EP1824959A1 - Method for production of a dosed washing or cleaning agent - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for production of a dosed washing or cleaning agent, comprising the steps: (a) preparation of a moulded body with a cavity having two openings on the surface of the moulded body, (b) application of a first water-soluble or water-dispersible film material in the cavity to form a housing chamber by the film material, whereby the film material is deep-drawn such that the housing chamber formed by the film material extends out from the second opening and (d) filling of a washing or cleaning active substance into the housing chamber.

Description

 Process for the preparation of a portioned washing or cleaning agent

The present invention is in the field of detergents or cleaners. In particular, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of detergents or cleaners, in particular of metering units of detergents or cleaners.

Detergents or cleaners are now available to the consumer in a variety of forms. In addition to washing powders and granules, this offer also includes, for example, detergent concentrates in the form of extruded or tabletted compositions. These fixed, concentrated or compressed forms of supply are characterized by a reduced volume per dosing unit and thus reduce the costs for packaging and transport. In particular, the washing or cleaning agent tablets additionally meet the consumer's desire for simple dosing. The corresponding means are comprehensively described in the prior art. However, in addition to the advantages listed, compacted detergents or cleaners also have a number of disadvantages. Especially tableted supply forms are characterized by their high compression often by a delayed disintegration and thus a delayed release of their ingredients. To solve this "conflict" between sufficient tablet hardness and short disintegration times, numerous technical solutions have been disclosed in the patent literature, reference being made to the use of so-called tablet disintegrants by way of example Although they themselves generally do not have any washing or cleaning-active properties, in this way they increase the complexity and the costs of these agents Active substances due to the compaction pressure occurring during tabletting Inactivation of the active substances may also be due to the increased contact surfaces of the ingredients due to chemical reaction e rfolgen.

As an alternative to the particulate or compacted detergents or cleaners described above, solid or liquid detergents or cleaners which have a water-soluble or water-dispersible packaging are increasingly being described in recent years. These agents are characterized as the tablets by a simplified dosage, since they can be dosed together with the outer packaging in the washing machine or dishwasher, but on the other hand they also allow the preparation of liquid or powdered detergents or cleaners, which are compared to Kompak - did characterized by a better resolution and faster effectiveness. For example, EP 1 314 654 A2 (Unilever) discloses a dome-shaped pouch with a receiving chamber containing a liquid.

The subject of WO 01/83657 A2 (Procter & Gamble), however, are pouches which contain two particulate solids in a receiving chamber, each of which is present in fixed regions and does not mix with one another.

In addition to the packages which have only one receiving chamber, the prior art has also disclosed forms of offers which comprise more than one receiving chamber or more than one ready-made form.

Subject of the European application EP 1 256 623 A1 (Procter & Gamble) is a kit of at least two bags with different composition and optics. The bags are separate and not as a compact single product.

A method for producing multi-chamber bags by bonding second individual chambers describes the international application WO 02/85736 A1 (Reckitt Benckiser).

It is an object of the present application to provide a method for producing washing or cleaning ^agents', which allows the joint assembly of solid and liquid or flowable washing or cleaning agent compositions in separate areas of a compact dosage unit. The final process product should be characterized by an attractive appearance.

This object has been achieved by a process for producing portioned detergents or cleaners, comprising the steps of a) providing a molded body having a cavity which has at least two openings on the surface of the molded body; b) applying a first water-soluble or water-dispersible film material to one of the openings of the cavity; c) deep drawing the first water-soluble or water-dispersible film material into the cavity to form a receiving chamber formed by the film material, wherein the film material is deep-drawn such that the receiving chamber formed by the film material protrudes from a second opening; d) filling a washing or cleaning-active substance in the receiving chamber. The moldings used may be those which are known to the person skilled in the art and are customary in the range of the portioned detergents or cleaners. Preference according to the invention is given to those processes in which a tablet, a compact, an extrudate, an injection-molded body, a cast body or a shaped body composed of these shaped bodies is used in step a) as the shaped body. With particular preference, the molding used in step a) is a tablet.

The production of washing or cleaning agent tablets is preferably carried out in a manner known to those skilled in the art by compressing particulate starting substances. To prepare the tablets, the premix is compressed in a so-called matrix between two punches to form a solid compressed product. This process, hereinafter referred to as tabletting, is divided into four sections: dosing, compaction (elastic deformation), plastic deformation and ejection. The tabletting is preferably carried out on so-called rotary presses.

When tableting with rotary presses, it has proven to be advantageous to carry out the tableting with the lowest possible weight fluctuations of the tablet. In this way, the hardness fluctuations of the tablet can be reduced. Small variations in weight can be achieved in the following ways:

Use of plastic inserts with small thickness tolerances Low number of revolutions of the rotor

- Big filling shoes

- Adjustment of the filling paddle speed to the speed of the rotor. The filling shoe with constant powder level

Decoupling of filling shoe and powder template

To reduce Stempelanbackungen offer all known from the art non-stick coatings. Plastic coatings, plastic inserts or plastic stamps are particularly advantageous. Rotary punches have also proved to be advantageous, wherein, if possible, upper and lower punches should be rotatable. With rotating punches can be dispensed with a plastic insert usually. Here, the stamp surfaces should be electropolished.

Preferred processes in the context of the present invention are characterized in that the pressing takes place at pressing pressures of 0.01 to 50 kNcrrf ² , preferably of 0.1 to 40 kNcrrf ² and in particular of 1 to 25 kNcm ^'2 . The individual phases of two- or more-phase tablet are preferably arranged in layers. The weight ratio of the phase with the lowest weight fraction of the tablet is preferably at least 5 wt .-%, preferably at least 10 wt .-% and in particular at least 20 wt .-%. The proportion by weight of the phase with the highest proportion by weight of the tablet in the case of biphasic tablets is preferably not more than 90% by weight, preferably not more than 80% by weight and in particular between 55 and 70% by weight. In the case of three-phase tablets, the proportion by weight of the phase with the highest proportion by weight of the tablet is preferably not more than 80% by weight, preferably not more than 70% by weight and in particular between 40 and 60% by weight.

In a further preferred embodiment of the detergent tablets according to the invention, the structure of the tablet is onion-like. In such a tablet, at least one inner layer is completely surrounded by at least one outer layer.

In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the shaped body provided in step a) is an annular shaped body, preferably a ring tablet. Such a ring molding is characterized by a cavity, the two openings are located on the opposite sides of the molding. In other words, the cavity connects two opposite sides of the molding. Such a shaped ring body results, for example, when the trough bottom is removed in a conventional mortar tablet.

In a preferred embodiment, the shaped body provided in step a), preferably the annular shaped body, has a cuboid shape. The cuboid is a body delimited by six rectangular surfaces, with always two opposing surfaces being equal. The cuboid has 12 edges, which need not all be the same length, and 8 corners. Preferred cuboids preferably have two, preferably three different edge lengths. For cuboids with three different edge lengths, the largest edge length denotes the width, the smallest edge length the height and the remaining edge length the depth of the cuboid. Particularly preferred are those cuboids having a height of less than 25 mm, preferably less than 22 mm and in particular less than 20 mm. Preferred ring shaped bodies in cuboid shape have a width between 30 and 40 mm, a depth between 22 and 28 mm and a height between 14 and 21 mm. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the two largest surfaces of this shaped body are interconnected by the cavity. In other words, it is the two largest surfaces, also referred to as bases or top and bottom, which have the two openings of the cavity. The depth of the cavity is in such a case the height of the molding. In a further preferred embodiment, the shaped body, preferably the annular shaped body, has the shape of a circular cylinder, preferably a straight circular cylinder. The circular cylinder is characterized by two opposing circular surface and a circular surface connecting these circular surfaces. The height of the circular cylinder corresponds to the height of the lateral surface.

Particularly preferred are ring moldings with rounded corners and / or edges. Alternatively, corners and / or edges can be bevelled, that is to say have a so-called chamfer.

The term "cavity" in the context of the present invention by the molding through holes or holes, which connect two sides of the molding, preferably opposite sides of the molding, for example, the bottom and roof surface of the molding together.

The shape of the cavity can be chosen freely. As with the moldings, cavities with rounded corners and edges or with rounded corners and chamfered edges are preferred. Inventive portioned detergents or cleaners based on a shaped body whose cavity has rounded corners and edges or rounded corners and chamfered edges, are characterized by an increased mechanical stability of the thermoformed receiving chamber.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the cavity is an opening, which connects two opposite sides of the molding together. A corresponding shaped body can be referred to as a ring body. The aperture areas of the aperture in the surface of this annular body may be the same size but may differ in size. If a tablet is used as the shaped body, then the shaped body with such a breakthrough corresponds to a so-called ring tablet. Breakthrough shaped moldings are particularly preferably used in which the opening areas of the opening on the opposite sides of the molded body are less than 80%, preferably less than 60%, preferably less than 40%, based on the larger of the two opening areas. more preferably differ by less than 20% and in particular by less than 10%. Particularly preferred ring tablets are used, in which the opening areas of the aperture have the same size. The cross-section of the aperture may be angular or round. Cross sections with one, two, three, four, five, six or more corners can be realized, however, such shaped bodies are particularly preferred in the context of the present application, which have a breakthrough without corners, preferably a breakthrough with a round or oval cross-section. As a "cross-section" In this case, a surface is referred to, which is perpendicular to a straight connecting line between the centers of the two opposite opening surfaces of the shaped body. Of course, the molding may have more than one cavity. Moldings having two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve or more cavities are particularly preferred in the present application. According to the invention, the cavity (s) of the shaped body have at least two openings (per cavity). Moldings with two, three, four or more cavities have correspondingly at least four, six or eight openings. Preference is given in particular to those shaped bodies which have exactly two openings per cavity, such shaped bodies having one or two cavities and two or four openings being particularly preferred.

Inventive methods in which a shaped body having a cavity is used in step a), characterized in that the cavity has two openings which are located on opposite sides of the shaped body, are preferred according to the invention.

The volume of the cavity is preferably between 0.1 and 20 ml, preferably between 0.2 and 15 ml, more preferably between 1 and 10 ml and in particular between 2 and 7 ml.

In step b) of the process according to the invention, a water-soluble or water-dispersible film material is placed on one of the openings of the cavity.

Particularly preferred water-soluble or water-dispersible film materials which are suitable both for the production of the receiving chambers and for their sealing of the filled receiving chambers contain at least one of the following polymers:

a) water-soluble nonionic polymers from the group of a1) polyvinylpyrrolidones, a2) vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl ester copolymers, a3) cellulose ethers

b) water-soluble amphoteric polymers from the group of b1) alkylacrylamide / acrylic acid copolymers b2) alkylacrylamide / methacrylic acid copolymers b3) alkylacrylamide / methylmethacrylic acid copolymers b4) alkylacrylamide / acrylic acid / alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylic acid copolymers b5) alkylacrylamide / methacrylic acid / alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylic acid copolymers b6) alkylacrylamide / methylmethacrylic acid / alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylic acid copolymers b7) alkylacrylamide / alkymethacrylate / alkylaminoethylmethacrylate / alkylmethacrylate

Copolymers b8) Copolymers of bδi) unsaturated carboxylic acids bδii) cationically derivatized unsaturated carboxylic acids bδiii) optionally further ionic or nonionic monomers

c) water-soluble zwitterionic polymers from the group of c1) acrylamidoalkyltrialkylammonium chloride / acrylic acid copolymers and their alkali metal and ammonium salts c2) acrylamidoalkyltrialkylammonium chloride / methacrylic acid copolymers and their

Alkali and ammonium salts c3) methacroylethylbetaine / methacrylate copolymers

d) water-soluble anionic polymers from the group of d1) vinyl acetate / crotonic acid copolymers d2) vinylpyrrolidone / inyl acrylate copolymers d3) acrylic acid / ethyl acrylate / N-tert-butylacrylamide terpolymers d4) graft polymers of vinyl esters, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid alone or im Mixture copolymerized with crotonic acid, acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with polyalkylene oxides and / or polyalkylene glycols d5) grafted and crosslinked copolymers from the copolymerization of d5i) at least one nonionic type monomer, d5ii) at least one ionic type monomer, dδiii) from polyethylene glycol and dδiv) a crosslinked d6) by copolymerization of at least one monomer of each of the following three

Groups of copolymers obtained: dδi) esters of unsaturated alcohols and short-chain saturated carboxylic acids and / or esters of short-chain saturated alcohols and unsaturated carboxylic acids, dδii) unsaturated carboxylic acids, dδiii) esters of long-chain carboxylic acids and unsaturated alcohols and / or

Esters of the carboxylic acids of group dδii) with saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched C ₈ .i ₈ -alcohols d7) terpolymers of crotonic acid, vinyl acetate and an allyl or methallyl ester dδ) tetra- and pentapolymers of dδi) crotonic acid or allyloxyacetic acid dδii) vinyl acetate or vinyl propionate dδiii) branched AIIyI- or methallyl esters dδiv) vinyl ethers, vinyl esters or straight AIIyI- or methallyl esters d9) crotonic acid copolymers with one or more monomers from the group

Ethylene, vinylbenzene, vinylmethyl ether, acrylamide and their water-soluble salts d10) terpolymers of vinyl acetate, crotonic acid and vinyl esters of a saturated aliphatic α-branched monocarboxylic acid

e) water-soluble cationic polymers from the group of e1) quaternized cellulose derivatives e2) polysiloxanes with quaternary groups e3) cationic guar derivatives e4) polymeric dimethyldiallylammonium salts and their copolymers with esters and

Amides of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid e5) Copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone with quaternized derivatives of dialkylaminoacrylate and methacrylate e6) vinylpyrrolidone-methoimidazolinium chloride copolymers e7) quaternized polyvinyl alcohol eδ) under the INCI names Polyquaternium 2, Polyquaternium 17, Polyquaternium 18 and Polyquaternium 27 indicated polymers.

Water-soluble polymers in the context of the invention are those polymers which are soluble in water at room temperature in excess of 2.5% by weight.

The films and film webs used in the process according to the invention preferably comprise at least partially a substance from the group (acetalated) polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, gelatin.

In a preferred process variant, the film material comprises one or more water-soluble polymer (s), preferably a material from the group (optionally acetalized) polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL), polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, gelatin, cellulose, and derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof.

"Polyvinyl alcohols" (abbreviated PVAL, occasionally PVOH) is the name for polymers of the general structure CH 2 CH CH 2 CH OH OH

in small proportions (about 2%) also structural units of the type

contain.

Commercially available polyvinyl alcohols, which are available as white-yellowish powders or granules with degrees of polymerization in the range of about 100 to 2500 (molar masses of about 4000 to 100,000 g / mol), have degrees of hydrolysis of 98-99 or 87-89 mol%. , so still contain a residual content of acetyl groups. The polyvinyl alcohols are characterized by the manufacturer by indicating the degree of polymerization of the starting polymer, the degree of hydrolysis, the saponification number or the solution viscosity.

Depending on the degree of hydrolysis, polyvinyl alcohols are soluble in water and a few strongly polar organic solvents (formamide, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide); They are not attacked by (chlorinated) hydrocarbons, esters, fats and oils. Polyvinyl alcohols are classified as toxicologically safe and are biologically at least partially degradable. The water solubility can be reduced by aftertreatment with aldehydes (acetalization), by complexation with Ni or Cu salts or by treatment with dichromates, boric acid or borax. The coatings of polyvinyl alcohol are largely impermeable to gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, but allow water vapor to pass through.

In the present invention, it is preferable that the film material used in the process of the present invention at least partially comprises a polyvinyl alcohol whose degree of hydrolysis is 70 to 100 mol%, preferably 80 to 90 mol%, more preferably 81 to 89 mol%, and especially 82 to 88 mol%. In a preferred embodiment, the first film material used in the process according to the invention comprises at least 20% by weight, more preferably at least 40% by weight, very preferably at least 60% by weight and in particular at least 80% by weight. of a polyvinyl alcohol whose degree of hydrolysis is 70 to 100 mol%, preferably 80 to 90 mol%, particularly preferably 81 to 89 mol%, and more preferably 82 to 88 mol%. Polyvinyl alcohols having a specific molecular weight range are preferably used as film materials, wherein it is preferred for the coating material to comprise a polyvinyl alcohol whose molecular weight is in the range of 10,000 to 100,000 gmol ^-1 , preferably 11,000 to 90,000 gmol ^-1 , particularly preferably 12,000 to 80,000 gmol ^"1 and in particular from 13,000 to 70,000 gmol ^{" 1} lies.

The degree of polymerization of such preferred polyvinyl alcohols is between about 200 to about 2100, preferably between about 220 to about 1890, more preferably between about 240 to about 1680, and most preferably between about 260 to about 1500.

The polyvinyl alcohols described above are widely available commercially, for example under the trade name Mowiol ^® (Clariant). In the present invention, particularly suitable polyvinyl alcohols are, for example, Mowiol ^® 3-83, Mowiol ^® 4-88, Mowiol ^® 5-88 and Mowiol ^® 8-88.

Further polyvinyl alcohols which are particularly suitable as film material are shown in the following table:

Other suitable polyvinyl alcohols are as the film material ELVANOL 51-05, 52-22, 50-42, 85- 82, 75-15, T-25, T-66, 90-50 (trademark of Du Pont), ALCOTEX 72.5 ^®, 78 , B72, F80 / 40, F88 / 4, F88 / 26, F88 / 40, F88 / 47 (trademark of Harlow Chemical Co.), Gohsenol ^® NK-05, A-300, AH-22, C-500, GH -20, GL-03, GM-14L, KA-20, KA-500, KH-20, KP-06, N-300, NH-26, NM11Q, KZ-06 (Trademark of Nippon Gohsei KK).

The water solubility of PVAL can be altered by post-treatment with aldehydes (acetalization) or ketones (ketalization). Particularly preferred and particularly advantageous because of their pronounced cold water solubility in this case have polyvinyl alcohol Ie acetalated or ketalized with the aldehyde or keto groups of saccharides or polysaccharides or mixtures thereof. To use extremely advantageous are the reaction products of PVAL and starch.

Furthermore, the water solubility can be changed by complexing with Ni or Cu salts or by treatment with dichromates, boric acid, borax and thus set specifically to desired values. Films made of PVAL are largely impermeable to gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, but allow water vapor to pass through. Examples of suitable water PVAL films are those available under the name "SOLUBLON® ^®" from Syntana Handelsgesellschaft E. Harke GmbH & Co. PVAL films. Their solubility in water can be adjusted to the exact degree, and films of this product series are available which are soluble in aqueous phase in all temperature ranges relevant for the application.

Polyvinylpyrrolidones, referred to as PVP for short, can be described by the following general formula:

PVP are prepared by radical polymerization of 1-vinylpyrrolidone. Commercially available PVP have molecular weights in the range of about 2,500 to 750,000 g / mol and are available as white, hygroscopic powders or as aqueous solutions.

Polyethylene oxides, PEOX for short, are polyalkylene glycols of the general formula

H- [O-CH ₂ -CH ₂ ] _n -OH

the technically by alkaline-catalyzed polyaddition of ethylene oxide (oxirane) in mostly small amounts of water-containing systems are prepared with ethylene glycol as the starting molecule. They have molar masses in the range of about 200 to 5,000,000 g / mol, corresponding to degrees of polymerization n of about 5 to> 100,000. Polyethylene oxides have an extremely low concentration of reactive hydroxy end groups and show only weak glycol properties.

Gelatine is a polypeptide (molar mass: approx. 15,000 to> 250,000 g / mol), which is produced primarily by hydrolysis of the collagen contained in the skin and bones of animals under acidic or alkaline conditions. see conditions is won. The amino acid composition of gelatin is broadly similar to that of the collagen from which it was obtained and varies depending on its provenance. The use of gelatin as a water-soluble packaging material is extremely widespread, especially in pharmacy in the form of hard or soft gelatin capsules. In the form of films, gelatin has hitherto been of little use because of its high price in comparison with the abovementioned polymers.

In the context of the process according to the invention, preference is given to film materials which comprise a polymer from the group starch and starch derivatives, cellulose and cellulose derivatives, in particular methyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof.

Starch is a homoglycan, wherein the glucose units are linked α-glycosidically. Starch is composed of two components of different molecular weights: about 20 to 30% straight-chain amylose (MW about 50,000 to 150,000) and 70 to 80% branched-chain amylopectin (MW about 300,000 to 2,000,000). In addition, small amounts of lipids, phosphoric acid and cations are still included. While the amylose forms long, helical, entangled chains with about 300 to 1,200 glucose molecules as a result of the binding in the 1,4-position, the chain branched in amylopectin after an average of 25 glucose building blocks by 1,6-bonding to a branch-like structure with about 1,500 to 12,000 molecules of glucose. In addition to pure starch, starch-derivatives which are obtainable from starch by polymer-analogous reactions are also suitable for the preparation of water-soluble coatings of the detergent, detergent and cleaner portions in the context of the present invention. Such chemically modified starches include, for example, products of esterifications or etherifications in which hydroxy hydrogen atoms have been substituted. However, starches in which the hydroxy groups have been replaced by functional groups that are not bound by an oxygen atom can also be used as starch derivatives. The group of starch derivatives includes, for example, alkali starches, carboxymethyl starch (CMS), starch esters and ethers and amino starches.

Pure cellulose has the formal gross composition (C ₆ H ₁₀ O ₅ ) ,, and formally represents a β-1,4-polyacetal of cellobiose, which in turn is composed of two molecules of glucose. Suitable celluloses consist of about 500 to 5,000 glucose units and therefore have average molecular weights of 50,000 to 500,000. Cellulose-based disintegrating agents which can be used in the context of the present invention are also cellulose derivatives obtainable by polymer-analogous reactions of cellulose. Such chemically modified celluloses include, for example, products of esterifications or etherifications in which hydroxy hydrogen atoms have been substituted. But also celluloses in which the hydroxy groups are protected against functional groups that are not oxygenated. are replaced, can be used as cellulose derivatives. The group of cellulose derivatives includes, for example, alkali metal celluloses, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), cellulose esters and ethers, and aminocelluloses.

Preferred methods according to the invention are characterized in that at least one of the film materials used is transparent or translucent.

The material used as a film material or as a sealing material is preferably transparent. For the purposes of this invention, transparency means that the transmittance within the visible spectrum of the light (410 to 800 nm) is greater than 20%, preferably greater than 30%, more preferably greater than 40% and in particular greater than 50%. Thus, once a wavelength of the visible spectrum of the light has a transmittance greater than 20%, it is to be regarded as transparent within the meaning of the invention.

Films used according to the invention may contain a stabilizing agent. Stabilizing agents in the context of the invention are materials which protect the ingredients contained in the receiving chambers from decomposition or deactivation by light irradiation. Antioxidants, UV absorbers and fluorescent dyes have proven to be particularly suitable here.

The film materials used according to the invention are preferably cast or blown films. Preferred process variants are characterized in that the film used has a thickness of 5 to 2000 .mu.m, preferably from 10 to 1000 .mu.m, more preferably from 15 to 500 .mu.m, most preferably from 20 to 200 .mu.m and in particular from 25 to 100 microns.

The films used may be single-layer or multi-layer films (laminate films). The water content of the films is preferably below 10 wt .-%, more preferably below 7 wt .-%, most preferably below 5 wt .-% and in particular below 4 wt .-%.

In step c) of the process according to the invention, the water-soluble or water-dispersible film is deep-drawn into the cavity of the shaped body.

Deep drawing preferably takes place by moving the film material over the cavity and molding the wrapping material into this cavity by the action of pressure and / or vacuum. The film material can be pretreated before or during the shaping by the action of heat and / or solvent and / or conditioning before by relative to ambient conditions changed relative humidity and / or temperatures. The pressure Effect can be done by a tool. However, the action of compressed air and / or the weight of the film and / or the weight of an active substance applied to the upper side of the film is also suitable as pressure forces.

The deep-drawn sheet material is preferably fixed after deep-drawing by use of a vacuum within the cavity and in its achieved by the deep-drawing process space shape. The vacuum is preferably applied continuously from deep drawing to filling until sealing and in particular until the separation of the receiving chambers. With comparable results, however, the use of a discontinuous vacuum, for example, for deep drawing of the receiving chambers and (after an interruption) before and during the filling of the receiving chambers, possible. Also, the continuous or discontinuous vacuum can vary in its thickness and, for example, take higher values at the beginning of the process (during deep drawing of the film) than at its end (during filling or sealing or singulation).

As already mentioned, the film material can be pretreated by the action of heat before or during the molding into the cavity of the moldings. The sheet material, preferably a soluble or water-polymer film, will be up to 5 seconds, preferably for 0.1 to 4 seconds, more preferably for 0.2 to 3 seconds and in particular 0.4 to 2 seconds for temperatures above 60 ⁰ C, for preferably above 8O ⁰ C, more preferably between 100 and 120 ⁰ C and in particular heated to temperatures between 105 and 115 ° C. In order to dissipate this heat, but in particular also to dissipate the heat introduced by the means filled in the deep-drawn receiving chambers (eg melting), it is preferable to cool the films after deep-drawing. The cooling is preferably carried out at temperatures below 2O ⁰ C, preferably below 15 ⁰ C, more preferably at temperatures between 2 and 14 ⁰ C and in particular at temperatures between 4 and 12 ° C. Preferably, the cooling takes place continuously from the beginning of the deep-drawing process to the sealing and separation of the receiving chambers.

This cooling, as well as the previously described continuous or discontinuous application of a vacuum has the advantage of preventing shrinkage of the deep-drawn containers after deep drawing, whereby not only the appearance of the process product is improved, but also at the same time the discharge of the filled into the receiving chambers means the edge of the receiving chamber, for example in the sealing areas of the chamber, is avoided. Problems with the sealing of the filled chambers are thus avoided. The water-soluble or water-dispersible film material is thermoformed in step c) of the method according to the invention deviating from conventional thermoforming deep into the cavity of the molding that it protrudes from one of the openings of the molding.

Deep drawing of the water-soluble or water-dispersible sheet material can be accomplished by a variety of different approaches. In a preferred embodiment, an annular shaped body is moved in step a) of the method according to the invention into the receiving troughs of a thermoforming die. For the deep drawing of the film material into the cavity, a number of different process variants open, in the course of which the film material is deep-drawn into the cavity in such a way that the receiving chamber formed by the deep-drawing protrudes from one of the openings of the molding. Some particularly preferred process variants are described in more detail below.

In a first particularly preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the bottom surface of the receiving trough and the underside of the shaped body are designed such that the bottom surface and the underside of the shaped body do not close to one another with a precise fit, but instead form a cavity between the bottom surface of the cavity and the underside of the shaped body in which the film material can be drawn through the cavity. Such a cavity is formed, for example, when a shaped body with a flat (flat) underside is moved into a cavity whose bottom has a recess in the region of the cavity of the shaped body. Such recesses can be realized for example by cavities with a concavely curved bottom surface. Alternatively, the bottom surface may have a stepped surface profile, wherein the shaped body rests in the cavity on the uppermost step, while the film material can be deep-drawn to a lower level. The height difference between the step on which the shaped body rests and the lower step, to which the film material can be deep-drawn, is preferably between 1 and 20 mm, preferably between 1 and 15 mm and in particular between 1 and 10 mm. The upper step is preferably located at the edge of the bottom surface and, with particular preference, passes directly into the sidewall of the cavity. The deeper step to which the sheet material can be deep-drawn preferably has one or more holes through which the interior of the cavity can be evacuated. Conventional thermoforming dies have a flat bottom surface. In order to provide these deep-drawing dies with the above-described concave or stepped bottom profile, suitable inserts, for example, are inserted into the cavities. These profiles may, for example, have a plano-concave cross section (for the realization of concave bottom surfaces) or be designed in ring form (for the realization of stepped bottom surfaces). Suitable materials for these inserts are in addition to the usual materials for thermoforming dies, so for example steel, especially elastic materials. Preferably used elastic materials come from the group of plastics. In the context of the present invention, the term "plastics" characterizes materials whose essential constituents consist of such macromolecular organic compounds which are produced synthetically or by modification of natural products and are in many cases meltable and formable under certain conditions (heat and pressure) Plastics are thus in principle organic polymers and can be classified either according to their physical properties (thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers), the nature of the reaction of their preparation (polymers, polycondensates and polyadducts) or according to their chemical nature (polyolefins, polyesters, polyamides, polyols). urethanes, etc.).

Elastomers are particularly preferably used as elastic materials. For the purposes of this application, "elastomers" are polymers having rubber-elastic behavior, and particularly preferred elastomers are characterized in that they can be repeatedly stretched at least twice their length due to their rubber-elastic behavior at 20.degree The elastomers are wide-meshed, high-polymer materials that can not flow viscously at the service temperature due to the linking of the individual polymer chains at the cross-linking sites Elastomers have a glass transition temperature T ₉ (dyn) (in the case of amorphous polymers) or melting temperature T _m (dyn) (in the case of semicrystalline polymers) generally below ⁰ ° C. Below this temperature, only energy-elastic and energy / entropy-elastic forms are used Changes are possible, while above this temperature up to the decomposition temperature rubber-elastic (entropy-elastic) deformations are allowed. Irreversibly crosslinked elastomers are generally made by vulcanization of natural and synthetic rubbers.

In the context of the present application, particular preference is given to elastic materials from the group of elastomers, in particular from the group consisting of acrylate rubber, polyester urethane rubber, brominated butyl rubber, polybudadiene, chlorinated butyl rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, epichlorohydrin (homopolymer). , Polychloroprene, sulfurized polyethylene, ethylene-1-acrylate rubber, epichlorohydrin (copolymers), ethylene-propylene terpolymer (sulfur-crosslinked), ethylene-propylene copolymer (peroxide crosslinked), polyether-urethane rubber, ethylene-vinyl acetate Copolymer, fluoro rubber, fluorosilicone rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, dimethyl polysiloxane (vinyl containing), natural rubber, synthetic rubber (synthetic polyisoprene), thioplasts, polyfluorophosphazenes, polynorbornene, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber (carboxy group-containing ). Acrylic rubber is a collective term for rubber-elastomeric, vulcanizable copolymers based on acrylic acid esters (in particular ethyl and butyl acrylates) which contain small amounts of comonomers such as ethylene or methacrylic acid, which promote the rapid vulcanization of the acrylic rubbers.

Polybutadiene is the collective name for polymers of 1,3-butadiene. The polymerization of the monomer can be carried out under 1, 4 or 1, 2 linkage. The repeat units may also be present in cis or frans configuration in the polymer chain. Polybutadienes can be prepared from 1,3-butadiene by free-radical, anionic, coordination or alfin-initiated polymerizations (Alfin polymerization).

Poly (2-chloro-1,3-butadiene) e is the name given to polymers of chloroprene (2-chloro, 3-butadiene), which are prepared industrially by emulsion polymerization.

Fluororubbers are thermoplastic fluoropolymers that are converted to fluoroelastomers by vulcanization. Of particular industrial importance are the copolymers poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), poly (2-ethylidene fluoride-co-tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoromethylvinyl ether), poly (tetrafluoroethylene) co-propylene) and polytyinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene). Preferred production method for fluorinated rubbers is the polymerization of the monomers in aqueous emulsion in the temperature range of 80-125 ⁰ C and 2-10x10 ⁶ Pa.

Butyl rubbers are copolymers of isobutylene and »0.5-5 wt .-% isoprene, which by cationic polymerization at temperatures of about -40 ° C to -100 ° C in the solution (Lsm .: hexane) or precipitation method ( Lsm .: methylene chloride). Thus, butyl rubbers contain the isoprene double bonds incorporated in the frans 1, 4 configuration, which are used for vulcanization or modification of the butyl rubbers by chlorination (chlorobutyl rubber, short CUR) or bromination (bromobutyl rubber, abbreviated to BIIR ) can be used. Vulcanized butyl rubber is characterized by very low gas permeability, high resistance to oxygen, ozone, acids, bases and polar organic solvents and can be used in the temperature range from about -3O ⁰ C to 190 ° C.

Nitrile rubber is the name for a synthetic rubber obtained by copolymerization of acrylonitrile and butadiene in mass ratios of about 52:48 to 82:18. Its production takes place almost exclusively in aqueous emulsion. The resulting emulsions are used as such (NBR latex) or worked up to give solid rubber. The properties of the nitrile rubber depend on the ratio of the starting monomers and its molecular weight. The vulcanizates obtainable from nitrile rubber have high contents. Compared to fuels, oils, fats and hydrocarbons and are distinguished from those made of natural rubber by more favorable aging behavior, lower abrasion and reduced gas permeability.

Natural rubber is the name - hereinafter the abbreviation NR (according to DIN ISO 1629: 1981-10, derived from natural rubber) is used - for rubber, which occurs in the white latex (latex) of the milk tubes of numerous dicotyledons. However, NR is almost exclusively extracted (almost 99%) from the latex which flows out when the secondary bark of the strains of rubber or paracuma trees (Hevea brasiliensis, family Wolfwort plants, Euphorbiaceae) is scored. Like the synthetic rubber, NR is a polyisoprene whose enzymatically catalyzed biosynthesis proceeds via isopentyl and farnesyl pyrophosphate as precursors. Raw NR undergoes detrimental changes upon prolonged storage under exposure to light and air due to cross-linking and oxidation reactions. NR became a valuable engineering product after American Goodyear introduced hot air vulcanization in 1840, still the most important NR vulcanization process. In this Verf. The crude rubber is heated after kneading with sulfur to 130-140 ⁰ C (about 1 h). By reacting the sulfur with a part of the double bonds of the polyisoprene chains, the individual macromolecules of NR are linked to each other via mono- or polyatomic (S or S _x ) sulfur bridges. This intermolecular crosslinking reaction eventually results in an insoluble and thermoplastic non-processable product called gum. Depending on the amount of sulfur used in the vulcanization, soft rubber (1-4 parts sulfur) or hard rubber (> 20 parts sulfur) is obtained. The sulfur can also be bound intramolecularly by the NR molecules while reducing the tensile and structural strength of the vulcanizate. Depending on the nature of the rubber (natural and / or synthetic rubber) and the intended use of the rubber, the rubber processing requires the addition of numerous other substances; Inevitably, a highly specialized rubber technology has developed in view of the many variables (order and duration of exposure, temperature, reciprocal influence of additives). As such, as well as the above-mentioned additives, some of which are treated in single keywords and often generalized as rubber chemicals, NR (also synthetic rubbers) are mainly: fillers (carbon black, among others carbon blacks, silica gel, silicates such as kaolin, chalk, talc, etc.), Pigments (organic dyes, lithopones, titanium dioxide, iron oxides, chromium and cadmium compounds), plasticizers (mineral oils, ethers and thioethers, esters and other elastomers, factions), mastics (thiophenols, optionally chlorinated, and their zinc salts ), Anti-aging agents, which include the antioxidants, heat, ozone, light, fatigue and hydrolysis protection agents (aromatic amines, phenols, phosphites, waxes and many others), blowing agents for porous articles (hydrazides, Nitrosoamines, azodicarboxylic acid derivatives), flame retardants (chlorinated alkanes, haloalkyl phosphates), preservatives and termites (chlorophenols, phosphoric acid esters), odor-improving agents Agents, antistatics, release agents to reduce tackiness and to facilitate the relief of rolls and molds (waxes, greases, stearates, silicone oils), adhesives to improve the adhesion of NR to metals or fabrics (cobalt naphthenate, resorcinol-formaldehyde resins, phenol Resins, isocyanates, protein). For less frequently used cold vulcanization, which is limited to thin NR articles, the raw rubber products are immersed in a solution of disulfur dichloride (S ₂ Cl ₂ ) in carbon disulfide (CS ₂ ), benzine or benzene for some seconds to a few minutes and then brought to ammonia Atmosphere to neutralize the resulting hydrochloric acid and decompose the excess Dischwefeldichlorid. The unsaturated nature of NR allows not only the preparation of vulcanizates, but also of addition derivatives such as hydrochlorinated NR (addition of HCl), chlorinated rubber (addition of Cl ₂ ), cyclo rubber (exposure to acids or metal halides), AC rubber.

Thioplasts or polysulfide rubbers is the name for polycondensates of organic dihalides and alkali metal polysulfides, which are marketed under the name Thiokol ^® .

Polynorbornene [poly (1,3-cyclopentylenevinylene) is the name given to polyalkene-based polymers obtainable by metathesis polymerization of norbomene. Polynorbornenes are traded as amorphous white powders. They have molar masses of about 2000000 g / mol, a glass transition temperature of 35-45 ⁰ C and a high proportion (about 80%) of double bonds in frans position. They can be processed as rubber if they are plasticized by the addition of mineral oils to lower the glass transition temperature to elastomers.

Styrene-butadiene rubber is the collective name for polymers of styrene and butadiene, which contain the two monomers usually in the weight ratio of about 23.5: 76.5, in exceptional cases also 40:60. They are prepared by emulsion polymerization or solution polymerization. The emulsion polymerization in water, which is started with redox initiators at low temperatures (cold rubber) or at higher temperatures (hot rubber) with persulfates, gives latexes which are used as such or worked up to solid rubber , The molecular weights of emulsion styrene butadiene rubber are in the range of about 250000-800000 g / mol; Cold and hot rubbers differ in the degree of branching. In the solution polymerization a-aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons are used as solvents and eg alkyllithium as an initiator. The rubbers are marketed as such or blended with oil or filled with carbon blacks and represent the most important synthetic rubbers. Particular advantages of the products resulting from the vulcanization of emulsion SBR are high resistance to dynamic fatigue and aging and heat resistance. Against weather and ozone influence they must be stabilized by antioxidants. They are resistant to many non-polar ones organic solvents, dilute acids and bases, but swell strongly in contact with fuels, oils or fats.

In the final step d) of the process according to the invention, the deep-drawn receiving chamber is filled with a washing or cleaning-active substance. A method, characterized in that in step d) a flowable washing or cleaning substance, preferably a particulate substance or a liquid, is filled, are particularly preferred.

Suitable flowable washing and cleaning-active substances or preparations are, for example, liquid (s), in particular melts, gels, powders, granules, extrudates or compacts.

The term "liquid" in the present application denotes substances or substance mixtures as well as solutions or suspensions which are in the liquid state of matter.

Powder is a general term for a form of division of solids and / or mixtures obtained by comminution, that is, grinding or crushing in the mortar (pulverization), grinding in mills or as a result of atomization or freeze-drying. A particularly fine division is often called atomization or micronization; the corresponding powders are called micro-powders.

According to the grain size, a rough classification of the powders in coarse, fine and ultrafine powders is usual; A more detailed classification of powdery bulk solids is made by their bulk density and sieve analysis.

Powders can be compacted and agglomerated by extrusion, pressing, rolling, briquetting, pelleting and related processes. Each of the methods known in the prior art for the agglomeration of particulate mixtures is in principle suitable for producing the solids contained in the agents according to the invention. In the context of the present invention, preferably agglomerates used as solid (s) are, in addition to the granules, the compacts and extrudates.

Granules are aggregations of Granulatkömehen called. A granule (granule) is an asymmetric aggregate of powder particles. Granulation methods are widely described in the art. Granules can be produced by wet granulation, by dry granulation or compaction and by melt solidification granulation. The most common granulation technique is wet granulation, since this technique is subject to the fewest restrictions and leads most safely to granules with favorable properties. The wet granulation is carried out by moistening the powder mixtures with solvents and / or solvent mixtures and / or solutions of binders and / or solutions of adhesives and is preferably carried out in mixers, fluidized beds or spray towers, said mixer can be equipped, for example, with stirring and kneading tools. However, combinations of fluidized bed (s) and mixer (s) or combinations of different mixers can also be used for the granulation. The granulation is dependent on the starting material and the desired product properties under the action of low to high shear forces.

If the granulation in a spray tower so as starting materials, for example, melting (melt solidification) or, preferably aqueous, slurries (spray drying) of solid substances are used, which are sprayed at the top of a tower in a defined droplet size, solidify in free fall or dry and on Floor of the tower incurred as granules. Melt solidification is generally particularly suitable for shaping low-melting substances which are stable in the melting temperature range (eg urea, ammonium nitrate and various formulations such as enzyme concentrates, pharmaceuticals etc.), the corresponding granules are also referred to as prills. Spray drying is used especially for the production of detergents or detergent ingredients.

Other agglomeration techniques described in the prior art are the extruder or Lochwaizengranulierungen in which optionally mixed with Granulierflüssigkeit powder mixtures are plastically deformed during pressing through perforated discs (extrusion) or on perforated rollers. The products of extruder granulation are also referred to as extrudates.

If powders, granules, extrudates or compactates are used as flowable substances, preferred particulate substances, based on their total weight, are at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 80% by weight and in particular at least 90% by weight, particle sizes below 5000 μm, preferably below 3000 μm, preferably below 1000 μm, very particularly preferably between 50 and 1000 μm and in particular between 100 and 800 μm.

Particularly preferred according to the invention are those processes in which different flowable substances or compositions are filled into the receptacle in step d). In a first particularly preferred embodiment, washing or cleaning-active compositions of different color are introduced into the receptacle, wherein it is particularly preferred that these compositions are filled in chronological order to form a two- or multi-layered bed in the receptacle.

In a further particularly preferred embodiment, a molten detergent or cleaning substance or preparation and subsequently a second, particulate washing or cleaning active preparation, such as a powder or granules or extrudate or compacted, is introduced into the receptacle first.

After completion of the filling of the receiving chamber in step d) of the method according to the invention, the filled receiving chamber is sealed in a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention in a further step e).

For sealing the filled receptacles are, for example, solidifying liquids such as melts or supersaturated solutions. However, further suitable are, for example, also film materials, in particular the film materials described above. In a preferred embodiment, the film material used for sealing in step e) has the same chemical composition and / or physical properties (e.g., thickness, solubility) as the film material thermoformed in step c).

Method, characterized in that the cavity opening is sealed after step d) in a further step e) are preferred according to the invention.

If the receiving chamber was not completely filled in step d) of the process according to the invention, it can, after the optional sealing in step e), be filled with one or more further washing- or cleaning-active substances or preparations. Therefore, processes according to the invention for producing portioned detergents or cleaners, comprising the steps of a) providing a shaped body having a cavity which has two openings on the surface of the shaped body, are furthermore preferred. b) applying a first water-soluble or water-dispersible film material to one of the openings of the cavity; c) deep drawing the first water-soluble or water-dispersible film material into the cavity to form a receiving chamber formed by the film material, wherein the film material is deep-drawn such that the receiving chamber formed by the film material protrudes from the second opening; d) filling a washing or cleaning-active substance in the receiving chamber, wherein the receiving chamber is only partially filled; e) sealing the partially filled receiving chamber, preferably with a water-soluble or water-dispersible film to form a further receiving chamber; f) filling a washing or cleaning-active substance in the receiving chamber formed in step e); g) optionally sealing the receiving chamber filled in step f).

The filled moldings produced according to this preferred process variant are characterized by a two-phase filling whose individual phases are separated from one another by the sealing element introduced in step e), preferably a water-soluble or water-dispersible film. The washing or cleaning-active substances filled in steps d) and f) may be identical, but are preferably different from one another. Particularly preferred are those process variants in which a liquid is introduced into the receiving chamber in at least one of the steps d) or f). Very particular preference is given to process variants in which one liquid is introduced in one of the steps d) or f), while in the other step a particulate composition, preferably a powder, granules, extrudate or compactate, is introduced. Particular preference is given to processes for producing portioned detergents or cleaners, comprising the steps of a) providing a shaped body having a cavity which has two openings on the surface of the shaped body; b) applying a first water-soluble or water-dispersible film material to one of the openings of the cavity; c) deep drawing the first water-soluble or water-dispersible film material into the cavity to form a receiving chamber formed by the film material, wherein the film material is deep-drawn such that the receiving chamber formed by the film material protrudes from the second opening; d) filling a particulate detergent or cleaning substance in the receiving chamber, wherein the receiving chamber is filled only partially; e) sealing the partially filled receiving chamber, preferably with a water-soluble or water-dispersible film to form a further receiving chamber; f) filling a liquid washing or cleaning active substance in the receiving chamber formed in step e); g) sealing the receiving chamber filled in step f).

The laundry detergent or cleaning product tablets produced by the process according to the invention described above have a receiving chamber made of a thermoformed or water-dispersible film material. This, during the manufacturing process By the action of a pressure deformed film material, after completion of the pressure usually has a so-called restoring force, due to which the film equalizes its original flat spatial form again. As a result of this restoring force, the volume of the receiving chamber made by the deep-drawing process will also decrease in subsequent sealing. The sealing foil optionally to be used for sealing the receiving chamber can buckle outward depending on the quality of the foil used due to the restoring force. In the resulting molded body, the deep-drawn container and / or the optionally inserted sealing film can then protrude from the opening surface of the shaped body or, in the case of the sealing film, protrude beyond the opening area of the cavity. Surprisingly, it has now been found that such shaped bodies are distinguished by an increased impact and breaking strength with a receiving chamber projecting from a cavity of the shaped body and / or a receiving chamber projecting beyond the opening area of the shaped body. This increased impact and fracture resistance results, for example, in an increased stability during production, transport and storage and thus makes it possible, inter alia, to reduce the packaging proportion of agents according to the invention.

A further subject of the present application is therefore a washing or cleaning agent comprising a washing or cleaning agent shaped body having a cavity which has at least two openings on opposite sides of the shaped body and a cavity located in the filled, water-soluble thermoforming container, characterized in that the filled water-soluble thermoforming container protrudes from at least one of the opening surfaces.

Another object of the present application is a washing or cleaning agent, comprising a detergent or cleaning igmentformkörper having a cavity which has at least one opening surface which is closed with a outwardly, ie convexly curved sealing films. With particular preference, this washing or cleaning product molding has a cavity with two openings located on opposite sides of the molding and a cavity-filled, filled and sealed with a film water-soluble thermoforming container, characterized in that the filled water-soluble thermoforming container from at least one of the opening surfaces protrudes and / or the sealing film protrudes beyond the opening surface of the cavity.

The water-soluble deep-draw container and / or the sealing film protrude in accordance with the invention preferred detergents or cleaning agents by more than 0.5 mm, preferably between 0.5 and 15 mm, preferably between 0.5 and 10 mm, more preferably between 1 and 8 mm and in particular between 2 and 6 mm out of the opening area or beyond the opening area. By virtue of their configuration, detergent tablets according to the invention enable optimum utilization of the cavity volume. Preference is therefore given particularly to detergents or cleaners, characterized in that the filling volume of the water-soluble thermoforming container is between 90 and 150% by volume, preferably between 90 and 130% by volume and in particular between 95 and 120% by volume of the volume Cavity of the molding is.

Particular preference is given to detergents or cleaning compositions according to the invention, characterized in that the filling volume of the water-soluble deep-draw container is more than 100% by volume, preferably between 105 and 130% by volume and in particular between 110 and 130% by volume of the volume Cavity of the molding is.

Preferred detergent tablets according to the invention are characterized in that the water-soluble deep-draw container has two or more receiving chambers, wherein in a particularly preferred embodiment at least one of the receiving chambers contains a liquid.

The filled receiving chambers are sealed in preferred embodiments of the method according to the invention, wherein a heat seal is preferred.

In a first preferred embodiment, the heat seal is effected by the action of heated sealing tools.

In a second preferred embodiment, the heat seal is effected by the action of a laser beam.

In a third preferred embodiment, the heat seal is effected by the action of hot air.

After filling and sealing, the sealing elements are cut in a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention and / or cut into shape.

The dicing and / or in the form of cutting the sealing elements can be done by any method known in the art. Preference is given to cutting or punching used. For example, static or movable blades are suitable for dicing. Preference is given to using knives with a heated blade. The separation by laser beams is another preferred variant of the method. If the sealing element is a foil which simultaneously seals a plurality of shaped bodies, the severing and / or cutting takes place in the form of cutting at the same time a separation of the portioned detergents or cleaners.

The compositions according to the invention or the compositions prepared by the process according to the invention described above contain washing and cleaning substances, preferably washing and cleaning substances from the group of builders, surfactants, polymers, bleaches, bleach activators, enzymes, glass corrosion inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, disintegration aids , Fragrances and perfume carriers. These and other preferred ingredients will be described in more detail below.

builders

The builders include, in particular, the zeolites, silicates, carbonates, organic cobuilders and, where there are no ecological prejudices against their use, also the phosphates.

The finely crystalline, synthetic and bound water-containing zeolite used is preferably zeolite A and / or P. As zeolite P, zeolite ^MAP® (commercial product from Crosfield) is particularly preferred. Also suitable, however, are zeolite X and mixtures of A, X and / or P. Commercially available and preferably usable in the context of the present invention is, for example, a cocrystal of zeolite X and zeolite A (about 80% by weight of zeolite X) ), which is sold by the company CONDEA Augusta SpA under the brand name VEGOBOND AX ^® and by the formula

n Na ₂ O ^• (1-n) K ₂ O ^• Al ₂ O ₃ ^• (2 - 2.5) SiO ₂ ^• (3.5-5.5) H ₂ O

can be described. The zeolite can be used both as a builder in a granular compound and for a kind of "powdering" of a granular mixture, preferably a mixture to be compressed, whereby usually both ways of incorporating the zeolite into the premix are used an average particle size of less than 10 μm (volume distribution, measuring method: Coulter Counter) and preferably contain 18 to 22% by weight, in particular 20 to 22% by weight, of bound water.

Suitable crystalline layered sodium silicates have the general formula NaMSi _x O _{2x + 1} ^• H ₂ O, where M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20 and preferred values for x 2, 3 or 4 are. Preferred crystalline layered silicates of the formula given are those in which M is sodium and x assumes the values 2 or 3. In particular, both β- and δ-sodium disilicates Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ ^.yH ₂ O are preferred. With particular preference, in particular as a component of automatic dishwasher detergents, crystalline layer-form silicates of the general formula NaMSi _x O _{2x +!} ^• y H ₂ O used, wherein M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1, 9 to 22, preferably from 1.9 to 4, and y is a number from O is to 33rd The crystalline layered silicates of the formula NaMSi _x O _{2x + 1} ^■ y H ₂ O are sold for example by Clariant GmbH (Germany) under the trade name Na-SKS. Examples of these silicates are Na-SKS-1 (Na ₂ O ₄₅ • x Si ₂₂ H ₂ O, Ken YAIT), Na-SKS-2 (Na ₂ O ₂₉ ^• x Si ₁₄ H ₂ O, magadiite), Na -SKS-3 (Na ₂ Si ₈ O ₁₇ ^• x H ₂ O) or Na-SKS-4 (Na ₂ Si ₄ O ₉ ^• x H ₂ O, Makatite).

For the purposes of the present invention crystalline layer silicates are particularly suitable of the formula NaMSi _x O _{2x + 1} ^• y H ₂ O, in which x stands for 2 h. Of these, especially Na-SKS-5 ((X-Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ ), Na-SKS-7 (B-Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ , natrosilite), Na-SKS-9 (NaHSi ₂ O ₅ ^• H ₂ O), Na-SKS-10 (NaH-Si ₂ O ₅ ^• 3H ₂ O, kanemite), Na-SKS-11 (t-Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ ) and Na-SKS-13 ( NaHSi ₂ O ₅ ), but especially Na-SKS-6 (5-Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ ).

If the silicates are used as a constituent of automatic dishwashing detergents, these compositions preferably contain a weight fraction of the crystalline layered silicate of the formula NaMSi _x O _{2x +} - _I ^• y H ₂ O of from 0.1 to 20% by weight of from 0.2 to 15% by weight .-% and in particular from 0.4 to 10 wt .-%, each based on the total weight of these agents. It is particularly preferred in particular if such automatic dishwashing agents have a total silicate content of less than 7% by weight, preferably less than 6% by weight, preferably less than 5% by weight, more preferably less than 4% by weight, most preferably less than 3% by weight % and in particular below 2.5 wt .-%, wherein it is in this silicate, based on the total weight of the silicate contained, preferably at least 70 wt .-%, preferably at least 80 ^• wt .-% and in particular at least 90 wt .-% of silicate of the general formula NaMSi- _x O _{2x + 1} ^• y H ₂ O is.

It is also possible to use amorphous sodium silicates with a Na ₂ O: SiO ₂ modulus of from 1: 2 to 1: 3.3, preferably from 1: 2 to 1: 2.8 and in particular from 1: 2 to 1: 2.6, which Delayed and have secondary washing properties. The dissolution delay compared with conventional amorphous sodium silicates may have been caused in various ways, for example by surface treatment, compounding, compaction / densification or by overdrying. In the context of this invention, the term "amorphous" is also understood to mean "X-ray amorphous". This means that the silicates do not yield sharp X-ray reflections typical of crystalline substances in X-ray diffraction experiments, but at most one or more maxima of the scattered X-rays which have a width of several degrees of diffraction angle. However, it can very well lead to particularly good builder properties if the silicate particles are subjected to electron diffraction experiments. provide fuzzy or even sharp diffraction maxima. This is to be interpreted as meaning that the products have microcrystalline regions of the size of ten to a few hundred nm, with values of up to max. 50 nm and in particular up to max. 20 nm are preferred. Such so-called X-ray amorphous silicates also have a dissolution delay compared with the conventional water glasses. Particularly preferred are compacted / compacted amorphous silicates, compounded amorphous silicates and overdried X-ray amorphous silicates.

In the context of the present invention, it is preferred that these silicate (s), preferably alkali silicates, particularly preferably crystalline or amorphous Alkalidisilikate, in detergents or cleaners in amounts of 10 to 60 wt .-%, preferably from 15 to 50 Wt .-% and in particular from 20 to 40 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the washing or cleaning agent, are included.

Of course, a use of the well-known phosphates as builders is possible, unless such use should not be avoided for environmental reasons. This applies in particular to the use of compositions according to the invention or agents prepared by the process according to the invention as automatic dishwasher detergents, which is particularly preferred in the context of the present application. Among the large number of commercially available phosphates, the alkali metal phosphates, with particular preference for pentasodium or pentapotassium triphosphate (sodium or potassium tripolyphosphate), are of greatest importance in the washing and cleaning agent industry.

Alkali metal phosphates is the summary term for the alkali metal (especially sodium and potassium) salts of various phosphoric acids, in which one can distinguish metaphosphoric acids (HPO ₃ ) _n and orthophosphoric H ₃ PO _{4 in} addition to high molecular weight representatives. The phosphates combine several advantages: They act as alkali carriers, prevent limescale deposits on machine parts or lime incrustations in fabrics and, moreover, contribute to the cleaning performance.

Suitable phosphates are for example the sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaH ₂ PO ₄ , in the form of the dihydrate (density 1, 91 like ^'3 , melting point 60 °) or in the form of monohydrate (density 2.04 like ^"3 ), the disodium hydrogen phosphate (secondary sodium phosphate) , Na ₂ HPO ₄ , which is anhydrous or with 2 mol (density 2.066 like ^"3 , water loss at 95 °), 7 mol (density 1, 68 like ^{" 3} , melting point 48 ° with loss of 5 H ₂ O) and 12 mol Water (density 1, 52 like ^"3 , melting point 35 ° with loss of 5 H ₂ O) can be used, but especially the trisodium phosphate (tertiary sodium phosphate) Na ₃ PO ₄ , which as dodecahydrate, as decahydrate (corresponding to 19-20% P ₂ O ₅ ) and in anhydrous form (corresponding to 39 ^ 40% P ₂ O ₅ ) can be used. Another preferred phosphate is the tripotassium phosphate (tertiary or tribasic potassium phosphate), K ₃ PO ₄ . Further preferred are the tetrasodium diphosphate (sodium pyrophosphate), Na ₄ P ₂ O ₇ , which in anhydrous form (density 2.534 like ^"3 , melting point 988 °, also 880 ° indicated) and as decahydrate (density 1, 815-1, 836 like ^"3 , melting point 94 ° with loss of water), as well as the corresponding potassium salt potassium diphosphate (potassium pyrophosphate), K ₄ P ₂ O ₇ .

The technically important pentasodium triphosphate, Na ₅ P ₃ O ₁₀ (sodium tripolyphosphate), is an anhydrous or with 6 H ₂ O crystallizing, non-hygroscopic, colorless, water-soluble salt of the general formula NaO- [P (O) (ONa) -O] _n -Na with n = 3. The corresponding potassium salt pentapotassium triphosphate, K ₅ P ₃ Oi ₀ (potassium tripolyphosphate), for example, in the form of a 50 wt .-% solution (> 23% P ₂ O ₅ , 25% K ₂ O) in the trade. The potassium polyphosphates are widely used in the washing and cleaning industry. There are also sodium potassium tripolyphosphates which can likewise be used in the context of the present invention. These arise, for example, when hydrolyzed sodium trimetaphosphate with KOH:

(NaPO ₃ ) ₃ + 2 KOH → Na ₃ K ₂ P ₃ O ₁₀ + H ₂ O

These are used according to the invention exactly as sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of these two; Mixtures of sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of potassium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of sodium tripolyphosphate and potassium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate can also be used according to the invention.

If phosphates are used as detergents or cleaning agents in the context of the present application, preferred agents comprise these phosphate (s), preferably alkali metal phosphate (s), more preferably pentasodium or pentapotassium triphosphate (sodium or pentasodium) Potassium tripolyphosphate), in amounts of from 5 to 80% by weight, preferably from 15 to 75% by weight, in particular from 20 to 70% by weight, based in each case on the weight of the washing or cleaning agent.

It is preferred in particular to use potassium tripolyphosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate in a weight ratio of more than 1: 1, preferably more than 2: 1, preferably more than 5: 1, more preferably more than 10: 1 and in particular more than 20: 1. It is particularly preferred to use exclusively potassium tripolyphosphate without admixtures of other phosphates.

Further builders are the alkali carriers. Examples of alkali carriers are alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal hydrogencarbonates, alkali metal sesquicarbonates, the said alkali metal silicates, alkali metal silicates, and mixtures of the abovementioned substances, preference being given to using alkali metal carbonates, in particular sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or sodium sesquicarbonate, for the purposes of this invention. Particularly preferred is a builder system comprising a mixture of tripolyphosphate and sodium carbonate. Also particularly preferred is a builder system comprising a mixture of tripolyphosphate and sodium carbonate and sodium disilicate. Because of their low chemical compatibility with the other ingredients of detergents or cleaners compared with other builders, the alkali metal hydroxides are preferably only in small amounts, preferably in amounts below 10 wt .-%, preferably below 6 wt .-%, more preferably below 4 wt .-% and in particular below 2 wt .-%, each based on the total weight of the detergent or cleaning agent used. Particularly preferred are agents which, based on their total weight, contain less than 0.5% by weight and in particular no alkali metal hydroxides.

Particularly preferred is the use of carbonate (s) and / or bicarbonate (s), preferably alkali metal carbonate (s), more preferably sodium carbonate, in amounts of 2 to 50% by weight, preferably from 5 to 40 wt .-% and in particular from 7.5 to 30 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the washing or cleaning agent. Particular preference is given to compositions which, based on the weight of the washing or cleaning agent, contain less than 20% by weight, preferably less than 17% by weight, preferably less than 13% by weight and in particular less than 9% by weight of carbonate ( e) and / or bicarbonate (s), preferably alkali metal carbonate (s), particularly preferably sodium carbonate.

Particularly suitable organic co-builders are polycarboxylates / polycarboxylic acids, polymeric polycarboxylates, aspartic acid, polyacetals, dextrins, other organic cobuilders (see below) and phosphonates. These classes of substances are described below.

Useful organic builder substances are, for example, the polycarboxylic acids which can be used in the form of their sodium salts, polycarboxylic acids meaning those carboxylic acids which carry more than one acid function. These are, for example, citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, sugar acids, aminocarboxylic acids, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), if such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons, and mixtures of these. Preferred salts are the salts of polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids and mixtures thereof.

The acids themselves can also be used. In addition to their builder effect, the acids typically also have the property of an acidifying component and thus also serve to set a lower and milder pH of detergents or cleaners. In particular, citric acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, gluconic acid and any desired mixtures of these can be mentioned here.

Further suitable builders are polymeric polycarboxylates, for example the alkali metal salts of polyacrylic acid or of polymethacrylic acid, for example those having a relative molecular mass of from 500 to 70,000 g / mol.

For the purposes of this document, the molecular weights stated for polymeric polycarboxylates are weight-average molar masses M _{w of} the particular acid form, which were determined in principle by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), a UV detector being used. The measurement was carried out against an external polyacrylic acid standard, which provides realistic molecular weight values due to its structural relationship with the polymers investigated. These data differ significantly from the molecular weight data in which polystyrene sulfonic acids are used as standard. The molar masses measured against polystyrenesulfonic acids are generally significantly higher than the molecular weights specified in this document.

Suitable polymers are, in particular, polyacrylates which preferably have a molecular weight of 2,000 to 20,000 g / mol. Because of their superior solubility, the short-chain polyacrylates, which have molar masses of from 2000 to 10000 g / mol, and particularly preferably from 3000 to 5000 g / mol, may again be preferred from this group.

Also suitable are copolymeric polycarboxylates, in particular those of acrylic acid with methacrylic acid and of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with maleic acid. Copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid which contain 50 to 90% by weight of acrylic acid and 50 to 10% by weight of maleic acid have proven to be particularly suitable. Their relative molecular weight, based on free acids, is generally from 2000 to 70000 g / mol, preferably from 20,000 to 50,000 g / mol and in particular from 30,000 to 40,000 g / mol.

The (co) polymeric polycarboxylates can be used either as a powder or as an aqueous solution. The content of detergents or cleaning agents in (co) polymeric polycarboxylates is preferably from 0.5 to 20% by weight, in particular from 3 to 10% by weight.

To improve the water solubility, the polymers may also contain allylsulfonic acids such as allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid and methallylsulfonic acid as a monomer.

Also particularly preferred are biodegradable polymers of more than two different monomer units, for example those containing as monomers, salts of acrylic acid and the Maleic acid and vinyl alcohol or vinyl alcohol derivatives or containing as monomers, salts of acrylic acid and 2-alkylallylsulfonic acid and sugar derivatives.

Further preferred copolymers are those which have as monomers preferably acrolein and acrylic acid / acrylic acid salts or acrolein and vinyl acetate.

Also to be mentioned as further preferred builders polymeric aminodicarboxylic acids, their salts or their precursors. Particular preference is given to polyaspartic acids or their salts.

Further suitable builder substances are polyacetals which can be obtained by reacting dialdehydes with polyolcarboxylic acids which have 5 to 7 C atoms and at least 3 hydroxyl groups. Preferred polyacetals are obtained from dialdehydes such as glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, terephthalaldehyde and mixtures thereof and from polyol carboxylic acids such as gluconic acid and / or glucoheptonic acid.

Further suitable organic builder substances are dextrins, for example oligomers or polymers of carbohydrates, which can be obtained by partial hydrolysis of starches. The hydrolysis can be carried out by customary, for example acid or enzyme catalyzed processes. Preferably, it is hydrolysis products having average molecular weights in the range of 400 to 500,000 g / mol. In this case, a polysaccharide with a dextrose equivalent (DE) in the range from 0.5 to 40, in particular from 2 to 30 is preferred, DE being a common measure of the reducing action of a polysaccharide compared to dextrose, which has a DE of 100 , is. Usable are both maltodextrins with a DE between 3 and 20 and dry glucose syrups with a DE between 20 and 37 and so-called yellow dextrins and white dextrins with higher molecular weights in the range from 2000 to 30,000 g / mol.

The oxidized derivatives of such dextrins are their reaction products with oxidizing agents which are capable of oxidizing at least one alcohol function of the saccharide ring to the carboxylic acid function.

Oxydisuccinates and other derivatives of disuccinates, preferably ethylenediamine disuccinate, are further suitable co-builders. In this case, ethylenediamine-N, N'-disuccinate (EDDS) is preferably used in the form of its sodium or magnesium salts. Also preferred in this context are glycerol disuccinates and glycerol trisuccinates. Suitable amounts are in zeolithhaltigen and / or silicate-containing formulations at 3 to 15 wt .-%. Other useful organic cobuilders are, for example, acetylated hydroxycarboxylic acids or their salts, which may optionally also be present in lactone form and which min. contain at least 4 carbon atoms and at least one hydroxy group and a maximum of two acid groups.

In addition, all compounds capable of forming complexes with alkaline earth ions can be used as builders.

surfactants

The group of surfactants includes nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants.

As nonionic surfactants, it is possible to use all nonionic surfactants known to the person skilled in the art. Low-foaming nonionic surfactants are used as preferred surfactants. With particular preference, washing or cleaning agents, in particular automatic dishwashing detergents, comprise nonionic surfactants, in particular nonionic surfactants from the group of the alkoxylated alcohols. As nonionic surfactants are preferably alko- xylierte, advantageously ethoxylated, especially primary alcohols having preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an average of 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol used in which the alcohol radical linear or preferably methyl branched in the 2-position may be linear or methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as they are usually present in oxoalcohol rest. In particular, however, alcohol ethoxylates with linear radicals of alcohols of natural origin having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for example of coconut, palm, tallow or oleyl alcohol, and on average 2 to 8 moles of EO per mole of alcohol are preferred. The preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example, C _12-14 alcohols with 3 EO or 4 EO, C _9-11 alcohols with 7 EO, C ₁₃ . ₁₅ alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO, 7 EO or 8 EO, C ₁₂ -i ₈ -alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO or 7 EO and mixtures of these, such as mixtures of C _12-14 -alcohol with 3 EO and C _12-18 -alcohol with 5 EO. The stated degrees of ethoxylation represent statistical averages, which may correspond to a particular product of an integer or a fractional number. Preferred alcohol ethoxylates have a narrow homolog distribution (narrow rank ethoxylates, NRE). In addition to these nonionic surfactants, fatty alcohols with more than 12 EO can also be used. Examples of these are tallow fatty alcohol with 14 EO, 25 EO, 30 EO or 40 EO.

In addition, other nonionic surfactants also alkyl glycosides of the general formula RO (G) _x can be used in which R is a primary straight-chain or methyl-branched, in particular methyl-branched 2-branched aliphatic radical having 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms and G is the symbol which represents a glycose unit having 5 or 6 C atoms, preferably glucose. The degree of oligomerization x, which indicates the distribution of monoglycosides and oligoglycosides, is an arbitrary number between 1 and 10; preferably x is 1, 2 to 1, 4. Another class of preferred nonionic surfactants used either as the sole nonionic surfactant or in combination with other nonionic surfactants are alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or ethoxylated and propoxylated fatty acid alkyl esters, preferably having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain.

Nonionic surfactants of the amine oxide type, for example N-cocoalkyl-N, N-dimethylamine oxide and N-tallowalkyl-N, N-dihydroxyethylamine oxide, and the fatty acid alkanolamides may also be suitable. The amount of these nonionic surfactants is preferably not more than that of the ethoxylated fatty alcohols, especially not more than half thereof.

Further suitable surfactants are polyhydroxy fatty acid amides of the formula

wherein R is an aliphatic acyl radical having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, R ^{1 is} hydrogen, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and [Z] is a linear or branched polyhydroxyalkyl radical having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and 3 to 10 hydroxyl groups. The polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are known substances which can usually be obtained by reductive amination of a reducing sugar with ammonia, an alkylamine or an alkanolamine and subsequent acylation with a fatty acid, a fatty acid alkyl ester or a fatty acid chloride.

The group of polyhydroxy fatty acid amides also includes compounds of the formula

R is a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl radical having 7 to 12 carbon atoms, R ^{1 is} a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and R ^{2 is} a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical or an oxyalkyl radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, with C ^ alkyl or phenyl radicals being preferred and [Z] being a linear polyhydroxyalkyl radical whose alkyl chain is substituted by at least two hydroxyl groups, or alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or propoxylated Derivatives of this residue. [Z] is preferably obtained by reductive amination of a reduced sugar, for example glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose or xylose. The N-alkoxy- or N-aryloxy-substituted compounds can be converted into the desired polyhydroxy fatty acid amides by reaction with fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of an alkoxide as catalyst.

With particular preference surfactants are further used which contain one or more Taigfettalkohole with 20 to 30 EO in combination with a silicone defoamer.

Nonionic surfactants from the group of alkoxylated alcohols, more preferably from the group of mixed alkoxylated alcohols and in particular from the group of EO-AO-EO-Niotenside, are also used with particular preference.

Particular preference is given to nonionic surfactants which have a melting point above room temperature. Nonionic surfactant (s) having a melting point above 20 ⁰ C, preferably above 25 ° C, more preferably between 25 and 6O ⁰ C and in particular between 26.6 and 43.3 ⁰ C, is / are particularly preferred ,

Suitable nonionic surfactants which have melting or softening points in the temperature range mentioned are, for example, low-foaming nonionic surfactants which may be solid or highly viscous at room temperature. If nonionic surfactants are used which are highly viscous at room temperature, it is preferred that they have a viscosity above 20 Pa · s, preferably above 35 Pa · s and in particular above 40 Pa · s. Nonionic surfactants which have waxy consistency at room temperature are also preferred.

Preferably used surfactants which are solid at room temperature, come from the groups of alkoxylated nonionic surfactants, in particular the ethoxylated primary alcohols and mixtures of these surfactants with structurally complicated surfactants such as polyoxypropylene / polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene ((PO / EO / PO) surfactants ). Such (PO / EO / PO) nonionic surfactants are also characterized by good foam control.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nonionic surfactant having a melting point above room temperature is an ethoxylated nonionic surfactant consisting of the reaction of a monohydroxyalkanol or alkylphenol having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably at least 12 mol, more preferably at least 15 mol, especially at least 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol or alkylphenol emerged. A particularly preferred nonionic surfactant which is solid at room temperature is selected from a straight-chain fatty alcohol having 16 to 20 carbon atoms (C _6-2 o-alcohol), preferably a C ₁₈ -alcohol and at least 12 mol, preferably at least 15 mol and in particular at least 20 mol of ethyl alcohol. won lenoxid. Of these, the so-called "narrow rank ethoxylates" (see above) are particularly preferred.

With particular preference, therefore, ethoxylated nonionic surfactant selected from C ₆ ^ o- monohydroxy alkanols or C ₆ - _2. Alkylphenols or C _16-2 o-fatty alcohols and more than 12 mol, preferably more than 15 mol and in particular more than 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol were used.

The nonionic surfactant solid at room temperature preferably additionally has propylene oxide units in the molecule. Preferably, such PO units make up to 25 wt .-%, more preferably up to 20 wt .-% and in particular up to 15 wt .-% of the total molecular weight of the nonionic surfactant from. Particularly preferred nonionic surfactants are ethoxylated monohydroxyalkanols or alkylphenols which additionally have polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer units. The alcohol or alkylphenol part of such nonionic surfactant molecules preferably constitutes more than 30% by weight, more preferably more than 50% by weight and in particular more than 70% by weight of the total molecular weight of such nonionic surfactants. Preferred agents are characterized in that they contain ethoxylated and propoxylated nonionic surfactants in which the propylene oxide units in the molecule up to 25 wt .-%, preferably up to 20 wt .-% and in particular up to 15 wt .-% of the total molecular weight of the nonionic Make up surfactants.

Further particularly preferred nonionic surfactants having melting points above room temperature contain from 40 to 70% of a polyoxypropylene / polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene block polymer blend containing 75% by weight of a reverse block copolymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene with 17 moles of ethylene oxide and 44 moles of propylene oxide and 25% by weight. % of a block copolymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene initiated with trimethylolpropane and containing 24 moles of ethylene oxide and 99 moles of propylene oxide per mole of trimethylolpropane.

Non-ionic surfactants that can be used with particular preference are available, for example, under the name Poly Tergent ^® SLF-18 from Olin Chemicals.

Surfactants of the formula

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (CH ₃ ) O] _x [CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _y CH ₂ CH (OH) R ² , in which R ^{1 is} a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having 4 to 18 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof, R ² denotes a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 26 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof and x for values between 0.5 and 1, 5 and y is a value of at least 15 are further particularly preferred nonionic surfactants.

Other preferred nonionic surfactants are the end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactants of the formula

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _x [CH ₂ ] _k CH (OH) [CH ₂ ] _J OR ² ,

in which R ¹ and R ^{2 are} linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, R ^{3 is} H or a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n- Butyl, 2-butyl or 2-methyl-2-butyl radical, x are values between 1 and 30, k and j are values between 1 and 12, preferably between 1 and 5. When the value x> 2, each R ³ in the above formula R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _x [CH ₂ ] _k CH (OH) [CH ₂ ], OR ^{2 may be} different. R ¹ and R ² are preferably linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, with radicals having 8 to 18 carbon atoms being particularly preferred. For the radical R ³ , H, -CH ₃ or -CH ₂ CH _{3 are} particularly preferred. Particularly preferred values for x are in the range from 1 to 20, in particular from 6 to 15.

As described above, each R ³ in the above formula may be different if x ≥ 2. As a result, the alkylene oxide unit in the square bracket can be varied. For example, when x is 3, the radical R ³ can be selected to form ethylene oxide (R ³ = H) or propylene oxide (R ³ = CH ₃ ) units which may be joined in any order, for example (EO ) (PO) (EO), (EO) (EO) (PO), (EO) (EO) (EO), (PO) (EO) (PO), (PO) (PO) (EO) and (PO ) (PO) (PO). The value 3 for x has been selected here by way of example and may well be greater, the range of variation increasing with increasing x values and including, for example, a large number (EO) groups combined with a small number (PO) groups, or vice versa ,

Particularly preferred end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) alcohols of the above formula have values of k = 1 and j = 1, so that the above formula zu

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _X CH ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ OR ² simplified. In the latter formula, R ¹ , R ² and R ^{3 are} as defined above and x is from 1 to 30, preferably from 1 to 20 and in particular from 6 to 18. Particularly preferred are surfactants in which the radicals R ¹ and R ^{2 has} 9 to 14 C atoms, R ^{3 is} H and x assumes values of 6 to 15.

If one summarizes the last-mentioned statements, end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactants of the formula

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _x [CH ₂ ] _k CH (OH) [CH ₂ ] _j OR ² ,

in which R ¹ and R ^{2 are} linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, R ^{3 is} H or a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n- Butyl, 2-butyl or 2-methyl-2-butyl radical, x are values between 1 and 30, k and j are values between 1 and 12, preferably between 1 and 5, preference being given to surfactants of the type

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _X CH ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ OR ² ,

in which x is from 1 to 30, preferably from 1 to 20 and in particular from 6 to 18, are particularly preferred.

In the context of the present invention, particularly preferred nonionic surfactants have been low-foaming nonionic surfactants which have alternating ethylene oxide and alkylene oxide units. Among these, in turn, surfactants with EO-AO-EO-AO blocks are preferred, wherein in each case one to ten EO or AO groups are bonded to each other before a block of the other groups follows. Here are nonionic surfactants of the general formula

Ri-O- (CH ₂ -C

in which R ^{1 is} a straight-chain or branched, saturated or mono- or polyunsaturated C _6-24 alkyl or alkenyl radical; each group R ² or R ^{3 is} independently selected from -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ -CH ₃ , CH (CH ₃ ) ₂ and the indices w, x, y, z independently stand for integers from 1 to 6. The preferred nonionic surfactants of the above formula can be prepared by known methods from the corresponding alcohols R ¹ -OH and ethylene or alkylene oxide. The radical R ¹ in the above formula may vary depending on the origin of the alcohol. If native sources are used, the radical R ^{1 has} an even number of carbon atoms and is usually unbranched, the linear radicals being selected from alcohols of natural origin having 12 to 18 C atoms, for example from coconut, palm, tallow or Oleyl alcohol, are preferred. Examples of alcohols which are accessible from synthetic sources are the Guerbet alcohols or methyl-branched or linear and methyl-branched radicals in the 2-position, as usually present in oxo alcohol radicals. Irrespective of the type of alcohol used to prepare the nonionic surfactants contained in the compositions, preference is given to nonionic surfactants in which R ¹ in the above formula is an alkyl radical having 6 to 24, preferably 8 to 20, particularly preferably 9 to 15 and in particular 9 to 11 Carbon atoms.

As the alkylene oxide unit which is contained in the preferred nonionic surfactants in alternation with the ethylene oxide unit, in particular butylene oxide is considered in addition to propylene oxide. But also other alkylene oxides in which R ² or R ^{3 are} independently selected from -CH ₂ CH ₂ - CH ₃ or CH (CH ₃ ) ₂ are suitable. Preference is given to using nonionic surfactants of the above formula in which R ² or R ^{3 is} a radical -CH ₃ , w and x independently of one another for values of 3 or 4 and y and z independently of one another are values of 1 or 2.

In summary, especially nonionic surfactants are preferred which comprise a C _9- i ₅ alkyl radical having 1 to 4 ethylene oxide units, followed by 1 to 4 propylene oxide units, followed by 1 to 4 ethylene oxide units, followed by 1 to 4 propylene oxide units. These surfactants have the required low viscosity in aqueous solution and can be used according to the invention with particular preference.

Other preferred nonionic surfactants are the end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactants of the formula

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _X R ² ,

in which R ^{1 represents} linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, R ^{2 represents} linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, which preferably between 1 and have 5 hydroxy groups and are preferably further functionalized with an ether group, R ^{3 is} H or a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, 2-butyl or 2-methyl-2- Butyl radical and x stands for values between 1 and 40. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present application, R ³ in the abovementioned general formula is H. From the group of the resulting end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactants of the formula

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _x R ²

In particular those nonionic surfactants are preferred in which R ^{1 is} linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, R ^{2 is} linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, which preferably have between 1 and 5 hydroxyl groups and x stands for values between 1 and 40.

In particular, those end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactants are preferred, which according to the formula R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _x CH ₂ CH (OH) R ²

in addition to a radical R ¹ , which is linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, furthermore a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical R ² having 1 to 30 carbon atoms adjacent to a monohydroxylated intermediate group -CH ₂ CH (OH) -. x in this formula stands for values between 1 and 90.

Particular preference is given to nonionic surfactants of the general formula

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _x CH ₂ CH (OH) R ² ,

which in addition to a radical R ¹ , which is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably having 4 to 22 carbon atoms, further a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic Hydrocarbon radical R ² having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 22 carbon atoms, which is a monohydroxylated intermediate group -CH ₂ CH (OH) - adjacent and in which x stands for values between 40 and 80, preferably for values between 40 and 60 , The corresponding end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactants of the above formula can be prepared, for example, by reacting a terminal epoxide of the formula R ² CH (O) CH ₂ with an ethoxylated alcohol of the formula R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _x-1 CH ₂ Obtained CH ₂ OH.

Particular preference is furthermore given to those end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactants of the formula

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _X [CH ₂ CH (CH ₃ ) O] VCH ₂ CH (OH) R ² , in which R ¹ and R ² independently of one another represent a linear or branched, saturated or on or is polyunsaturated hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 26 carbon atoms, R ^{3 is} independently selected from -CH ₃ -CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ -CH ₃ , CH (CH ₃ ) ₂ , but preferably -CH ₃ and x and y independently represent values between 1 and 32, with nonionic surfactants having values of x of 15 to 32 and y of 0.5 and 1.5 being very particularly preferred.

Surfactants of the general formula

in which R ¹ and R ² independently of one another are a linear or branched, saturated or mono- or polyunsaturated hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 26 carbon atoms, R ^{3 is} independently selected from -CH ₃ -CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ -CH ₃ , CH (CH ₃ ) ₂ , but preferably represents -CH ₃ , and x and y independently of one another are values between 1 and 32 are preferred according to the invention, wherein nonionic surfactants with values of x from 15 to 32 and y of 0.5 and 1.5 are very particularly preferred.

The stated C chain lengths and degrees of ethoxylation or degrees of alkoxylation of the abovementioned nonionic surfactants represent statistical mean values which, for a specific product, may be an integer or a fractional number. Due to the manufacturing process, commercial products of the formulas mentioned are usually not made of an individual representative, but of mixtures, which may result in mean values for the C chain lengths as well as for the degrees of ethoxylation or degrees of alkoxylation and subsequently broken numbers.

Of course, the aforementioned nonionic surfactants can be used not only as individual substances, but also as surfactant mixtures of two, three, four or more surfactants. Surfactant mixtures are not mixtures of nonionic surfactants, which in their entirety fall under one of the abovementioned general formulas, but rather mixtures which contain two, three, four or more nonionic surfactants which can be described by different of the abovementioned general formulas.

As anionic surfactants, for example, those of the sulfonate type and sulfates are used. Suitable surfactants of the sulfonate type are preferably C _9-13 alkyl benzene sulfonates, olefin sulfonates, ie mixtures of alkene and Hydroxyalkansuifonaten, and the disulfonates obtained, for example, from C _{12-i 8} monoolefins with terminal or internal double bond by sulfonation with gaseous Sulfur trioxide and subsequent alkaline or acid hydrolysis of the sulfonation obtained. Also suitable are alkanesulfonates which are obtained from C _12-18 alkanes, for example by sulfochlorination or sulfoxidation with subsequent hydrolysis or neutralization. Similarly, the esters of α-sulfo fatty acids (ester sulfonates), for example, the α-sulfonated methyl esters of hydrogenated coconut, palm kernel or Taigfettsäuren are suitable.

Further suitable anionic surfactants are sulfated fatty acid glycerol esters. Fatty acid glycerines are to be understood as meaning the mono-, di- and triesters and mixtures thereof, such as in the preparation by esterification of a monoglycerol with 1 to 3 mol of fatty acid or in the transesterification of triglycerides with 0.3 to 2 mol Glycerol can be obtained. Preferred sulfated fatty acid glycerol esters are the sulfonation products of saturated fatty acids containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms, for example caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid or behenic acid.

Alk (en) yl sulfates are the alkali and especially the sodium salts of Schwefelsäurehalbester the C ₁₂ -C ₈ fatty alcohols, for example coconut fatty alcohol, tallow fatty alcohol, lauryl, myristyl, cetyl or stearyl alcohol, or C ₁₀ -C ₂ o Oxo alcohols and those half-esters of secondary alcohols of these chain lengths are preferred. Also preferred are alk (en) ylsulfates of said chain length, which contain a synthetic, produced on a petrochemical basis straight-chain alkyl radical, which have an analogous degradation behavior as the adequate compounds based on oleochemical raw materials. From the washing, the C ₁₂ -C ₁₆ alkyl sulfates and C ₂ -C ₁₅ alkyl sulfates and C ₁₄ -C preferably ₅ -AIkylsulfate. 2,3-alkyl sulfates, which can be obtained as commercial products from Shell Oil Company under the name DAN ^®, are suitable anionic surfactants.

Also, the sulfuric acid monoesters of straight-chain or branched C ₇ ethoxylated with 1 to 6 moles of ethylene oxide. _2r alcohols, such as 2-methyl-branched Cg. _1r alcohols containing on average 3.5 mol ethylene oxide (EO) or C _12- 1 ₈ fatty alcohols containing 1 to 4 EO, are also suitable. You will be in Because of their high foaming behavior only in relatively small amounts, for example in amounts of 1 to 5 wt .-%, used.

Further suitable anionic surfactants are also the salts of alkylsulfosuccinic acid, which are also referred to as sulfosuccinates or as sulfosuccinic acid esters and which are monoesters and / or diesters of sulfosuccinic acid with alcohols, preferably fatty alcohols and in particular ethoxylated fatty alcohols. Preferred sulfosuccinates contain C _8- I8 fatty alcohol radicals or mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred sulfosuccinates contain a fatty alcohol residue derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols, which by themselves are nonionic surfactants. Sulfosuccinates, whose fatty alcohol residues are derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols with a narrow homolog distribution, are again particularly preferred. Likewise, it is also possible to use alk (en) ylsuccinic acid having preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alk (en) yl chain or salts thereof.

As further anionic surfactants are particularly soaps into consideration. Suitable are saturated fatty acid soaps, such as the salts of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, hydrogenated erucic acid and behenic acid, and in particular of natural fatty acids, e.g. Coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids, derived soap mixtures.

The anionic surfactants, including the soaps, may be in the form of their sodium, potassium or ammonium salts and as soluble salts of organic bases, such as mono-, di- or triethanolamine. The anionic surfactants are preferably present in the form of their sodium or potassium salts, in particular in the form of the sodium salts.

If the anionic surfactants are part of automatic dishwasher detergents, their content, based on the total weight of the compositions, is preferably less than 4% by weight, preferably less than 2% by weight and very particularly preferably less than 1% by weight. Machine dishwashing detergents which do not contain anionic surfactants are particularly preferred.

Instead of the surfactants mentioned or in conjunction with them, it is also possible to use cationic and / or amphoteric surfactants.

As cationic active substances, for example, cationic compounds of the following formulas can be used:

wherein each group R ^{1 is} independently selected from C _1-6 -alkyl, -alkenyl or -hydroxyalkyl groups; each R ^{2 group is} independently selected from C _8-28 alkyl or alkenyl groups; R ³ = R ¹ or (CH ₂ ) _n -TR ² ; R ⁴ = R ¹ or R ² or (CH ₂ ) _n -TR ² ; T = -CH ₂ -, -O-CO- or -CO-O- and n is an integer from 0 to 5.

In automatic dishwashing detergents, the content of cationic and / or amphoteric surfactants is preferably less than 6% by weight, preferably less than 4% by weight, very particularly preferably less than 2% by weight and in particular less than 1% by weight. %. Automatic dishwashing detergents containing no cationic or amphoteric surfactants are particularly preferred.

polymers

The group of polymers includes, in particular, the washing or cleaning-active polymers, for example the rinse aid polymers and / or polymers which act as softeners. In general, cationic, anionic and amphoteric polymers can be used in detergents or cleaners in addition to nonionic polymers.

"Cationic polymers" for the purposes of the present invention are polymers which carry a positive charge in the polymer molecule, which can be realized, for example, by (alkyl) ammonium groups or other positively charged groups present in the polymer chain quaternized cellulose derivatives, the polysiloxanes with quaternary groups, the cationic guar derivatives, the polymeric dimethyldiallylammonium salts and their copolymers with esters and amides of Acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, the copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone with quaternized derivatives of dialkylamino acrylate and methacrylate, the vinylpyrrolidone-Methoimidazoliniumchlorid- copolymers, the quaternized polyvinyl alcohols or specified under the INCI names Polyquaternium 2, Polyquaternium 17, Polyquaternium 18 and Polyquaternium 27 polymers.

For the purposes of the present invention, "amphoteric polymers" further comprise, in addition to a positively charged group in the polymer chain, also negatively charged groups or monomer units. These groups may be, for example, carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids or phosphonic acids.

Preferred washing or cleaning agents, in particular preferred automatic dishwasher detergents, are characterized in that they contain a polymer a) which has monomer units of the formula R ¹ R ² C =CR ³ R ⁴ in which each R ¹ , R ² R ³ , R ^{4 are} independently selected from hydrogen, derivatized hydroxy, C _1-30 linear or branched alkyl groups, aryl, aryl substituted C _1-30 linear or branched alkyl groups, polyalkoxyated alkyl groups, heteroatomic organic groups having at least one positive Charge without charged nitrogen, at least one quaternized nitrogen atom or at least one amino group with a positive charge in the partial range of the pH range from 2 to 11, or salts thereof, with the proviso that at least one radical R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ^{4 is} a heteroatomic organic group having at least one positive charge without charged nitrogen, at least one quaternized N atom or at least one Am inogruppe with a positive charge is. In the context of the present application, particularly preferred cationic or amphoteric polymers contain as monomer unit a compound of the general formula

in which R ¹ and R ⁴ are each independently H or a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R ² and R ^{3 are} independently an alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or aminoalkyl group in which the alkyl group is linear or branched and has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably a methyl group; x and y independently represent integers between 1 and 3. X ^" represents a counterion, preferably a counterion selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, hydrogensulfate, methosulfate, laurylsulfate, dodecylbenzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate (tosylate), cumene sulfonate, xylenesulfonate, phosphate, citrate, formate, acetate or theirs mixtures. Preferred radicals R ¹ and R ⁴ in the above formula are selected from -CH _3, -CH ₂ -CH _3, - CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH _3, -CH (CH ₃₎ -CH _3, -CH ₂ -OH , -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -OH, -CH (OH) -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -OH, -CH ₂ -CH (OH) -CH ₃ , -CH (OH) -CH ₂ -CH ₃ , and - (CH ₂ CH ₂ -O) _n H.

Very particular preference is given to polymers which have a cationic monomer unit of the above general formula in which R ¹ and R ^{4 are} H, R ² and R ^{3 are} methyl and x and y are each 1. The corresponding monomer unit of the formula

H ₂ C = C H- (CH ₂ ) -N ⁺ (CH ₃ ) ₂ - (CH ₂ ) -CH = CH ₂ X ^"

in the case of X ^' = chloride also referred to as DADMAC (diallyldimethylammonium chloride).

Further particularly preferred cationic or amphoteric polymers contain a monomer unit of the general formula

R1 HC = CR2-C (O) -NH- (CH ₂₎ -N ⁺ R3R4R5

X ^" in the R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ and R ^{5 are} independently of one another a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably a linear or branched alkyl radical selected from CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₃ , -CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -OH, -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -OH, -CH (OH) -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -OH, -CH ₂ -CH (OH) -CH ₃ , - CH (OH) -CH ₂ -CH ₃ , and - (CH ₂ CH ₂ -O) _{n is} H and x is an integer between 1 and 6.

For the purposes of the present application, very particular preference is given to polymers which have a cationic monomer unit of the above general formula in which R ^{1 is} H and R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ and R ^{5 are} methyl and x is 3. The corresponding monomer units of the formula

H ₂ C = C (CHS) -C (O) -NH- (CH ₂ ) _X - N ⁺ (C HS) ₃

X ^" in the case of X ^" = chloride also referred to as MAPTAC (Methyacrylamidopropyl- trimethylammonium chloride).

According to the invention, preference is given to using polymers which contain diallyldimethylammonium salts and / or acrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium salts as monomer units.

The aforementioned amphoteric polymers have not only cationic groups but also anionic groups or monomer units. Such anionic monomer units are derived, for example, from the group of the linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated carboxylates, the linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated phosphonates, the linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated sulfates or the linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated sulfonates. Preferred monomer units are acrylic acid, (meth) acrylic acid, (dimethyl) acrylic acid, (ethyl) acrylic acid, cyanoacrylic acid, vinylessingic acid, allylacetic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, cinnamic acid and their derivatives Derivatives, the allylsulfonic acids, such as, for example, allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid and methallylsulfonic acid or the allylphosphonic acids.

Preferred amphoteric polymers which can be used are from the group of the alkylacrylamide / acrylic acid copolymers, the alkylacrylamide / methacrylic acid copolymers, the alkylacrylamide / methylmethacrylic acid copolymers, the alkylacrylamide / acrylic acid / alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylic acid copolymers, the alkylacrylamide / methacrylic acid / alkylaminoalkylmethacrylic acid copolymers, the alkylacrylamide / methylmethacrylic acid / alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylic acid copolymers, the alkylacrylamide / alkylmethacrylate / alkylaminoethylmethacrylate / alkylmethacrylate copolymers and also the copolymers of unsaturated carboxylic acids, cationically derivatized unsaturated ones Carboxylic acids and optionally other ionic or nonionic monomers.

Preferred zwitterionic polymers are from the group of acrylamidoalkyltri alkylammonium chloride / acrylic acid copolymers and their alkali metal and ammonium salts, the acrylamidoalkyltrialkylammonium chloride / methacrylic acid copolymers and their alkali metal and ammonium salts and the Methacroylethylbetain / methacrylate copolymers.

Also preferred are amphoteric polymers which comprise, in addition to one or more anionic monomers as cationic monomers, methacrylamidoalkyltrialkylammonium chloride and dimethyl (diallyl) ammonium chloride.

Particularly preferred amphoteric polymers are selected from the group of methacrylamidoalkyl trialkyl ammonium chloride / dimethyl (diallyl) ammonium chloride / acrylic acid copolymers, the Methacryl- amidoalkyltrialkylammoniumchlorid / DimethyKdiallyOammoniumchlorid / methacrylic acid- Copolymers and the Methacrylamidoalkyltrialkylammoniurnlo- chloride / dimethyl (diallyl) ammonium chloride / alkyl (meth) acrylic acid copolymers and their alkali metal and ammonium salts.

Particular preference is given to amphoteric polymers from the group of the methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride / dimethyl (diallyl) ammonium chloride / acrylic acid copolymers, the methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride / dimethyl (diallyl) ammonium chloride / acrylic acid copolymers and the methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride / dimethyl (dialyl) ammonium chloride / Alkyl (meth) acrylic acid copolymers and their alkali metal and ammonium salts.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the polymers are present in prefabricated form. For the preparation of the polymers, inter alia encapsulation of the polymers by means of water-soluble or water-dispersible coating compositions is suitable, preferably by means of water-soluble or water-dispersible natural or synthetic polymers; the encapsulation of the polymers by means of water-insoluble, fusible coating agents, preferably by means of water-insoluble coating agents from the group of waxes or paraffins having a melting point above 30 ⁰ C; the co-granulation of the polymers with inert carrier materials, preferably with carrier materials from the group of washing- or cleaning-active substances, more preferably from the group of builders or cobuilders.

Detergents or cleaning agents contain the aforementioned cationic and / or amphoteric polymers preferably in amounts of between 0.01 and 10 wt .-%, each based on the total weight of the detergent or cleaning agent. In the context of the present application, however, preference is given to those detergents or cleaners in which the weight fraction of the cationic and / or amphoteric polymers is between 0.01 and 8% by weight, preferably between 0.01 and 6% by weight, preferably between 0.01 and 4 wt .-%, particularly preferably between 0.01 and 2 wt .-% and in particular between 0.01 and 1 wt .-%, each based on the total weight of the automatic dishwashing agent is.

Effective polymers as softeners are, for example, the sulfonic acid-containing polymers which are used with particular preference.

Particularly preferred as sulfonic acid-containing polymers are copolymers of unsaturated carboxylic acids, sulfonic acid-containing monomers and optionally other ionic or nonionic monomers. In the context of the present invention are as unsaturated monomer carboxylic acids of the formula

R ¹ (R ² ) C = C (R ³ ) COOH

in which R ¹ to R ³ independently of one another are -H, -CH ₃ , a straight-chain or branched saturated alkyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, a straight-chain or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, NH ₂ , -OH or -COOH substituted alkyl or alkenyl radicals or -COOH or -COOR ⁴ , wherein R ^{4 is} a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.

Among the unsaturated carboxylic acids which can be described by the above formula are in particular acrylic acid (R ¹ = R ² = R ³ = H), methacrylic acid (R ¹ = R ² = H, R ³ = CH ₃ ) and / or maleic acid (R ¹ = COOH; R ² = R ³ = H) is preferred.

In the sulfonic acid-containing monomers are those of the formula

R ⁵ (R ⁶ ) C = C (R ⁷ ) -X-SO ₃ H

in which R ⁵ to R ⁷ independently of one another are -H, -CH ₃ , a straight-chain or branched saturated alkyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, a straight-chain or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, NH ₂ , -OH or -COOH substituted alkyl or alkenyl radicals or -COOH or -COOR ⁴ , wherein R ^{4 is} a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and X is an optional spacer group which is selected from - (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = O to 4, -COO- (CH ₂ ) _k - with k = 1 to 6, -C (O) -NH-C (CH ₃ ) ₂ - and -C (O) -NH-CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) -.

Preferred among these monomers are those of the formulas

H ₂ C = CH-X-SO ₃ H

H ₂ C = C (CH ₃ ) -X-SO ₃ H

HO ₃ SX (R ⁶⁾ C = C (R ⁷⁾ -X-SO ₃ H

in which R ⁶ and R ^{7 are} independently selected from -H, -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH (CH ₃ ) ₂ and X is an optional spacer group which is selected from - (CH ₂ J _n - with n = O to 4, -COO- (CH ₂ ) _k - with k = 1 to 6, -C (O) -NH-C (CHs) ₂ - and -C (O) -NH-CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) -. Particularly preferred monomers containing sulfonic acid groups are 1-acrylamido-1-propanesulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-propanesulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, 2-methacrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, 3 Methacrylamido-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid, allylsulfonic acid, methallylsulfonic acid, allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid, methallyloxybenzenesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-3- (2-propenyloxy) propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-2-propenylsulfonic acid, styrenesulfonic acid, vinylsulfonic acid, 3-sulfopropyl acrylate, 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate , Sulfomethacrylamide, sulfomethylmethacrylamide and water-soluble salts of said acids.

Particularly suitable other ionic or nonionic monomers are ethylenically unsaturated compounds. The content of the polymers used in these other ionic or nonionic monomers is preferably less than 20% by weight, based on the polymer. Particularly preferred polymers to be used consist only of monomers of the formula R ¹ (R ² ) C =C (R ³ ) COOH and monomers of the formula R ⁵ (R ⁶ ) C =C (R ⁷ ) -X-SO ₃ H.

In summary, copolymers of i) unsaturated carboxylic acids of the formula R ¹ (R ² ) C =C (R ³ ) COOH in the R ¹ to R ³ independently of one another are -H, -CH ₃ , a straight-chain or branched saturated alkyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, a straight-chain or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, with -NH ₂ , -OH or -COOH substituted alkyl or alkenyl radicals as defined above or is -COOH or -COOR ⁴ , wherein R ^{4 is} a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, ii) sulfonic acid group-containing monomers of the formula R ⁵ (R ⁶ ) C =C (R ⁷ ) -X-SO ₃ H in the R ⁵ to R ⁷ independently of one another are -H, -CH ₃ , a straight-chain or branched saturated alkyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, a straight-chain or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, with -NH ₂ , - OH or -COOH substituted alkyl or alkenyl radicals as defined above or is -COOH or -COOR ⁴ , where R ^{4 is} a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and X is an optional spacer group, which is selected from - (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = O to 4, -COO- (CH ₂ ) _k - with k = 1 to 6, -C (O) -NH-C (CHa) ₂ - and - C (O) -NH-CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) - iii) optionally further ionogenic or nonionic monomers particularly preferred.

Further particularly preferred copolymers consist of i) one or more unsaturated carboxylic acids from the group of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and / or maleic acid ii) one or more sulfonic acid group-containing monomers of the formulas:

H ₂ C = CH-X-SO ₃ H

H ₂ C = C (CH 3) -X-SO ₃ H

HO ₃ SX (R ⁶⁾ C = C (R ⁷⁾ -X-SO ₃ H

in which R ⁶ and R ^{7 are} independently selected from -H, -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH (CH ₃ ) ₂ and X is an optional spacer group which is selected from - (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = O to 4, -COO- (CH ₂ ) _k - with k = 1 to 6, -C (O) -NH-C (CH ₃ ) ₂ - and - C (O) -NH-CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) - iii) optionally further ionogenic or non-ionogenic monomers.

The copolymers may contain the monomers from groups i) and ii) and, if appropriate, iii) in varying amounts, it being possible for all representatives from group i) to be combined with all representatives from group ii) and all representatives from group iii). Particularly preferred polymers have certain structural units, which are described below.

For example, copolymers which are structural units of the formula are preferred

- [CH ₂ -CHCOOH] _m - [CH ₂ -CH ₂ C (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] _p -

in which m and p are each an integer between 1 and 2000 and Y is a spacer group which is selected from substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, wherein spacer groups, in where Y is -O- (CH ₂ ) _n - where n = 0 to 4, -O- (C ₆ H ₄ ) -, -NH-C (CHa) ₂ - or -NH-CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) - is, are preferred.

These polymers are prepared by copolymerization of acrylic acid with a sulfonic acid-containing acrylic acid derivative. If the sulfonic acid-containing acylic acid derivative is copolymerized with methacrylic acid, another polymer is obtained whose use is also preferred. The corresponding copolymers contain the structural units of the formula

- [CH ₂ -C (CH ₃ ) COOH] _m - [CH ₂ -CH ₂ C (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] _p - in which m and p are each an integer between 1 and 2000 and Y is a spacer group selected from substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, wherein O- (CH ₂ ) _n - where n = 0 to 4, -O- (C ₆ H ₄ ) -, -NH- C (CHs) ₂ - or -NH-CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) - , are preferred.

Acrylic acid and / or methacrylic acid can also be copolymerized completely analogously with methacrylic acid derivatives containing sulfonic acid groups, as a result of which the structural units in the molecule are changed. Thus, copolymers which are structural units of the formula

- [CH ₂ -CHCOOH] _m - [CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) C (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] _p -

in which m and p are each an integer between 1 and 2,000 and Y is a spacer group selected from substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, wherein spacer groups in which Y. for -O- (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = 0 to 4, for -O- (C ₆ H ₄ ) -, for -NH-C (CH ₃ ) ₂ - or -NH-CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) -, as preferred as copolymers, the structural units of the formula

- [CH ₂ -C (CH ₃ ) COOH] _m - [CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) C (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] _p -

in which m and p are each an integer between 1 and 2,000 and Y is a spacer group selected from substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, wherein spacer groups in which Y. for -O- (CH ₂ ) _π - with n = 0 to 4, for -O- (C ₆ H ₄ ) -, for -NH-C (CHa) ₂ - or -NH-CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) - stands, are preferred.

Instead of acrylic acid and / or methacrylic acid or in addition thereto, maleic acid can also be used as a particularly preferred monomer from group i). This gives way to inventively preferred copolymers, the structural units of the formula

[HOOCCH-CHCOOH] ₁₁₁ - [CH ₂ -CH ₂ C (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] P-

in which m and p are in each case an integer from 1 to 2000 and Y is a spacer group selected from substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, wherein spacer groups in which Y represents -O- (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = O to 4, for -O- (C ₆ H ₄ ) -, for -NH- C (CH ₃ ) ₂ - or -NH-CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) - are preferred. According to the invention, preference is furthermore given to copolymers which contain structural units of the formula

- [HOOCCH-CHCOOH] _n - [CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) C (O) OY-SO ₃ H] _P -

in which m and p are each an integer between 1 and 2000 and Y is a spacer group which is selected from substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, wherein spacer groups, in where Y is -O- (CH ₂ ) _n - where n = 0 to 4, -O- (C ₆ H ₄ ) -, -NH-C (CHs) ₂ - or -NH-CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) - stands.

In summary, such copolymers are preferred according to the invention, the structural units of the formulas

- [CH ₂ -CHCOOH] _m - [CH ₂ -CH ₂ C (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] _p -

- [CH ₂ -C (CH ₃ ) COOH] _m - [CH ₂ -CH ₂ C (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] _p -

- [CH ₂ -CHCOOH] _m - [CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) C (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] _p -

- [CH ₂ -C (CH ₃ ) COOH] _m - [CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) C (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] _p -

- [HOOCCH-CHCOOH] _n - [CH ₂ -CH ₂ C (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] _P -

- [HOOCCH-CHCOOH] _n - [CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) C (O) OY-SO ₃ H] _P -

in which m and p are each an integer between 1 and 2000 and Y is a spacer group selected from substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, wherein spacer groups, in where Y is -O- (CH ₂ ) _n - where n = 0 to 4, -O- (C ₆ H ₄ ) -, -NH-C (CHs) ₂ - or -NH-CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) - is, are preferred.

In the polymers, the sulfonic acid groups may be wholly or partially in neutralized form, i. the acidic acid of the sulfonic acid group in some or all sulfonic acid groups can be exchanged for metal ions, preferably alkali metal ions and in particular for sodium ions. The use of partially or fully neutralized sulfonic acid group-containing copolymers is preferred according to the invention.

The monomer distribution of the copolymers preferably used according to the invention in the case of copolymers which contain only monomers from groups i) and ii) is preferably in each case from 5 to 95% by weight i) or ii), particularly preferably from 50 to 90% by weight monomer from group i) and from 10 to 50% by weight of monomer from group ii), in each case based on the polymer. In the case of terpolymers, particular preference is given to those containing from 20 to 85% by weight of monomer from group i), from 10 to 60% by weight of monomer from group ii) and from 5 to 30% by weight of monomer from group iii) ,

The molar mass of the sulfo copolymers preferably used according to the invention can be varied in order to adapt the properties of the polymers to the desired end use. Preferred washing or cleaning agents are characterized in that the copolymers have molar masses of 2000 to 200,000 gmol ^"1 , preferably from 4000 to 25,000 gmol ^'1 and in particular from 5000 to 15,000 gmol ^{" 1} .

bleach

The bleaching agents are a particularly preferred washing or cleaning substance. Among the compounds serving as bleaches in water H ₂ O ₂ , sodium percarbonate, sodium perborate tetrahydrate and sodium perborate monohydrate are of particular importance. Other useful bleaching agents are, for example, peroxypyrophosphates, citrate perhydrates and peracid salts or peracids which yield H ₂ O ₂ , such as perbenzoates, peroxophthalates, diperazelaic acid, phthaloiminoperacid or diperdodecanedioic acid. Furthermore, bleaching agents from the group of organic bleaching agents can also be used. Typical organic bleaches are the diacyl peroxides such as dibenzoyl peroxide. Other typical organic bleaching agents are the peroxyacids, examples of which include the alkyl peroxyacids and the aryl peroxyacids. Preferred representatives are (a) the peroxybenzoic acid and its ring-substituted derivatives, such as alkylperoxybenzoic acids, but also peroxy-α-naphthoic acid and magnesium monoperphthalate, (b) the aliphatic or substituted aliphatic peroxyacids, such as peroxylauric acid, peroxystearic acid, ε-phthalimidoperoxycaproic acid [Phthaliminoperoxyhexanoic acid (PAP )], o-

Carboxybenzamidoperoxycaproic acid, N-Nonenylamidoperadipinsäure and N-

Nonenylamidopersuccinate, and (c) aliphatic and araliphatic peroxydicarboxylic acids, such as 1, 12-diperoxycarboxylic acid, 1, 9-Diperoxyazelainsäure, Diperocysebacinsäure, Diperoxybrassyl- acid, the diperoxyphthalic, 2-decyldiperoxybutane-1, 4-diacid, N, N-terephthaloyl di (6-aminopercapronic acid) can be used.

As a bleaching agent and chlorine or bromine releasing substances can be used. Among the suitable chlorine or bromine releasing materials are, for example, heterocyclic N-bromo- and N-chloroamides, for example trichloroisocyanuric acid, tribromoisocyanuric acid, dibromoisocyanuric acid and / or dichloroisocyanuric acid (DICA) and / or salts thereof with cations such as potassium and sodium. Hydantoin compounds, such as 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin are also suitable. According to the invention, washing or cleaning agents, in particular automatic dishwashing agents, are preferred which contain from 1 to 35% by weight, preferably from 2.5 to 30% by weight, particularly preferably from 3.5 to 20% by weight and in particular from 5 to 15% by weight .-% bleach, preferably sodium percarbonate.

The active oxygen content of the washing or cleaning agents, in particular the automatic dishwashing agents, in each case based on the total weight of the composition, preferably between 0.4 and 10 wt .-%, particularly preferably between 0.5 and 8 wt .-% and in particular between 0.6 and 5 wt .-%. Particularly preferred compositions have an active oxygen content above 0.3 wt .-%, preferably above 0.7 wt .-%, more preferably above 0.8 wt .-% and in particular above 1, 0 wt .-% to.

Bleach activators

Bleach activators are used in detergents or cleaners, for example, to achieve an improved bleaching effect when cleaning at temperatures of 60 ⁰ C and below. As bleach activators, it is possible to use compounds which, under perhydrolysis conditions, give aliphatic peroxycarboxylic acids having preferably 1 to 10 C atoms, in particular 2 to 4 C atoms, and / or optionally substituted perbenzoic acid. Suitable substances are those which carry O- and / or N-acyl groups of the stated C atom number and / or optionally substituted benzoyl groups. Preference is given to polyacylated alkylene diamines, in particular tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), acylated triazine derivatives, in particular 1,5-diacetyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT), acylated glycolurils, in particular tetraacetylglycoluril (TAGLJ), N-acylimides, in particular N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenolsulfonates, in particular n-nonanoyl or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso-NOBS), carboxylic anhydrides, in particular phthalic anhydride, acylated polyhydric alcohols, in particular triacetin, ethylene glycol diacetate and 2,5- diacetoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran. Further bleach activators preferably used in the context of the present application are compounds from the group of cationic nitriles, in particular cationic nitriles of the formula

in the R ^{1 is} -H, -CH ₃ , a C ₂ - ₂₄ alkyl or alkenyl, a substituted C ₂ . ₂₄ alkyl or alkenyl radical having at least one substituent from the group -Cl, -Br, -OH, -NH ₂ , -CN, an alkyl or Alkenylarylrest with a C ^ alkyl group, or a substituted alkyl or Alkenylaryl radical having a C _1-24 alkyl group and at least one further substituent on the aromatic ring, R ² and R ^{3 are} independently selected from -CH ₂ -CN, -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₃ , -CH (CHa) -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -OH, -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -OH, -CH (OH) -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ - OH, -CH ₂ -CH (OH) -CH ₃ , -CH (OH) -CH ₂ -CH ₃ , - (CH ₂ CH ₂ -O) _n H where n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and X is an anion.

Particularly preferred is a cationic nitrile of the formula

in which R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ^{6 are} independently selected from -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -CH ₂ - CH ₃ , -CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₃ , wherein R ⁴ additionally also -H may be and X is an anion, preferably R ⁵ = R ⁶ = -CH ₃ and in particular R ⁴ = R ⁵ = R ⁶ = -CH ₃ and compounds of the formulas (CH ₃ ) ₃ N ⁽⁺⁾ CH ₂ -CN X ^' , (CH ₃ CH ₂ ) ₃ N ^W CH ₂ -CN X ^" , (CH ₃ CH ₂ CH ₂ ) ₃ N ⁽⁺⁾ CH ₂ -CN X ^" , (CH ₃ CH (CH ₃ )) ₃ N ⁽⁺⁾ CH ₂ -CN X ^" , or (HO-CH ₂ -CH ₂ ) ₃ N ⁽⁺⁾ CH ₂ -CN X ^{" are} particularly preferred, wherein in turn from the group of these substances, the cationic nitrile of Formula (CH ₃ ) ₃ N ⁽⁺⁾ CH ₂ - CN X ^" in which X ^{" is} an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, hydrogen sulfate, methosulfate, p-toluenesulfonate (tosylate) or xylenesulfonate , is particularly preferred.

Other suitable bleach activators are compounds which, under perhydrolysis conditions, give aliphatic peroxycarboxylic acids having preferably 1 to 10 C atoms, in particular 2 to 4 C atoms, and / or optionally substituted perbenzoic acid. Suitable substances are those which carry O- and / or N-acyl groups of the stated C atom number and / or optionally substituted benzoyl groups. Preference is given to polyacylated alkylene diamines, in particular tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), acylated triazine derivatives, in particular 1,5-diacetyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT), acylated glycolurils, especially tetraacetylglycoluril (TAGU), N-acylimides, in particular N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenolsulfonates, in particular n-nonanoyl or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso-NOBS), carboxylic anhydrides, in particular phthalic anhydride, acylated polyhydric alcohols, in particular triacetin, ethylene glycol diacetate, 2,5- Diacetoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran, n-methyl-morpholinium-acetonitrile-methyl sulfate (MMA) and acetylated sorbitol and mannitol or mixtures thereof (SORMAN), acylated sugar derivatives, in particular pentaacetylglucose (PAG), pentaacetylfruktose, tetraacetylxylose and octaacetyllactose as well as acetylated, if appropriate N-alkylated glucamine and gluconolactone, and / or N-acylated Lactams, for example N-benzoyl-caprolactam. Hydrophilic substituted acyl acetals and acyl lactams are also preferably used. Combinations of conventional bleach activators can also be used.

If, in addition to the nitrile quats, further bleach activators are to be used, preference is given to bleach activators from the group of the polyacylated alkylenediamines, in particular tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), N-acylimides, in particular N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenolsulfonates, in particular n-nonanoyl or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (US Pat. N- or iso-NOBS), n-methyl-morpholinium acetonitrile-methyl sulfate (MMA), preferably in amounts of up to 10 wt .-%, in particular 0.1 wt .-% to 8 wt .-%, especially 2 to 8 wt .-% and particularly preferably 2 to 6 wt .-%, each based on the total weight of the bleach activator-containing agents used.

In addition to the conventional bleach activators or in their place, so-called bleach catalysts can also be used. These substances are bleach-enhancing transition metal salts or transition metal complexes such as, for example, Mn, Fe, Co, Ru or Mo saline complexes or carbonyl complexes. Mn, Fe, Co, Ru, Mo, Ti, V and Cu complexes with N-containing tripod ligands and Co, Fe, Cu and Ru ammine complexes can also be used as bleach catalysts.

Bleach-enhancing transition metal complexes, in particular with the central atoms Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Mo, V, Ti and / or Ru, preferably selected from the group of manganese and / or cobalt salts and / or complexes, more preferably the cobalt (ammin ) Complexes, the cobalt (acetate) complexes, the cobalt (carbonyl) complexes, the chlorides of cobalt or manganese, manganese sulfate are in conventional amounts, preferably in an amount up to 5 wt .-%, in particular of 0.0025 wt .-% to 1 wt .-% and particularly preferably from 0.01 wt .-% to 0.25 wt .-%, each based on the total weight of the bleach activator-containing agents used. But in special cases, more bleach activator can be used.

enzymes

To increase the washing or cleaning performance of detergents or cleaners enzymes can be used. These include in particular proteases, amylases, lipases, hemicellulases, cellulases or oxidoreductases, and preferably mixtures thereof. These enzymes are basically of natural origin; Starting from the natural molecules, improved variants are available for use in detergents and cleaners, which are preferably used accordingly. Washing or cleaning agents preferably contain enzymes in total amounts of from 1 × 10 ^-6 to 5% by weight, based on active protein. The proteins In concentration can be determined by known methods, for example the BCA method or the biuret method.

Among the proteases, those of the subtilisin type are preferable. Examples thereof are the subtilisin BPN 'and Carlsberg, the protease PB92, the subtilisins 147 and 309, the alkaline protease from Bacillus lentus, subtilisin DY and the enzymes thermitase, proteinase K which can no longer be assigned to the subtilisins in the narrower sense and the proteases TW3 and TW7. Subtilisin Carlsberg in a developed form under the trade names Alcalase ^® from Novozymes A / S, Bagsvεerd, Denmark. The subtilisins 147 and 309 are sold under the trade names Esperase ^®, or Savinase ^® from Novozymes. From the protease from Bacillus lentus DSM 5483 derived under the name BLAP ^® variants are derived.

Other usable proteases are, for example, under the trade names Durazym ^®, re lase ^®, Everlase® ^®, Nafizym, Natalase ^®, Kannase® ^® and Ovozymes ^® from Novozymes, which from under the trade names Purafect ^®, Purafect ^® OxP and Properase.RTM ^® Genencor, that under the trade name Protosol® ^® from Advanced Biochemicals Ltd., Thane, India, that of under the trade name Wuxi ^® from Wuxi Snyder Bioproducts Ltd., China, under the trade names Proleather® ^® and protease P ^® Amano Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Nagoya, Japan, and the enzyme available under the name Proteinase K-16 from Kao Corp., Tokyo, Japan.

Examples of amylases which can be used according to the invention are the α-amylases from Bacillus licheniformis, from β. amyloliquefaciens or from B. stearothermophilus and their improved for use in detergents and cleaners further developments. The enzyme from ß. licheniformis is available from Novozymes under the name Termamyl ^® and from Genencor under the name Purastar® ^® ST. Development products of this α-amylase are available from Novozymes under the trade names Duramyl ^® and Termamyl ^® ultra, from Genencor under the name Purastar® ^® OxAm and from Daiwa Seiko Inc., Tokyo, Japan, as Keistase ^®. The α-amylase of β. amyloliquefaciens is sold by Novozymes under the name BAN ^®, and variants derived from the α-amylase from B.. stearothermophilus under the names BSG ^® and Novamyl ^®, likewise from Novozymes.

Furthermore, for this purpose, the α-amylase from Bacillus sp. A 7-7 (DSM 12368) and the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) from B. agaradherens (DSM 9948). In addition, the enhancements available under the trade names Fungamyl.RTM ^® by Novozymes of α-amylase from Aspergillus niger and A. oryzae. Another commercial product is, for example, the amylase ^LT® .

Also usable according to the invention are lipases or cutinases, in particular because of their triglyceride-splitting activities, but also in order to generate in situ peracids from suitable precursors. These include, for example, the lipases originally obtainable from Humicola lanuginosa (Thermomyces lanuginosus) or further developed, in particular those with the amino acid exchange D96L. They are for example marketed by Novozymes under the trade names Lipolase ^®, Lipolase Ultra ^®, LipoPrime® ^®, Lipozyme® ^® and Lipex ^®. Furthermore, for example, the cutinases can be used, which were originally isolated from Fusarium solani pisi and Humicola insolens. Likewise useable lipases are available from Amano under the designations Lipase CE ^®, Lipase P ^®, Lipase B ^®, or lipase CES ^®, Lipase AKG ^®, Bacillis sp. ^Lipase® , Lipase ^AP® , Lipase M- ^AP® and Lipase ^{AML® are} available. From the company Genencor, for example, the lipases, or cutinases can be used, the initial enzymes were originally isolated from Pseudomonas mendocina and Fusarium solanii. Other important commercial products, the preparations originally sold by Gist-Brocades M1 Lipase ^® and Lipomax® ^® and by the company of opinion to Sangyo KK, Japan under the names Lipase MY-30 ^®, Lipase OF ^® and lipase PL ^® to mention displaced enzymes, and also the product Lumafast ^® from Genencor.

Furthermore, enzymes can be used, which are summarized by the term hemicellulases. These include, for example, mannanases, xanthan lyases, pectin lyases (= pectinases), pectin esterases, pectate lyases, xyloglucanases (= xyanases), pullulanases and .beta.-glucanases. Suitable mannanases are available, for example under the name Gamanase ^® and Pektinex AR ^® from Novozymes, under the name Rohapec ^® B1 from AB Enzymes and under the name Pyrolase® ^® from Diversa Corp., San Diego, CA, United States. The .beta.-glucanase obtained from B. subtilis is available under the name Cereflo ^® from Novozymes.

Oxidoreductases, for example oxidases, oxygenases, catalases, peroxidases, such as halo, chloro, bromo, lignin, glucose or manganese peroxidases, dioxygenases or laccases (phenol oxidases, polyphenol oxidases) can be used according to the invention to increase the bleaching effect. Suitable commercial products Denilite® ^® 1 and 2 from Novozymes should be mentioned. Advantageously, it is additionally preferable to add organic, particularly preferably aromatic, compounds which interact with the enzymes, in order to enhance the activity of the relevant oxidoreductases (enhancers) or in the case of strongly different ones Redox potentials between the oxidizing enzymes and the soiling to ensure the electron flow (mediators).

The enzymes originate, for example, either originally from microorganisms, such as the genera Bacillus, Streptomyces, Humicola, or Pseudomonas, and / or are produced by biotechnological methods known per se by suitable microorganisms, such as transgenic expression hosts of the genera Bacillus or filamentous fungi.

The purification of the relevant enzymes is preferably carried out by conventional methods, for example by precipitation, sedimentation, concentration, filtration of the liquid phases, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, exposure to chemicals, deodorization or suitable combinations of these steps.

The enzymes can be used in any form known in the art. These include, for example, the solid preparations obtained by granulation, extrusion or lyophilization or, especially in the case of liquid or gel-form detergents, solutions of the enzymes, advantageously as concentrated as possible, sparing in water and / or added with stabilizers.

Alternatively, the enzymes may be encapsulated for both the solid and liquid dosage forms, for example by spray-drying or extruding the enzyme solution together with a preferably natural polymer or in the form of capsules, for example those in which the enzymes are entrapped as in a solidified gel or in those of the core-shell type, in which an enzyme-containing core is coated with a water, air and / or chemical impermeable protective layer. In deposited layers, further active ingredients, for example stabilizers, emulsifiers, pigments, bleaches or dyes, may additionally be applied. Such capsules are applied by methods known per se, for example by shaking or rolling granulation or in fluid-bed processes. Advantageously, such granules, for example by applying polymeric film-forming agent, low in dust and storage stable due to the coating.

Furthermore, it is possible to assemble two or more enzymes together so that a single granule has several enzyme activities.

A protein and / or enzyme can be protected, especially during storage, against damage such as inactivation, denaturation or degradation, for example by physical influences, oxidation or proteolytic cleavage. In microbial recovery of proteins and / or enzymes, inhibition of proteolysis is particularly preferred, especially when also contain the agents proteases. Detergents may contain stabilizers for this purpose; the provision of such means constitutes a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

One group of stabilizers are reversible protease inhibitors. Frequently, benzamidine hydrochloride, borax, boric acids, boronic acids or their salts or esters are used, including in particular derivatives with aromatic groups, such as ortho-substituted, meta-substituted and para-substituted phenylboronic acids, or their salts or esters. As peptidic protease inhibitors are, inter alia, ovomucoid and leupeptin to mention; An additional option is the formation of fusion proteins from proteases and peptide inhibitors.

Other enzyme stabilizers are amino alcohols such as mono-, di-, triethanol- and -propanolamine and mixtures thereof, aliphatic carboxylic acids up to C ₁₂ , such as succinic acid, other dicarboxylic acids or salts of said acids. End-capped fatty acid amide alkoxylates are also suitable. Certain organic acids used as builders are additionally capable of stabilizing a contained enzyme.

Lower aliphatic alcohols, but especially polyols such as glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or sorbitol are other frequently used enzyme stabilizers. Also used are calcium salts, such as calcium acetate or calcium formate, and magnesium salts.

Polyamide oligomers or polymeric compounds such as lignin, water-soluble vinyl copolymers or cellulose ethers, acrylic polymers and / or polyamides stabilize the enzyme preparation, inter alia, against physical influences or pH fluctuations. Polyamine N-oxide containing polymers act as enzyme stabilizers. Other polymeric stabilizers are the linear C ₈ -C ₁₈ polyoxyalkylenes. Alkyl polyglycosides can stabilize the enzymatic components and even increase their performance. Crosslinked N-containing compounds also act as enzyme stabilizers.

Reducing agents and antioxidants increase the stability of the enzymes to oxidative degradation. A sulfur-containing reducing agent is, for example, sodium sulfite.

Preferably, combinatons of stabilizers are used, for example of polyols, boric acid and / or borax, the combination of boric acid or borate, reducing salts and succinic acid or other dicarboxylic acids or the combination of boric acid or borate with polyols or polyamino compounds and with reducing salts. The effect of peptide-aldehyde stabilizers by the combination with boric acid and / or boric acid derivatives and Polyols increased and further enhanced by the additional use of divalent cations, such as calcium ions.

Preferred are one or more enzymes and / or enzyme preparations, preferably solid protease preparations and / or amylase preparations, in amounts of 0.1 to 5 wt .-%, preferably from 0.2 to 4.5 wt .-% and in particular from 0.4 to 4 wt .-%, each based on the total enzyme-containing agent used.

Glass corrosion inhibitors

Glass corrosion inhibitors prevent the occurrence of haze, streaks and scratches, but also iridescence of the glass surface of machine-cleaned glasses. Preferred glass corrosion inhibitors come from the group of magnesium and / or zinc salts and / or magnesium and / or zinc complexes.

A preferred class of compounds that can be used to prevent glass corrosion are insoluble zinc salts.

Insoluble zinc salts in the context of this preferred embodiment are zinc salts which have a solubility of a maximum of 10 grams of zinc salt per liter of water at 20 ^° C. Examples of particularly preferred insoluble zinc salts according to the invention are zinc silicate, zinc carbonate, zinc oxide, basic zinc carbonate (Zn ₂ (OH) ₂ CO ₃ ), zinc hydroxide, zinc oxalate, zinc monophosphate (Zn ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ ) and zinc pyrophosphate (Zn ₂ (P ₂ O ₇ )).

The zinc compounds mentioned are preferably used in amounts which have a content of the zinc ions of between 0.02 and 10% by weight, preferably between 0.1 and 5.0% by weight and in particular between 0.2 and 1.0 Wt .-%, each based on the total glass corrosion inhibitor-containing agent effect. The exact content of the agent on the zinc salt or zinc salts is naturally dependent on the type of zinc salts - the less soluble the zinc salt used, the higher its concentration should be in the funds.

Since the insoluble zinc salts remain largely unchanged during the Geschirreinigungsvorgangs, the particle size of the salts is a criterion to be observed, so that the salts do not adhere to glassware or machine parts. Here are preferred agents in which the insoluble zinc salts have a particle size below 1, 7 millimeters.

If the maximum particle size of the insoluble zinc salts is below 1.7 mm, insoluble residues in the dishwasher are not to be feared. Preferably, the insoluble zinc salt has an average particle size that is well below this value by the hazard Insoluble residues to further minimize, for example, an average particle size less than 250 microns. Again, this is even more true the less the zinc salt is soluble. In addition, the glass corrosion inhibiting effectiveness increases with decreasing particle size. For very poorly soluble zinc salts, the average particle size is preferably below 100 microns. For still less soluble salts, it may be even lower; For example, average particle sizes below 60 μm are preferred for the very poorly soluble zinc oxide.

Another preferred class of compounds are magnesium and / or zinc salt (s) of at least one monomeric and / or polymeric organic acid. These have the effect that, even with repeated use, the surfaces of glassware do not undergo corrosive changes, in particular no clouding, streaks or scratches, but also no iridescence of the glass surfaces.

Although all magnesium and / or zinc salt (s) of monomeric and / or polymeric organic acids can be used, yet the magnesium and / or zinc salts of monomeric and / or polymeric organic acids from the groups of unbranched saturated or unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, the branched saturated or unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, the saturated and unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the aromatic mono-, di- and tricarboxylic acids, the sugar acids, the hydroxy acids, the oxo acids, the amino acids and / or the polymeric carboxylic acids are preferred.

The spectrum of the inventively preferred zinc salts of organic acids, preferably organic carboxylic acids, ranges from salts which are difficult or insoluble in water, ie a solubility below 100 mg / l, preferably below 10 mg / l, in particular below 0.01 mg / l have, to those salts which have a solubility in water above 100 mg / l, preferably above 500 mg / l, more preferably above 1 g / l and in particular above 5 g / l (all solubilities at 2O ⁰ C water temperature). The first group of zinc salts includes, for example, the zinc nitrate, the zinc oleate and the zinc stearate, and the group of soluble zinc salts includes, for example, zinc formate, zinc acetate, zinc lactate and zinc gluconate.

With particular preference is used as a glass corrosion inhibitor at least one zinc salt of an organic carboxylic acid, more preferably a zinc salt from the group zinc stearate, zinc oleate, zinc gluconate, zinc acetate, zinc lactate and / or Zinkeitrat used. Zinc ricinoleate, zinc abietate and zinc oxalate are also preferred.

In the context of the present invention, the content of detergents on zinc salt is preferably between 0.1 and 5% by weight, preferably between 0.2 and 4% by weight, and in particular between 0.2 and 4% by weight. from 0.4 to 3 wt .-%, or the content of zinc in oxidized form (calculated as Zn ²⁺ ) between 0.01 to 1 wt .-%, preferably between 0.02 to 0.5 wt. -% and in particular between 0.04 to 0.2 wt .-%, each based on the total weight of the glass corrosion inhibitor-containing agent.

corrosion inhibitors

Corrosion inhibitors serve to protect the items to be washed or the machine, with particular silver protectants being of particular importance in the field of automatic dishwashing. It is possible to use the known substances of the prior art. In general, silver protectants selected from the group of the triazoles, the benzotriazoles, the bisbenzotriazoles, the aminotriazoles, the alkylaminotriazoles and the transition metal salts or complexes can be used in particular. Particularly preferred to use are benzotriazole and / or alkylaminotriazole. Examples of the 3-amino-5-alkyl-1,2,4-triazoles preferably used according to the invention may be: propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl -, Undecyl-, -Dodecyl-, -Isononyl-, Versatic-10-Alkyl-, -Phenyl-, -p-Tolyl-, - (4-tert-butylphenyl) -, - (4-Methoxyphenyl) -, - (2-, 3-, 4-pyridyl) -, - (2-thienyl) -, - (5-methyl-2-furyl) -, - (5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinyl) -, 3-amino-1, 2,4-triazole. In dishwashing agents, the alkylamino-1, 2,4-triazoles or their physiologically acceptable salts in a concentration of 0.001 to 10 wt .-%, preferably 0.0025 to 2 wt .-%, particularly preferably 0.01 to 0.04 wt .-% used. Preferred acids for salt formation are hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, carbonic acid, sulphurous acid, organic carboxylic acids such as acetic, glycolic, citric, succinic acid. Especially effective are 5-pentyl, 5-heptyl, 5-nonyl, 5-undecyl, 5-isononyl, 5-versatic-10-alkyl-3-amino-1, 2,4-triazoles and mixtures of these substances.

In addition, cleaner formulations often contain active chlorine-containing agents which can markedly reduce the corrosion of the silver surface. In chlorine-free cleaners, especially oxygen- and nitrogen-containing organic redox-active compounds, such as di- and trihydric phenols, e.g. Hydroquinone, pyrocatechol, hydroxyhydroquinone, gallic acid, Pho- roglucin, pyrogallol or derivatives of these classes of compounds used. Also, salt and complex inorganic compounds, such as salts of the metals Mn, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Co and Ce are often used. Preferred here are the transition metal salts which are selected from the group of the manganese and / or cobalt salts and / or complexes, particularly preferably the cobalt (ammin) complexes, the cobalt (acetate) complexes, the cobalt (carbonyl) - Complexes, the chlorides of cobalt or manganese and manganese sulfate. Also, zinc compounds can be used to prevent corrosion on the items to be washed.

Instead of or in addition to the silver protectants described above, for example the benzotriazoles, redox-active substances can be used. These substances are preferably inorganic redox-active substances from the group of manganese, titanium, Zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, cobalt and cerium salts and / or complexes, wherein the metals are preferably in one of the oxidation states Ii, III, IV, V or VI.

The metal salts or metal complexes used should be at least partially soluble in water. The counterions suitable for salt formation include all conventional mono-, di-, or tri-negatively charged inorganic anions, e.g. Oxide, sulfate, nitrate, fluoride, but also organic anions such as e.g. Stearate.

Metal complexes in the context of the invention are compounds which consist of a central atom and one or more ligands and optionally additionally one or more of the above-mentioned. Anions exist. The central atom is one of the o.g. Metals in one of the above Oxidation states. The ligands are neutral molecules or anions that are mono- or polydentate; The term "ligand" within the meaning of the invention is e.g. in "Römpp Chemie Lexikon, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart / New York, 9th edition, 1990, page 2507" explained in more detail. If, in a metal complex, the charge of the central atom and the charge of the ligand (s) do not add up to zero, either one or more of the above may be provided, depending on whether there is cationic or anionic charge excess. Anions or one or more cations, e.g. Sodium, potassium, ammonium ions, for charge balance. Suitable complexing agents are e.g. Citrate, acetylacetonate or 1-hydroxyethane-1, 1-diphosphonate.

The definition of "oxidation state" common in chemistry is e.g. in "Römpp Chemie Lexikon, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart / New York, 9th edition, 1991, page 3168" reproduced.

Particularly preferred metal salts and / or metal complexes are selected from the group MnSO ₄ , Mn (II) citrate, Mn (II) stearate, Mn (II) acetylacetonate, Mn (II) - [1-hydroxyethane-1, 1- diphosphonate], V ₂ O ₅ , V ₂ O ₄ , VO ₂ , TiOSO ₄ , K ₂ TiF ₆ , K ₂ ZrF ₆ , CoSO ₄ , Co (NO ₃ ) ₂ , Ce (NO ₃ ) ₃ , and mixtures thereof, such that the metal salts and / or metal complexes are selected from the group MnSO ₄ , Mn (II) citrate, Mn (II) stearate, Mn (II) acetylacetonate, Mn (II) - [1-hydroxyethane-1, 1- diphosphonate], V ₂ O ₅ , V ₂ O ₄ , VO ₂ , TiOSO ₄ , K ₂ TiF ₆ , K ₂ ZrF ₆ , CoSO ₄ , Co (NO ₃ ) ₂ , Ce (NO ₃ ) _{3 are used} with particular preference ,

These metal salts or metal complexes are generally commercially available substances which can be used for the purpose of silver corrosion protection without prior purification in detergents or cleaners. Thus, for example, the mixture of pentavalent and tetravalent vanadium (V ₂ O ₅ , VO ₂ , V ₂ O ₄ ) known from the SO ₃ production (contact method) is suitable, as well as by diluting a Ti (SO ₄ ) ₂ -solution resulting titanyl sulfate, TiOSO ₄ . The inorganic redox-active substances, in particular metal salts or metal complexes are preferably coated, ie completely coated with a waterproof material which is readily soluble in the cleaning temperatures, in order to prevent their premature decomposition or oxidation during storage. Preferred coating materials, which are applied by known methods, such as Sandwik from the food industry, are paraffins, microwaxes, waxes of natural origin such as carnauba wax, candellila wax, beeswax, higher melting alcohols such as hexadecanol, soaps or fatty acids. The coating material which is solid at room temperature is applied in the molten state to the material to be coated, for example by spinning finely divided material to be coated in a continuous stream through a likewise continuously produced spray zone of the molten coating material. The melting point must be selected so that the coating material dissolves easily during the silver treatment or melts quickly. The melting point should ideally be in the range between 45 ⁰ C and 65 ⁰ C and preferably in the range 5O ⁰ C to 6O ⁰ C.

The metal salts and / or metal complexes mentioned are contained in cleaning agents, preferably in an amount of 0.05 to 6 wt .-%, preferably 0.2 to 2.5 wt .-%, each based on the total corrosion inhibitor-containing agent.

disintegration aid

In order to facilitate the disintegration of preformed moldings, it is possible to incorporate disintegration aids, so-called tablet disintegrants, into these compositions in order to shorten the disintegration times. According to Römpp (9th edition, Vol. 6, p. 4440) and Voigt "Textbook of Pharmaceutical Technology" (6th edition, 1987, pp. 182-184), excipients are understood to mean excipients which are suitable for rapid disintegration of tablets in water or gastric juice and for the release of the drugs in resorbable form.

These substances, which are also referred to as "explosives" due to their effect, increase their volume upon ingress of water, on the one hand increasing the intrinsic volume (swelling), and on the other hand creating a pressure via the release of gases which can break the tablet into smaller particles decays. Known disintegration aids are, for example, carbonate / citric acid systems, although other organic acids can also be used. Swelling disintegration aids are, for example, synthetic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or natural polymers or modified natural substances such as cellulose and starch and their derivatives, alginates or casein derivatives. Disintegration aids are preferably used in amounts of from 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably from 3 to 7% by weight and in particular from 4 to 6% by weight, based in each case on the total weight of the disintegration assistant-containing agent.

Preferred disintegrating agents used are cellulose-based disintegrating agents, so that preferred washing and cleaning agents contain such cellulose-based disintegrants in amounts of from 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably from 3 to 7% by weight and in particular from 4 to 6% by weight. % contain. Pure cellulose has the formal gross composition (C ₆ H ₁₀ Os) _n and is formally a β-1,4-polyacetal of cellobiose, which in turn is composed of two molecules of glucose. Suitable celluloses consist of about 500 to 5000 glucose units and therefore have average molecular weights of 50,000 to 500,000. Cellulose-based disintegrating agents which can be used in the context of the present invention are also cellulose derivatives obtainable by polymer-analogous reactions of cellulose. Such chemically modified celluloses include, for example, products of esterifications or etherifications in which hydroxy hydrogen atoms have been substituted. Celluloses in which the hydroxy groups have been replaced by functional groups which are not bonded via an oxygen atom can also be used as cellulose derivatives. The group of cellulose derivatives includes, for example, alkali metal celluloses, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), cellulose esters and ethers, and aminocelluloses. The cellulose derivatives mentioned are preferably not used alone as disintegrating agents based on cellulose, but used in admixture with cellulose. The content of these mixtures of cellulose derivatives is preferably below 50% by weight, particularly preferably below 20% by weight, based on the cellulose-based disintegrating agent. It is particularly preferred to use cellulose-based disintegrating agent which is free of cellulose derivatives.

The cellulose used as a disintegration aid is preferably not used in finely divided form, but converted into a coarser form, for example granulated or compacted, before it is added to the premixes to be tabletted. The particle sizes of such disintegrating agents are usually above 200 .mu.m, preferably at least 90 wt .-% between 300 and 1600 .mu.m and in particular at least 90 wt .-% between 400 and 1200 microns. The above and described in more detail in the documents cited coarser disintegration aids, are preferred as disintegration aids and are commercially available, for example under the name of Arbocel ^® TF-30-HG from Rettenmaier available in the present invention.

As a further disintegrating agent based on cellulose or as a component of this component microcrystalline cellulose can be used. This microcrystalline cellulose is obtained by partial hydrolysis of celluloses under conditions which are only amorphous Attack areas of the celluloses (about 30% of the total cellulose mass) and completely dissolve them, leaving the crystalline areas (about 70%) undamaged. A subsequent desaggregation of the microfine celluloses produced by the hydrolysis yields the microcrystalline celluloses which have primary particle sizes of about 5 μm and, for example, can be compacted into granules having an average particle size of 200 μm.

Preferred disintegration auxiliaries, preferably a cellulose-based disintegration assistant, preferably in granular, cogranulated or compacted form, are present in the disintegrants in amounts of from 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably from 3 to 7% by weight in particular from 4 to 6% by weight, based in each case on the total weight of the disintegrating agent-containing agent.

Furthermore, according to the invention, gas-evolving effervescent systems can furthermore be used as tablet disintegration auxiliaries. The gas-evolving effervescent system may consist of a single substance that releases a gas upon contact with water. Among these compounds, mention should be made in particular of magnesium peroxide, which liberates oxygen on contact with water. Usually, however, the gas-releasing effervescent system in turn consists of at least two constituents which react with one another to form gas. While a variety of systems are conceivable and executable here, which release, for example, nitrogen, oxygen or hydrogen, the bubble system used in detergents and cleaners can be selected both on the basis of economic and environmental considerations. Preferred effervescent systems consist of alkali metal carbonate and / or bicarbonate and an acidifying agent which is suitable for liberating carbon dioxide from the alkali metal salts in aqueous solution.

In the case of the alkali metal carbonates or bicarbonates, the sodium and potassium salts are clearly preferred over the other salts for reasons of cost. Of course, the relevant pure alkali metal carbonates or bicarbonates do not have to be used; Rather, mixtures of different carbonates and bicarbonates may be preferred.

Preferred as effervescent system 2 to 20 wt .-%, preferably 3 to 15 wt .-% and in particular 5 to 10 wt .-% of an alkali metal carbonate or hydrogen carbonate and 1 to 15, preferably 2 to 12 wt .-% and in particular 3 to 10% by weight of an acidifying agent, in each case based on the total weight of the agent used.

Suitable acidifying agents which release carbon dioxide from the alkali metal salts in aqueous solution are, for example, boric acid and also alkali metal hydrogensulfates, alkali metal dihydrogenphosphates and other inorganic salts. However, preference is given to organic acidification. used, wherein the citric acid is a particularly preferred Acidifizierungsmittel. However, it is also possible in particular to use the other solid mono-, oligo- and polycarboxylic acids. Tartaric acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid and polyacrylic acid are again preferred from this group. Organic sulfonic acids such as amidosulfonic acid are also usable. A commercially available as an acidifier in the context of the present invention also preferably be used is Sokalan ^® DCS (trademark of BASF), a mixture of succinic acid (max. 31 wt .-%), glutaric acid (max. 50 wt .-%) and adipic acid ( at most 33% by weight).

Acidifying agents in the effervescent system from the group of organic di-, tri- and oligocarboxylic acids or mixtures are preferred.

fragrances

As perfume oils or perfumes, within the scope of the present invention, individual fragrance compounds, e.g. the synthetic products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type are used. Fragrance compounds of the ester type are known e.g. Benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate, linalyl acetate, dimethylbenzylcarbinylacetate, phenylethyl acetate, linalylbenzoate, benzylformate, ethylmethylphenylglycinate, allylcyclohexylpropionate, styrallylpropionate and benzylsalicylate. The ethers include, for example, benzyl ethyl ether, to the aldehydes e.g. the linear alkanals having 8-18 C atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamen aldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, lilial and bourgeonal, to the ketones e.g. the alcohols include anethole, citronellol, eugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and terpineol; the hydrocarbons mainly include the terpenes such as limonene and pinene. Preferably, however, mixtures of different fragrances are used, which together produce an attractive fragrance. Such perfume oils may also contain natural fragrance mixtures such as are available from vegetable sources, e.g. Pine, citrus, jasmine, patchouly, rose or ylang-ylang oil. Muskateller, sage oil, chamomile oil, clove oil, lemon balm oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, lime blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiveroi, olibanum oil, galena oil and labdanum oil as well as orange blossom oil, neroliol, orange peel oil and sandalwood oil are also suitable.

The general description of the perfumes that can be used (see above) generally represents the different substance classes of fragrances. To be perceptible, a fragrance must be volatile, whereby besides the nature of the functional groups and the structure of the chemical compound, the molecular weight also plays an important role plays. For example, most odorants have molecular weights up to about 200 daltons, while molecular weights of 300 daltons and above are more of an exception. Due to the different volatility of fragrances, the smell of a fragrance composed of several fragrances changes or Perfume during evaporation, wherein the odor impressions in top note, middle note or body and "base note" (end note or dry out) divided. Since odor perception is also largely based on the odor intensity, the top note of a perfume or fragrance does not consist solely of volatile compounds, while the base note consists for the most part of less volatile, ie adherent fragrances. For example, in the composition of perfumes, more volatile fragrances can be bound to certain fixatives, preventing them from evaporating too quickly. In the subsequent classification of the fragrances in "more volatile" or "adherent" fragrances so nothing about the olfactory impression and whether the corresponding fragrance is perceived as a head or middle note, nothing said.

Adhesion-resistant fragrances which can be used in the context of the present invention are, for example, the essential oils such as angelica root oil, aniseed oil, arnica blossom oil, basil oil, bay oil, bergamot oil, champacell blossom oil, fir pine oil, pinecone oil, elemi oil, eucalyptus oil, fennel oil, pine needle oil, galbanum oil, Geranium oil, ginger grass oil, guaiac wood oil, gurdy balm oil, helichrysum oil, ho oil, ginger oil, iris oil, cajeput oil, calamus oil, chamomile oil, camphor oil, kanga oil, cardamom oil, cassia oil, pine needle oil, copaϊva balsam oil, coriander oil, spearmint oil, caraway oil, cumin oil, lavender oil, Lemongrass oil, lime oil, tangerine oil, lemon balm oil, musk kernel oil, myrrh oil, clove oil, neroli oil, niaouli oil, olibanum oil, orange oil, origanum oil, palmarosa oil, patchouli oil, pearl balsam oil, petitgrain oil, pepper oil, peppermint oil, pimento oil, pine oil, rose oil, rosemary oil, sandalwood oil, Celery oil, spiked oil, star aniseed oil, turpentine oil, thuja oil, thymia oil, verbena oil, vetiver oil, juniper berry oil, wormwood oil, wintergreen oil, ylang-ylang oil, hyssop oil, cinnamon oil, cinnamon oil, lemon oil, lemon oil and cypress oil. But also the higher-boiling or solid fragrances of natural or synthetic origin can be used in the context of the present invention as adherent fragrances or fragrance mixtures, ie fragrances. These compounds include the following compounds and mixtures thereof: ambrettolide, α-amylcinnamaldehyde, anethole, anisaldehyde, anisalcohol, anisole, methyl anthranilate, acetophenone, benzylacetone, benzaldehyde, ethyl benzoate, benzophenone, benzyl alcohol, benzyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, benzyl formate , Benzyl valerate, borneol, bornyl acetate, α-bromostyrene, n-decyl aldehyde, n-dodecyl aldehyde, eugenol, eugenol methyl ether, eucalyptol, famedol, fenchone, fenchyl acetate, geranyl acetate, geranyl formate, heliotropin, heptincarboxylic acid methyl ester, heptaldehyde, hydroquinone dimethyl ether, hydroxycinnamaldehyde , Hydroxy cinnamyl alcohol, indole, iron, isoeugenol, isoeugenol methyl ether, isosafrole, jasmon, camphor, karvakrol, karvon, p-cresol methyl ether, coumarin, p-methoxyacetophenone, methyl n-amyl ketone, methyl anthranilic acid methyl ester, p-methylacetophenone, methylchavikol, p-methylquinoline , Methyl β-naphthyl ketone, methyl n-nonyl acetaldehyde, methyl n-nonyl ketone, M uskon, .beta.-naphtholethyl ether, .beta.-naphthol methyl ether, nerol, nitrobenzene, n-nonylaldehyde, nonyl alcohol, n-octylaldehyde, p-oxyacetophenone, pentadecanolide, .beta.-phenylethyl alcohol, phenylacetaldehyde dimethyacetal, phenylene acetic acid, pulegone, safrol, salicylic acid isoamyl ester, salicylic acid methyl ester, salicylic acid xylester, cyclohexyl salicylate, santalol, skatole, terpineol, thymes, thymol, γ-undelactone, vaniline, veratrum aldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, cinnamic acid ethyl ester, cinnamic acid benzyl ester. The more volatile fragrances include in particular the lower-boiling fragrances of natural or synthetic origin, which can be used alone or in mixtures. Examples of more volatile fragrances are alkyl isothiocyanates (alkyl mustard oils), butanedione, limonene, linalool, linayl acetate and propionate, menthol, menthone, methyl-n-heptenone, phellandrene, phenylacetaldehyde, terpinyl acetate, citral, citronellal.

The fragrances can be processed directly, but it can also be advantageous to apply the fragrances on carriers that provide a slower fragrance release for long-lasting fragrance. As such carrier materials, for example, cyclodextrins have been proven, the cyclodextrin-perfume complexes can be additionally coated with other excipients.

dyes

Preferred dyes, the selection of which presents no difficulty to the skilled person, have a high storage stability and insensitivity to the other ingredients of the agents and to light and no pronounced substantivity to the substrates to be treated with the dye-containing agents such as textiles, glass, ceramics or plastic dishes do not stain them.

When selecting the colorant, it must be taken into account that in the case of textile detergents, the colorants do not have too high an affinity for textile surfaces, and in particular for synthetic fibers, whereas in the case of detergents an excessively high affinity for glass, ceramic or plasticware must be avoided , At the same time, it should also be taken into account when choosing suitable colorants that colorants have different stabilities to the oxidation. In general, water-insoluble colorants are more stable to oxidation than water-soluble colorants. Depending on the solubility and thus also on the sensitivity to oxidation, the concentration of the colorant in the detergents or cleaners varies. For highly soluble dyes, for example, the above-mentioned Basacid ^® Green or the above-mentioned Sandolan Blue ^®, are typically selected dye concentrations in the range of some 10 ^"2 to ^{10" 3} wt .-%. In the due to their brilliance, particularly preferred, but are less readily water-soluble pigment dyes, for example the above-mentioned Pigmosol ^® ATTO-dyes, the appropriate concentration of the colorant is in washing or cleaning agents, however, typically a few 10 ^'3 to ^{10' 4} wt .-% , Colorants are preferred which can be oxidatively destroyed in the washing process and mixtures thereof with suitable blue dyes, so-called blue toners. It has proved to be advantageous to use colorants which are soluble in water or at room temperature in liquid organic substances. Suitable examples are anionic colorants, for example anionic nitrosofarbstoffe. One possible dye is, for example, naphthol green (Color Index (CI) Part 1: Acid Green 1; Part 2: 10020). Which as a commercial product, for example, as Basa- cid ^® Green 970 from BASF, Ludwigshafen, is obtainable, and mixtures of these with suitable blue dyes. Further suitable colorants Pigmosol come ^® Blue 6900 (CI 74160), Pigmosol ^® Green 8730 (CI 74260), Basonyl ^® Red 545 FL (CI 45170), Sandolan® ^® rhodamine EB400 (CI 45100), Basacid® ^® Yellow 094 (CI 47005) Sicovit ^® Patentblau 85 e 131 (CI 42051), Acid Blue 183 (CAS 12217-22-0, Cl Acidblue 183), pigment Blue 15 (Cl 74160), Supranol Blue ^® GLW (CAS 12219-32-8, Cl Acidblue 221 )), Nylosan Yellow ^® N-7GL SGR (CAS 61814-57-1, Cl Acidyellow 218) and / or Sandolan Blue ^® (Cl Acid Blue 182, CAS 12219-26-0) is used.

In addition to the components described in detail so far, the detergents and cleaners can contain further ingredients which further improve the performance and / or aesthetic properties of these compositions. Preferred agents comprise one or more substances from the group of the electrolyte, pH regulators, fluorescers, hydrotopes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, anti redeposition agents, optical brighteners, grayness inhibitors, anti-shrinkage agents, anti-crease agents, color transfer inhibitors, antimicrobial agents, germicides, fungicides, antioxidants, antistatic agents, Ironing aids, repellents and impregnating agents, swelling and anti-slip agents and UV absorbers.

As electrolytes from the group of inorganic salts, a wide number of different salts can be used. Preferred cations are the alkali and alkaline earth metals, preferred anions are the halides and sulfates. From a manufacturing point of view, the use of NaCl or MgCl ₂ in the washing or cleaning agents is preferred.

In order to bring the pH of detergents or cleaners into the desired range, the use of pH adjusters may be indicated. Can be used here are all known acids or alkalis, unless their use is not for technical application or environmental reasons or for reasons of consumer protection prohibited. Usually, the amount of these adjusting agents does not exceed 1% by weight of the total formulation.

Suitable foam inhibitors are, inter alia, soaps, oils, fats, paraffins or silicone oils, which may optionally be applied to support materials. Suitable carrier materials are, for example, inorganic salts such as carbonates or sulfates, cellulose derivatives or silicates and mixtures of the abovementioned materials. In the context of the present application Preferred agents include paraffins, preferably unbranched paraffins (n-paraffins) and / or silicones, preferably linear-polymeric silicones, which are constructed according to the scheme (R ₂ SiO) X and are also referred to as silicone oils. These silicone oils are usually clear, colorless, neutral, odorless, hydrophobic liquids having a molecular weight between 1,000 and 150,000, and viscosities between 10 and 1,000,000 mPa.s.

Suitable anti-redeposition agents, which are also referred to as soil repellents, are, for example, nonionic cellulose ethers such as methylcellulose and methylhydroxypropylcellulose with a proportion of methoxy groups of 15 to 30% by weight and of hydroxypropyl groups of 1 to 15% by weight, based in each case on the nonionic cellulose ether as well as the known from the prior art polymers of phthalic acid and / or terephthalic acid or derivatives thereof, in particular polymers of ethylene terephthalates and / or polyethylene glycol terephthalates or anionic and / or nonionic modified derivatives thereof. Especially preferred of these are the sulfonated derivatives of the phthalic and terephthalic acid polymers.

Optical brighteners (so-called "whiteners") can be added to laundry detergents or cleaners to eliminate graying and yellowing of the treated textiles, which draw on the fiber and cause brightening and fake bleaching by turning invisible ultraviolet radiation into visible longer wavelength light . wherein the absorbed from sunlight ultraviolet light is radiated as pale bluish fluorescence and produces the yellow shade of the grayed or yellowed laundry pure white convert Suitable compounds originate for example from the substance classes of the 4,4 ^{'diamino-2,2'} - stilbene disulphonic acids (flavonic acids), 4,4'-distyrylbiphenyls, methylumbelliferones, coumarins, dihydroquinolinones, 1,3-diarylpyrazolines, naphthalimides, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole and benzimidazole systems, and heterocyclic substituted pyrene derivatives.

Grayness inhibitors have the task of keeping the dirt detached from the fiber suspended in the liquor and thus preventing the dirt from being rebuilt. Water-soluble colloids of mostly organic nature are suitable for this purpose, for example the water-soluble salts of polymeric carboxylic acids, glue, gelatin, salts of ether sulfonic acids or cellulose or salts of acidic sulfuric acid esters of cellulose or starch. Also, water-soluble polyamides containing acidic groups are suitable for this purpose. It is also possible to use soluble starch preparations and starch products other than those mentioned above, for example degraded starch, aldehyde starches etc. Polyvinylpyrrolidone is also useful. Also usable as graying inhibitors are cellulose ethers such as carboxymethylcellulose (sodium salt), methylcellulose, hydroxyalkylcellulose and mixed ethers such as methylhydroxyethylcellulose, methylhydroxypropylcellulose, methylcarboxymethylcellulose and mixtures thereof. Since textile fabrics, in particular of rayon, rayon, cotton and their mixtures, can tend to wrinkle because the individual fibers are sensitive to bending, buckling, pressing and crushing transversely to the fiber direction, synthetic anti-crease agents can be used. These include, for example, synthetic products based on fatty acids, fatty acid esters, fatty acid amides, alkylol esters, -alkylolamides or fatty alcohols, which are usually reacted with ethylene oxide, or products based on lecithin or modified phosphoric acid ester.

Phobic and impregnation processes are used to furnish textiles with substances that prevent the deposition of dirt or facilitate its leaching ability. Preferred repellents and impregnating agents are perfluorinated fatty acids, also in the form of their aluminum and zirconium salts, organic silicates, silicones, polyacrylic acid esters with perfluorinated alcohol component or polymerizable compounds coupled with perfluorinated acyl or sulfonyl radical. Antistatic agents may also be included. The antisoiling equipment with repellents and impregnating agents is often classified as an easy-care finish. The penetration of the impregnating agent in the form of solutions or emulsions of the active substances in question can be facilitated by adding wetting agents which reduce the surface tension. A further field of application of repellents and impregnating agents is the water-repellent finish of textiles, tents, tarpaulins, leather, etc., in which, in contrast to waterproofing, the fabric pores are not closed, so the fabric remains breathable (hydrophobing). The water repellents used for hydrophobizing coat textiles, leather, paper, wood, etc. with a very thin layer of hydrophobic groups, such as longer alkyl chains or siloxane groups. Suitable hydrophobizing agents are e.g. Paraffins, waxes, metal soaps etc. with additions of aluminum or zirconium salts, quaternary ammonium compounds with long-chain alkyl radicals, urea derivatives, fatty acid-modified melamine resins, chromium complex salts, silicones, organotin compounds and glutaric dialdehyde as well as perfluorinated compounds. The hydrophobized materials do not feel greasy; nevertheless, similar to greasy substances, water droplets emit from them without moistening. Thus, e.g. Silicone-impregnated textiles have a soft feel and are water and dirt repellent; Stains from ink, wine, fruit juices and the like are easier to remove.

Antimicrobial agents can be used to combat microorganisms. Depending on the antimicrobial spectrum and mechanism of action, a distinction is made between bacteriostats and bactericides, fungistatics and fungicides, etc. Important substances from these groups are, for example, benzalkonium chlorides, alkylarylsulfonates, halophenols and phenolmercuric acetate, although it is entirely possible to do without these compounds. To prevent undesirable changes to the detergents and cleaners and / or the treated fabrics caused by exposure to oxygen and other oxidative processes, the compositions may contain anti-oxidants. This class of compounds includes, for example, substituted phenols, hydroquinones, catechols and aromatic amines, as well as organic sulfides, polysulfides, dithiocarbamates, phosphites and phosphonates.

Increased comfort may result from the additional use of antistatic agents. Antistatic agents increase the surface conductivity and thus allow an improved drainage of formed charges. External antistatic agents are generally substances with at least one hydrophilic molecule ligand and give a more or less hygroscopic film on the surfaces. These mostly surface-active antistatic agents can be subdivided into nitrogen-containing (amines, amides, quaternary ammonium compounds), phosphorus-containing (phosphoric acid esters) and sulfur-containing (alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates) antistatic agents. Lauryl (or stearyl) di- methylbenzylammoniumchloride are also suitable as antistatic agents for textiles or as an additive to detergents, with an additional Avivageeffekt is achieved.

Softeners can be used to care for the textiles and to improve the textile properties such as a softer "handle" (avivage) and reduced electrostatic charge (increased wearing comfort). The active substances in fabric softening formulations are "esterquats", quaternary ammonium compounds having two hydrophobic radicals, such as disteryldimethylammonium chloride, which, however, due to its insufficient biodegradability, is increasingly being replaced by quaternary ammonium compounds which in their hydrophobic radicals are ester groups as predetermined breaking points for the biological Contain degradation. Such "esterquats" with improved biodegradability are obtainable, for example, by esterifying mixtures of methyldiethanolamine and / or triethanolamine with fatty acids and then quaternizing the reaction products with alkylating agents in a manner known per se. Further suitable as a finish is dimethylolethyleneurea.

Silicone derivatives can be used to improve the water absorbency, rewettability of the treated fabrics, and ease of ironing the treated fabrics. These additionally improve the rinsing out of detergents or cleaning agents by their foam-inhibiting properties. Preferred silicone derivatives are, for example, polydialkyl or alkylaryl siloxanes in which the alkyl groups have one to five carbon atoms and are completely or partially fluorinated. Preferred silicones are polydimethylsiloxanes, which may optionally be derivatized and are then amino-functional or quaternized or have Si-OH, Si-H and / or Si-Cl bonds. Further preferred silicones are the polyalkylene oxide-modified polysiloxanes, ie polysiloxanes having, for example, polyethylene glycols and the polyalkylene oxide-modified dimetylpolysiloxanes. Finally, according to the invention, it is also possible to use UV absorbers which are absorbed by the treated textiles and improve the light resistance of the fibers. Compounds which have these desired properties are, for example, the compounds which are active by radiationless deactivation and derivatives of benzophenone having substituents in the 2- and / or 4-position. Also suitable are substituted benzotriazoles, in the 3-position phenyl-substituted acrylates (cinnamic acid derivatives), optionally with cyano groups in the 2-position, salicylates, organic Ni complexes and natural substances such as umbelliferone and the endogenous urocanic acid.

Protein hydrolyzates are due to their fiber-care effect further in the context of the present invention preferred active substances from the field of detergents and cleaners. Protein hydrolysates are product mixtures obtained by acid, alkaline or enzymatically catalyzed degradation of proteins (proteins). According to the invention, protein hydrolysates of both vegetable and animal origin can be used. Animal protein hydrolysates are, for example, elastin, collagen, keratin, silk and milk protein protein hydrolysates, which may also be present in the form of salts. Preferred according to the invention is the use of protein hydrolysates of plant origin, e.g. Soy, almonds, rice, pea, potato and wheat protein hydrolysates. Although the use of the protein hydrolysates is preferred as such, amino acid mixtures or individual amino acids obtained otherwise, such as, for example, arginine, lysine, histidine or pyrroglutamic acid, may also be used in their place. Also possible is the use of derivatives of protein hydrolysates, for example in the form of their fatty acid condensation products.

The non-aqueous solvents which can be used according to the invention include, in particular, the organic solvents, of which only the most important can be listed here: alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanols, butanols, octanols, cyclohexanol), glycols (ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol) , Ethers and glycol ethers (diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, anisole, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, mono-, di-, tri-, polyethylene glycol ethers), ketones (acetone, butanone, cyclohexanone), esters (acetic acid esters, glycol esters), amides and others Nitrogen compounds (dimethylformamide, pyridine, N-methylpyrrolidone, acetonitrile), sulfur compounds (carbon disulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane), nitro compounds (nitrobenzene), halogenated hydrocarbons (dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrachloromethane, tri-, tetrachloroethene, 1, 2-dichloroethane, chlorofluorocarbons), hydrocarbons (benzene, petroleum ether, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, decalin, terpene solvent, benzene, toluene ol, XyIoIe). Alternatively, instead of the pure solvents, their mixtures, which advantageously combine, for example, the dissolution properties of various solvents, can also be used. Such a solvent mixture which is particularly preferred in the context of the present application is, for example Benzine, a mixture of various hydrocarbons suitable for dry cleaning, preferably containing C12 to C14 hydrocarbons above 60% by weight, more preferably above 80% by weight and in particular above 90% by weight, based in each case on the total weight of Mixture, preferably having a boiling range of 81 to 110 ⁰ C.

Claims

claims:

1. A method for producing portioned detergent or cleaning agent, comprising the steps of a) providing a shaped body having a cavity which has at least two openings on the surface of the shaped body; b) applying a first water-soluble or water-dispersible film material to one of the openings of the cavity; c) deep drawing the first water-soluble or water-dispersible film material into the cavity to form a receiving chamber formed by the film material, wherein the film material is deep-drawn such that the receiving chamber formed by the film material protrudes from a second opening; d) filling a washing or cleaning-active substance in the receiving chamber.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that it is in the shaped body to a tablet, a Kompaktat, an extrudate, an injection molded body, a casting or a composite of these moldings shaped body.

3. The method according to any one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that in step d) a flowable washing or cleaning substance, preferably a particulate substance or a liquid, is filled.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the Kavi- tätsöffnung following step d) in a further step e) is sealed.

5. washing or cleaning agent, comprising a washing or cleaning agent shaped body having a cavity which has at least two openings on opposite sides of the shaped body as well as in the cavity befindlicher, filled water-soluble thermoforming container, characterized in that the filled water-soluble thermoforming container from at least one protrudes the opening surfaces.

6. washing or cleaning agent according to claim 5, characterized in that the filling volume of the water-soluble thermoforming container between 90 and 150 vol .-% l preferably between 90 and 130 vol .-% and in particular between 95 and 120 vol .-% of the volume Cavity of the molding is.