EP1858809A1 - Produit metal-oxyde de vanadium et procede pour le produire - Google Patents

Produit metal-oxyde de vanadium et procede pour le produire

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Publication number
EP1858809A1
EP1858809A1 EP05711167A EP05711167A EP1858809A1 EP 1858809 A1 EP1858809 A1 EP 1858809A1 EP 05711167 A EP05711167 A EP 05711167A EP 05711167 A EP05711167 A EP 05711167A EP 1858809 A1 EP1858809 A1 EP 1858809A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
metal
vanadium
oxide
product
product according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP05711167A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Tom Eriksson
Sara Nordlinder
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St Jude Medical AB
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St Jude Medical AB
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Publication of EP1858809A1 publication Critical patent/EP1858809A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
    • B01J23/64—Platinum group metals with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/648—Vanadium, niobium or tantalum or polonium
    • B01J23/6482—Vanadium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/66—Silver or gold
    • B01J23/68—Silver or gold with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/682—Silver or gold with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium with vanadium, niobium, tantalum or polonium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G31/00—Compounds of vanadium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G31/00—Compounds of vanadium
    • C01G31/02—Oxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
    • C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
    • C01P2002/72—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
    • C01P2004/04—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by TEM, STEM, STM or AFM
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/10—Particle morphology extending in one dimension, e.g. needle-like
    • C01P2004/13—Nanotubes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
    • C01P2004/62—Submicrometer sized, i.e. from 0.1-1 micrometer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
    • C01P2004/64—Nanometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 nanometer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/40—Electric properties
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/46—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their combination with electrodes
    • H01M50/461—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their combination with electrodes with adhesive layers between electrodes and separators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the invention concerns a new nanosized product.
  • the product may be used as active cathode material in a cell, such as a primary lithium cell or battery, especially a cell to be used in an implanted cardiac defibrillator.
  • Lithium based batteries have become commercially successful due to their relatively high energy density.
  • Suitable positive electrode materials for lithium based batteries include materials that can intercalate lithium ions into their lattice.
  • Vanadium oxides in certain oxidation states are effective materials for the production of positive electrodes for lithium based batteries.
  • metal vanadium oxide compositions have been identified as having high energy densities and high power densities, when used in positive electrodes for lithium based batteries.
  • Silver vanadium oxide has a particularly high power density and a reasonably high energy density.
  • Silver vanadium oxide batteries have found particular use in the production of implantable cardiac defibrillators where the battery must be able to recharge a capacitor to deliver large pulses of energy in rapid succession, typically within ten seconds or less.
  • the vanadium oxide nanotubes consist of several vanadium oxide layers, commonly in a scroll-like arrangement, separated by structure-directing agents (templates).
  • the tubes can be up to 15 ⁇ n long and consist of as many as 30 vanadium oxide layers.
  • the outer and inner diameters vary between 15 to 100 nm and 5 to 50 nm, respectively. The size depends on the precursors chosen for the synthesis and can therefore be controlled in a rough manner.
  • vanadium oxide nanotubes can be produced by a sol - gel reaction, followed by hydrothermal treatment, from vanadium(V) alkoxide and primary monoamines.
  • Niederberger also reports the use of vanadium(V) oxytrichloride or vanadium(V) pentoxide as vanadium source.
  • templating amines e.g. undecyl-, dodecyl- and hexadecylamine can be used.
  • vanadium-triisopropoxide is added to hexadecylamine under argon atmosphere and the mixture is then stirred for one hour. The created solution is later hydrolyzed and an orange precipitation formed, which is aged during agitation for one day. This reaction mixture is heated in an autoclave at stepwise increasing temperatures. The reaction product is separated, washed and dried.
  • VOx —NTs vanadium oxide nanotubes
  • the synthesis is performed with e.g. primary alkylamines as templating molecules. Suitable templating molecules are hexadecylamine (C 16) and dodecylamine (C 12).
  • the embedded amine molecules can readily be exchanged by various metal cations, e.g. alkaline and alkaline earth metals, under preservation of the tubular morphology. However, if the embedded ions are removed the material collapses.
  • Substitution by Na-ions can be performed with e.g. C 12-VO x nanotubes which have proved to be the best starting material for exchange reactions.
  • the Na + - exchange is performed using NaCl salt.
  • the exchange reactions are performed by stirring a suspension of nanotubes in ethanol with an excess of the exchanging NaCl, followed by drying under vacuum.
  • the product obtained may be used as electrode material in a rechargeable lithium battery.
  • the metal ions in SVO participate in the electrochemical reactions of the cell by being reduced to metallic state. With the silver in the metallic state the electrical conductivity of the cathode is improved.
  • the electrical conductivity of the elemental metal is thus an important property to optimize the cathode material. It would therefore be an advantage to be able to insert ions of e.g. the coin metals Ag, Au and Cu into a nanotubular structure.
  • the electrical conductivities of these metals are 63, 45 and 57.9 MS/m, respectively.
  • the electrical conductivity of sodium is only 19 MS/m.
  • the invention concerns a metal-vanadium-oxide-product where the metal is Au, Ag or Pt, preferably Ag, and where the product is obtained by ion exchange of nanotubular vanadium oxide comprising vanadium oxide layers separated by template molecules with a solution of a salt of the metal.
  • the invention also concerns a metal-vanadium-oxide-product where the metal is Au, Ag or Pt, comprising vanadium oxide nanotubes having defects and containing nanometersized particles of the metal in elemental form, preferably having a particle size of 10-600 nm, especially where a majority of the particles have a size around 100 nm, and where the product is obtained by ion exchange of nanotubular vanadium oxide comprising vanadium oxide layers separated by templating molecules with a solution of a salt of the metal.
  • aqueous solution is used at the ion exchange.
  • the invention further concerns the use of the metal-vanadium-oxide-product of the invention as an active cathode material in a battery and an active cathode material comprising the metal-vanadium-oxide-product. Further the invention concerns a lithium battery having a cathode containing such a product and method of producing the metal-vanadium-oxide-product.
  • this electrode When the product is to be used as an electrode in a battery this electrode may be prepared by admixing a particulate form of the present vanadium oxide nanotubes product with a fine-grain carbonaceous material and a polymeric binder material; stirring, shaking or milling the particulate admixture; spreading the particulate admixture onto a surface; extracting electrodes from the spread particulate admixture; and drying the extracted electrodes.
  • this electrode may for instance be prepared as described in US 6,663,022 by admixing a particulate form of the present vanadium oxide nanotubes product with carbon black and EPDM binder; stirring the particulate admixture of vanadium oxide nanotubes product, carbon black and EPDM binder; spreading the stirred particulate admixture onto a surface; extracting electrodes from the spread particulate admixture; and drying the extracted electrodes.
  • the invention also concerns a process of producing a metal-vanadium-oxide-product according to the invention where vanadium oxide nanotubes are produced from a solution of vanadium pentoxide and an alkylamine and the obtained nanorolls are mixed with an aqueous solution of a salt of the metal, the mixture is stirred and thereafter washed and dried.
  • the metal salt used for ion exchange may be for instance AuCl 3 , Au(CN) 3 , AgNO 3 , AgC 2 H 3 O 2 , AgClO 3 , AgF, PtCl 4 , PtI 4 or H 2 PtCl 6 .
  • AuCl 3 , AgNO 3 , or PtCl 4 is used.
  • Figure 1 shows a micrograph Of VO x nanotubes obtained by a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
  • Figure 2 shows a TEM micrograph of VO x nanotubes containing Na + ions.
  • Figure 3 shows X-ray diffractograms of the as-synthesized VO x -nanotubes (Ci 2 :VO x bottom figure) and ion-exchanged nanotubes.
  • Figure 4 shows SEM pictures of a) AgNO 3 ion-exchanged material, b) AgNO 3 ion- exchanged material, c) AgClO 4 ion-exchanged material, d) Original NT-VO x material.
  • Figure 5 shows TEM pictures and SAED patterns for the AgNO 3 ion-exchanged sample.
  • Figure 6 show two diagrams: a) The first discharge-charge cycle for an Ag-VO x electrode and b) the discharge capacity for the same electrode.
  • Figure 7 shows two diagrams: a) a pulse-test of the Ag-VO x material and b) the rate capability of the Ag-VO x material.
  • the invention concerns a nanotubular product obtained by ion exchange of VO x - nanotubes with a solution of a metal salt where the metal is Au, Ag or Pt. It was surprisingly found that the product obtained with the use of these metals differs essentially from the product obtained when the ion exchange is performed with e.g.
  • the structure of the nanotubular product changes. Defects are introduced and the remote order of the lattice is changed. Also, the metal ions are reduced and metal is precipitated. This type of reaction is especially prominent when the ion exchange is performed with a solution containing monovalent ions of Ag and Au and with divalent Pt-ions.
  • the metal ions may be reduced or oxidized during the ion-exchange. Therefore, an ion-exchange solution containing from the start Au 3+ may during the ion-exchange process change to contain also Au + .
  • the possibility of a metal ion to form coordination compounds is related to its ability to function as Lewis acid and the ability of the ligand to function as a Lewis base.
  • the "hard” metal ions are difficult to polarise while the “soft” metal ions are easy to polarise.
  • the different types of metal ions bind preferentially to different types of ligands.
  • the "hard” metal ions bind preferentially to oxygen while the "soft” metal ions preferentially bind to e.g. the heavier halides and to CO.
  • the metal ions easily bind to oxygen sites in the nanotubes.
  • the exchange using ions of Ag 5 Au and Pt may not work as well as the exchange using the "hard” metal ions.
  • the ions precipitate as metal and there is a reaction/collapse of the tubes.
  • the yellow liquid was hydrolyzed and the resulting dark orange gel was left to age for 24 h (while stirring on a magnetic stirrer). After aging, the gel was transferred to a stainless steel autoclave and heated at 180 0 C for 7 days.
  • the synthesis resulted in a black powder, consisting of VO x nanorolls, which was washed in ethanol and dried under vacuum at 80 0 C for more than 12 h.
  • the powder consists largely of spherical conglomerates of nanotubes.
  • the ion exchange was performed as described by Reinoso et al., HeIv. Chim. Acta 2000, 83, 1724, but using the salts AgNO 3 (May & Baker Ltd.) or AgClO 4 (Aldrich).
  • the nanotubes were mixed with the silver salts in the molar ratio 1 :4 (VO x :salt).
  • the salts were first dissolved in the solvent before adding the VO x -powder.
  • For the AgNO 3 salt 70 ml of an ethanol:H 2 O solution (4:1 by volume) was used as solvent. 1.00 g VO x was added to 1.30 g AgNO 3 .
  • the AgClO 4 salt (1.12 g) was dissolved in 50 ml de- ionized H 2 O after which 0.70 g VO x powder was added.
  • the mixes were stirred on a magnetic stirrer for 4 h, after which they were washed and dried as above.
  • the new product seems to have a higher capacity than the presently used SVO, in spite of the fact that silver is already reduced to metallic state, as well as previously investigated VO x materials.
  • a possible explanation is that the defects introduced into the tubular structure facilitate the intercalation of lithium into the structure. It would also seem that the vanadium of the vanadium oxide is at a higher oxidation state than in the original vanadium oxide nanotubes.
  • Raman spectra were collected using a Reinshaw 2000 spectrometer equipped with a 785 nm diode laser.
  • SEM Scanning electron microscopy
  • EDS Link Inca energy dispersive spectroscopy
  • Electrodes were prepared by extrusion of a slurry containing 80 wt% VO x nanotubes, 10 wt% Acetylene Black (Chevron) and 10 wt% ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) binder onto an aluminum foil.
  • Circular electrodes (20 mm in diameter) were dried under vacuum over night inside an argon-filled glove box (O 2 /H 2 O ⁇ 2 ppm) prior to use. The mass loading on the electrodes was around 2 mg/cm 2 .
  • Two- or three-electrode cells were assembled inside the glove box, using VO x nanotubes as working electrode, a glass fibre cloth soaked in electrolyte as separator and lithium-metal as counter and reference electrode.
  • the electrolyte was 1 M lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, (LiTFSI, Rhodia) in ethylene carbonate (ECydimethyl carbonate (DMC) (both Selectipur ® , Merk) 2:1 by volume.
  • the solvents were used as-received, while the salt was dried under vacuum at 120 0 C for 24 h in the glove box prior to use.
  • the cell components were vacuum-sealed into polymer-coated aluminum pouches.
  • Galvanostatic cycling using two-electrode cells, were performed between 3.5 V and 1.3 V (all potentials are given vs. Li/Li + , i.e. -3.04 V vs. a standard hydrogen electrode) using a Digatron MBT testing unit, with BTS-600 software.
  • the first cycle was made with a current loading of 10 niA/g active material, and the subsequent cycles with 25 mA/g active material.
  • the background current used was 3 mA/g (10 ⁇ A).
  • ICD implantable cardioverter defibrillator
  • the typical ICD battery size is 2 Ah, while the capacitor take 3 A from the battery during its charge. This gives 2/3 h for a complete discharge of a typical ICD battery with the heaviest load possible, and the rate is thus 1.5 C during this heavier load. This was translated in accordance to the mass load in the experimental cell design, and gave 375 mA/g (1.23 niA).
  • Another test was set up to test the capacity at different discharge rates. This tested 5 cycles each at: 100 mA/g, 300 mA/g, 600 mA/g, 100 mA/g, and 30 mA/g. This responds to: C/2, 2C, 3 C, C/2, C/6. All pulse and rate capability testing was made with the batteries in an oven at 37 0 C.
  • X-ray powder diffractograms of the two different ion-exchanged VO x -samples as well as the diffractogram for the starting material are presented in figure 3.
  • the reflections at 2 ⁇ ⁇ 15°, found in the diffractogram of the starting material, are 00/-peaks, typical for layered structures. Reflections at 20 > 15° originate from the structure within the vanadium oxide layers. After ion exchange, the 00/-peaks normally shifts to higher 2 ⁇ , reflecting a decrease in interlayer distance.
  • a successful exchange should result in a 001 -reflection at around 10° in 2 ⁇ as well as a preservation of most of the intra-layer reflections.
  • the diffractogram of the AgClO 4 -product shows several new peaks. These can all be associated with AgVO 3 .
  • the vanadium oxide nanotubes have obviously been oxidized to form this new compound.
  • ClO 4 " is a fairly strong oxidant, so this result is not surprising.
  • the AgClO 4 ion-exchanged material consists of sharp needles, just like the original material and many types of vanadium oxide materials.
  • the TEM measurements show that the tubes as more or less distorted with some tubular morphology intact but with a large number of defects introduced in the structure (Figure 5a-c).
  • the silver is precipitated as grains that range from 10 to 600 nm, with the majority of the particles around 100 nm in size.
  • Figure 5d shows a large silver particle and the inlet gives the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern for this particle. It clearly shows that the darker particles are cubic metallic silver grains.
  • SAED selected area electron diffraction
  • the inlet shows the SAED pattern from the bundle of tubes in this picture. The pattern is diffuse and it is hard to distinguish any structural information from this measurement.
  • the long-range order for the VO x part of the sample seems to have decreased substantially, which is in agreement with the XRD measurement. It can also be seen that there are darker parts in figure 5 c that could be assigned to silver in the tubular structure, but this is less common for the sample.
  • the potential profile for the first discharge-charge and the capacity for cycle 2-7 can be seen in figure 6 a, b. Three plateaus, at approximately 3.0 V, 2.6 V and 1.6 V, can be seen in the potential curve. However, the plateaus are not distinct.
  • the practical capacity is larger than the theoretical capacity for the VO x -material which has been estimated to ⁇ 240 mAh/g (Nordlinder, S.; Lindgren, J.; Gustafsson, T.; Edst ⁇ n, K. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2003, 150, E280). This indicates that the active VO x material could have vanadium in a higher oxidation state than the original VO x tubes with the embedded amine molecule, in order for the red-ox reaction to generate such a large capacity value.
  • the over-potential, or voltage-delay is very good at beginning of life, down to 23-2 A V where the internal resistance starts to increase and the material has a slower response (Figure 7 a). This levels out just below 2.0 V and then the response gets better again, i.e. there is a decrease in the over- potential.
  • the cell hits the 2.0 V mark at about 150 mAh/g, and the 1.5 V mark around 275 mAh/g.

Abstract

L’invention concerne un produit métal-oxyde de vanadium, le métal étant Au, Ag ou Pt et le produit étant obtenu par échange d’ions entre une solution d’un sel dudit métal et de l’oxyde de vanadium nanotubulaire comprenant des couches d’oxyde de vanadium séparées par des molécules structurantes. L’invention décrit également l’utilisation du produit métal-oxyde de vanadium selon l’invention en tant que matériau de cathode actif dans une batterie ; un procédé de production dudit produit ; un matériau de cathode actif comprenant ledit produit ; une batterie au lithium comprenant au moins une anode au lithium, au moins une cathode à l'oxyde de vanadium, un électrolyte et une couche adhésive liant chacune des anodes et cathodes à l’électrolyte, la cathode à l’oxyde de vanadium comprenant un produit métal-oxyde de vanadium selon l’invention.
EP05711167A 2005-03-02 2005-03-02 Produit metal-oxyde de vanadium et procede pour le produire Withdrawn EP1858809A1 (fr)

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