Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
  • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
  • E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
  • E21B49/08—Obtaining fluid samples or testing fluids, in boreholes or wells
  • E21B49/10—Obtaining fluid samples or testing fluids, in boreholes or wells using side-wall fluid samplers or testers
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
  • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
  • E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
  • E21B49/08—Obtaining fluid samples or testing fluids, in boreholes or wells
  • E21B49/087—Well testing, e.g. testing for reservoir productivity or formation parameters

Definitions

• the invention relates generally to the field of hydrocarbon production. More specifically, the present invention relates to an apparatus for sampling connate fluid of a hydrocarbon bearing formation.
• the sampling of connate fluid contained in subterranean formations provides a method of testing formation zones of possible interest with regard to hydrocarbon bearing potential. This method involves recovering a sample of any formation fluids present for later analysis in a laboratory environment while causing a minimum of damage to the tested formations.
• the formation sample is essentially a point test of the possible productivity of subsurface earth formations. Additionally, a continuous record of the control and sequence of events during the test is made at the surface. From this record, valuable formation pressure and permeability data as well as data determinative of fluid compressibility, density and relative viscosity can be obtained for formation reservoir analysis.
• connate fluid sampling involves disposing a sonde 10 into a wellbore 5 via a wireline 8.
• a sonde 10 located on the outer portion of the sonde 10 usually are a sample port 14 and an urging means 12.
• the urging means 12 When the sample port 14 is proximate to a formation of interest 6, the urging means 12 is extended against the inner surface of the wellbore 5 thereby engaging the sample port 14 into the formation 6.
• the engagement of the sample port 14 pierces the outer diameter of the wellbore 5 and enables fluid communication between the connate fluid in the formation 6 and the sample port 14.
• the connate fluid can be siphoned into the sonde 10 with a pumping means disposed therein.
• Down-hole multi-tester instruments have been developed with extendable sampling probes that engage the borehole wall and withdraw fluid samples from a formation of interest as well as measure pressure of the fluid within the formation.
• these downhole instruments comprise an internal draw-down piston that is reciprocated hydraulically or electrically for drawing connate fluid from the formation to the instrument.
• the down-hole multi-test sampling devices incorporate a fluid circuit for the sampling system which requires the connate fluid extracted from the formation, together with any foreign matter such as fine sand, rocks, mud-cake, etc. encountered by the sampling probe, to be drawn into a relatively small volume chamber and which is discharged into the borehole when the tool is closed.
• An example of such a device can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,416,152. Before closing, a sample can be allowed to flow into a sample tank through a separate but parallel circuit. Other methods provide for the sample to be collected through the same fluid circuit.
• FIG. 2 Another example of a circuit used in the sampling of connate fluid is shown in Figure 2.
• connate fluid is motivated from the formation 6 via the sample port 14 and a sampling circuit 22 with a pump 20. Reciprocating action of a piston 19 within the pump 20 causes pressure differentials that draw the connate fluid into the pump 20.
• the actuation means for the pump 20 is produced by a pressure source 26 and delivered to the pump 20 by a hydraulic circuit 24.
• Check valves 28 strategically located within the hydraulic circuit 24 and the sampling circuit 22 direct the fluid flow within these circuits.
• Mud filtrate is forced into the formation during the drilling process.
• This filtrate must be flushed out of the formation before a true, uncontaminated sample of the connate fluid can be collected. Often this filtrate becomes lodged within the sample port 14 and hinders connate fluid flow to the sampling device.
• Prior art sampling devices have a first sample tank to collect filtrate and a second to collect connate fluid. The problem with this procedure is that the volume of filtrate to be removed is not known. For this reason it is desirable to pump formation fluid that is contaminated with filtrate from the formation until uncontaminated connate fluid can be identified and produced.
• Conventional down-hole testing instruments do not have an unlimited fluid pumping capability and therefore cannot ensure complete flushing of the filtrate; contaminant prior to sampling.
• control of the electrical or hydraulic actuation means of the presently used pumping systems is not accurate that in turn results in an inability to fully control the speed of the pumps. Not being able to fully control pump speed prohibits the capability of ceasing pumping operations should the pressure of the connate fluid fall below its bubble point and also hinders the ability to accurately measure the bubble point. Since sampling connate fluid at pressures below its bubble point negatively affects the accuracy of the sampling data results. Therefore a need exists for a means of sampling connate fluid whereby the connate fluid can be obtained and analyzed at known pressures without altering the state of the sample.
• the device of the present disclosure includes a formation fluid testing drawdown pump comprising a piston, a cylinder formed to receive the piston therein, and a motive device operatively coupled to the piston.
• the motive device is comprised of material responsive to electrical stimuli.
• the material responsive to electrical stimuli can be a piezoelectric composition or a electroactive polymer.
• the piezoelectric composition may be a single piezoelectric segment or at least two distinct piezoelectric segments.
• the motive device of the drawdown pump can optionally be a piezoelectric motor, where the piezoelectric motor is selected from the group comprising a linear piezoelectric motor and a rotary piezoelectric motor.
• the operative coupling of the drawdown pump may be comprised of a direct mechanical attachment between said motive device and said piston as well as a hydraulic circuit.
• the formation testing drawdown pump may further comprise a feed back loop and a pump control, where the feed back loop comprises a pressure monitoring device in operative cooperation with the pump control.
• the pressure monitoring device provides data representative of fluid pressure within the cylinder and wherein the pump control is programmable for controlling the operation of said drawdown pump in response to the data representative of fluid pressure within the cylinder to ensure the fluid pressure within the cylinder remains above its bubble-point pressure.
• a method of sampling connate fluid from within a subterranean formation comprising inserting a drawdown pump within a wellbore adjacent the subterranean formation, providing a fluid communicative path between the drawdown pump and the subterranean formation, and operating the drawdown pump with a motive device.
• the motive device of the present method is operatively coupled to the drawdown pump and comprises material responsive to electrical stimuli.
• the method further comprises providing electrical energy to the motive device.
• the material of the present method may be comprised of a piezoelectric composition that is a single segment or at least two distinct segments.
• the piezoelectric composition of the present method may comprise a piezoelectric motor, where the piezoelectric motor is selected from the group comprising a linear piezoelectric motor and a rotary piezoelectric motor.
• the material responsive to electrical stimuli of the present method may be comprised of an electroactive polymer.
• the operative coupling of the present method may be comprised of a direct mechanical attachment between the motive device and the piston and may also include a hydraulic circuit.
• the method may further comprise monitoring the pressure within the cylinder.
• the present method may further comprise controlling operation of the drawdown pump based on the monitored pressure within the cylinder thereby ensuring the pressure within the cylinder remains above the bubble-point pressure of the sampled fluid.
• the drawdown pump may operate under constant pressure or under constant volumetric flow.
• Figure 1 depicts in a partial cutaway side view of a sampling sonde disposed in a wellbore.
• Figure 2 illustrates a prior art drawdown pump.
• Figures 3A - 3D portray electrically responsive materials in a perspective view.
• Figure 4 shows a cutaway view of one embodiment of a drawdown pump in accordance with the disclosure herein.
• Figure 5 illustrates an embodiment of a drawdown pump in accordance with the disclosure herein.
• Figure 6 depicts a partial cutaway view of an embodiment of a drawdown pump in accordance with the disclosure herein.
• the drawdown pump 56 comprises a housing 57 that encompasses a cylinder 58 on one end and having a cavity 66 on its other end.
• the cylinder 58 should be substantially cylindrical and formed to receive a piston 68 within.
• the piston 68 having a disklike configuration, should likewise have an outer diameter that is substantially circular and formed for reciprocating axial travel within the cylinder 58.
• the cavity 66 while shown as substantially cylindrical, can have other shapes and can also have a varying cross sectional area along its length. As will be described in more detail later, the cavity
• 66 should be formed to receive a section of electrically responsive material.
• a seal 69 can be provided on the outermost circumference of the piston 68.
• the seal 69 should preferably be comprised of a resilient pliable material, such as a polymer, that is capable of providing a pressure seal across the outer diameter of the piston 68. This pressure seal should thereby isolate the pressure within the cylinder 58 on the side of the piston face 71 from the cylinder pressure along the piston rod 70.
• the drawdown pump 56 of Figure 4 further comprises a fluid inlet line 60 that terminates on one of its ends at an inlet port 61 formed in the pump housing
• This embodiment of the drawdown pump 56 further includes a fluid exit line 64 connected on one of its ends at an outlet port 65 and in fluid communication on its other end with a fluid storage tank (not shown).
• An outlet check valve 63 resides on the fluid exit line 64 whose orientation allows fluid flow from the drawdown pump 56 to fluid storage, but prevents flow from the fluid storage tank to the drawdown pump 56.
• the outlet port 65 is formed through the outer surface of the housing 57 thereby allowing fluid communication between the fluid exit line 64 and the cylinder 58.
• electrically responsive material converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and can expand or contract when exposed to electrical stimuli.
• the electrically responsive material can include piezoelectric composites, electroactive polymers, artificial muscles and the like.
• a non-limiting list of potential piezoelectric materials for use with embodiments of the present invention includes ceramics, quartz, poly-crystalline piezoelectric ceramics, and quartz analogue crystals like berlinite (A1PO4) and gallium orthophosphate (GaPO4), ceramics with perovskite or tungsten-bronze structures (BaTiO3, KNbO3, LiNbO3, LiTaO3, BiFeO3, NaxW03, Ba2NaNb5O5, Pb2KNb5O15).
• Suitable electroactive polymer materials include any substantially insulating polymer or rubber (or combination thereof) that deforms in response to an electrostatic force or whose deformation results in a change in electric field. More specifically, exemplary materials include silicone elastomers, acrylic elastomers such as VHB 4910 acrylic elastomer, polyurethanes, thermoplastic elastomers, copolymers comprising PVDF, pressure-sensitive adhesives, fluoroelastomers, polymers comprising silicone and acrylic moieties, and the like. Polymers comprising silicone and acrylic moieties may include copolymers comprising silicone and acrylic moieties, polymer blends comprising a silicone elastomer and an acrylic elastomer, for example.
• the electrically responsive material of the embodiment of Figures 3A-3D and Figure 4 expands with the application of an electrical stimulus. This expansion is illustrated with reference to a comparison of Figures 3 A and 3B.
• An example of an ERM 50 of length Li is shown in Figure 3 A in its relaxed or unresponsive state.
• Figure 3B depicts an ERM 50a illustrating how the material responds to an applied electrical stimuli.
• the ERM 50 a has expanded over that of the ERM 50 of Figure 3 A and its length has increased from Li to Li + AL 1 ; where Li + ⁇ Li is greater than L 1 .
• the electrically responsive material can be a segmented ERM 52 comprised of at least two segments 54 sequentially stacked in an axial configuration.
• Figure 3C depicts in perspective view a segmented ERM 52 in a relaxed state, upon application of applied electrical energy to the segmented ERM 52 it expands to an expanded ERM 52a (Figure 3D) from a length L 2 to a length L 2 + ⁇ L 2 , where L 2 + ⁇ L 2 is greater than L 2 .
• An advantage of greater control and flexibility of ERM expansion can be realized by the segmented embodiment.
• a single segment 54 can be expanded by selectively applying electrical energy, or the collective segments 54 can be sequentially expanded to affect a manner of the expansive stroke applied by expansion of the segmented ERM 52. It should be pointed out that while linear expansion is illustrated in Figures 3A - 3D, the ERMs (50, 52) can expand in a radial fashion as well.
• connate fluid resident within the formation of interest 6 enters the sample probe 14, travels through the fluid inlet line 60 and into inlet port 61, thereby filling the cylinder 58.
• the piston 68 is in the downstroke mode and moving towards the cavity 66. This movement of the piston 68 can be produced by the pressure differential across the piston 68 caused by the presence of the fluid, or by a spring (not shown) disposed within the cylinder 58 driving the piston backwards.
• an electrical stimulus is applied to the ERM 50 disposed within the cavity 66.
• the segmented ERM 52 can be used in lieu of the ERM 50, or these varying embodiments can be used concurrently.
• the electrical stimulus causes the ERM 50 to expand; this expansion in turn pushes against the piston rod 70 and urges it out of the cavity 66.
• the piston rod 70 is moved out of the cavity 66 (the upstroke mode) the piston 68 travels across the cylinder 58 thereby imparting a motivating force onto the fluid within the cylinder 58.
• the connate fluid inlet line 60a connects to the housing 57 at the inlet port 61a.
• the inlet port 61a pierces the connate pump 56 in an area of the housing 57 proximate to the ERM cavity 66.
• the outlet port 65a of this alternative embodiment is similarly positioned proximate to the ERM cavity 66.
• the embodiment of the drawdown pump 56a shown in Figure 5 comprises an elongated housing 57a having a substantially cylindrical cylinder 58a formed to receive a piston 68a axially therein.
• the piston 69a has a disk-like configuration suitable for axial travel within the cylinder 58a.
• the associated piston rods (74, 75) of this embodiment extend respectively from both the first and the second piston face (71a, 72a).
• the piston rods (74, 75) extend into corresponding forward and rearward cavities (76, 73) disposed at the opposite ends of the cylinder 58a.
• fluid inlet lines 60a connect to the cylinder 58a via inlet ports 61a on both sides of the piston 68a.
• fluid outlet lines connect to the cylinder 58a via outlet ports 65a that are also situated on both sides of the piston 68a.
• the inlet lines 60a are in fluid communication on their other end with the sample probe thereby enabling connate fluid to flow into the cylinder 58a through these lines.
• the other end of the fluid exit lines 64a connects to a fluid sample tank.
• Inlet check valves 62a are included within the inlet line 60a that limit fluid flow direction only to the cylinder 58a.
• Outlet check valves 63a are also provided with the exit lines 64a that allow fluid flow from the cylinder to the fluid sample tank but prevents flow reverse directional flow.
• a quantity of ERM 50 is included within each cavity (76, 73).
• axial movement of the piston 68a is effectuated by stimulating one of either ERM 51 within the forward cavity 76, or ERM 53 within the rearward cavity 73.
• stimulation of any electrically responsive material can cause it to expand.
• expansion of either ERM 51 or ERM 53 urges the piston 68a along the axis of the cylinder 58a. Movement of the piston 68a in either direction increases the fluid pressure within the cylinder 58a in the portion that the piston 68a is moving towards, thus urging any fluid within that portion to the fluid storage tank via the corresponding fluid exit line 64a.
• the fluid pressure is decreasing, thus drawing the connate fluid out of the formation 6, into the sample port 14, and into that portion of the cylinder 58a.
• the electrical power stimulating the expanded ERM (51 or 53) is terminated and electrical power is then applied to the other ERM (51 or 53) to repeat the process of simultaneously urging fluid from one portion of the cylinder 58a and drawing fluid into the other portion. Accordingly, the electrical stimulus should not be applied to both ERM 51 and ERM 53 simultaneously, but instead should be applied in discrete sequences.
• the embodiment of the drawdown pump 78 of Figure 6 comprises a piston 80, a cylinder 82, a piston rod 86, an ERM segment 88, an anchor rod 92, a base 94, an expansion stroke pinch brake 100, a compression stroke pinch brake 102, and an optional dashpot 98.
• the base 94 further includes legs 95 that extend perpendicularly away from the main body of the base 94.
• the legs 95 contain a first aperture 97 and a second aperture 99 in which the pinch brakes (100, 102) are respectively disposed.
• the cylinder 82 is elongated and is formed within a generally cylindrical cylinder housing 84.
• the inner diameter of the cylinder 82 is formed to axially receive the piston 80 therein and allow for axial reciprocation of the piston 80.
• the piston 80 has a disklike configuration with a circular outer diameter that should match the dimensions and configuration of the inner diameter of the cylinder 80.
• the respective dimensions of the outer circumference of the piston 80 and the inner diameter of the cylinder 82 are sufficiently close to create a pressure seal along the outer diameter of the piston 80. Seals (not shown) may be disposed on the outer diameter of the piston 80 for providing the pressure seal.
• the piston rod 86 is attached to the rearward side of piston 80 and extends outside of the cylinder housing 84 through an opening 85 formed on the rear face of the housing 84.
• the piston rod 86 is connected to the forward side of the ERM 88 on its other end.
• An annular seal 96 can be included around the piston rod 86 within the cylinder 82 and adjacent the opening 85 for preventing fluid flow through the opening 85.
• the expansion stroke pinch brake 100 fits within a first aperture 97 formed through one of the legs 95.
• the inner diameter of the first aperture 97 is greater than the outer diameter of the piston rod 86 thus providing a space for the pinch brake 100 to reside therein.
• the pinch brake 100 is a single annularly shaped element circumscribing a portion of the length of the piston rod 86; but the pinch brake 100 can also be comprised of one or more elements radially disposed within the space between the piston rod 86 and the diameter of the first aperture 97. Selective activation of the pinch brake 100 impinges the brake 100 upon the piston rod 86 with sufficient force to effectively bind the piston rod 86 to the leg 95 thereby preventing movement of the piston rod 86 with respect to the leg 95.
• suitable material for the brake include an inflatable packer, extending members, and electrically responsive materials, such as piezoelectric material and electroactive polymers.
• the anchor rod 92 is connected to the rearward side of the ERM 88 on one end and passes through the compression stroke pinch brake 102 before terminating within the optional dashpot 98.
• the other end of the anchor rod 92 is inserted into the dashpot 98 via an opening 93 formed through the wall of the dashpot 98.
• the dashpot 98 should contain a compressible fluid, such as for example but not limited to silicone oil, brine, or formation fluid.
• Seals 96 are provided adjacent the opening 93 for retaining the fluid within the dashpot 98.
• the ERM segment 88 is preferably comprised of an electrically responsive material such as a piezoelectric composite, an electroactive polymer, or any other substance responsive to external electrical stimuli.
• the ERM segment 88 of the embodiment of Figure 6 is shown as a series of stacked elements 90, where each element has substantially the same dimensions.
• the ERM segment 88 can alternatively be comprised of a single non-segmented portion of electrically responsive material.
• the stacked elements 90 can also be of varying dimensions.
• the specific material of the individual elements 90 can vary, for example, one or more of the elements 90 might be comprised of a piezoelectric material while the remaining elements 90 may be comprised of an electroactive polymer.
• the embodiment of the drawdown pump 78 of Figure 6 operates in a similar fashion to the above described drawdown pumps (56, 56a), that is the drawdown pump 78 is in fluid communication with the sample probe 14 via a conduit 15. Connate fluid is drawn into the cylinder 82 by the pressure differential that exists between the cylinder 82 and the formation 6.
• the differential pressure can be created by lowering the pressure within the cylinder by urging the piston 80 axially rearward through the cylinder housing 84. Movement of the piston 80 is accomplished by selectively activating the ERM segment 88 in combination with both the expansion stroke pinch brake 100 and the compression stroke pinch brake 102.
• stimulating the ERM segment 88 while simultaneously releasing the compression stroke pinch brake 102 allows the ERM segment 88 to expand in response to the applied external electrical stimulus. Expansion of the ERM segment 88 thereby slides the anchor rod 92 through the compression stroke pinch brake 102 in a direction away from the ERM segment 88.
• the compression stroke pinch brake 102 is activated thereby clamping the anchor rod 92 therein.
• the external stimulus is removed from the ERM segment 88 while the expansion stroke pinch brake 100 is in the release mode.
• Removing the electrical stimulus from the ERM segment 88 allows the ERM segment 88 to contract in size to its normal or relaxed state. Contraction of the ERM 88 in combination with the release of the expansion stroke pinch brake 100 pulls the piston rod 86 in the direction of the ERM segment 88 thereby urging the piston 80 through the cylinder 82 in a rearward direction.
• the piston stroke length realized during each sequence of release/activation steps is dependent upon the amount and type of the electrically responsive material of the ERM segment 88 as well as the amount and type of external stimulus applied. Consecutively repeating the above described release/activation and stimulus steps produces an "inch-worm" effect on the piston travel enabling the drawdown pump 78 to draw in a suitable amount of connate fluid within the cylinder 82 for subsequent analysis.
• Typical fluid sampling volumes can range from about 30 cc to in excess of 900 cc, and often in the range of about 56 cc. However the actual amount of fluid sampled is dependent on the particular formation from which the fluid is being drawn, thus the volume of the cylinder 82 should be able to accommodate the amount of fluid to be sampled.
• the speed and stroke of the piston 80 can be tightly controlled to ensure that the pressure within the cylinder 82 remains above the bubble point pressure of the connate fluid. Accordingly one of the many advantages realized by the drawdown pump of the present disclosure is that the measured discrete movements of the piston 80 does not produce the large dynamic forces caused by the acceleration/deceleration of typical currently used drawdown pump motors. Furthermore, due to the highly responsive nature of electrically responsive material, the speed of operational cycles of drawdown pumps of the present disclosure is well within acceptable limits of operational usage.
• the pressure within the cylinder 82 may be monitored with the attached pressure monitoring device 83.
• Implementation of the pressure monitoring device 83 also provides the ability to control the actuation of the drawdown pump 78 to ensure the pressure within the cylinder 82 remains above the bubble point of the sampled fluid therein.
• the drawdown sequence can occur under constant pressure or under constant volumetric flow rate.
• the pressure measured by the pressure monitoring device 83 is conveyed via a feed back loop 87 to the pump control 79.
• the pressure monitoring device 83 can be a pressure gauge, and can detect the pressure in any currently known or later developed means of pressure monitoring.
• the pressure monitoring device 83 can monitor pressure pneumatically or with transducers that convert mechanical energy to electrical, such as a quartz element or piezoelectric component.
• the measured pressure can be measured and obtained in digital or analog form.
• the pump control 79 may be comprised of a programmable circuit, such as a computer or microprocessor, having been programmed to analyze the value of the measured pressure within the cylinder 82 and compare it to the connate fluid bubble point pressure. Should these two pressures both reside within a predetermined pressure range, the pressure control 79 may be programmed to adjust the operation of the drawdown pump 78 to ensure the pressure of the fluid in the cylinder 82 remains above its bubble point pressure.
• the data commands are preferably in digital form and are transferred to the operational components 77 of the drawdown pump 78 via the control loop 81.
• the operation components 77 include the items enclosed by the dashed line of Figure 6, as well as the components used to supply and control the electrical signal(s) applied to the items within the dashed line. Those skilled in the art are capable of establishing a proper pressure range above that which the cylinder pressure should remain. It is also within the capabilities of those skilled in the art to program a control system for comparing measured pressures with bubble point pressures and affecting pump controls when these pressures fall within the specified range.
• an additional advantage realized by the responsive material of the ERM segment 88 is that the discrete inch-worm movements of the drawdown pump 78 simulate a continuous or analog movement of the piston 80 that minimizes or eliminates the dynamic pumping effects experienced by current drawdown pumps.
• the release/activation sequence may be reversed to urge the piston 80 into the cylinder 82 and thus force the fluid through a cylinder outlet (not shown) for storage and/or fluid analysis.
• the optional dashpot 98 with its compressible fluid therein provides a resistive force to the movement of the anchor rod 92 for pressure compensation with regard to the piston 80.
• the resistive force produced within the compressible fluid can be useful in situations when the applied force of the pinch brakes (100, 102) is limited and may not possess sufficient clamping force to support the piston rod 86 against the fluid force imparted onto the piston 80.
• the free end of the anchor rod 92 may include a piston (not shown) for increasing the resistive force provided by the dashpot 98.
• the resistive force is stored within the compressive fluid and can be transferred into a translational force for pushing the piston 80 back into the cylinder 82 after the fluid sampling stroke is completed.
• Alternatives to the fluid can include a spring or other elastic device or material in which kinetic energy can be converted to potential energy and temporarily stored therein.
• the electrically responsive material can be used for pressurizing hydraulics, where the produced hydraulic pressure is utilized to operate a drawdown pump as disclosed herein.
• the embodiments of the pumping devices disclosed herein can be utilized for measuring fluid physical properties such for example fluid density and fluid viscosity. Poiseuille's Law may be implemented with regard to measuring fluid viscosity, fluid viscosity can be determined by flowing a known amount of fluid through a length of tube and measuring the pressure drop along the tube.

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• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Geology (AREA)
• Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
• General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
• Reciprocating Pumps (AREA)
• Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
• Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)

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• 2005
  • 2005-03-07 US US11/074,124 patent/US20060198742A1/en not_active Abandoned
• 2006
  • 2006-03-02 WO PCT/US2006/007425 patent/WO2006096452A2/en active Application Filing
  • 2006-03-02 JP JP2008500765A patent/JP2008537577A/ja active Pending
  • 2006-03-02 CN CNB2006800075463A patent/CN100572801C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2006-03-02 CA CA002600032A patent/CA2600032A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2006-03-02 EP EP06736700A patent/EP1856412A2/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2006-03-02 EA EA200701812A patent/EA011817B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation

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