.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 6-8 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is between 0.5-3.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 1-4 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 1.5-4.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 2-5 mm 2 /mm 3 .
- the ratio is from 2.5-5.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 3-6 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 3.5-6.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 4-7 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 4.5-7.5 mm 2 /m ⁇ i 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 6-8 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is between 0.5-4.5 mmW. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 1-5 mmW. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 1.5-5.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 2-6 mm 2 /mm 3 .
- the ratio is from 2.5-6.5 mmW. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 3-7 mmW. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 3.5-7.5 mmW. In another embodiment, the ratio is from 4-8 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is from 4.5-8.5 mm 2 /mm 3 .
- the ratio is 0.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is 0.6 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is 0.7 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is 0.8 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is 1.0 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is 1.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is 2 mmW. In another embodiment, the ratio is 2.5 mmW. In another embodiment, the ratio is 3 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is 3.5 mmW. In another embodiment, the ratio is 4 mm 2 /mm 3 .
- the ratio is 4.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is 5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is 5.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is 6 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is 6.5 mm 2 /mm 3 . In another embodiment, the ratio is 7 mm 2 /mm 3 .
- SA:V ratios represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- results of the present invention have demonstrated the efficacy of particular S A:V ratio ranges of biodegradable implants.
- Methods for measuring SA:V ratio are well known in the art.
- SA:V ratio is measured, in one embodiment, by calculating the surface area and volume from the measurements of the shape (e.g. for a regular shape).
- surface area is measured using a BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) apparatus (J de Kanel and J W Morse, J Phys E: Sci Instrum 12: 272-273, 1979).
- surface area is measured using any other technique known in the art.
- volume is measured by displacement of water or another fluid.
- volume is measured using any other technique known in the art.
- an implant of methods and compositions of the present invention has a length between about 1-5 mm.
- Length in one embodiment, refers to the longest dimension of the implant.
- length refers to the length of the straight-edge dimension- e.g. in the case of a cylindrical-shaped implant.
- the "straight-edge dimension" referred to need not be completely straight, but can be, e.g. a slight curve. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the length of the implant is between 1 -2 mm.
- the length is from 0.5-1.0 mm.
- the length is from 1.5-2 mm.
- the length is from 2-2.5 mm.
- the length is from 2.5-3 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 3-3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 3.5-4 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 4-4.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 4.5-5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 5-5.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 0.5-1.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 1.5-2.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 2-3 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 2.5-3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 3-4 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 3.5-4.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 4-5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 4.5-5.5 mm.
- the length is from 5-6 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 0.5-2 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 1-2.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 1.5-3 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 2-3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 2.5-4 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 3-4.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 3.5-5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 4-5.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 4.5-6 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 0.5-2.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 1-3 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 1.5-3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 2-4 mm.
- the length is from 2.5-4.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 3-5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 3.5-5.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 4-6 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 4.5-6.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 5-7 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 0.5-3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 1-4 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 2-5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 3-6 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 4-7 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 5-8 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 0.5-4.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 1 -5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 2-6 mm. In another embodiment, the length is from 3-7 mm.
- the length is 0.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 0.6 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 0.7 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 0.8 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 0.9 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 1.0 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 1.2 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 1.4 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 1.6 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 1.8 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 2.0 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 2.2 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 2.4 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 2.6 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 2.8 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 3.0 mm.
- the length is 3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 4 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 4.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 5.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 6 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 7 mm. In another embodiment, the length is 8 mm.
- the above lengths represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- an implant of methods and compositions of the present invention has a diameter between about 2-4 mm.
- “Diameter,” in one embodiment, refers to the distance across the cross-sectional area of the implant. In another embodiment, e.g. in the case of a disk-shaped implant, the distance across the cross-sectional area may be longer than the length described above. In another embodiment, e.g. in the case of a rod-shaped implant, the distance across the cross-sectional area is shorter than the length. In another embodiment, the cross-sectional area referred to need not be a circle, but may be an ellipse, square, rectangle, etc. as described above. Thus, in another embodiment, the diameter is the geometric mean of the longest and shortest diameters of the cross-sectional area.
- the diameter is the arithmetic mean of the longest and shortest diameters thereof. In another embodiment, the diameter is the longest of the various diameters thereof. In another embodiment, the diameter is the distance across a diagonal of the cross-sectional area- e.g. in the case of a square or rectangle. In another embodiment, the diameter is the distance across the largest cross-sectional area- e.g. in a case in which the diameter varies over the length of implant. In another embodiment, the diameter is the average distance across the largest cross-sectional area. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the diameter is between about 2-4 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 0.5-1 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 1-1.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 1.5-2 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 2-2.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 2.5-3 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 3-3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 3.5-4 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 4-4.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 4.5-5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 5-5.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 5.5-6 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 0.5-1.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 1-2 mm.
- the diameter is from 1.5-2.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 2-3 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 2.5-3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 3-4 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 3.5-4.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 4-5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 4.5-5.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 5-6 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 0.5-2 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 1 -2.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 1.5-3 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 2-3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 2.5-4 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 3-4.5 mm.
- the diameter is from 3.5-5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 4-5.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 4.5-6 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 1-3 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 1.5-3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 2-4 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 2.5-4.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 3-5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 3.5-5.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 4-6 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 1-4 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 2-5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 3-6 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is from 4-7 mm.
- the diameter is 0.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 0.6 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 0.7 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 0.8 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 0.9 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 1.0 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 1.2 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 1.4 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 1.6 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 1.8 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 2.0 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 2.2 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 2.4 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 2.6 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 2.8 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 3.0 mm.
- the diameter is 3.2 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 3.4 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 3.6 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 3.8 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 4.0 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 4.2 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 5.5 mm. In another embodiment, the diameter is 6 mm.
- the above diameters represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- an implant of methods and compositions of the present invention has a mass of about 0.75 grams (g) or less.
- the present invention demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing an implant of about 0.75 g or less for delivery of 6 months' effective dose of risperidone for a human (Example 14).
- the present invention demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing an implant of about 1.5 g or less for delivery of one year's effective dose of risperidone.
- the implant has a mass of about 0.1 g or less.
- the mass is 0.2 g or less.
- the mass is 0.3 g or less.
- the mass is 0.4 g or less.
- the mass is 0.5 g or less.
- the mass is 0.6 g or less.
- the mass is 0.7 g or less.
- the mass is 0.8 g or less.
- the mass is 0.9 g or less. In another embodiment, the mass is 1 g or less. In another embodiment, the mass is 1.1 g or less. In another embodiment, the mass is 1.2 g or less. In another embodiment, the mass is 1.3 g or less. In another embodiment, the mass is 1.4 g or less. In another embodiment, the mass is 1.5 g or less. In another embodiment, the mass is 1.6 g or less. In another embodiment, the mass is 1.7 g or less. In another embodiment, the mass is 1.8 g or less. In another embodiment, the mass is 1.9 g or less. In another embodiment, the mass is 2 g or less. In another embodiment, the mass is 2.2 g or less. In another embodiment, the mass is 2.4 g or less. In another embodiment, the mass is 2.6 g or less. In another embodiment, the mass is 2.8 g or less. In another embodiment, the mass is 3 g or less.
- the mass is 0.1 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 0.2 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 0.3 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 0.4 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 0.5 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 0.6 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 0.7 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 0.8 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 0.9 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 1 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 1.1 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 1.2 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 1.3 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 1.4 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 1.5 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 1.6 g.
- the mass is 1.7 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 1.8 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 1.9 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 2 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 2.2 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 2.4 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 2.6 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 2.8 g. In another embodiment, the mass is 3 g.
- the mass is between about 0.1-0.3 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.2-0.4 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.3-0.5 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.4-0.6 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.5-0.7 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from
- the mass is from 0.7-0.9 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.8-1.0 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.1-0.4 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.2-0.5 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.3-0.6 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.4-0.7 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.5-0.8 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.6-0.9 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.7-1.0 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.1-0.5 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.2-0.6 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.3-0.7 g.
- the mass is from 0.4-0.8 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.5-0.9 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.6-1.0 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.8-1.2 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 1.0-1.4 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 1.2-1.6 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 1.4-1.8 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 1.6-2 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 1.8-2.2 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 2- 2.4 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 2.5-2.9 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.1- 0.6 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.2-0.7 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.3- 0.8 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.4-0.9 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.5-0.9 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.6-1.0 g. In another embodiment, the
- the mass is from 0.6- 1.1 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.8- 1.3 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 1.0- 1.5 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 1.2-
- the mass is from 1.4- 1.9 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 1.6-
- the mass is from 1.8-2.3 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 2-2.5 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 2.5-3 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.1-0.8 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.2-0.9 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.3-1.1 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.5-1.2 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.6-1.3 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.8-1.5 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 1.0-1.7 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 1.2-1.9 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 1.6-2.1 g.
- the mass is from 1.8-2.5 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 2-2.7 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.1-1.1 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.2-1.2 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.3- 1.3 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.5- 1.5 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.6-1.6 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.8-1.8 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 1.0-2 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 1.5-2.5 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 2-3 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.2-1.7 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.3-1.8 g.
- the mass is from 0.5-2 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.8-2.3 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 1.0-2.5 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 1.5-3 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.2-2.2 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.3-2.3 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.5-2.5 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 0.8-2.8 g. In another embodiment, the mass is from 1-3 g.
- an implant of methods and compositions of the present invention is manufactured by a process comprising solvent casting.
- the implant is manufactured by a process comprising compression molding.
- the implant is manufactured by a process comprising melt-mixing.
- the implant is manufactured by a process comprising a melt mix extrusion method that does not require use of a surfactant.
- the implant is manufactured by a process comprising a melt mix extrusion method that does not require use of an emulsion.
- the implant is manufactured by a process comprising a melt mix extrusion method that does not require use of a surfactant or an emulsion.
- the implant is manufactured by a process comprising extrusion molding.
- the extrusion molding is high-pressure extrusion molding.
- implants manufactured by compression molding exhibit increased density.
- implants manufactured by compression molding exhibit improved uniformity.
- a greater variety of shapes of implants can be manufactured by compression molding.
- less material is lost during fabrication in the case of implants manufactured by extruding.
- implants of the present invention exhibit the advantage of having a larger potential drug load than technologies that utilize an emulsion process.
- implants of the present invention exhibit the advantage of having a larger potential drug load due to the use of a detergent-free process, e.g. solvent casting.
- a detergent-free process e.g. solvent casting.
- the invention provides a method for treating a subject for a disorder associated with a likelihood of non-compliance.
- the method includes administering to a subject a target therapeutic drag in a long-term delivery system comprising an implantable, rod shaped structure and the target therapeutic drug.
- the present invention provides a use of an implant or set of implants of the present invention for the preparation of a of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject for a disorder associated with a likelihood of non-compliance.
- the present invention provides a method for maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject for a period of at least about 1 month, comprising administering to the subject a set of biodegradable implants, the set of biodegradable implants consisting of one or more individual biodegradable implants having (a) a therapeutic drug present in an amount of 10%-60% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant; and (b) a polymer present in an amount of 40%-90% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant, the polymer comprising PLA and optionally PGA in a PLA:PGA molar ratio between 50:50 and 100:0 and wherein the individual biodegradable implants, if more than one in number, do not differ substantially from one another in their PLA:PGA molar ratio, thereby maintaining a therapeutic level of
- the present invention provides a method for maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject for a period of at least about 2 months, comprising administering to the subject a set of biodegradable implants, the set of biodegradable implants consisting of one or more individual biodegradable implants having (a) a therapeutic drug present in an amount of 10%-60% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant; and (b) a polymer present in an amount of 40%-90% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant, the polymer comprising PLA and optionally PGA in a PLA:PGA molar ratio between 50:50 and 100:0 and wherein the individual biodegradable implants, if more than one in number, do not differ substantially from one another in their PLA:PGA molar ratio, thereby maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject for a period of at least about 2 months.
- the present invention provides a method for maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject for a period of at least about 3 months, comprising administering to the subject a set of biodegradable implants, the set of biodegradable implants consisting of one or more individual biodegradable implants having (a) a therapeutic drug present in an amount of 10%-60% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant; and (b) a polymer present in an amount of 40%-90% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant, the polymer comprising PLA and optionally PGA in a PLA:PGA molar ratio between 50:50 and 100:0 and wherein the individual biodegradable implants, if more than one in number, do not differ substantially from one another in their PLA:PGA molar ratio, thereby maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject for a period of at least about 3 months.
- the present invention provides a method for maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject for a period of at least about 4 months, comprising administering to the subject a set of biodegradable implants, the set of biodegradable implants consisting of one or more individual biodegradable implants having (a) a therapeutic drug present in an amount of 10%-60% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant; and (b) a polymer present in an amount of 40%-90% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant, the polymer comprising PLA and optionally PGA in a PLArPGA molar ratio between 50:50 and 100:0 and wherein the individual biodegradable implants, if more than one in number, do not differ substantially from one another in their PLA:PGA molar ratio, thereby maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject for a period of at least about 4 months.
- the present invention provides a method for maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject for a period of longer than 4 months, comprising administering to the subject a set of biodegradable implants, the set of biodegradable implants consisting of one or more individual biodegradable implants having (a) a therapeutic drug present in an amount of 10%-60% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant; and (b) a polymer present in an amount of 40%-90% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant, the polymer comprising PLA and optionally PGA in a PLA:PGA molar ratio between 50:50 and 100:0 and wherein the individual biodegradable implants, if more than one in number, do not differ substantially from one another in their PLA:PGA molar ratio, thereby maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject for a period of longer than 4 months.
- the present invention provides a use of an implant or set of implants of the present invention for the preparation of a of a pharmaceutical composition for maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject for one of the above time periods.
- the individual implants are equivalent to one another in another parameter in addition to their PLA:PGA molar ratio, e.g. their drug load, mass, SA:V ratio, length, diameter, or inherent viscosity of the polymer.
- the individual implants are equivalent to one another in their PLA:PGA ratio, but not in the other parameters.
- the individual implants are equivalent to one another in two of these other parameters in addition to their PLA:PGA ratio.
- the individual implants are equivalent to one another in three of these other parameters in addition to their PLA:PGA ratio.
- the individual implants are equivalent to one another in four of these other parameters in addition to their PLA:PGA ratio.
- the individual implants are equivalent to one another in five of these other parameters in addition to their PLA:PGA ratio.
- the individual implants are equivalent to one another in all of these other parameters in addition to their PLA:PGA ratio.
- Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the individual implants are equivalent to one another in their drug load instead of in their PLA:PGA ratio. In another embodiment, the individual implants are equivalent to one another in their mass instead of in their PLArPGA ratio. In another embodiment, the individual implants are equivalent to one another in their S A: V ratio instead of in their PLA:PGA ratio. In another embodiment, the individual implants are equivalent to one another in their length instead of in their PLA:PGA ratio. In another embodiment, the individual implants are equivalent to one another in their diameter instead of in their PLArPGA ratio. In another embodiment, the individual implants are equivalent to one another in the inherent viscosity of their polymer instead of in their PLArPGA ratio. In another embodiment, the individual implants are equivalent to one another in 2 of these parameters.
- the individual implants are equivalent to one another in 3 of these parameters. In another embodiment, the individual implants are equivalent to one another in 4 of these parameters. In another embodiment, the individual implants are equivalent to one another in all of these parameters. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the PLArPGA ratio is substantially invariant within the individual implants; e.g. the individual implants are not each composed of sections with different PLArPGA ratios.
- this is true of the drug load of the individual implants.
- this is true of the mass of the individual implants.
- this is true of the SArV ratio of the individual implants.
- this is true of the length of the individual implants.
- this is true of the diameter of the individual implants.
- this is true of the inherent viscosity of the polymer in the individual implants.
- Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the present invention demonstrates that extended maintenance of therapeutic drug levels can be attained with a single-polymer system (e.g. a homogenous set of implants). Furthermore, the single-polymer implant system in rabbits (Figure 3B) demonstrated that individual polymers approximate a symmetrical pattern of serum concentration. Moreover, as depicted in Figure 3B, the trendline that described that data with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.86 exhibited maximum release values at approximately 6 months.
- R2 correlation coefficient
- the present invention provides a method for maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject for a period of at least about 3 months, comprising (1) administering to the subject an initial set of one or more biodegradable implants, wherein the initial set consists of one or more individual biodegradable implants having (a) a therapeutic drug present in an amount of 10%-60% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant; and (b) a polymer present in an amount of 40%-90% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant, the polymer comprising PLA and optionally PGA in a PLA:PGA molar ratio between 50:50 and 100:0; and (2) administering to the subject a maintenance set of one or more biodegradable implants to the subject near the point of peak release of the initial set of biodegradable implants, wherein the maintenance set of biodegradable implants consists of additional individual biodegradable implants equivalent in the PLA:PGA molar ratio to the individual biodegradable implants in the initial set of biodegradable implants.
- the individual biodegradable implants of the initial set if more than one in number, do not differ substantially from one another in their PLA:PGA molar ratio, thereby maintaining a therapeutic level of a drag in a subject for a period of at least about 3 months.
- the present invention provides a method for maintaining a therapeutic level of a drag in a subject for a period of at least about one year, comprising (1) administering to the subject an initial set of one or more biodegradable implants, wherein the initial set consists of one or more individual biodegradable implants having (a) a therapeutic drug present in an amount of 10%-60% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant; and (b) a polymer present in an amount of 40%-90% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant, the polymer comprising PLA and optionally PGA in a PLA:PGA molar ratio between 50:50 and 100:0; and (2) administering to the subject a maintenance set of one or more biodegradable implants to the subject near the point of peak release of the initial set of biodegradable implants, wherein the maintenance set of biodegradable implants consists of additional individual biodegradable implants equivalent in the PLA:PGA molar ratio to the individual biodegradable implants in the initial set of biodegradable implants.
- the individual biodegradable implants of the initial set if more than one in number, do not differ substantially from one another in their PLA:PGA molar ratio, thereby maintaining a therapeutic level of a drag in a subject for a period of at least about one year.
- Point of peak release refers, in another embodiment, to the point at which the release is maximal. In another embodiment, the term refers to the average point of peak release in human subjects, based on studies prior to administration of the implant. Each possibility represents another embodiment of the present invention.
- “Near” the point of peak release refers, in another embodiment, to administration within 1 week of the point of peak release. In another embodiment, the term refers to administration within 10 days of the point of peak release. In another embodiment, the term refers to administration within 2 weeks of the point of peak release. In another embodiment, the term refers to administration within 3 weeks of the point of peak release. In another embodiment, the term refers to administration within 4 weeks of the point of peak release. In another embodiment, the term refers to administration within 5 weeks of the point of peak release. In another embodiment, the term refers to administration within 6 weeks of the point of peak release. In another embodiment, the term refers to administration within 2 months of the point of peak release.
- the term refers to administration at a point at which the release rate is within 10% of the maximal level. In another embodiment, the term refers to a point at which the release rate is within 5% of the maximal level. In another embodiment, the term refers to a point at which the release rate is within 15% of the maximal level. In another embodiment, the term refers to a point at which the release rate is within 20% of the maximal level. In another embodiment, the term refers to a point at which the release rate is within 25% of the maximal level. In another embodiment, the term refers to a point at which the release rate is within 30% of the maximal level. In another embodiment, the term refers to a point at which the release rate is within 35% of the maximal level. In another embodiment, the term refers to a point at which the release rate is within 40% of the maximal level. In another embodiment, the term refers to a point at which the release rate is within 50% of the maximal level. Each possibility represents another embodiment of the present invention.
- the present invention provides a method for maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject for an extended time period, comprising (1) administering to the subject an initial set of one or more biodegradable implants, wherein the initial set consists of one or more individual biodegradable implants having (a) a therapeutic drug present in an amount of 10%-60% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant; and (b) a polymer present in an amount of 40%-90% by mass, relative to the mass of the implant, the polymer comprising PLA and optionally PGA in a PLA:PGA molar ratio between 50:50 and 100:0; and (2) administering to the subject a maintenance set of one or more biodegradable implants to the subject near the point of peak release of the initial set of biodegradable implants, wherein the maintenance set of biodegradable implants consists of additional individual biodegradable implants equivalent in the PLA: PGA molar ratio to the individual biodegradable implants in the initial set of biodegradable implants, thereby maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug
- Extended time period refers, in another embodiment, to a period of at least about 6 months. In another embodiment, the term refers to a period of at least about 4 months. In another embodiment, the term refers to a period of at least about 5 months. In another embodiment, the term refers to a period of at least about 7 months. In another embodiment, the term refers to a period of at least about 8 months. In another embodiment, the term refers to a period of at least about 9 months. In another embodiment, the term refers to a period of at least about 10 months. In another embodiment, the term refers to a period of at least about 12 months. In another embodiment, the term refers to a period of at least about 14 months.
- the term refers to a period of at least about 16 months. In another embodiment, the term refers to a period of at least about 18 months. In another embodiment, the term refers to a period of at least about 21 months. In another embodiment, the term refers to a period of at least about 24 months. In another embodiment, the term refers to a period of longer than 24 months.
- Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the individual biodegradable implants of the maintenance set if more than one in number, do not differ substantially from one another in their PLA:PGA molar ratio. In another embodiment, the individual biodegradable implants of the initial set and the maintenance set do not differ substantially from one another, both within and between the sets, in their PLA:PGA molar ratio.
- step (b) is repeated as necessary to maintain therapeutic level of the drug for the desired time period in the subject.
- the maintenance set is administered near the time of beginning of decline of drug release of the prior set of implants.
- the present invention provides a use of (a) an initial set of biodegradable implants of the present invention; and (b) a maintenance set of biodegradable implants of the present invention for the preparation of a of a pharmaceutical composition for maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject for one of the above time periods.
- the maintenance set is administered about once every 6 months. In another embodiment, the maintenance set is administered after a period of about 5 months. In another embodiment, the period is about 4 months .In another embodiment, the period is about 3 months. In another embodiment, the period is about 2 months. In another embodiment, the period is about 6 weeks. In another embodiment, the period is about 1 month. In another embodiment, the period is about 7 months. In another embodiment, the period is about 8 months. In another embodiment, the period is about 9 months. In another embodiment, the period is about 10 months. In another embodiment, the period is about 11 months. In another embodiment, the period is about 12 months. In another embodiment, the period is about 14 months. In another embodiment, the period is about 16 months. In another embodiment, the period is about 18 months.
- the period is about 20 months. In another embodiment, the period is about 22 months. In another embodiment, the period is about 24 months. In another embodiment, the period is about 30 months. In another embodiment, the period is about 36 months. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the individual implants of the maintenance set are equivalent to the individual implants in the initial set in another parameter in addition to their PLA:PGA molar ratio, e.g. their drug load, mass, S A: V ratio, length, diameter, or inherent viscosity of the polymer.
- the individual implants of the maintenance set are equivalent to the individual implants in the initial set in one of these parameters instead of their PLA:PGA molar ratio.
- the individual implants from the maintenance set are equivalent to the individual implants in the initial set in their PLA:PGA ratio, but not in the other parameters.
- the individual implants from the maintenance set are equivalent to the individual implants in the initial set in two of these other parameters in addition to their PLA:PGA ratio.
- the individual implants from the maintenance set are equivalent to the individual implants in the initial set in three of these other parameters in addition to their PLA:PGA ratio. In another embodiment, the individual implants from the maintenance set are equivalent to the individual implants in the initial set in four of these other parameters in addition to their PLA:PGA ratio. In another embodiment, the individual implants from the maintenance set are equivalent to the individual implants in the initial set in five of these other parameters in addition to their PLA:PGA ratio. In another embodiment, the individual implants from the maintenance set are equivalent to the individual implants in the initial set in all of these other parameters in addition to their PLA:PGA ratio. In another embodiment, the individual implants from the maintenance set are equivalent to the individual implants in the initial set in two of these other parameters, but not their PLA:PGA ratio.
- the individual implants from the maintenance set are equivalent to the individual implants in the initial set in three of these other parameters, but not their PLA:PGA ratio. In another embodiment, the individual implants from the maintenance set are equivalent to the individual implants in the initial set in four of these other parameters, but not their PLA:PGA ratio. In another embodiment, the individual implants from the maintenance set are equivalent to the individual implants in the initial set in five of these other parameters, but not their PLA:PGA ratio.
- the individual implants of the maintenance set have any of the characteristics described above for the individual implants of the initial set. Each characteristic represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the time period over which the therapeutic level of a drug is maintained by methods of the present invention is one month. In another embodiment, the period is 1.5 months. In another embodiment, the period is 2 months. In another embodiment, the period is 2.5 months. In another embodiment, the period is 3 months. In another embodiment, the period is 3.5 months. In another embodiment, the period is 4 months. In another embodiment, the period is 5 months. In another embodiment, the period is 6 months. In another embodiment, the period is 7 months. In another embodiment, the period is 8 months. In another embodiment, the period is 9 months. In another embodiment, the period is 10 months. In another embodiment, the period is 11 months. In another embodiment, the period is 12 months. In another embodiment, the period is 13 months. In another embodiment, the period is 14 months. In another embodiment, the period is 15 months. In another embodiment, the period is 16 months. In another embodiment, the period is 17 months. In another embodiment, the period is 18 months.
- the period begins 1 month after the step of administering the initial set of biodegradable implants. In another embodiment, the period begins 1 week after the initial administration. In another embodiment, the period begins 2 weeks after the initial administration. In another embodiment, the period begins 3 weeks after the initial administration. In another embodiment, the period begins 5 weeks after the initial administration. In another embodiment, the period begins 6 weeks after the initial administration. In another embodiment, the period begins 2 months after the initial administration. In another embodiment, the period begins 2.5 months after the initial administration. In another embodiment, the period begins 3 months after the initial administration.
- Each of the above periods represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- a method of the present invention further comprises administering to the subject a starter set of one or more different biodegradable implants, wherein the implants of the starter set differ from the implants of the original set of implants in PLA:PGA ratio, and whereby the implants of the starter set reach steady-state levels of drug release faster than the initial set of implants.
- the implants of the starter set differ from the implants of the original set of implants in their drug load.
- the starter set implants differ from original set of implants in their SA: V ratio.
- the starter set implants differ from the original set of implants in their mass.
- the starter set implants differ from the original set of implants in their length.
- the starter set implants differ from the original set of implants in their diameter.
- the starter set implants differ from the original set of implants in the inherent viscosity of their polymer. In another embodiment, the implants of the starter set differ from the original set of implants in 2 of these characteristics. In another embodiment, the starter set implants differ from the original set of implants in 3 of these characteristics. In another embodiment, the starter set implants differ from the original set of implants in 4 of these characteristics . In another embodiment, the starter set implants differ from the original set of implants in all of these characteristics. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the implants of the starter set do not differ substantially from one another in their PLArPGA ratio, drug load, length, diameter, SA:V ratio, and inherent viscosity.
- the starter set implants differ substantially from one another in one of these parameters.
- the starter set implants differ substantially from one another in more than one of these parameters.
- the starter set implants have different release profiles from one another. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the starter set implants have any of the characteristics described above for the individual implants of the initial set. Each characteristic represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the starter set implants are administered together with the initial set of implants.
- “Together with,” in one embodiment, refers to administration on the same day as the other set of one or more implants.
- “together with” refers to administration during a single operation or procedure.
- the term refers to administration within one day of the other set of implants.
- the term refers to administration within 2 days of the other set of implants.
- the term refers to administration within 3 days of the other set of implants.
- the term refers to administration within 4 days of the other set of implants.
- the term refers to administration within one week of the other set of implants.
- the term refers to administration within 2 weeks of the other set of implants. In another embodiment, the term refers to administration within 3 weeks of the other set of implants. In another embodiment, the term refers to administration within one month of the other set of implants. In another embodiment, the term refers to administration within 2 months of the other set of implants.
- the starter set implants enable earlier attainment of therapeutic drug levels, as provided herein (Example 16).
- the number of implants required in the initial set of implants is reduced (relative to the maintenance set of implants) due to the present of the starter set implants, as the starter set implants make a contribution to the drug levels that is not present at the time of administration of the maintenance set of implants.
- the number of implants is increased (relative to the maintenance set of implants) to attain therapeutic levels more quickly.
- the step of administering the initial set of implants is reversible.
- the step of administering the starter set of implants is reversible.
- Reversible refers to the ability to remove the remains of the set of implants by surgical or other means.
- reversible refers to the ability to remove the remains of one or more of the implants.
- reversible refers to the ability to remove the majority of the remains of the set of implants.
- reversible refers to the ability to remove the majority of the remains of one or more of the implants.
- the subject of methods of the present invention is human. In another embodiment, the subject is a primate. In another embodiment, the subject is a mammal. In another embodiment, the subject is a rodent. In another embodiment, the subject is a laboratory animal. In another embodiment, the subject is a domestic animal. In another embodiment, the subject is a male. In another embodiment, the subject is a female. In another embodiment, the subject is any other type of subject known in the art. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the individual implants of any of the sets described above have any of the lengths of an implant of the present invention. In other embodiments, the individual implants have a combined length equal to any of the lengths of an implant of the present invention.
- the step of administering the individual implants of any of the above sets is reversible. In another embodiment, the step of administering any of the above sets is reversible. In one embodiment, "reversible" refers to one of the meanings provided above. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the individual implants of any of the above sets have any of the diameters of an implant of the present invention. In other embodiments, the individual implants have a combined length equal to any of the diameters of an implant of the present invention.
- the individual implants of any of the above sets have any of the S A: V ratios of an implant of the present invention. In other embodiments, the individual implants have a combined length equal to any of the SA:V ratios of an implant of the present invention.
- the individual implants of any of the above sets have any of the masses of an implant of the present invention. In other embodiments, the individual implants have a combined length equal to any of the masses of an implant of the present invention.
- the individual implants of any of the above sets are combined into a single structure (e.g. a rod-shaped structure, a bundle, etc.).
- the structure has any of the lengths of an implant of the present invention.
- the structure has any of the diameters of an implant of the present invention.
- the structure has any of the S A: V ratios of an implant of the present invention.
- the structure has any of the masses of an implant of the present invention.
- the structure enables reduction of the number of structures implanted.
- Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the individual biodegradable implants of any of the sets described above have any of the characteristics of an implant of the present invention. Each characteristic represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- a method of the present invention further comprises administration of the therapeutic drug by a different route, together with the initial administration of implants, in order to reach and maintain therapeutic drug levels until the rate of release of the implants is sufficient.
- a different drug with a similar therapeutic effect is administered with the initial set of implants. Any route of administration known in the art may be used. Each route represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing a therapeutic drug at a substantially linear rate for a period of several months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject an implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby releasing a therapeutic drug at a substantially linear rate for a period of several months into a body tissue of a subject.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing thiothixene at a substantially linear rate for a period of several months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a thiothixene-containing implant of the present invention, thereby releasing thiothixene at a substantially linear rate for a period of several months.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing haloperidol at a substantially linear rate for a period of several months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a haloperidol-containing implant of the present invention, thereby releasing haloperidol at a substantially linear rate for a period of several months.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing HCTZ at a substantially linear rate for a period of several months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subj ect a HCTZ-containing implant of the present invention, thereby releasing HCTZ at a substantially linear rate for a period of several months.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing ibuprofen at a substantially linear rate for a period of several months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject an ibuprofen-containing implant of the present invention, thereby releasing ibuprofen at a substantially linear rate for a period of several months.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing aspirin at a substantially linear rate for a period of several months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject an aspirin-containing implant of the present invention, thereby releasing aspirin at a substantially linear rate for a period of several months.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing corticosterone at a substantially linear rate for a period of several months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a corticosterone-containing implant of the present invention, thereby releasing corticosterone at a substantially linear rate for a period of several months.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing a therapeutic drug at a substantially linear rate for a period of several weeks into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject an implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby releasing a therapeutic drag at a substantially linear rate for a period of several weeks into a body tissue of a subject.
- the therapeutic drug is, in various embodiments, any therapeutic drug of the present invention. Each drug represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the substantially linear rate of methods and compositions of the present invention is the release rate of the implant during the steady state phase of release.
- “Steady state,” in one embodiment, refers to the period of time during which an implant exhibits a substantially linear release rate, as exemplified herein in Example 10.
- the substantially linear rate is 0.1 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is 0.2 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is 0.3 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is 0.4 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is 0.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is 0.6 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is 0.8 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is 1 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is 1.2 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is 1.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is 1.8 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is 2.0 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is 2.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is 3 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is 3.5 mg/day.
- the rate is 4 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is 5 mg/day . In another embodiment, the rate is 6 mg/day . In another embodiment, the rate is 7 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is 8 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is 10 mg/day.
- Each rate represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the rate is between about 0.1-0.3 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.2-0.4 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.3-0.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.4-0.6 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.5-0.7 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.6-0.8 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.7-0.9 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.8-1.0 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.1-0.4 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.2-0.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.3-0.6 mg/day.
- the rate is from 0.4-0.7 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.5-0.8 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.6-0.9 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.8-1.1 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 1.0-1.3 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 1.5-1.8 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.1-0.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.2-0.6 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.3-0.7 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.4-0.8 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.5-0.9 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.6-1.0 mg/day.
- the rate is from 0.8-1.2 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 1.0-1.4 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 1.5-1.9 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 2-2.4 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.1-0.6 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.2-0.7 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.3-0.8 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.5-1.0 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.6-1.1 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.8-1.3 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 1.0-1.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 1.5-2 mg/day.
- the rate is from 2-2.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 2.5-3 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 3-3.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 3.5-4 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 4-4.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.3- 1.3 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.5-1.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.8-1.8 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 1.0-2 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 1.5-2.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 2-3 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 2.5-3.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 3-4 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from
- the rate is from 4-5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.5-2 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 1.0-2.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 1.5-3 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 2-3.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 2.5-4 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 3-4.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 3.5-5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 0.5-2.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 1-3 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 1.5-3.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 2-4 mg/day.
- the rate is from 2.5-4.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 3-5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 1-4 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 1.5-4.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 2-5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the rate is from 3-6 mg/day.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 1 month into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a risperidone-containing implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 1 month into a body tissue of a subject.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 2 months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a risperidone-containing implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 2 months into a body tissue of a subject.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 3 months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a risperidone-containing implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 3 months into a body tissue of a subject.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 4 months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a risperidone-containing implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 4 months into a body tissue of a subject.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 5 months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a risperidone-containing implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 5 months into a body tissue of a subject.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 6 months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a risperidone-containing implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 6 months into a body tissue of a subject.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 7 months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a risperidone-containing implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 7 months into a body tissue of a subject.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 8 months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a risperidone-containing implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 8 months into a body tissue of a subject.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 9 months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a risperidone-containing implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 9 months into a body tissue of a subject.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a peiiod of at least 10 months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a risperidone-containing implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 10 months into a body tissue of a subject.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 11 months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a risperidone-containing implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 11 months into a body tissue of a subject.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 12 months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a risperidone-containing implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 12 months into a body tissue of a subject.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 14 months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a risperidone-containing implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 14 months into a body tissue of a subject.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 16 months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a risperidone-containing implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 16 months into a body tissue of a subject.
- the present invention provides a method for releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 18 months into a body tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject a risperidone-containing implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby releasing risperidone at a substantially linear rate for a period of at least 18 months into a body tissue of a subject.
- the present invention provides a method for treating a schizophrenia in a human, comprising administering to the human an implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby treating a schizophrenia in a human.
- the schizophrenia is catatonic schizophrenia.
- the schizophrenia is paranoid schizophrenia.
- the schizophrenia is disorganized schizophrenia.
- the schizophrenia is undifferentiated schizophrenia.
- the schizophrenia is residual schizophrenia.
- the schizophrenia is negative or deficit schizophrenia.
- the schizophrenia is a psychosis.
- the schizophrenia is any other type of schizophrenia known in the art. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- methods of the present invention are effective in extended delivery of risperidone and in treatment of schizophrenia (Examples 8-9).
- In vivo risperidone serum concentration was within the target range of 2-15 ng/ml (Foster RH and Goa KL (1998) Pharmacoeconomics 14: 97-133) for a substantial portion of the release interval ( Figures 1 and 3).
- the present invention provides a method for treating a bipolar disorder in a human, comprising administering to the human an implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby treating a bipolar disorder in a human.
- the present invention provides a method for treating a dementia in a human, comprising administering to the human an implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby treating a dementia in a human.
- the present invention provides a method for treating delirium in a human, comprising administering to the human an implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby treating delirium in a human.
- the present invention provides a method for treating agitation in a human, comprising administering to the human an implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby treating agitation in a human.
- the present invention provides a method for treating an impulse control disorder in a human, comprising administering to the human an implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby treating an impulse control disorder in a human.
- the present invention provides a method for treating a psychotic depression in a human, comprising administering to the human an implant or set of implants of the present invention, thereby treating a psychotic depression in a human.
- the present invention provides a method for treating a schizophrenia in a human, comprising performing one of the above methods of maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject, thereby treating a schizophrenia in a human.
- the present invention provides a method for treating a bipolar disorder in a human, comprising performing one of the above methods of maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject, thereby treating a bipolar disorder in a human.
- the present invention provides a method for treating a dementia in a human, comprising performing one of the above methods of maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject, thereby treating a dementia in a human.
- the present invention provides a method for treating delirium in a human, comprising performing one of the above methods of maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject, thereby treating delirium in a human.
- the present invention provides a method for treating agitation in a human, comprising performing one of the above methods of maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject, thereby treating agitation in a human.
- the present invention provides a method for treating an impulse control disorder in a human, comprising performing one of the above methods of maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject, thereby treating an impulse control disorder in a human.
- the present invention provides a method for treating a psychotic depression in a human, comprising performing one of the above methods of maintaining a therapeutic level of a drug in a subject, thereby treating a psychotic depression in a human.
- the present invention provides a use of an implant or set of implants of the present invention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating schizophrenia.
- the present invention provides a composition comprising an implant or set of implants of the present invention for the treatment of schizophrenia.
- the present invention provides a use of an implant or set of implants of the present invention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating bipolar disorder.
- the present invention provides a composition comprising an implant or set of implants of the present invention for the treatment of bipolar disorder.
- the present invention provides a use of an implant or set of implants of the present invention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating dementia.
- the present invention provides a composition comprising an implant or set of implants of the present invention for the treatment of dementia.
- the present invention provides a use of an implant or set of implants of the present invention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating delirium.
- the present invention provides a composition comprising an implant or set of implants of the present invention for the treatment of delirium.
- the present invention provides a use of an implant or set of implants of the present invention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating agitation.
- the present invention provides a composition comprising an implant or set of implants of the present invention for the treatment of agitation.
- the present invention provides a use of an implant or set of implants of the present invention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating an impulse control disorder.
- the present invention provides a composition comprising an implant or set of implants of the present invention for the treatment of an impulse control disorder.
- the present invention provides a use of an implant or set of implants of the present invention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating psychotic depression.
- the present invention provides a composition comprising an implant or set of implants of the present invention for the treatment of psychotic depression.
- the period of treatment of any of the above diseases provided by a method of the present invention may be any of the time periods of the present invention. Each period represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- Treating in one embodiment, refers to therapeutic intervention. In another embodiment, the term refers to prophylactic intervention. In another embodiment, the term refers to ameliorating the symptoms of a disease or disorder. In another embodiment, the term refers to ameliorating a symptoms, disease or disorder secondary to the disease or disorder being treated. In another embodiment, “treating” refers to slowing the progression of a disease. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- Locomotor activity is, in one embodiment, measured in a "home cage” activity monitoring system (MedAssociates, St. Albans, VT). This system allows for a standard, clean home cage to be placed in a photobeam frame with two levels of sensors arranged in an 8-beam array strip with 1.25 inch spacing. A computer detection system monitors interruptions of the photobeams for the ambulations parameter.
- Total ambulations are determined by the number of photobeam interruptions the animal makes while moving about the cage. Data are recorded on Med Associates personal computer-designed software and monitored e.g. at 5-minute intervals for a total of 30 minutes per activity monitoring session. Rats typically receive several days of habituation to the apparatus and task prior to their first exposure to amphetamine.
- rotarod is used to assess the efficacy of risperidone therapy.
- the accelerating rotarod treadmill apparatus (Stoelting Co., Wood Dale, EL) is used to determine motor function. Rats are placed on the stationary rod in order to acclimate to the apparatus. The speed is then set to gradually increase from 2 to 20 rpm. The maximal score in maintaining equilibrium and posture is fixed (e.g. 5 minutes; Lelas S, Wong H et al, J Pharmacol Exp Ther 309: 293-302, 2004). Testing ends after the period or when the animal falls off of the rod.
- catalepsy assessment is used to assess the efficacy of risperidone therapy.
- Catalepsy is tested in animals (e.g. rats) to assess motor effects from risperidone implants. Rats are positioned with their fore legs against a cage side, and the amount of time required to resume a normal posture is recorded. Increased latency to resume normal position with all four legs on the bottom of the cage is interpreted as indicative of motor impairment secondary to risperidone.
- the acoustic startle response is used to assess the efficacy of risperidone therapy. The acoustic startle response is a quantifiable, reflexive movement after a loud acoustic stimulus.
- PPI Prepulse inhibition
- recording of auditory evoked potentials is achieved via stereotaxic implantation of tripolar electrode assemblies. In another embodiment, these assemblies are used for non-anesthetized recording of auditory evoked potentials. These methods are well known in the art and are described, e.g, in (Connolly et al., 2003; Connolly et al., 2004; Maxwell et al., 2004; Siegel et al., 2005).
- the following behaviors are observed and scored for their presence or absence during each 5-min interval: still; sniffing; licking; gnawing; grooming; locomotion (all four legs moving); rearing (both front feet off the cage floor); head down (animal standing, walking or running with its nose below horizontal for more than 5 seconds); swaying (rhythmic swaying movements of the animal's head or body for more than 3 seconds); circling (walking or running in a continuous circle for more than 5 seconds).
- the efficacy of risperidone therapy is assessed by quantification of dopamine D 2 and/or serotonin 5HT 1A z 2AZ a C receptor expression in brain samples (e.g. cortex, hippocampus, striatum and/or cerebellum).
- Risperidone increases dopamine D 2 receptor expression and decreases serotonin 5HT IA Z 2A/2C receptor expression.
- Serotonin receptor Western blots can utilize polyclonal antibodies AB5406 (Chemicon, Temecula, CA), PC176L (Calbiochem, CA), or and AB5655 (Chemicon).
- D 2 receptor Western blots can utilize polyclonal antibody WR-3526, (Research and Diagnostic Antibodies, Berkeley, CA). Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the present invention provides an implant having a drug load of a therapeutic drug between about 20-30% by mass, inclusive, and between 70%-80% by mass, inclusive, of a polymer, the polymer comprising PLA and optionally PGA in a PLA:PGA ratio between 80:20 and 100:0 by mass, inclusive, the implant having a radius of RQ according to the equation:
- dM d /dt is the desired steady-state release rate of therapeutic drug at time t
- D is the diffusion coefficient of water into the matrix
- k is the reaction rate
- C w is the concentration of water in the implant at time
- % Z)V 2 c H -/c Cll , wherein k is determined by the formula: St wherein S is the solubility of therapeutic drug in water; and wherein k is a constant between about 0.05-0.33.
- the therapeutic drug contained in the above implant is risperidone.
- the therapeutic drug is haloperidol, in which case D is 1.7 x 10 ⁇ -10, and k is 0.07 (Example 10).
- the therapeutic drug is thiothixene, in which case D is 9 x 10 ⁇ - 10, and k is 0.06.
- the therapeutic drug is HCTZ, in which case D is 2.1 x 10 ⁇ -6, and k is 0.26.
- the therapeutic drug is corticosterone, in which case D is 2.5 x 10 ⁇ -7, and k is 0.33.
- the therapeutic drug is ibuprofen, in which case D is 7.0 x 10 ⁇ -6, and k is 0.16.
- the therapeutic drug is aspirin, in which case D is 8.0 x 10 ⁇ -2, and k is 0.06.
- the therapeutic drug is any other therapeutic drug known in the art. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- k the degradation reaction rate coefficient
- k depends on the drug properties as given by a combination of the drug solubility and the presence of OH groups (Example 11). For drugs with the same water solubility, the rate of polymer hydrolysis increases with the density of OH groups, while for drugs with the same OH group density k decreases with solubility
- k is empirically determined, as described in Example 10.
- the presence of the drug affects the polymer degradation rate.
- the drug affects the polymer degradation rate by affecting the diffusion of water into the polymeric matrix.
- the drug affects the polymer degradation rate by affecting the rate of the degradation reaction.
- the drug affects the polymer degradation rate by a combination of the above mechanisms.
- the present invention provides a method of designing an implant to deliver a target rate of release of a therapeutic drug, by utilizing an equation of the present invention (e.g. equation 4, 5a, or 5b).
- an equation of the present invention e.g. equation 4, 5a, or 5b.
- the present invention provides a method of designing an implant to achieve a target rate serum concentration of a therapeutic drug, by utilizing an equation of the present invention (e.g. equation 8, 9, or 10; Example 12).
- the present invention provides a method of achieving a drug release rate dM d /dt at time t, comprising administering an implant whose radius has been determined using an equation of the present invention (e.g. equation 4, 5a, or 5b).
- an equation of the present invention e.g. equation 4, 5a, or 5b.
- the present invention provides a method of achieving a serum concentration x at time t, comprising administering an implant whose radius has been determined using an equation of the present invention (e.g. equation 8, 9, or 10).
- any of the methods of the present invention may utilize any of the implants of the present invention.
- Each combination of a method of the present invention with an implant of the present invention represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
- the present invention provides a kit comprising a reagent utilized in performing a method of the present invention. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a kit comprising an implant of the present invention.
- PLGA poly(d,l-lactic-glycolic acid)
- the implants contained 40% haloperidol by mass, with the other 60% consisting of one of the PLGA polymers depicted in Table 2 below.
- the implants administered to the control monkey contained 100% of the PLGA polymers depicted in Table 2.
- PLGA polymers were provided by Medisorb® Alkermes,
- Haloperidol dosing averaged 1 mg/kg/day over 12 months to achieve a serum concentration of 2- 10 ng/ml .
- haloperidol release was measured over a total of 443 days. Mean serum concentration was 10.5 ⁇ 1.5 ng/ml during the first 224 days, with the exception of one value (27.1 ng/ml on day 40). During the subsequent 176 days, serum haloperidol levels were sustained at a lower mean concentration of 4.0 ⁇ 0.4 ng/ml. Levels decreased during the last 45 days of the study (mean serum concentration 1.2 ⁇ 0.3 ng/ml).
- Example 1 and the second containing five implants comprised of a single polymer.
- the aim of the single-polymer model was to reduce the initial spike while maintaining release for one year.
- Five animals received implants composed of a single polymer, 100% PLA, with 40% haloperidol load for a total drug content of 418 ⁇ 7 mg/kg, yielding a daily dose of 1.13 ⁇ 0.02 mg/kg/day for anticipated delivery of 365 days.
- Five additional animals received implants of a combined-polymer system including 75:25, 85: 15, 90: 10 high
- the mean dose in this group was 473 ⁇ 4 mg/kg with an expected delivery of 365 days, yielding a mean dose of 1.29 ⁇ 0.03 mg/kg/day.
- Two rabbits received implants without drug as a control.
- One control received 100% PLA implants to mimic the single-polymer condition, the other received implants composed of 75:25, 85: 15, 90: 10 high IV, 90: 10 low IV & 100:0
- Implants were made using procedures described in Example 1 , in this case with an average mass of 536 ⁇ 2 mg and density of 1.24 ⁇ 0.00 g/cc. Implants were tethered to assist in locating implant sites at necropsy.
- Solid phase extraction was performed using the Waters 20-postion SPE vacuum manifold and Waters Oasis MCX SPE cartridges, (3 ml/60 ⁇ g cartridges). Cartridges were conditioned with methanol and water, samples containing 2% phosphoric acid were loaded, then cartridges were washed with 5% methanol in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, then 100% acetonitrile, then eluted with 5% NH 4 OH in 100% acetonitrile. Samples were dried under nitrogen in an 80° C water bath, reconstituted in 100 ⁇ l of mobile phase, vortexed, and centrifuged for 5 minutes.
- the average residual implant was 17% of its original mass at 282 days and 5% of its original mass at 423 days post implantation.
- HPLC/UV and NMR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of haloperidol and PLGA breakdown products in residual implants.
- HPLC analyses of drug content in residual implants indicate that implants removed at 282 days were an average of 10% risperidone by weight and those removed at 423 days were an average of 9% risperidone by weight.
- NMR was performed at 25°C on a Varian Unity Inova 300 Mhz instrument and spectra were analyzed using Vnmr 6. Ib software (Varian, Inc., Palo Alto.CA) ( Figure C3).
- the CDC13 sample contained characteristic haloperidol peaks at 8.1 and 7.4 ppm at lower magnitude than the DMSO sample, presumably because most of the haloperidol was extracted in DMSO.
- the chloroform fraction contained peaks at 0.9, 1.2, 3.9, and 4.5, consistent with lactic acid, the degradation product of PLA.
- Implants did not cause capsule formation, leading to a simple removal process.
- HPLC/UV and NMR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of haloperidol and PLGA breakdown products in residual implants. Histological analyses showed all organ systems in all rabbits were within normal limits.
- the findings obtained with rabbits confirmed the monkey findings, showing that 12 months of haloperidol release can be achieved using biodegradable implants. These results also show that at least in some cases, a more symmetric release profile can be achieved with a single-polymer system than with a multiple-polymer system.
- Implants containing 40% Haloperidol and 60% of a 50:50 PLGA polymer were manufactured by solvent casting. Material was compression molded into discs or slowly extruded into rods using a high pressure piston extruder (DACA Instruments, Goleta, CA) at 100°C. Rods & discs were matched for weight. The surface area to volume (SA: V) ratios for these geometries are 1.92 for discs (3 mm radius, 1.6 mm thickness) and 1.56 for rods (1.8 mm radius, 4.5 mm length).
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- rods vs. disks The effect of implant geometry (rods vs. disks) on haloperidol release was examined. Release profiles were nearly identical for both geometries ( Figure 4), demonstrating that rods have very similar release profiles to disks.
- rods-shaped implants can be used to deliver maintain therapeutic levels of a drugs in a subject over an extended period of time.
- Risperidone was dissolved in 100 ⁇ l of acetonitrile for subsequent dissolution in 1,000 ml of PBS (0.9 % NaCl, 0.01 M NaOH, 0.01 M NaH 2 PO 4 , pH 7.0) to yield a final solution of 10,000 nanograms (ng)/ml.
- PBS 0.9 % NaCl, 0.01 M NaOH, 0.01 M NaH 2 PO 4 , pH 7.0
- Drug concentration of a 1 - ml sample was measured three times per week by UV spectroscopy (Amersham Biosciences, Buckinghamshire, UK).
- risperidone is stable over extended time periods in physiological solution.
- EXAMPLE 5 EFFECT OF PLA;PGA RATIO ON RISPERIDONE RELEASE
- Risperidone release from different polymers including 50:50, 65:35 and 75:25 PLGA was evaluated to assess the effects of PLA:PGA ratio on in vitro risperidone release.
- Implants were made as described for Example 1, in this case with 20% risperidone (RBI, Flanders, NJ) and 80% PLGA (Alkermes). Three replicates of each implant type were placed in separate light-safe bottles of 500 ml PBS and shaken at 37° C, 40 rpm). 1 ml aliquots were taken from each bottle 3 times per week and analyzed by UV spectrophotometry, after which 1 ml of buffer was reintroduced to maintain constant volume. The 75:25 polymer exhibited the slowest release profile (Figure 6A).
- mice were administered 75:25 PLA:PGA, 20% drug load risperidone implants, and the risperidone and 9-OH- risperidone serum concentrations assessed after 42 days. Results are shown in Table 1 , together with the mg/kg/day release rate, calculated by dividing the weight of the risperidone in the implant/ the weight of the mouse/ the estimated number of days of release (120).
- mice were administered risperidone-containing implants, bottom five were administered control implants with no risperidone.
- EXAMPLE 7 DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL RISPERIDONE DRUG LOAD IN
- implants were prepared using a single polymer (85:15 PLGA) combined with risperidone at ratios of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% or 60% drug by weight (Figure 7). Implants each had a mass of approximately 50 mg, and thus contained drug masses of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mg, respectively. A large fraction of the total drug load of the 10% and 60% drug-loaded implants was released within the first 30 days, while the 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% drug- release their risperidone more slowly . The most linear pattern of release was achieved with the 40 % and 50% risperidone-loaded implants, with similar slopes throughout the entire time tested.
- EXAMPLE 8 RISPERIDONE IMPLANTS INCREASE PPI AND P20 AMPLITUDE AND BLOCK AMPHETAMINE-INDUCED DISRUPTION OF N40-EVOKED POTENTIALS AT
- Risperidone implants yielded serum risperidone concentration of 7.3 ⁇ 0.68 ng/ml (mean ⁇ SEM) and serum 9-OH risperidone of 8.1 ⁇ 0.95 ng/ml at 42 days after implantation. Brain levels were 6.2 ⁇ 1.45 & 4.6 ⁇ 0.52 ng/gm for risperidone & 9-OH risperidone respectively.
- Disc shaped implants (SA: V ratio of 2.34) were made from 85: 15 PLGA, 0.66-0.80 IV, with 20% risperidone drug load.
- a series of 50 white noise clicks (10 ms duration) were presented in pairs 500 ms apart with a 9 second inter-pair interval at 85 db compared to background of 70 db. Waveforms were filtered between 1 and 500 Hz, baseline corrected at stimulus onset and individual sweeps were rejected for movement artifact based on a criteria of two times the root mean squared amplitude. Average waves were created from 50 ms pre-stimulus to 200 ms post stimulus. Mice were allowed fifteen minutes to acclimate to the Faraday cage prior to stimulus onset.
- Abnormalities in the P50 and NlOO components reflect abnormal neuronal architecture related to the generation and modulation of auditory responses and are informative about more generalized neurological impairments in schizophrenia (Adler LE, Olincy A et al, Schizophr Bull 24: 189-202, 1998; Freedman R, Adler LE et al, Harv Rev Psychiatry 2: 179-192, 1994).
- EXAMPLE 9 RISPERIDONE IMPLANTS INCREASE PPI AND P20 AMPLITUDE AND BLOCK AMPHETAMINE-INDUCED DISRUPTION OF N40-EVOKED POTENTIALS AT
- EXAMPLE 10 RELEASE RATE FROM HYDROLYSABLE BIO DEGRADABLE IMPLANTS CAN BE DETERMINED BASED ON DRUG SOLUBILITY AND THE RATE
- Thiothixene N,N-dimethyl-9- [3-(4-methylpiperazin- 1 -yl)propylidene]thioxanthene-2-sulfonamid. 2).
- Haloperidol 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy- 1 -piperidyl]- l-(4-fluorophenyl)-butan-l -one.
- Hydrochlorothiazide 9-chloro-5,5-dioxo-5 ⁇ 6 -tWa-2,4-diazabicyclo[4.4.0]deca-6,8,10-triene- 8-sulfonamide.
- Corticosterone ll-hydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13-dimethyl-l,2,6,7,8,9,10,l l,12, 13,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one.
- ** k is units of I/day, and D dimensionless. Obtained by fitting the data plotted in Figure 10 to equation (4), as demonstrated in Figure 11.
- Drugs were dissolved in PBS, pH 7.4, to the expected in vitro solubility. Absorbance scans were performed on drug solutions within the range of 200 nm to 400 nm, using a blank cuvette containing saline solution as a reference. A characteristic UV footprint was generated for each drug, and the wavelength at which the relevant maximum peak occurred was utilized in subsequent in vitro assays.
- Ascending mass of drug ranging from 0.5 to 200 mg, of each drug was mixed into a capped glass jar (Wheaton, Inc.) containing 10 to 50 mL distilled water and subjected to moderate mixing for 14 days at 21° C. 1-mL aliquots were removed at fixed time intervals and analyzed by UV Spectroscopy to determine maximum saturation concentration.
- Assays were performed in triplicate using three of each set of four uniform pellets. Each pellet was added to an amber-glass, capped jar (Wheaton, Inc.) containing 500 mL of a PBS solution and subjected to moderate shaking in the dark, at 37° C. 1-mL aliquots of were analyzed by UV Spectroscopy at fixed time intervals and. Positive control jars contained PBS and 10 mg of drug, the expected maximum release for a 20% drug-loaded pellet with a mass of 50 mg, and were also used to determine stability of each drug in saline solution over the course of the experiment.
- the mobility (diffusion) of the drug in the polymeric matrix is likely to be negligible compared to the polymer degradation rate.
- drug release occurs chiefly via polymer degradation.
- the polymer PLGA degradation into lactic acid and glycolic acid occurs through a reaction with water:
- the rate of degradation depends on the availability of water molecules. In systems where the diffusion of water into the pellet is suppressed, this indicates surface erosion. In systems where the diffusivity of water into the polymer is high, this leads to bulk erosion.
- the degradation reaction is likely to be a 1 st order reaction between the polymer and water, and is thus proportional to the local concentration of both species.
- the polymer comprises the majority of the pellet, its concentration is fixed eveiywhere.
- the degradation reaction is proportional to the local concentration of water (a function of the diffusivity) times a constant. Defining the diffusion coefficient of water into the polymer pellet as D, the diffusion/reaction equation for water is written as (1):
- Equation (1) indicates that in systems where D is close to 0, there is no diffusion into the polymeric particle, c w is zero within the pellet, and all reactions take place at the polymer/solution interface. In systems where the diffusion rate is large compared to the reaction rate, water will penetrate and degrade the entire particle volume through bulk erosion.
- the water concentration profile is solved by assuming that the pellet is a semi-infinite medium. This assumption is appropriate for the initial and steady-state stages of the degradation when the diffusion distance of the water is small compared to pellet dimensions.
- Equation (4) fit well the drug release data shown in Figure 10 for all six drugs tested, with values of D and k as listed in Table 2 (the curves for haloperidol and aspirin are depicted in Figure 11). This is notable because the drugs tested are diverse; e.g. haloperidol and aspirin are very different. The deviations seen at late time points arose from the finite size of the pellets.
- the release rate of drugs from bio-degradable matrices can be accounted for by a model containing only two fit parameters: D and k.
- the diffusion constant of molecules in solid polymeric media is described by Do e sup[- ⁇ ], where D 0 is a proportionality coefficient, ⁇ is an activation, or interaction energy and ⁇ is a thermodynamic constant that depends, among other things, on the system temperature.
- D 0 is a proportionality coefficient
- ⁇ is an activation, or interaction energy
- ⁇ is a thermodynamic constant that depends, among other things, on the system temperature.
- the polymeric matrix is the same, as is the temperature; thus, D 0 and ⁇ are the same for all polymer/drug pellets.
- the activation energy ⁇ is sensitive to the specific interactions between the diffusant and the matrix, and thus varies with drug type and loading (mass fraction).
- Equation (4) can be used to predict the drug release rate during the steady state for PLGA implants containing 20% drug load.
- D is proportional to the solubility to the power of 5.3, and k is a number within the range of about 0.05-0.33.
- EXAMPLE 12 DETERMINATION QF DRUG RELEASE FROM PLGA POLYMER IMPLANTS AND RESULTING SERUM DRUG CONCENTRATION AS A FUNCTION OF
- Example describes the time-dependent concentration of drug in vivo. To that end, the previous model was modified to account for (1) finite implant size and (2) drug absorption and clearance (metabolic rate). The rate of drug release from an implant is proportional to the implant surface area (SA).
- SA implant surface area
- the SA of the implant, A can be described as equation 7, where R(t) is the implant radius as a function of time t, R 0 is the initial radius, D is the diffusion coefficient of water into the matrix, k the reaction rate and C w the concentration of water.
- the rate of drug release per unit time can therefore be calculated as equation 8.
- the metabolic rate of risperidone can be written as an exponential decay of drug in blood, with a characteristic decay rate ⁇ that varies as a function of drug and metabolic rate, yielding a complex function for the effective drug concentration shown in equation 9.
- the function can be asymmetric, and its degree of asymmetry is set by the value of ⁇ , the typical metabolizing time for the given drug.
- a high value of ⁇ indicates slow metabolic rate, and thus the function is more symmetrical.
- the concentration of drug as a function of time is a complex function.
- the error function can be approximated as erf(x) ⁇ 1 -e "7x/4 , yielding equation 10 for the drug concentration.
- a ⁇ is a constant equal to the total drug content of the implant
- variable a 2 is a constant equal to the metabolic rate
- variable a 3 reflects diffusion of drag from the implant
- variable a 4 reflects polymer degradation and influences total release interval.
- Fitting rabbit haloperidol data we extract the coefficient ⁇ 0.027, indicating a serum half-life for haloperidol in rabbit of about 130 minutes, consistent with published data (Wurzburger RJ, Miller RL et al, J Pharmacol Exp Ther 217: 757-763). This equation fits prior in vivo rabbit data with a correlation coefficient (R 2 ) of 0.87.
- EXAMPLE 13 DETERMINATION OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF POLYMER COMPOSITION AND INHERENT VISCOSITY ON DRUG RELEASE FROM PLGA POLYMER IMPLANTS
- Polymer composition and inherent viscosity are varied as described in Examples 1-7 to determine the additional contributions of these variables to drag release from PLGA polymer implants. Additional equations are produced, incorporating these variables.
- PLA:PGA molar ratio between about 50:50 and 100:0, inclusive.
- rod-shaped implants with length between about 3-5 mm, inclusive and diameter between 2 and 3.6 mm, inclusive, exhibit the target SA:V ratio.
- a substantially symmetrical concentration profile is achieved, as seen in Example 2, with peak levels reached at approximately 6 months and therapeutic risperidone levels achieved between 2 and 8 months post implantation (Figure 13A).
- EXAMPLE 15 CYCLICAL ADMINISTRATION OR RISPERIDONE IMPLANTS ACHIEVES LONG-TERM THERAPEUTIC RISPERIDONE LEVELS
- Example 14 The symmetrical release profile described in Example 14 is used to provide long-term therapeutic drug levels by introducing a new set of implants approximately every 6 months (Figure 13B). For example, two rods of 3.2 cm length with 100% PLA are administered every 6 months. As depicted, each subsequent set of implants increases medication levels at the same rate that the contribution from the previous set is declining, such that the overall rate of release remains approximately constant ( Figure 13C).
- EXAMPLE 16 IMPROVEMENT OF INITIAL DRUG LEVELS BY INCLUSION OF FASTER-RELEASE POLYMERS IN THE INITIAL IMPLANTATION
- a limitation of a single-polymer system is a lag in reaching therapeutic levels following the initial implantation.
- additional implants that, provide a more rapid time to peak concentration are included in the initial implantation.
- One or more of the implants depicted in Table 4 is included. Release rates of the rapid-release implants in Table 4 and resulting serum concentrations are derived from equations 8-10 by varying the parameters al and a4, which are related to drug content (total dose) and polymer degradation (PLGA ratio and inherent viscosity).
- Implants contain between 40- 60% risperidone load, inclusive, and exhibit a target delivery of 0.15 mg/day. Each rod has a 3.6 mm diameter with density of 1.2 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc), yielding rods with approximately 125 mg/cm of implant.
- Figure 14A illustrates the drug release from four rapid-release implants having half-lives of approximately 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks and full release intervals of approximately 4, 8, 16 and 24 weeks, respectively.
- a set of implants containing half of the first 6 months of medication includes
- EXAMPLE 17 STERILE, BIODEGRADABLE PLGA-RISPERIDONE IMPLANTS PROVIDE EXTENDED RISPERIDONE RELEASE.
- mice were implanted with either sterile or un-sterile PLGA-risperidone implants using the methods described for Example 5. Implants were removed at 14, 27, 56, or 83 days, mice were sacrificed, and serum risperidone concentration was assessed. In the first 3 groups, which were sacrificed at 56 days, serum levels from were 7-10 ng/ml at 14 days and increased to 15-20 ng/ml at 27 and 56 days. When implants were removed at 83 days, there was no detectable drug in serum (Figure 18), consistent with both in vitro release patterns (above Examples) and residual risperidone content (below Examples).
- sterile and non-sterile implants delivered drug for 56 days, while retaining coherence and removability until 83 days.
- sterile and non-sterile implants exhibited no significant differences. Accordingly, all of the properties of implants demonstrated in the above Examples apply to both sterile and non-sterile implants.
- EXAMPLE 18 RESIDUAL RISPERIDONE CONTENT IN IMPLANTS FOLLOWING
- Residual risperidone content was assessed following removal from mice of the previous Example. As depicted in Figure 19, the percent drug load decreased over time from its initial value of 30% (i.e. drug was released at a faster rate than polymer was degraded). Thus, the implants remained coherent and removable well past the period during wherein drug was released, showing that implants of the present invention can be removed throughout the desired delivery interval. However, because they are biodegradable, the implants do not require removal.
- risperidone was stored at pH 4.4 to 7.4 for 172 days and was found to be completely stable ( Figure 20). Similar results were observed at pH values of 2.0 and 3.0 over a 68-day experiment. Thus, risperidone is stable at both a neutral pH and low pH.
Abstract
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US11/195,845 US8329203B2 (en) | 2004-01-12 | 2005-08-03 | Drug-containing implants and methods of use thereof |
PCT/US2006/027894 WO2007011955A2 (en) | 2005-07-18 | 2006-07-18 | Drug-containing implants and methods of use thereof |
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CN104922085B (en) * | 2015-06-01 | 2016-10-26 | 湖南赛沃药业有限公司 | A kind of risperidone implant and preparation method thereof |
HRP20231453T1 (en) | 2015-11-16 | 2024-03-01 | Medincell S.A. | A method for morselizing and/or targeting pharmaceutically active principles to synovial tissue |
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