EP1843793A1 - A process for the preparation of a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a drug substance, and a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a penicillin - Google Patents

A process for the preparation of a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a drug substance, and a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a penicillin

Info

Publication number
EP1843793A1
EP1843793A1 EP05769657A EP05769657A EP1843793A1 EP 1843793 A1 EP1843793 A1 EP 1843793A1 EP 05769657 A EP05769657 A EP 05769657A EP 05769657 A EP05769657 A EP 05769657A EP 1843793 A1 EP1843793 A1 EP 1843793A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
package
packing means
bulk
primary
process according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP05769657A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Bruno Klose
Uwe Gohs
Rainer Bartel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Access Group ApS
Original Assignee
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Access Group ApS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV, Access Group ApS filed Critical Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Priority to EP05769657A priority Critical patent/EP1843793A1/en
Publication of EP1843793A1 publication Critical patent/EP1843793A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
    • A61L2/08—Radiation
    • A61L2/087—Particle radiation, e.g. electron-beam, alpha or beta radiation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
    • A23L3/26—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by irradiation without heating
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
    • A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
    • A23L3/3409—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of gases, e.g. fumigation; Compositions or apparatus therefor
    • A23L3/3418—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of gases, e.g. fumigation; Compositions or apparatus therefor in a controlled atmosphere, e.g. partial vacuum, comprising only CO2, N2, O2 or H2O
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
    • A61K31/429—Thiazoles condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/43—Compounds containing 4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula, e.g. penicillins, penems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/0005—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor for pharmaceuticals, biologicals or living parts
    • A61L2/0011—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor for pharmaceuticals, biologicals or living parts using physical methods
    • A61L2/0029—Radiation
    • A61L2/007—Particle radiation, e.g. electron-beam, alpha or beta radiation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D81/00—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents
    • B65D81/18—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents providing specific environment for contents, e.g. temperature above or below ambient
    • B65D81/20—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents providing specific environment for contents, e.g. temperature above or below ambient under vacuum or superatmospheric pressure, or in a special atmosphere, e.g. of inert gas
    • B65D81/2069—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents providing specific environment for contents, e.g. temperature above or below ambient under vacuum or superatmospheric pressure, or in a special atmosphere, e.g. of inert gas in a special atmosphere
    • B65D81/2084—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents providing specific environment for contents, e.g. temperature above or below ambient under vacuum or superatmospheric pressure, or in a special atmosphere, e.g. of inert gas in a special atmosphere in a flexible container

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a drug substance, such as a penicillin, in particular amoxicillin or ampicillin, a food product, a food ingredient or a chemical.
  • a package comprising a sterilized bulk of a penicillin, and to a package comprising a primary packing means containing a sterilised bulk of a drug substance wherein a main portion of the bulk is contained in a main receptacle of the primary packing means and one or more smaller sampling portion of the drug substance are contained in respectively one or more sampling receptacles of the primary packing means.
  • penicillins Due to high molecular tension in the molecules, penicillins have a disposition for degradation.
  • the exposure of energy so as to sterilise a bulk of a penicillin may lead to oxidative and disintegrative products.
  • the disintegration process is a result of vibration of the molecular bonds.
  • oxygen the result by penetration with accelerated electrons will be a high rate of degradation and oxidation.
  • the colour of the bulk turns from white to yellow up to brown. This is of course unacceptable from an aesthetic point of view, but also because the general quality of the product may be affected.
  • the before-mentioned problems are particularly critical for sterilisation of larger amounts of drug substances, e.g. amounts of 1 kg or more.
  • Electron beam technology is well-established in many industrial branches and in manufacturing techniques, e.g. for sterilization of medical devices.
  • the energy deposited in materials induces complex chemical reactions resulting in molecule structure and gas evolution.
  • These complex reactions can be influenced by treatment conditions.
  • temperature and chemical environment play an important role besides the traditional parameters dose and dose rate.
  • special gases e.g. air, water vapour
  • liquids e.g. water, alcohol
  • EP 1 270 660 Al discloses sterilisation of a medical material of a polymer composite containing a multifunctional triazine compound by radiation.
  • US 5,730,933 discloses a method of sterilising a mixture of an immobilised biologically active compound (e.g. a biopolymer) and an extraneous protein. Sterilisation is performed by using ⁇ -rays or electron-beam radiation. The extraneous protein is included in order to preserve the physiological activity of the biologically active compound.
  • an immobilised biologically active compound e.g. a biopolymer
  • an extraneous protein is included in order to preserve the physiological activity of the biologically active compound.
  • US 2004/0048371 Al discloses a method for sterilizing a product, e.g. a donor bone, by first packing the product in a package, then altering the atmosphere surrounding the product to an atmosphere of a reducing gas (e.g. H 2 ) and finally evacuating the package and sterilising the same, e.g. with gamma radiation, electron beams or X-rays.
  • a reducing gas e.g. H 2
  • GB 656,776 A discloses a process for sterilising (non-edible) substances or objects not including drugs or pharmaceutical preparations, wherein the process comprises packing the substance or object in a container, replacing the air with an inert gas, and irradiating the package with high speed electrons.
  • GB 2 126 479 A discloses a stabilised antibiotic composition, e.g. comprising penicillins, packed in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide.
  • GB 737,242 A discloses a process of increasing the physical stability of aqueous suspensions of penicillin compounds by replacing the atmospheric oxygen in the container in which the compound is present with an inert gas.
  • Figure 1 shows the penetration depth of electrons with different kinetic energies in water.
  • Figure 2 shows an inactivation curve for micro-organisms and HIV-virus.
  • Figure 3 shows the sterilization dose as function of bioburden (for a microbial population).
  • Figure 4 shows the physical form of an example of a bulk of a drug substance.
  • Figure 5 illustrates schematically a process for making a package according to the invention.
  • Figure 6 illustrates a package according to the invention.
  • the present invention in a first aspect, provides a process for the preparation of a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a substance, said process comprising the following steps:
  • the density of the bulk in the package per area unit (m 2 ) is preferably in the range of 1,000-95,000 g/m 2 '
  • the process of the invention may in principle be used for any substance for which it is required that the substance is to be presented in a packed, sterile form.
  • the invention is particularly relevant for critical substances, i.e. substances with high tensed molecules and in particular relevant for penicillins and other drug substances.
  • Penicillins represent a diverse group of isomeric and closely related naturally occurring and synthetic antibiotics with outstanding antibacterial activity. Illustrative examples of penicillins are amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G procaine, cephalosporin, erythromycin, neomycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin. In the present context, amoxicillin and ampicillin are found to be particularly interesting.
  • bulk of a drug substance refers to an amount of the drug substance in question of at least 1 kg, in particular more than 5 kg.
  • sterile and “sterilized” are intended to mean that the bulk of the drug substance in question is essentially free of viable micro-organisms according to Ph. Eur. 2.6.1. Products which are produced under controlled fabrication conditions may be contaminated with micro-organism, and it is then necessary to sterilize the product in order to obtain a suitable sterility assurance level.
  • micro-organisms During the sterilization process micro-organisms have to be destroyed.
  • the inactivation of a pure culture of micro-organisms often approximates to an exponential relationship (see Figure 2, Bacillus subtilis).
  • Figure 2 Bacillus subtilis
  • a finite probability of surviving microorganisms regardless of the magnitude of the absorbed sterilization dose can be calculated.
  • the probability of surviving depends on number and types (i.e. species) of microorganisms ( Figures 2 and 3) present on the product (so called bioburden), the sterilization process lethality, and, in some cases, the environment (i.e. temperature, gas atmosphere) in which the organisms exist before, during and after treatment.
  • a sterility assurance level (SAL) is derived mathematically and it defines the probability of a viable microorganism on an individual product unit.
  • SAL sterility assurance level
  • sterility assurance level is defined in the DIN EN 556-1 and amounts to at least 10 '6 . That means if one million sterilized medical devices have been tested on sterility in average one non-sterile medical device has been detected. The same definition is applied in the present description with claims, mutatis mutandis.
  • a bulk of the drug substance is provided.
  • Drug substances are typically produced via synthetic procedures, semi-synthetic procedures, microbiological fermentation procedures (e.g. by culturing of bacteria, yeast or other cells), or combination of the before-mentioned.
  • Food products and food ingredients are typically obtained from agricultural processes, including farming.
  • Chemicals are typically obtained from synthetic processes, including petrochemical processes.
  • the bulk of the drug substance is present in micronised form, i.e. in a particulate form where the mean particle size is in the range of 0.01-50 ⁇ m, such as in the range of 0.01-30 ⁇ m.
  • micronized is intended to mean that substantially all particles have a size of at the most 100 ⁇ m.
  • the bulk of the drug substance has a weight of in the range of 1-40 kg, such as in the range of 5-25 kg.
  • the bulk is packed in a primary packing means and the primary packing means is subsequently sealed, whereby a package comprising said bulk of the drug substance is formed.
  • the bulk which is actually packed may constitute a fraction of the bulk of the drug substance originally prepared.
  • the package could be exposed to electron beam treatment either from one side, i.e. single sided treatment, or from two sides, i.e. double sided treatment.
  • the density of the bulk in the package per area unit (m 2 ) could advantageously be in the range of 1,000-95,000 g/m 2 , such as in the range of 20,000-50,000 g/m 2 , e.g. around
  • the area (m 2 ) in the above expressions refers to the side (or sides) of the package, and the amount of material (g) refers to the bulk of the material being present in a direction perpendicular to said side.
  • the density may advantageously be in the order of one half of the abovementioned density.
  • the primary packing means is suitably in the form of a bag, a box, a container, flexible tube, barrel, tetra pack, etc.
  • the material must - of course - be sufficiently thin in order to allow the electron beam effectively reach the bulk.
  • the primary packing means is in the form of a bag.
  • the primary packing means in particular a bag, is typically made of a polymeric material such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylpropylene, polyvinylchloride, or Teflon ® , in particular a material with a gas barrier, e.g. an polymer-aluminium compound foil.
  • a gas barrier e.g. an polymer-aluminium compound foil.
  • a particularly preferred example is a polyethylene material with a gas barrier, e.g. a polyethylene-aluminium compound foil.
  • the primary packing material has a double-sided heat-seal possibility.
  • Sealing of the primary package means is conducted so as to avoid the contamination with micro organisms as well as to reduce the risk of oxidation of the drug substance while the package is exposed to the electron beam treatment as well as subsequently upon storage.
  • the void space in the package essentially consists of an unreactive or inhibitory gas.
  • the gas may preferably be a degradation product of the substance when the substance is exposed to electron beam treatment.
  • the gas could comprise carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, argon, krypton, other inert gasses, etc. or mixtures thereof, in particular carbon dioxide.
  • the package holds a partial vacuum.
  • the void space of the package is meant the free space around and between the drug substance particles, i.e. the space occupied by a gas which is in direct contact with the drug substance.
  • a main portion of the bulk could advantageously be packed in a main receptacle of the primary packing means and one or more smaller sampling portions of the bulk could be packed in a sampling receptacle of the primary packing means. If the receptacles are isolated from each other, the user may open the sampling receptacle to prove the quality of the bulk, e.g. already at the time of receipt of the package while the main receptacle could be opened at a much later stage, e.g. just prior to processing of the bulk.
  • the primary packing means could be made from an elongated sleeve which defines a top layer and a back layer of a foil material forming an elongated cavity.
  • the sleeve could be conveyed continuously in an axial direction.
  • the front layer and the back layer could be joined in joint lines extending transverse to the axial direction repeatedly and at different locations in the axial direction. In this way, the receptacles for the bulk could be formed in one row, separated by the joint lines.
  • the portions of the bulk could be filled into the cavity between each joining process, and if the package is of the kind wherein a main portion is separated from a sampling portion, the main receptacles could be formed alternate the sampling receptacles.
  • the sleeve could be made from a single piece of a foil material with rim portions which are joined in a seam to define the elongated cavity.
  • the bulk may be packed in a primary packing means (e.g. a bag) which is subsequently arranged in a secondary packing means (e.g. also a bag).
  • a primary packing means e.g. a bag
  • a secondary packing means e.g. also a bag
  • one or more primary packing means e.g. 1-20 may be packed in a single secondary packing means, if desirable.
  • the secondary packing means could be a polyethylene foil to protect the primary packing material from contamination by micro organism.
  • the bulk of the drug substance is packed in a primary packing means consisting of a bag of a polyethylene material, (M) the primary packing means is sealed, (iii) the primary packing means (one or more primary packing means, in particular one) is arranged within a secondary packing means consisting of a bag of a polyethylene material, and (iv) the secondary packing means is sealed.
  • the unreactive or inhibitory gas in the void space of the primary packing means is preferably carbon dioxide.
  • the primary packing means (and, if present, the secondary packing means) is at least partly enclosed within (preferably fully enclosed within), or wrapped in an outer packing means, e.g. made from a more rigid material, e.g. a paperboard, cardboard or plastic box or tray, upon handling and exposure to electron beams (see the Examples).
  • an outer packing means e.g. made from a more rigid material, e.g. a paperboard, cardboard or plastic box or tray, upon handling and exposure to electron beams (see the Examples).
  • an outer packing means e.g. made from a more rigid material, e.g. a paperboard, cardboard or plastic box or tray, upon handling and exposure to electron beams (see the Examples).
  • an outer packing means e.g. made from a more rigid material, e.g. a paperboard, cardboard or plastic box or tray, upon handling and exposure to electron beams (see the Examples).
  • the thickness is relevant for the result of the sterilisation process (see below).
  • the outer packing means can be
  • the dimensions of the package play an important role due to the fact that the electrons should be able to penetrate sufficiently deep into to bulk (see further below) while the bulk is treated with electron beams.
  • the smallest dimension (typically corresponding to the thickness) is of course of particular relevance, and in preferred embodiments, the smallest dimension (the thickness) of the package is in the range of 0.3-20 cm, e.g. 0.5-10 cm, such as 1-7 cm.
  • the bulk in the package has a substantially regular box shape, e.g. as in Example 4.
  • the package most often has the form of a thin block where the ratio between the largest dimension (typically corresponding to the length) and the smallest dimension (typically the thickness) is at least 5: 1, such as at least 7: 1 or at least 10: 1. Therefore, the cardboard box is useful.
  • the package is exposed to electron beam treatment, thereby obtaining a package comprising a sterilized bulk of the drug substance.
  • the package is typically exposed to electron beam treatment by placing the package in an electron beam field, or, preferably, to allow the package to pass through a field of electron beams.
  • This energy source has one big advantage in that it can provide a high amount of energy in extremely short time. The typical time of exposure depends on the dose; however typically, the exposure time amounts to several seconds. In this way, micro-organisms can be inactivated with a smaller degradation of the carrier substance. Sterilization via electrons is a physical process. The electron field is generated by an electron beam generator. When properly applied, this process is safe and reliable.
  • One particular advantage of the process is that the temperature increase of the bulk of the drug substance can be kept low.
  • An absorbed dose of about 25 kGy may be chosen for sterilization of medical devices. Neglecting thermal conductivity and assuming a specific thermal capacity of 1 kJ x kg "1 x K '1 the electron beam treatment results in a temperature increase less than 25 Kelvin.
  • the temperature during the sterilization process can be controlled in order to avoid temperature dependent degradation of the drug substance.
  • the absorbed dose of the electron beams is typically in the range of 1-50 kGy, e.g. in the range of 10-40 kGy, or in the range of 10-15 kGy, in particular 25-40 kGy, (based on the bulk of the drug substance).
  • the dose depends on the type and the number of the micro ⁇ organisms and as the inactivation of the micro-organisms is a statistical process, the dose of the electron beams should be adjusted in accordance with the expected number of micro ⁇ organisms in the non-sterilized bulk of the drug substance.
  • Electrons generally have a low penetration depth controlling via their kinetic energy as well as the area density of the material to be sterilized.
  • the maximum kinetic energy is limited to 10 MeV in order to avoid the generation of artificial radioactive substances.
  • the penetration depth of electron in a material with a density of 1 g cm "3 is showed in Figure 1 for electrons with different kinetic energies.
  • the maximum thickness of the bulk in the package should be limited to 10 cm, such as 5 cm, (single side treatment) or 20 cm, such as 10 cm, (double side treatment).
  • the heat conductivity of penicillines is very low, thus, if the bulk is too thick, the bulk will not be able to dissipate the heat. This leads to unwanted degradation of the drug substance.
  • the package having an approximate form as a thin block and being filled with an unreactive or inhibitory gas is typically exposed to electron beams from both sides of the bulk material.
  • the present invention in a second aspect, provides a package comprising a primary packing means containing a sterilised bulk of a drug substance wherein a main portion of the bulk is contained in a main receptacle of the primary packing means and one or more smaller sampling portions of the drug substance are contained in respective one or more sampling receptacles of the primary packing means, the receptacles being separated by a barrier resistant to penetration by micro-organisms and formed to enable opening of each receptacle individually.
  • the package comprises 1, 2 or 3 sampling receptacles, e.g. 1 or 2 sampling receptacles, e.g. 1 sampling receptacle.
  • one of the receptacles can be opened without contaminating other receptacles which renders the two types of receptacles useful for several purposes.
  • the sampling receptacles could be opened prior to the processing of the main portion and a sample could therefore be analysed in due time without exposing the drug substance inn the main receptacle, or the sampling receptacle could maintain sterility while the main portion is processed.
  • the sampling portion could serve as a reference substance for determining the outcome of the processing of the main portion.
  • the size of the portions could be balanced dependent on a certain process for testing the substance so that no further portioning is necessary.
  • Manufacturing of the package may be facilitated when the receptacles are formed between a front and a back layer of a foil material, the layers being joined along a sealing line.
  • the front and the back layer could be made from a single piece of a foil material with rim portions which are joined in an elongated seam.
  • an elongated strip of the foil material could be unrolled from a coil, bend, and joined along its two longest edges.
  • the resulting sleeve forms an axially extending cavity which can be divided into smaller receptacles by joining the layers essentially transverse to the axial direction. This subsequent joining of the layers transverse to the axial direction could take place between repeated filling processes wherein a main portion and a sampling portion alternately is filled into the receptacles.
  • a chain comprising a plurality of main receptacles and sampling receptacles could be formed from the single piece of coiled foil material. In this state, the chain could be moved through a field of electrons to sterilise the receptacles.
  • the foil material could be made from any of the materials mentioned under the first aspect of the invention such as from polyethylene, e.g. with a metallic layer, e.g. an aluminium layer.
  • the material properties may facilitate that the main and the sampling receptacle are both prepared to rupture essentially transverse to the axial direction of the abovementioned hose whereby the risk of accidental opening one of the receptacles during opening of the other receptacle can be reduced.
  • the receptacles may contain an unreactive or inhibitory gas and to reduce contamination risk further, the package may comprise a secondary package means enclosing the primary package means.
  • the secondary package means may be fixed to the primary package means, and a space between the secondary package means and the primary package means could be filled with the unreactive or inhibitory gas.
  • the secondary package means could be made from single sheet of a foil material with rim portions which are joined in a seam. To reduce necessary processing, the seam could be a combined seam in which the end portions of the primary and the secondary package means are joined and in which the two package means are therefore joined.
  • the package could further comprise an outer package means, e.g. made from a material which is more rigid than the foil material, e.g. made from a cardboard material.
  • an outer package means e.g. made from a material which is more rigid than the foil material, e.g. made from a cardboard material.
  • the package may be forced into a specific shape which facilitates sterilisation by electrons, e.g. a shape wherein the ratio between a largest dimension of one of the receptacles and a smallest dimension of the receptacle is at least 5: 1, e.g. wherein the dimensions are so that the density of the drug substance in the package per area unit (m 2 ) is in the range of 1,000-95,000 g/m 2 .
  • the drug could be selected from a group consisting of amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G procaine, cephalosporin, erythromycin, neomycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin.
  • the drug substance could be in micronised form with a mean particle size is in the range of 0.01-50 ⁇ m.
  • the package may comprise any number of cavities and portions of different size, e.g. designed for various tests and processes.
  • Receptacles containing portions of different size may e.g. be arranged in a specific sequence, and the package may comprise visual indication means, e.g. colour codes etc which identify the receptacles in the sequence.
  • the invention provides a package comprising a sterilized bulk of a drug substance in a sealed primary packing means, said drug substance being selected from penicillins, in particular from amoxicillin and ampicillin, preferably in micronised form with a mean particle size in the range of 0.01-50 ⁇ m, the void space of primary packing means essentially consisting of an unreactive or inhibitory gas, in particular carbon dioxide, wherein the density of the drug substance in the package per area unit (m 2 ) is in the range of 1,000- 95,000 g/m 2 .
  • the primary packing means preferably comprises a polyethylene or polypropylene bag, in particular a bag including a gas barrier, e.g. a polyethylene-aluminium compound foil.
  • the primary packing means is a aluminium-polyethylene- aluminium, a polyethylene-aluminium-polyethylene or polypropylene-aluminium- polypropylene compound foil bag which is packed in a secondary packing means, typically a polyethylene or polypropylene bag.
  • the package typically has a thickness of in the range of 0.3-20 cm, e.g. 0.5-10 cm, such as 1-7 cm.
  • the process of packing the bulk could be handled by equipment comprising a product inlet 1 for entering the bulk into a hopper 2, from which the bulk is released in portions into the funnel 3.
  • the web 4 of a foil material is allowed to rotate to release the foil material into a foil processing part of the equipment.
  • the web is folded to form a sleeve which extends in an axial direction, indicated by the arrow 5.
  • the sleeve is sealed essentially transverse to the axial direction thereby forming receptacles for the bulk.
  • the size of each formed receptacle can be varied, e.g.
  • the equipment further comprises a CO 2 supply equipment 7 receiving CO 2 via the pipe 8 and releasing the CO 2 via the pipes 9, 10 and 11 into three different area of the equipment.
  • the CO 2 displaces other gasses around the bulk, in particular O 2 .
  • gas is sucked out of the sleeve prior to the sealing of each receptacle, and the removed gas is analysed in the analysing equipment 13.
  • Figure 6 illustrates a chain of receptacles formed from one single piece of a foil material. Every second receptacle 14, 15, 16 contain a main portion, and every other second receptacle 17, 18, 19 contain a relatively smaller sampling portion.
  • Example 1 Electron beam treatment in carbon dioxide gas atmosphere
  • a bulk of amoxicillin was obtained from conventional production process.
  • the bulk had a white colour.
  • the number of viable micro-organisms in the bulk, i.e. bioburden, was determined to ⁇ 10 cfu (cfu - colony forming unit) per g amoxicillin.
  • Example 1 The procedure described in Example 1 was repeated with the exception that the carbon dioxide gas was replaced by atmospheric air.
  • Example 1 The procedure described in Example 1 was repeated with the exception that the carbon dioxide gas was replaced by atmospheric air, but the polyethylene bag was evacuated before sealing.
  • the area density was calculated as 23,200 g/m 2 .
  • the primary bags including the adherent sample bags where sealed into a secondary bag with two longitudinal seams between the main and the sampling bag on the primary foil. These bags where packed into a surrounding cardboard box to stabilize them.
  • the cardboard box had the dimensions of 585 * 385 * 100 mm. In the cardboard box, the enclosed sample bag was pressed on the main bag.
  • the sample bag After sterilization it is important that the sample bag can be cut off from the main bag without harming the surrounding polyethylene-foil around the main bag.
  • the surface of the main bag must stay sterile until the bag is carried into the sterile air lock. Inside the sterile air lock the surrounding polyethylene-foil is removed. This guarantees that a completely sterile package (inside and outside) is entering the sterile rooms.

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Abstract

The invention provides a process for the preparation of a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a drug substance, such as penicillins (e.g. amoxicillin and ampicillin), a food product, a food ingredient, and a chemical, the process includes: providing the bulk of the drug substance; packing said bulk in a primary packing means and sealing said primary packing means, the void space in said primary packing means essentially consisting of an unreactive or inhibitory gas (e.g. carbon dioxide), thereby forming a package comprising said bulk of the drug substance; and exposing said package to electron beam treatment, thereby obtaining a package comprising a sterilized bulk of the drug substance. The invention also provides a package comprising a sterilized drug substance in a sealed primary packing means, said drug substance being selected from penicillins (e.g. amoxicillin and ampicillin), the void space of primary packing means essentially consisting of an unreactive or inhibitory gas.

Description

A PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A PACKAGE COMPRISING A STERILISED BULK OF A DRUG SUBSTANCE, AND A PACKAGE COMPRISING A STERILISED BULK OF A PENICILLIN
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a drug substance, such as a penicillin, in particular amoxicillin or ampicillin, a food product, a food ingredient or a chemical. The invention also relates to a package comprising a sterilized bulk of a penicillin, and to a package comprising a primary packing means containing a sterilised bulk of a drug substance wherein a main portion of the bulk is contained in a main receptacle of the primary packing means and one or more smaller sampling portion of the drug substance are contained in respectively one or more sampling receptacles of the primary packing means.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Due to high molecular tension in the molecules, penicillins have a disposition for degradation. The exposure of energy so as to sterilise a bulk of a penicillin may lead to oxidative and disintegrative products. The disintegration process is a result of vibration of the molecular bonds. There are three main factors responsible for degradation: the activation energy, the time of exposure, and the environment (in particular oxygen). Under standard environment conditions (oxygen), the result by penetration with accelerated electrons will be a high rate of degradation and oxidation. Upon degradation, the colour of the bulk turns from white to yellow up to brown. This is of course unacceptable from an aesthetic point of view, but also because the general quality of the product may be affected. The before-mentioned problems are particularly critical for sterilisation of larger amounts of drug substances, e.g. amounts of 1 kg or more.
Electron beam technology is well-established in many industrial branches and in manufacturing techniques, e.g. for sterilization of medical devices. The energy deposited in materials induces complex chemical reactions resulting in molecule structure and gas evolution. These complex reactions can be influenced by treatment conditions. Here, temperature and chemical environment play an important role besides the traditional parameters dose and dose rate. In contrast to inert conditions (e.g. vacuum, nitrogen, argon) the presence of special gases (e.g. air, water vapour) and liquids (e.g. water, alcohol) often affect the final results of the electron treatment which can be used to chemically modify organic materials. EP 1 270 660 Al discloses sterilisation of a medical material of a polymer composite containing a multifunctional triazine compound by radiation.
US 5,730,933 discloses a method of sterilising a mixture of an immobilised biologically active compound (e.g. a biopolymer) and an extraneous protein. Sterilisation is performed by using γ-rays or electron-beam radiation. The extraneous protein is included in order to preserve the physiological activity of the biologically active compound.
US 2004/0048371 Al discloses a method for sterilizing a product, e.g. a donor bone, by first packing the product in a package, then altering the atmosphere surrounding the product to an atmosphere of a reducing gas (e.g. H2) and finally evacuating the package and sterilising the same, e.g. with gamma radiation, electron beams or X-rays.
GB 656,776 A discloses a process for sterilising (non-edible) substances or objects not including drugs or pharmaceutical preparations, wherein the process comprises packing the substance or object in a container, replacing the air with an inert gas, and irradiating the package with high speed electrons.
GB 2 126 479 A discloses a stabilised antibiotic composition, e.g. comprising penicillins, packed in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide.
GB 737,242 A discloses a process of increasing the physical stability of aqueous suspensions of penicillin compounds by replacing the atmospheric oxygen in the container in which the compound is present with an inert gas.
This being said, there is a need for an efficient process for sterilisation of bulk substances, and in particular for sterilisation of drug substances.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Figure 1 shows the penetration depth of electrons with different kinetic energies in water.
Figure 2 shows an inactivation curve for micro-organisms and HIV-virus.
Figure 3 shows the sterilization dose as function of bioburden (for a microbial population).
Figure 4 shows the physical form of an example of a bulk of a drug substance. Figure 5 illustrates schematically a process for making a package according to the invention.
Figure 6 illustrates a package according to the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
It has surprisingly been found that the electron beam sterilisation of a bulk of a substance (i.e. an amount of a substance of 1 kg or more having an area density in the package of 1,000-95,000 g/m2) can be improved, and degradation of the substance can be avoided by providing the substance in contact with an unreactive or inhibitory gas.
Thus, the present invention, in a first aspect, provides a process for the preparation of a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a substance, said process comprising the following steps:
a) providing the bulk of the substance;
b) packing said bulk in a primary packing means and sealing said primary packing means, the void space in said primary packing means essentially consisting of an unreactive or inhibitory gas, thereby forming a package of a pre-specified thickness of e.g. less than 20 cm comprising said bulk of the substance, and
c) exposing said package to electron beam treatment, thereby obtaining a package comprising a sterilized bulk of the substance.
To improve the sterilisation, the density of the bulk in the package per area unit (m2) is preferably in the range of 1,000-95,000 g/m2'
The process of the invention may in principle be used for any substance for which it is required that the substance is to be presented in a packed, sterile form. The invention is particularly relevant for critical substances, i.e. substances with high tensed molecules and in particular relevant for penicillins and other drug substances.
Penicillins represent a diverse group of isomeric and closely related naturally occurring and synthetic antibiotics with outstanding antibacterial activity. Illustrative examples of penicillins are amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G procaine, cephalosporin, erythromycin, neomycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin. In the present context, amoxicillin and ampicillin are found to be particularly interesting.
The terms "bulk of a drug substance", "bulk of the drug substance" and "bulk" are used synonymously, and refers to an amount of the drug substance in question of at least 1 kg, in particular more than 5 kg.
When used herein, the terms "sterile" and "sterilized" are intended to mean that the bulk of the drug substance in question is essentially free of viable micro-organisms according to Ph. Eur. 2.6.1. Products which are produced under controlled fabrication conditions may be contaminated with micro-organism, and it is then necessary to sterilize the product in order to obtain a suitable sterility assurance level.
During the sterilization process micro-organisms have to be destroyed. The inactivation of a pure culture of micro-organisms often approximates to an exponential relationship (see Figure 2, Bacillus subtilis). Thus, a finite probability of surviving microorganisms regardless of the magnitude of the absorbed sterilization dose can be calculated. The probability of surviving depends on number and types (i.e. species) of microorganisms (Figures 2 and 3) present on the product (so called bioburden), the sterilization process lethality, and, in some cases, the environment (i.e. temperature, gas atmosphere) in which the organisms exist before, during and after treatment.
It follows that the sterility of individual items in a population of sterilized products cannot be ensured in the absolute sense. A sterility assurance level (SAL) is derived mathematically and it defines the probability of a viable microorganism on an individual product unit. Thus, more specifically, "sterile" means that a specific sterility assurance level (SAL) is achieved. For medical devices, the sterility assurance level is defined in the DIN EN 556-1 and amounts to at least 10'6. That means if one million sterilized medical devices have been tested on sterility in average one non-sterile medical device has been detected. The same definition is applied in the present description with claims, mutatis mutandis.
It is an aim of the present invention to provide a bulk of a drug substance fulfilling the sterility assurance level defined in DIN EN 556-1 and Ph. Eur. 2.6.1.
Step a)
In a first step of the method, a bulk of the drug substance is provided. Drug substances are typically produced via synthetic procedures, semi-synthetic procedures, microbiological fermentation procedures (e.g. by culturing of bacteria, yeast or other cells), or combination of the before-mentioned. Food products and food ingredients are typically obtained from agricultural processes, including farming. Chemicals are typically obtained from synthetic processes, including petrochemical processes.
In certain particularly interesting embodiments, the bulk of the drug substance is present in micronised form, i.e. in a particulate form where the mean particle size is in the range of 0.01-50 μm, such as in the range of 0.01-30 μm. When used herein, the term "micronized" is intended to mean that substantially all particles have a size of at the most 100 μm. The use of a micronised drug substance in combination with an unreactive or inhibitory gas has proven to provide advantages in connection with the sterilisation of a large amount (a bulk) of a drug substance. Without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed that the heat dissipation of such a material will suppress degradation of the drug substance upon sterilisation with electron beams.
In many instances, the bulk of the drug substance has a weight of in the range of 1-40 kg, such as in the range of 5-25 kg.
Step b)
In a second step of the method of the invention, the bulk is packed in a primary packing means and the primary packing means is subsequently sealed, whereby a package comprising said bulk of the drug substance is formed. It should be understood that the bulk which is actually packed may constitute a fraction of the bulk of the drug substance originally prepared.
The package could be exposed to electron beam treatment either from one side, i.e. single sided treatment, or from two sides, i.e. double sided treatment. In double sided treatment, the density of the bulk in the package per area unit (m2) could advantageously be in the range of 1,000-95,000 g/m2, such as in the range of 20,000-50,000 g/m2, e.g. around
30,000-40,000 g/m2. The area (m2) in the above expressions refers to the side (or sides) of the package, and the amount of material (g) refers to the bulk of the material being present in a direction perpendicular to said side. In single sided treatment, the density may advantageously be in the order of one half of the abovementioned density.
The primary packing means is suitably in the form of a bag, a box, a container, flexible tube, barrel, tetra pack, etc. The material must - of course - be sufficiently thin in order to allow the electron beam effectively reach the bulk. In preferred embodiments, the primary packing means is in the form of a bag.
The primary packing means, in particular a bag, is typically made of a polymeric material such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylpropylene, polyvinylchloride, or Teflon®, in particular a material with a gas barrier, e.g. an polymer-aluminium compound foil. A particularly preferred example is a polyethylene material with a gas barrier, e.g. a polyethylene-aluminium compound foil. In particular the primary packing material has a double-sided heat-seal possibility.
Sealing of the primary package means is conducted so as to avoid the contamination with micro organisms as well as to reduce the risk of oxidation of the drug substance while the package is exposed to the electron beam treatment as well as subsequently upon storage.
The void space in the package essentially consists of an unreactive or inhibitory gas. The gas may preferably be a degradation product of the substance when the substance is exposed to electron beam treatment. As an example, the gas could comprise carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, argon, krypton, other inert gasses, etc. or mixtures thereof, in particular carbon dioxide. Alternatively, or more preferably combined with the presence of an unreactive or inhibitory gas, the package holds a partial vacuum. By the void space of the package is meant the free space around and between the drug substance particles, i.e. the space occupied by a gas which is in direct contact with the drug substance.
A main portion of the bulk could advantageously be packed in a main receptacle of the primary packing means and one or more smaller sampling portions of the bulk could be packed in a sampling receptacle of the primary packing means. If the receptacles are isolated from each other, the user may open the sampling receptacle to prove the quality of the bulk, e.g. already at the time of receipt of the package while the main receptacle could be opened at a much later stage, e.g. just prior to processing of the bulk.
The primary packing means could be made from an elongated sleeve which defines a top layer and a back layer of a foil material forming an elongated cavity. During the packing procedure, the sleeve could be conveyed continuously in an axial direction. During movement of the sleeve, the front layer and the back layer could be joined in joint lines extending transverse to the axial direction repeatedly and at different locations in the axial direction. In this way, the receptacles for the bulk could be formed in one row, separated by the joint lines. The portions of the bulk could be filled into the cavity between each joining process, and if the package is of the kind wherein a main portion is separated from a sampling portion, the main receptacles could be formed alternate the sampling receptacles. The sleeve could be made from a single piece of a foil material with rim portions which are joined in a seam to define the elongated cavity.
It should be understood that the bulk may be packed in a primary packing means (e.g. a bag) which is subsequently arranged in a secondary packing means (e.g. also a bag). It should also be understood that one or more primary packing means (e.g. 1-20) may be packed in a single secondary packing means, if desirable.
The secondary packing means could be a polyethylene foil to protect the primary packing material from contamination by micro organism.
In one preferred embodiment, (i) the bulk of the drug substance is packed in a primary packing means consisting of a bag of a polyethylene material, (M) the primary packing means is sealed, (iii) the primary packing means (one or more primary packing means, in particular one) is arranged within a secondary packing means consisting of a bag of a polyethylene material, and (iv) the secondary packing means is sealed. The unreactive or inhibitory gas in the void space of the primary packing means is preferably carbon dioxide.
In order to increase safety and reduce the risk of subsequent rupture of the packing means and thereby damage of the drug substance, it is preferred that the primary packing means (and, if present, the secondary packing means) is at least partly enclosed within (preferably fully enclosed within), or wrapped in an outer packing means, e.g. made from a more rigid material, e.g. a paperboard, cardboard or plastic box or tray, upon handling and exposure to electron beams (see the Examples). Furthermore, such a box will force the bulk material in a well-defined shape. Particularly, the thickness is relevant for the result of the sterilisation process (see below). In that way, the outer packing means can be adapted to provide a specific density which, as previously mentioned, has an impact on the sterilisation process.
The dimensions of the package play an important role due to the fact that the electrons should be able to penetrate sufficiently deep into to bulk (see further below) while the bulk is treated with electron beams. The smallest dimension (typically corresponding to the thickness) is of course of particular relevance, and in preferred embodiments, the smallest dimension (the thickness) of the package is in the range of 0.3-20 cm, e.g. 0.5-10 cm, such as 1-7 cm. Preferably, the bulk in the package has a substantially regular box shape, e.g. as in Example 4.The package most often has the form of a thin block where the ratio between the largest dimension (typically corresponding to the length) and the smallest dimension (typically the thickness) is at least 5: 1, such as at least 7: 1 or at least 10: 1. Therefore, the cardboard box is useful. Step c)
In the third step of the process, the package is exposed to electron beam treatment, thereby obtaining a package comprising a sterilized bulk of the drug substance.
The package is typically exposed to electron beam treatment by placing the package in an electron beam field, or, preferably, to allow the package to pass through a field of electron beams. This energy source has one big advantage in that it can provide a high amount of energy in extremely short time. The typical time of exposure depends on the dose; however typically, the exposure time amounts to several seconds. In this way, micro-organisms can be inactivated with a smaller degradation of the carrier substance. Sterilization via electrons is a physical process. The electron field is generated by an electron beam generator. When properly applied, this process is safe and reliable.
One particular advantage of the process is that the temperature increase of the bulk of the drug substance can be kept low. An absorbed dose of about 25 kGy may be chosen for sterilization of medical devices. Neglecting thermal conductivity and assuming a specific thermal capacity of 1 kJ x kg"1 x K'1 the electron beam treatment results in a temperature increase less than 25 Kelvin. Thus the temperature during the sterilization process can be controlled in order to avoid temperature dependent degradation of the drug substance.
The absorbed dose of the electron beams is typically in the range of 1-50 kGy, e.g. in the range of 10-40 kGy, or in the range of 10-15 kGy, in particular 25-40 kGy, (based on the bulk of the drug substance). As the dose depends on the type and the number of the micro¬ organisms and as the inactivation of the micro-organisms is a statistical process, the dose of the electron beams should be adjusted in accordance with the expected number of micro¬ organisms in the non-sterilized bulk of the drug substance.
Under conventional conditions (treatment in air at room temperature) for good results (concerning sterility) it is an advantage to have an absorbed dose between 10 and 50 kGy, e.g. between 10 and 15 kGy. Such conditions will, however, lead to an undesirable degree of degradation of the drug substance. A lower dose exposure may not be sufficient to inactivate the micro-organisms.
Electrons generally have a low penetration depth controlling via their kinetic energy as well as the area density of the material to be sterilized. The maximum kinetic energy is limited to 10 MeV in order to avoid the generation of artificial radioactive substances. The penetration depth of electron in a material with a density of 1 g cm"3 is showed in Figure 1 for electrons with different kinetic energies. For this reasons, the maximum thickness of the bulk in the package should be limited to 10 cm, such as 5 cm, (single side treatment) or 20 cm, such as 10 cm, (double side treatment). The heat conductivity of penicillines is very low, thus, if the bulk is too thick, the bulk will not be able to dissipate the heat. This leads to unwanted degradation of the drug substance.
In order to create a suitable balance between exposure time, absorbed dose, efficacy, and degradation, the package having an approximate form as a thin block and being filled with an unreactive or inhibitory gas is typically exposed to electron beams from both sides of the bulk material.
It is believed that at least some of the sterilized packages obtained by the method defined herein represent hitherto unknown packages. Thus, the present invention, in a second aspect, provides a package comprising a primary packing means containing a sterilised bulk of a drug substance wherein a main portion of the bulk is contained in a main receptacle of the primary packing means and one or more smaller sampling portions of the drug substance are contained in respective one or more sampling receptacles of the primary packing means, the receptacles being separated by a barrier resistant to penetration by micro-organisms and formed to enable opening of each receptacle individually.
Most typically, the package comprises 1, 2 or 3 sampling receptacles, e.g. 1 or 2 sampling receptacles, e.g. 1 sampling receptacle.
Due to the barrier between the receptacles, one of the receptacles can be opened without contaminating other receptacles which renders the two types of receptacles useful for several purposes. The sampling receptacles could be opened prior to the processing of the main portion and a sample could therefore be analysed in due time without exposing the drug substance inn the main receptacle, or the sampling receptacle could maintain sterility while the main portion is processed. In this case, the sampling portion could serve as a reference substance for determining the outcome of the processing of the main portion. In particular, the size of the portions could be balanced dependent on a certain process for testing the substance so that no further portioning is necessary.
Manufacturing of the package may be facilitated when the receptacles are formed between a front and a back layer of a foil material, the layers being joined along a sealing line. The front and the back layer could be made from a single piece of a foil material with rim portions which are joined in an elongated seam. As an example, an elongated strip of the foil material could be unrolled from a coil, bend, and joined along its two longest edges. The resulting sleeve forms an axially extending cavity which can be divided into smaller receptacles by joining the layers essentially transverse to the axial direction. This subsequent joining of the layers transverse to the axial direction could take place between repeated filling processes wherein a main portion and a sampling portion alternately is filled into the receptacles.
If the receptacles are not separated from the sleeve, a chain comprising a plurality of main receptacles and sampling receptacles could be formed from the single piece of coiled foil material. In this state, the chain could be moved through a field of electrons to sterilise the receptacles.
The foil material could be made from any of the materials mentioned under the first aspect of the invention such as from polyethylene, e.g. with a metallic layer, e.g. an aluminium layer.
The material properties may facilitate that the main and the sampling receptacle are both prepared to rupture essentially transverse to the axial direction of the abovementioned hose whereby the risk of accidental opening one of the receptacles during opening of the other receptacle can be reduced.
As mentioned in connection with the first aspect of the invention, the receptacles may contain an unreactive or inhibitory gas and to reduce contamination risk further, the package may comprise a secondary package means enclosing the primary package means. The secondary package means may be fixed to the primary package means, and a space between the secondary package means and the primary package means could be filled with the unreactive or inhibitory gas. Likewise the above mentioned single piece of a foil material formed into a sleeve, the secondary package means could be made from single sheet of a foil material with rim portions which are joined in a seam. To reduce necessary processing, the seam could be a combined seam in which the end portions of the primary and the secondary package means are joined and in which the two package means are therefore joined.
As mentioned in relation to the first aspect of the invention, the package could further comprise an outer package means, e.g. made from a material which is more rigid than the foil material, e.g. made from a cardboard material. By contact between the outer package means and other parts of the package, the package may be forced into a specific shape which facilitates sterilisation by electrons, e.g. a shape wherein the ratio between a largest dimension of one of the receptacles and a smallest dimension of the receptacle is at least 5: 1, e.g. wherein the dimensions are so that the density of the drug substance in the package per area unit (m2) is in the range of 1,000-95,000 g/m2.
In accordance with the first aspect of the invention, the drug could be selected from a group consisting of amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G procaine, cephalosporin, erythromycin, neomycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin. The drug substance could be in micronised form with a mean particle size is in the range of 0.01-50 μm.
In addition to the main and sampling receptacles containing corresponding main and sampling portions of different size, the package may comprise any number of cavities and portions of different size, e.g. designed for various tests and processes. Receptacles containing portions of different size may e.g. be arranged in a specific sequence, and the package may comprise visual indication means, e.g. colour codes etc which identify the receptacles in the sequence.
In a third aspect, the invention provides a package comprising a sterilized bulk of a drug substance in a sealed primary packing means, said drug substance being selected from penicillins, in particular from amoxicillin and ampicillin, preferably in micronised form with a mean particle size in the range of 0.01-50 μm, the void space of primary packing means essentially consisting of an unreactive or inhibitory gas, in particular carbon dioxide, wherein the density of the drug substance in the package per area unit (m2) is in the range of 1,000- 95,000 g/m2.
The primary packing means preferably comprises a polyethylene or polypropylene bag, in particular a bag including a gas barrier, e.g. a polyethylene-aluminium compound foil.
In a particular embodiment, the primary packing means is a aluminium-polyethylene- aluminium, a polyethylene-aluminium-polyethylene or polypropylene-aluminium- polypropylene compound foil bag which is packed in a secondary packing means, typically a polyethylene or polypropylene bag. The package typically has a thickness of in the range of 0.3-20 cm, e.g. 0.5-10 cm, such as 1-7 cm.
Referring to Figure 5, the process of packing the bulk could be handled by equipment comprising a product inlet 1 for entering the bulk into a hopper 2, from which the bulk is released in portions into the funnel 3. The web 4 of a foil material is allowed to rotate to release the foil material into a foil processing part of the equipment. The web is folded to form a sleeve which extends in an axial direction, indicated by the arrow 5. By means of the heated grippers 6, the sleeve is sealed essentially transverse to the axial direction thereby forming receptacles for the bulk. Between each actuation of the grippers, bulk is released from the funnel into the sleeve. The size of each formed receptacle can be varied, e.g. by running the web at a constant speed through the equipment and by actuating the grippers and releasing the bulk from the funnel at a variable frequency. The equipment further comprises a CO2 supply equipment 7 receiving CO2 via the pipe 8 and releasing the CO2 via the pipes 9, 10 and 11 into three different area of the equipment. The CO2 displaces other gasses around the bulk, in particular O2. Via the pipe 12, gas is sucked out of the sleeve prior to the sealing of each receptacle, and the removed gas is analysed in the analysing equipment 13. Figure 6 illustrates a chain of receptacles formed from one single piece of a foil material. Every second receptacle 14, 15, 16 contain a main portion, and every other second receptacle 17, 18, 19 contain a relatively smaller sampling portion.
EXAMPLES
Example 1 - Electron beam treatment in carbon dioxide gas atmosphere
A bulk of amoxicillin was obtained from conventional production process. The bulk had a white colour. The number of viable micro-organisms in the bulk, i.e. bioburden, was determined to < 10 cfu (cfu - colony forming unit) per g amoxicillin.
About 200 g of the bulk of amoxicillin was loaded in an aluminium compound polyethylene bag. The bag was evacuated, filled with carbon dioxide gas and sealed. The bag was subsequently placed in second (similar) polyethylene bag, and the second bag was then sealed. The bag was exposed to electron beams (10 MeV) in a single-side treatment, whereby the bulk of the amoxicillin absorbed 25 - 40 kGy.
The sterile test of the product shown full sterility. The bulk had almost maintained its white colour (slightly grey). Analytical results in accordance to Ph. Eur. 01/2005:0260 showed less than 1.5 % degradation of the amoxicillin.
Example 2 - Electron beam treatment in air atmosphere
The procedure described in Example 1 was repeated with the exception that the carbon dioxide gas was replaced by atmospheric air.
The bulk had a slightly brown colour. Analytical results (in accordance to Ph. Eur. 01/2005:0260) shown about 3.5% degradation of the amoxicillin. Example 3 - Electron beam treatment in vacuum
The procedure described in Example 1 was repeated with the exception that the carbon dioxide gas was replaced by atmospheric air, but the polyethylene bag was evacuated before sealing.
The bulk had a slightly grey colour. Analytical results in accordance to Ph. Eur. 01/2005:0260 shown about 2.0% degradation of the amoxicillin.
Example 4 - Package with a penicillin drug substance
In one example, a package of a 5 kg box of amoxicillin had the following dimensions: 575 mm * 375 mm * 70 mm = 0.0151 m3. The density of the raw material was about 0.33 g/cm3 = 330 kg/m3. The area density was calculated as 23,200 g/m2. The primary bags including the adherent sample bags where sealed into a secondary bag with two longitudinal seams between the main and the sampling bag on the primary foil. These bags where packed into a surrounding cardboard box to stabilize them. The cardboard box had the dimensions of 585 * 385 * 100 mm. In the cardboard box, the enclosed sample bag was pressed on the main bag. After sterilization it is important that the sample bag can be cut off from the main bag without harming the surrounding polyethylene-foil around the main bag. The surface of the main bag must stay sterile until the bag is carried into the sterile air lock. Inside the sterile air lock the surrounding polyethylene-foil is removed. This guarantees that a completely sterile package (inside and outside) is entering the sterile rooms.

Claims

1. A process for the preparation of a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a substance, said process comprising the following steps:
a) providing the bulk of the substance;
b) packing said bulk in a primary packing means and sealing said primary packing means, the void space in said primary packing means essentially consisting of an unreactive or inhibitory gas,
c) forming the packing means into a package of a pre-specified thickness, and
d) exposing said package to electron beam treatment, thereby obtaining a package comprising a sterilized bulk of the substance.
2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the bulk of the substance is packed with a density per area unit (m2) in the range of 1,000-95,000 g/m2.
3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the substance is a drug substance.
4. The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein a main portion of the bulk is packed in a main receptacle of the primary packing means and one or more smaller sampling portions of the bulk is packed in respective one or more sampling receptacles of the primary packing means, the receptacles being isolated from each other.
5. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the absorbed dose of the electron beam treatment is in the range of 1-50 kGy.
6. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the primary package means comprises a polyethylene material with a gas barrier.
7. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the unreactive or inhibitory gas corresponds to a degradation product of the substance when the substance is exposed to electron beam treatment.
8. The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the unreactive or inhibitory gas consists essentially of carbon dioxide.
9. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the package holds a partial vacuum.
10. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the substance is selected from penicillins.
11. The process according to claim 10, wherein the substance is selected from amoxicillin and ampicillin.
12. The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the primary packing means is made from an elongated sleeve which defines a top layer and a back layer of a foil material forming an elongated cavity extending in an axial direction, the packing of the bulk in the primary packing means comprising:
- conveying the elongated sleeve in the axial direction,
- joining the front layer and the back layer along a first sealing line extending transverse to the axial direction to form a bottom part of the main receptacle,
- filling the cavity with the main portion of the bulk,
- joining the front layer and the back layer along a second sealing line extending transverse to the conveying direction to form a top part of the main receptacle and a bottom part of the sampling receptacle,
- filing the cavity with the sampling portion of the bulk, and
- joining the front layer and the back layer along a third sealing line extending transverse to the conveying direction to form a top part of the sampling receptacle.
13. The process according to claim 12, further comprising joining the front layer and the back layer along a fourth sealing line extending transverse to the conveying direction to form an additional seal between the second and third sealing line to enable separation of the sampling receptacle from the main receptacle without opening either of the receptacles.
14. The process according to any of claims 12-13, wherein the sleeve is made from a single piece of a foil material with rim portions which are joined in a seam to define the elongated cavity.
15. The process according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising packing the primary packing means in a secondary packing means
16. The process according to claim 14, wherein the primary packing means is joined to the secondary packing means.
17. The process according to claim 16, wherein the primary packing means is made from single sheet of a foil material with rim portions which are joined in a primary seam, and wherein the secondary packing means is made from single sheet of a foil material with rim portions which are joined in a secondary seam, the primary overlapping the secondary seam.
18. The process according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising packing the primary and optionally the secondary packing means in an outer packing means made from a material which is rigid relative to the material of the primary and secondary packing means.
19. The process according to claim 18, wherein the outer packing means is used for forming the packing means into the package of a pre-specified thickness.
20. The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the pre-specified thickness is below 20 cm.
21. The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the substance is in a substantially dry micronized form.
22. The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein an amount of 1 to 40 kg. of the substance is packed in the primary packing means.
23. The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein a ratio of the pre¬ determined thickness to a largest dimension of the package is at least 5: 1.
24. A package comprising a primary packing means containing a sterilised bulk of a drug substance wherein a main portion of the bulk is contained in a main receptacle of the primary packing means and one or more smaller sampling portions of the drug substance are contained in respectively one or more sampling receptacles of the primary packing means, wherein each receptacle can be opened individually.
25. A package according to claim 24, wherein each receptacle can be separated from the other receptacles without opening any of the receptacles.
26. A package according to any of claims 24-25, wherein the receptacles are formed between a front and a back layer of a foil material, the layers being joined along a sealing line
27. A package according to any of claims 24-26, wherein the receptacles essentially exclusively contain an unreactive or inhibitory gas.
28. A package according to any of claims 24-27, further comprising a secondary package means enclosing the primary packing means.
29. A package according to claim 28, wherein the secondary packing means is fixed to the primary packing means.
30. A package according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising an outer packing means made from a material which is more rigid than the material of the primary and secondary packing means.
31. A package according to claim 30, wherein contact between the outer packing means and other packing means forces the other packing means into a predefined shape.
32. A package according to any of claims 24-31, wherein the drug substance is selected from a group consisting of amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G procaine, cephalosporin, erythromycin, neomycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin.
33. A package according to any of claims 24-32, wherein the density of the drug substance in each of the receptacles of the package per area unit (m2) is in the range of 1,000-95,000 g/m2.
34. A package comprising a sterilized bulk of a drug substance in a sealed primary packing means, said drug substance being selected from penicillins in micronised form with a mean particle size in the range of 0.01-50 μm the void space of primary packing means essentially consisting of carbon dioxide, wherein the density of the drug substance in the package per area unit (m2) is in the range of 1,000-95,000 g/m2.
35. The package according to claim 34, wherein the primary packing means comprising a polyethylene bag with a gas barrier.
36. A package comprising a primary packing means containing a sterilised bulk of a penicillin in micronised form with a mean particle size in the range of 0.01-50 μm, wherein a main portion of the bulk is contained in a main receptacle of the primary packing means and one or more smaller sampling portions of the drug substance are contained in respectively one or more sampling receptacles of the primary packing means, the receptacles being separated by a barrier resistant to penetration by micro-organisms and formed to enable opening of each receptacle individually, wherein the dimensions of the primary package is so that the density of the drug substance in each of the receptacles of the package per area unit (m2) is in the range of 1,000-95,000 g/m2.
EP05769657A 2004-08-13 2005-08-12 A process for the preparation of a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a drug substance, and a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a penicillin Withdrawn EP1843793A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP05769657A EP1843793A1 (en) 2004-08-13 2005-08-12 A process for the preparation of a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a drug substance, and a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a penicillin

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP04077289A EP1625859A1 (en) 2004-08-13 2004-08-13 A process for the preparation of a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a substance, and a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a penicilin
PCT/DK2005/000527 WO2006015603A1 (en) 2004-08-13 2005-08-12 A process for the preparation of a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a drug substance, and a package comprising a sterilised bulk ofa penicillin
EP05769657A EP1843793A1 (en) 2004-08-13 2005-08-12 A process for the preparation of a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a drug substance, and a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a penicillin

Publications (1)

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EP1843793A1 true EP1843793A1 (en) 2007-10-17

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EP04077289A Withdrawn EP1625859A1 (en) 2004-08-13 2004-08-13 A process for the preparation of a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a substance, and a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a penicilin
EP05769657A Withdrawn EP1843793A1 (en) 2004-08-13 2005-08-12 A process for the preparation of a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a drug substance, and a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a penicillin

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DE102008053131A1 (en) 2008-10-24 2010-04-29 Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland Gmbh Method and arrangement for sterilizing, in particular for sterilizing an adsorber
EP3284351B1 (en) * 2016-08-20 2019-02-27 Bühler AG Method of pasteurizing and/or sterilising particulate material

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GB737242A (en) * 1952-10-16 1955-09-21 Novo Terapeutisk Labor As Process of increasing the physical stability of aqueous suspensions of penicillin compounds
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EP1625859A1 (en) 2006-02-15
WO2006015603A1 (en) 2006-02-16

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