EP1865087A1 - Large grain cavities from pure niobium ingot - Google Patents
Large grain cavities from pure niobium ingot Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1865087A1 EP1865087A1 EP06252987A EP06252987A EP1865087A1 EP 1865087 A1 EP1865087 A1 EP 1865087A1 EP 06252987 A EP06252987 A EP 06252987A EP 06252987 A EP06252987 A EP 06252987A EP 1865087 A1 EP1865087 A1 EP 1865087A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- niobium
- cast
- ingot
- slices
- niobium ingot
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the fabrication of niobium cavities for use in particle accelerators and the like apparatus and more particularly to a process of fabricating such cavities from slices or tubing of pure niobium ingot rather than niobium sheet material.
- niobium cavities of the type well known and used in the operation of particle accelerators and the like apparatus have been fabricated by deep drawing of niobium sheet produced by cold rolling and annealing ingot produced material. While such material has proven satisfactory for use in niobium cavities, the material thus produced exhibits several shortcomings principally related to grain size and grain size distribution.
- Cold roll sheet material for example, exhibits a relatively fine grain structure and thus a plurality of grain boundaries that can affect its performance in cavity operation.
- Cold rolled sheet also exhibits significant variation in grain size through and along the length of the sheet material which also affects its performance in cavities.
- Cast ingot niobium on the other hand exhibits large grain size and relatively uniform grain size distribution through the body of the material.
- niobium cavities are fabricated by the deep drawing of as cast ingot slices or tubing made from large grain ingots. This method results in the production of niobium cavities having a minimum of grain boundaries at a significantly reduced cost as compared to the production of such structures from cold rolled sheet.
- niobium cavities have been fabricated by the deep drawing of cold rolled niobium sheet. Such a fabrication approach, while producing satisfactory cavities did not result in cavities that exhibited optimum operating characteristics, due in large part to the relatively small grain size and the relatively wide grain size distribution exhibited by such cold rolled niobium materials.
- pure niobium is cast or milled into an ingot, generally a round ingot of up to about 17 inches in diameter and up to or beyond 6 feet in length, and the ingot cut transversely, as described below, into slices between about 1/16 and 1 ⁇ 4 inch thick or about the thickness of the cold rolled sheet previously used in the prior art to fabricate such structures or into_tubing.
- the slices are preferably about 1/8 inch in thickness.
- the slices thus obtained are then used in the conventional deep drawing process to produce the desired half cells and the half cells thus produced further fabricated by machining and welding into cavities in the conventional fashion.
- the niobium cavities of the present invention comprise niobium having an essentially "as-cast” grain structure except as such "as-cast” grain structure may have been modified by cold work imparted thereto during the deep drawing process used to form the cavity halves.
- An objective in the development of the process described herein is to minimize the number of grains of niobium present in any single cavity half.
- cavity halves comprising as few as one grain or crystal of niobium is possible, although most of the cavity halves produced as described herein will comprise upwards of two grains to perhaps as many as several hundred grains, but certainly fewer grains than the virtually unlimited number of grains of an about 50 micron size that are present in cavity halves fabricated from rolled sheet as described in the prior art.
- niobium ingot is well known in the art and hence, no further description of this process is presented herein.
- conventionally cast pure niobium ingot is used.
- the ingot is sliced or cut transversely to yield a thin and round piece of niobium of the general size and shape of the cold rolled sheet commonly used for the production of cavities in the prior art or it is cast into tubing.
- the "as cast" structure of the material from which the niobium cavities of the present invention are fabricated includes no grain structure imparted by hot or cold working of the metal (e.g. by hot or cold rolling) other than that which may be incidental to the cold work imparted to the metal during the deep drawing process to form the cavity halves.
- the grain structure is essentially that which was present in the "as cast” ingot from which the ingot slice that is converted into the cavity half by deep drawing was cut.
- Transverse slicing or cutting of the niobium ingot into sheet or tubing_ may be performed in any of a number of conventional fashions including e.g. EDM (electric discharge machining) or even conventional sawing with, for example, a band saw. Whatever method of cutting is used however, care must be taken to assure that the sliced or cut surfaces exhibit satisfactory smoothness for the subsequent drawing and ironing operation.
- EDM sliced material the surfaces are relatively smooth, but in the case of conventional sawing the surfaces will be relatively rough and may require subsequent treatment either, for example by chemical etching, electro-polishing or some other suitable method.
- chemical etching can be accomplished through treatment of the surfaces with a mixture of hydrofluoric, nitric and phosphoric acids.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The United States of America may have certain rights to this invention under Management and Operating Contract No.
DE-AC05-84ER 40150 - The present invention relates to the fabrication of niobium cavities for use in particle accelerators and the like apparatus and more particularly to a process of fabricating such cavities from slices or tubing of pure niobium ingot rather than niobium sheet material.
- In the prior art, niobium cavities of the type well known and used in the operation of particle accelerators and the like apparatus have been fabricated by deep drawing of niobium sheet produced by cold rolling and annealing ingot produced material. While such material has proven satisfactory for use in niobium cavities, the material thus produced exhibits several shortcomings principally related to grain size and grain size distribution. Cold roll sheet material, for example, exhibits a relatively fine grain structure and thus a plurality of grain boundaries that can affect its performance in cavity operation. Cold rolled sheet also exhibits significant variation in grain size through and along the length of the sheet material which also affects its performance in cavities. Cast ingot niobium on the other hand exhibits large grain size and relatively uniform grain size distribution through the body of the material. The presence of large grains results in a reduction in the number of grain boundaries and hence enhanced performance in the final cavity structure. Thus, if the relatively large and uniform grain size characteristics of the "as cast" or ingot niobium could be preserved in the formed cavity, performance would undoubtedly be improved.
- In addition to the above described grain size related shortcomings of the prior art sheet material based cavities, there are other significant shortcomings associated with the use of cold rolled sheet material in the fabrication of niobium cavities. Among these are: 1) the costs associated with cold rolling and annealing of niobium to produce sheet are relatively high; 2) because of the relatively small grain sizes exhibited by cold rolled sheet materials, their strength when heated can be unacceptably reduced; and 3) cold rolled sheet demonstrates "memory" or "springback" characteristics that may require extensive and expensive finishing of the formed cavity after deep drawing to assure accurate dimensional characteristics. Such springback is due to the presence of banding or a lack of homogeniety of grain size in the cold rolled sheet. All of these shortcomings can be positively affected through the use of "as cast" ingot based niobium starting materials that possess large and relatively uniform grain size distributions.
- It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method for fabricating niobium cavities that possess large grains and uniform grain distribution.
- It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for fabricating niobium cavities at significantly reduced cost as compared to fabrication of such structures from cold rolled sheet.
- According to the present invention, niobium cavities are fabricated by the deep drawing of as cast ingot slices or tubing made from large grain ingots. This method results in the production of niobium cavities having a minimum of grain boundaries at a significantly reduced cost as compared to the production of such structures from cold rolled sheet.
- As described hereinabove, in the prior art, niobium cavities have been fabricated by the deep drawing of cold rolled niobium sheet. Such a fabrication approach, while producing satisfactory cavities did not result in cavities that exhibited optimum operating characteristics, due in large part to the relatively small grain size and the relatively wide grain size distribution exhibited by such cold rolled niobium materials.
- In an effort to improve the performance of such cavities a method was sought to find a fabrication technique that would provide a cavity that possessed relatively large grain size (or even single grain) with a concomitant reduction in the number of grain boundaries and also possessed a relatively uniform grain size distribution.
- It has now been discovered that fabrication of cavities in the conventional fashion but using a starting material that comprises a sheet thickness slice or tubing_of an ingot results in the fabrication of a cavities that exhibit the desirable grain size and grain size distribution characteristics properties. It quite surprisingly has been found that cavities produced as described herein demonstrate superior thermal conductivity for thermal stability or RRR as referred to in the relevant prior art.
- Thus, according to the method of the present invention, pure niobium is cast or milled into an ingot, generally a round ingot of up to about 17 inches in diameter and up to or beyond 6 feet in length, and the ingot cut transversely, as described below, into slices between about 1/16 and ¼ inch thick or about the thickness of the cold rolled sheet previously used in the prior art to fabricate such structures or into_tubing. The slices are preferably about 1/8 inch in thickness. The slices thus obtained are then used in the conventional deep drawing process to produce the desired half cells and the half cells thus produced further fabricated by machining and welding into cavities in the conventional fashion. Thus, the niobium cavities of the present invention comprise niobium having an essentially "as-cast" grain structure except as such "as-cast" grain structure may have been modified by cold work imparted thereto during the deep drawing process used to form the cavity halves. An objective in the development of the process described herein is to minimize the number of grains of niobium present in any single cavity half. Using the process described herein, the production of cavity halves comprising as few as one grain or crystal of niobium is possible, although most of the cavity halves produced as described herein will comprise upwards of two grains to perhaps as many as several hundred grains, but certainly fewer grains than the virtually unlimited number of grains of an about 50 micron size that are present in cavity halves fabricated from rolled sheet as described in the prior art.
- The casting of niobium ingot is well known in the art and hence, no further description of this process is presented herein. For purposes of the present invention, conventionally cast pure niobium ingot is used. After casting, the ingot is sliced or cut transversely to yield a thin and round piece of niobium of the general size and shape of the cold rolled sheet commonly used for the production of cavities in the prior art or it is cast into tubing. The "as cast" structure of the material from which the niobium cavities of the present invention are fabricated includes no grain structure imparted by hot or cold working of the metal (e.g. by hot or cold rolling) other than that which may be incidental to the cold work imparted to the metal during the deep drawing process to form the cavity halves. Thus, in the final cavity, the grain structure is essentially that which was present in the "as cast" ingot from which the ingot slice that is converted into the cavity half by deep drawing was cut.
- Transverse slicing or cutting of the niobium ingot into sheet or tubing_may be performed in any of a number of conventional fashions including e.g. EDM (electric discharge machining) or even conventional sawing with, for example, a band saw. Whatever method of cutting is used however, care must be taken to assure that the sliced or cut surfaces exhibit satisfactory smoothness for the subsequent drawing and ironing operation. In the case of EDM sliced material, the surfaces are relatively smooth, but in the case of conventional sawing the surfaces will be relatively rough and may require subsequent treatment either, for example by chemical etching, electro-polishing or some other suitable method. As is well known in the art, chemical etching can be accomplished through treatment of the surfaces with a mixture of hydrofluoric, nitric and phosphoric acids.
- Once a satisfactorily smooth "sheet" produced by the slicing or cutting of the ingot and surface smoothing as just described has been obtained, it is processed in accordance with conventional and well known deep drawing, machining and welding processes to produce a finished cavity that exhibits the previously described enhanced properties.
- There has thus been described a method for the production of large grain cavities from pure niobium ingot that involves the casting of pure niobium ingot, transversely slicing the ingot into slices of the approximate thickness of cold rolled niobium sheet or tubing_and then deep drawing, machining and welding in accordance with conventional processing techniques to produce the enhanced niobium cavities of the present invention.
- As the invention has been described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the same may be varied in many ways without departing from the intended spirit and scope of the invention, and any and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (10)
- A method for the production of niobium cavities comprising:a) forming a pure cast niobium ingot;b) slicing the cast niobium ingot to form slices of cast niobium ingot or tubing;c) deep drawing the slices or tubing of cast niobium ingot into cell halves; andd) welding the cell halves together to form a cavity.
- The method of claim 1 wherein the slices of cast niobium ingot are produced by transversely cutting the cast niobium ingot.
- The method of claim 2 wherein the slices of cast niobium ingot are between about 1/16 and ¼ inch thick.
- The method of claim 1 wherein the slices of cast niobium ingot have surfaces and the surfaces are smoothed prior to deep drawing.
- The method of claim 4 wherein the smoothing is accomplished by chemical etching or electro-polishing.
- A niobium cavity produced by a method comprising:a) casting pure niobium ingot to form cast niobium ingot;b) slicing the cast niobium ingot to form slices of cast niobium ingot;c) deep drawing the slices of cast niobium ingot into cell halves; andd) welding cell halves together to form a niobium cavity.
- The niobium cavity of claim 6 wherein the slices of cast niobium ingot are produced by transversely cutting the cast niobium ingot.
- A niobium cavity half comprising niobium having an essentially as-cast grain structure.
- The niobium cavity half of claim 8 wherein the essentially as-cast grain structure is an as-cast grain structure modified only by cold work imparted thereto during deep-drawing to form a cavity half.
- The niobium cavity half of claim 8 comprising from about 1 to about several hundred grains of a size greater than about 50 microns in diameter.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP06252987A EP1865087A1 (en) | 2006-06-09 | 2006-06-09 | Large grain cavities from pure niobium ingot |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP06252987A EP1865087A1 (en) | 2006-06-09 | 2006-06-09 | Large grain cavities from pure niobium ingot |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP1865087A1 true EP1865087A1 (en) | 2007-12-12 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP06252987A Withdrawn EP1865087A1 (en) | 2006-06-09 | 2006-06-09 | Large grain cavities from pure niobium ingot |
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Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH03247745A (en) * | 1990-02-23 | 1991-11-05 | Nippon Steel Corp | Manufacture of pure niobium-rolled sheet for superconducting material |
-
2006
- 2006-06-09 EP EP06252987A patent/EP1865087A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH03247745A (en) * | 1990-02-23 | 1991-11-05 | Nippon Steel Corp | Manufacture of pure niobium-rolled sheet for superconducting material |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
DIETER PROCH: "NEW WAYS OF CAVITY FABRICATION", 22 January 1996, PARTICLE ACCELERATORS, GORDON & BREACH, NEW YORK, NY, US, AMSTERDAM, ISSN: 0031-2460, XP008071955 * |
M.FOUAIDY, S.BOUSSON, J.LESREL, V.PALMIERI: "TEST RESULTS OF SRF3 GHZ bULK NIOBIUM SPUN CAVITIES", 7 June 2002, EUROPEAN PARTICLE ACCELERATOR CONFERENCE. EPAC, XX, XX, PARIS, XP008072056 * |
P.KNEISEL, V. PALMIERI: "Development of Seamless Niobium Cavities for accelerator applications", PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1999 PARTICLE ACCELERATOR COFERENCE, vol. 2, 27 March 1999 (1999-03-27), pages 943 - 945, XP002409339 * |
PROCH D ET AL: "NIOBIUM IN SUPERCONDUCTING RF CAVITIES", NIOBIUM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM NIOBIUM, NIOBIUM,, US, 2001, pages 187 - 206, XP008065388 * |
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