EP1817878B1 - Airtimegerechte übertragungsregulierung ohne explizite verkehrsspezifikationen für drahtlose netzwerke - Google Patents
Airtimegerechte übertragungsregulierung ohne explizite verkehrsspezifikationen für drahtlose netzwerke Download PDFInfo
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- EP1817878B1 EP1817878B1 EP05811352A EP05811352A EP1817878B1 EP 1817878 B1 EP1817878 B1 EP 1817878B1 EP 05811352 A EP05811352 A EP 05811352A EP 05811352 A EP05811352 A EP 05811352A EP 1817878 B1 EP1817878 B1 EP 1817878B1
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
- H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
- H04W28/10—Flow control between communication endpoints
- H04W28/14—Flow control between communication endpoints using intermediate storage
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
- H04L47/24—Traffic characterised by specific attributes, e.g. priority or QoS
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
- H04L47/27—Evaluation or update of window size, e.g. using information derived from acknowledged [ACK] packets
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
- H04L47/29—Flow control; Congestion control using a combination of thresholds
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/50—Queue scheduling
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
- H04L49/90—Buffering arrangements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to transmission control in a wireless multimedia communication system.
- Airtime fair (or AirFair) transmission control has been layered on top of MAC protocols as an additional mechanism that ensures each traffic flow of its allocated air time, on an as-needed basis, regardless of the conditions of other links. This approach prevents the unfair allocation of transmission time that otherwise would accrue to stations with good links.
- AirFair control technology if a link is experiencing much longer transmission time for each packet due to link degradation, the link can exceed its allocated transmission time only if there is surplus airtime unused by other stations. This is important for high-quality video transmission over wireless networks, because this type of video traffic is high data rate, delay intolerant and sensitive to data losses.
- the document US2004/0170186 presents a method that allocates resources of a wireless communications network to traffic transmitted to user equipment over a channel of the network and dynamically adjusts the queue weights according to the dynamic load of the traffic and the queue status.
- AirFair technology requires the application layer to specify and pass to the admission control and scheduling modules information about each traffic flow, such as bit rate and delay tolerance. In practice, such information is not always available, and the interface for passing such information remains to be standardized and implemented.
- the system and method of the present invention provide a non-TSPEC (traffic specification) fair air-time allocation control mechanism that overcomes the limitations of existing AirFair technologies.
- the system and method of the present invention perform tracking the transmission time consumed by each link, detection of any increase in such transmission time, and enforcement of airtime allocation based on the pattern of usage derived therefrom.
- system and method of the present invention enforces airtime allocation without requiring any traffic specification (TSPEC) to be made available, thereby enhancing the quality of service feature for a wide range of wireless devices and applications.
- TSPEC traffic specification
- FIFO First In First Out
- a packet scheduler should have the following properties:
- the system and method of the present invention possess all three characteristics, in varying degrees.
- a wireless device 100 modified according to the present invention may include de a system with an architecture that is illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 1 .
- Each wireless device 100 may include a memory 102 comprising n queues 101.1-101.n that are assigned flows and weights by a time monitor 104.
- the time monitor 104 keeps track of the per-byte transmission time experienced by each queue and adjusts the queue's weight and retry limit as well as transmission opportunity (TXOP) accordingly.
- the device further comprises a queue - level scheduler 103 that uses the weights to schedule packets enqueued in the various queues for transmission by the wireless transmission module 105 over the wireless channel 106.
- a flow declares its needs to a device 100 at state 301 and each delay-sensitive traffic flow (video, voice, audio) is assigned to a separate queue i 101.i stored in memory 102 of the device 100 which bounds the delay per flow, whereas all non-delay-sensitive traffic flows are optionally bundled into a single queue at state 303 without negatively affecting the performance (fairness characteristic) of the NT-AirFair (Non-TSPEC AirFair) allocation scheme of the system and method of the present invention.
- the NT-Airfair modification to a wireless device 100 of the present invention works together with an existing queue-level scheduler 103 that performs weighted scheduling on a per flow basis, as illustrated in FIG. 1 .
- the existing queue-level scheduler 103 can be located in an operating system kernel, a wireless device driver, or the MAC.
- the device is further configured with a time monitor module 104 that computes window-averaged transmit time per byte, tracks increases in this average time, adjusts each of the weights, retries limit and TXOP accordingly as well as performs all the other computations necessary for implementing the present invention.
- a time monitor module 104 that computes window-averaged transmit time per byte, tracks increases in this average time, adjusts each of the weights, retries limit and TXOP accordingly as well as performs all the other computations necessary for implementing the present invention.
- the next packet to be transmitted is determined by the queue-level scheduler using an existing weighted priority scheme.
- advanced queuing algorithms such as weighted round-robin and weighted fair queuing, both of which are based on priority queuing.
- the weights are adjusted in accordance with the system and method of the present invention and are not static, as they are in many prior art priority queuing schemes.
- each arriving packet is placed into a queue based on its priority which may be, e.g., high, medium, norm, and low.
- priority which may be, e.g., high, medium, norm, and low.
- Higher priority queues are preferred, i.e., packets in higher-priority queues are preferred for transmission and lower-priority queues gain access to the medium only when no higher-priority queues have packets waiting for transmission.
- higher priority queues get serviced at the expense of lower-priority queues and the latter experience delivery delays and even failure in such a scheme.
- Weighted round robin makes sure that no queue dominates at the expense of others. Weighted round robin queuing transmits entire queues in round-robin order with a priority being assigned to a queue, i.e., by defining the queue's length. Thus" the longer the queue, the higher the queue's priority. Weighted round robin processes more high -priority traffic and treats low-priority traffic fairly.
- WFQ weighted fair queuing
- the TSPECs for traffic flows are used to calculate the queue weights.
- a module in the device driver measures the consumed airtime for each traffic flow.
- the dequeuing module uses this information together with the weights to enforce airtime allocation by adjusting the queue weights.
- the queuing weight q i,new for traffic flow i is adjusted at state 309 to lower its priority in dequeuing the corresponding enqueued packets of the flow i relative to all other traffic flows.
- the window size t for the averaging must be large enough to effectively eliminate the impact of sporadic fluctuations in the link condition, while small enough to enable quick response to link degradation.
- priority-based MAC In priority-based MAC, it is most likely that delay-sensitive traffic flows per flow category are bundled into one queue in the device driver and the MAC. Because packets held up in a queue will block subsequent packets in the same queue, it is impractical, if not impossible, to differentiate among traffic flows heading to different stations in the dequeuing process. A non-dequeuing-based differentiating mechanism is therefore needed for priority-based MAC.
- a normalized transmission time per byte T i,t,j is measured and tracked. If the transmission time for a particular flow is detected to have increas ed beyond a certain pre-determined threshold at state 308, the retry limit for the packet and the flow is lowered or set to 0 to prevent the flow's packets from repeatedly trying to access the channel and thus blocking packets from other flows. Retry limi ts for non-offending flows are not changed. The previous "allowed" transmission time is also used to determine the minimum PHY rate under the new retry limit at state 309, to prevent the link adaptation module from setting the PHY rate too low, resulting in the flow continuing to consume too much airtime.
- TXOP is adjusted at state 3077 and transmission is retried at state 305.
- the retry limit is exceeded, i.e., the queued packet is dropped at state 311 so that when the retry limit is exhausted packets are prevented from piling up in queues.
- TXOP can also be set to the "allowed" airtime for each flow. Because a single queue can hold packets for different traffic flows, the TXOP needs to be estimated and reset on a per-packet basis.
- Non-TSPEC AirFair (or NT-AirFair) can be implemented in alternative parts of the protocol stack such as:
- NT-AirFair can be performed by both access points (that coordinate stations) 201.1 and stations 201.2 -201.n of a wireless network 200 in which each device or station 201.i is additionally configured with an apparatus (100) as illustrated in FIG. 1 , in accordance with the present invention.
- the invention can be applied to Wireless LAN (802.11) IC, wireless PAN IC; wireless video servers and receivers, wireless media adapters, media PCs, and wireless video transmission modules.
- Wireless LAN 802.11
- PAN personal area network
- wireless video servers and receivers wireless media adapters, media PCs, and wireless video transmission modules.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Small-Scale Networks (AREA)
- Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
- Radio Relay Systems (AREA)
- Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)
Claims (35)
- Gerät (100) zur airtime-gerechten Übertragungsregulierung, die keine Verkehrsspezifikation erfordert, wobei das Gerät Folgendes umfasst:
einen Speicher (102) mit n Warteschlangen (101.i) mit entsprechenden vorgegebenen Scheduling-Gewichten qi,alt = qi,neu, i = 1, 2, ..., n;
einen Scheduler auf Warteschlangen-Niveau (engl. queue-level scheduler) (103), der dafür vorgesehen ist, ein empfangenes Paket in eine Warteschlange einzureihen (304) und dafür vorgesehen ist, zwecks Übertragung ein in eine Warteschlange eingereihtes Paket von mindestens einem Fluss in einer Warteschlange der genannten n Warteschlangen (101.i) aus der Warteschlange zu entfernen (305), und zwar entsprechend einem vorgegebenen Warteschlangenzuordnungsschema (302) (303) bzw. einem gewichteten Übertragungsplanungsschema (305), das die genannten Gewichte qi,neu i = 1, 2, ..., n benutzt; dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es weiterhin ein Zeitmonitormodul (104) umfasst, das vorgesehen ist, um zu ermitteln, ob eine Zunahme in einer Übertragungszeit pro Byte T i,t,j (308) für jede Warteschlange des genannten mindestens einen darin eingereihten Flusses vorliegt und das vorgesehen ist, um die entsprechenden Scheduling-Gewichte qi,neu, i = 1, 2 ..., n entsprechend einem vorgegebenen Gewichtanpassungsschema anzupassen. - Gerät (100) nach Anspruch 1, das weiterhin Folgendes umfasst:einen prioritätsbasierten Media-Access-Controller, abgekürzt MAC,wobei der genannte Scheduler auf Warteschlangen-Niveau (103) in einer der Komponenten enthalten ist, die aus der Gruppe bestehend aus einem Warteschlangenmodul eines Betriebssystem-Kernels, einem Gerätetreiber und einem MAC ausgewählt werden; undwobei der Scheduler auf Warteschlangen-Niveau (103) dafür vorgesehen ist, verzögerungsempfindliche Verkehrsflüsse pro Flusskategorie (302) (304) in eine separate Warteschlange (101.i) pro Fluss einzureihen.
- Gerät nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Zeitmonitor (104) dafür vorgesehen ist, T i,j (308) als eine fenster-gemittelte Übertragungszeit pro Byte für eine vorgegebene Fenstergröße t zu berechnen.
- Gerät nach Anspruch 1, wobei das genannte Zuordnungsschema das Einreihen jedes verzögerungsempfindlichen Flusses in eine separate Warteschlange (303) der genannten n Warteschlangen (101.i) umfasst.
- Gerät nach Anspruch 4, wobei der Zeitmonitor (104) dafür vorgesehen ist, T i,j (308) als eine fenster-gemittelte Übertragungszeit pro Byte für eine vorgegebene Fenstergröße t zu berechnen.
- Gerät nach Anspruch 1, wobei das genannte Zuordnungsschema das Einreihen aller nicht-verzögerungsempfindlichen Flüsse in eine einzelne separate Warteschlange (303) der genannten n Warteschlangen (101.i) umfasst.
- Gerät nach Anspruch 6, wobei der Zeitmonitor dafür vorgesehen ist, T i,,j (308) als eine fenster-gemittelte Übertragungszeit pro Byte für eine vorgegebene Fenstergröße t zu berechnen.
- Gerät nach Anspruch 1, wobei das genannte Zuordnungsschema das Einreihen jedes verzögerungsempfindlichen Flusses und aller nicht-verzögerungsempfindlichen Flüsse in eine separate Warteschlange (302) der genannten n Warteschlangen (101.i) umfasst.
- Gerät nach Anspruch 8, wobei der Zeitmonitor dafür vorgesehen ist, T i,,j (308) als eine fenster-gemittelte Übertragungszeit pro Byte für eine vorgegebene Fenstergröße t zu berechnen.
- Gerät nach Anspruch 9, wobei das gewichtete Übertragungsplanungsschema aus der Gruppe ausgewählt wird, die aus gewichtetem Round-Robin und gewichtetem Fair Queuing besteht.
- Gerät nach Anspruch 10, wobei
T i,j (308) = verbrauchte_Übertragungszeit / Paketgröße, für j = 1, 2, ..., und i = 1, ..., n; und
das vorgegebene Gewichtanpassungsschema (310) darin besteht, eine Sequenz T i,j (308) für j = 1, ... k über das Fenster t zu erlangen, und, wenn diese Sequenz auf einer fenster-gemittelten Basis um mehr als einen vorgegebenen Schwellenwert zunimmt, das Warteschlangengewicht umgekehrt proportional zu der Zunahme anzupassen. - Gerät nach Anspruch 11, wobei das vorgegebene Gewichtanpassungsschema weiterhin eine Anpassung an die Wiederholungsgrenze für den Fluss I und die Ermittlung einer minimalen PHY-Rate unter der angepassten Wiederholungsgrenze (309) umfasst.
- Gerät nach Anspruch 13, wobei das vorgegebene Gewichtanpassungsschema weiterhin die Einstellung einer Übertragungsmöglichkeit, im Weiteren als TXOP bezeichnet, auf eine vorgegebene zulässige Airtime umfasst (309).
- Gerät nach Anspruch 13, wobei die Anpassung aus einer Gruppe ausgewählt wird, die aus dem Verringern der Wiederholungsgrenze (309) um einen vorgegebenen Verringerungsbetrag und aus dem Einstellen der Wiederholungsgrenze auf 0 besteht.
- Gerät nach Anspruch 15, wobei das vorgegebene Gewichtanpassungsschema weiterhin das Einstellen von TXOP (309) auf eine vorgegebene zulässige Airtime umfasst.
- Gerät nach Anspruch 16, wobei das Gerät (100) aus einer Gruppe ausgewählt wird, die aus einem IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network, LAN, einer integrierten Schaltung, IC, einem Wireless Personal Area Network, PAN, IC, einem drahtlosen Videoserver, einem drahtlosen Videoempfänger, einem drahtlosen Media-Adapter, einem Media-Personal-Computer, PC, und einem drahtlosen Videoübertragungsmodul besteht.
- Kommunikationsnetzwerk (200) zur airtime-gerechten Übertragungsregulierung, die keine Verkehrsspezifikation benötigt, mit einer Vielzahl von Vorrichtungen (201.i), die jeweils ein Gerät (100) nach Anspruch 17 enthalten.
- Kommunikationsnetzwerk (200) zur airtime-gerechten Übertragungsregulierung, die keine Verkehrsspezifikation benötigt, mit einer Vielzahl von Vorrichtungen (20 1.i), die jeweils ein Gerät (100) nach Anspruch 16 enthalten.
- Verfahren zur airtime-gerechten Übertragungsregulierung, die keine Verkehrsspezifikation benötigt, wobei das Verfahren die folgenden Schritte umfasst:Bereitstellen von n Warteschlangen (101.i) mit jeweils einem entsprechenden vorgegebenen Scheduling-Gewicht qi,alt = qi,neu, i = 1, 2, ..., n;Einreihen (302) (303) (304) eines empfangenen Pakets von mindestens einem Fluss in eine separate Warteschlange der genannten n Warteschlangen entsprechend einem vorgegebenen Warteschlangenzuordnungsschema;zwecks Übertragung Entfernen (304) eines eingereihten Pakets entsprechend einem gewichteten Übertragungsplanungsschema, das die genannten Gewichte qi,neu, i = 1, 2, ..., n benutzt; gekennzeichnet durch die folgenden Schritte:für jede Warteschlange Ermitteln (310), ob eine Zunahme in einer Übertragungszeit pro Byte T ij (308) vorliegt; undAnpassen (309) der entsprechenden Scheduling-Gewichte qi,neu i = 1, 2, ..., n entsprechend einem vorgegebenen Gewichtanpassungsschema.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 20, das weiterhin die folgenden Schritte umfasst:Bereitstellen eines prioritätsbasierten MAC; undwobei der Schritt des Einreihens weiterhin das Einreihen verzögerungsempfindlicher Verkehrsflüsse pro Flusskategorie in eine separate Warteschlange pro Fluss (302) in einer der Komponenten umfasst, die aus der Gruppe bestehend aus einem Warteschlangenmodul eines Betriebssystem-Kernels, einem Gerätetreiber und einem MAC ausgewählt werden.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 20, wobei der Schritt des Ermittelns weiterhin den Schritt des Berechnens von T i,j (308) als eine fenster-gemittelte Übertragungszeit pro Byte für eine vorgegebene Fenstergröße t umfasst.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 20, wobei das genannte Warteschlangenzuordnungsschema den Schritt des Zuordnens (302) jedes verzögerungsempfindlichen Flusses zu einer separaten Warteschlange der genannten n Warteschlangen (101.i) umfasst.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 23, wobei der Schritt des Ermittelns weiterhin den Schritt des Berechnens von T i,j (308) als eine fenster-gemittelte Übertragungszeit pro Byte für eine vorgegebene Fenstergröße t umfasst.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 20, wobei das genannte Warteschlangenzuordnungsschema den Schritt des Zuordnens (303) aller nicht-verzögerungsempfindlichen Flüsse zu einer einzelnen separaten Warteschlange der genannten n Warteschlangen (101.i) umfasst.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 25, wobei der Schritt des Ermittelns weiterhin den Schritt des Berechnens von T i,j (308) als eine fenster-gemittelte Übertragungszeit pro Byte für eine vorgegebene Fenstergröße t umfasst.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 20, wobei das genannte Zuordnungsschema die folgenden Schritte umfasst:Zuordnen (302) jedes verzögerungsempfindlichen Flusses zu einer separaten Warteschlange der genannten n Warteschlangen (101.i), undZuordnen (303) aller nicht-verzögerungsempfindlichen Flüsse zu einer separaten Warteschlange der genannten n Warteschlangen (101.i).
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 27, wobei der Schritt des Ermittelns weiterhin den Schritt des Berechnens von T i,j (308) als eine fenster-gemittelte Übertragungszeit pro Byte für eine vorgegebene Fenstergröße t umfasst.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 28, wobei das gewichtete Übertragungsplanungsschema aus der Gruppe ausgewählt wird, die aus gewichtetem Round-Robin und gewichtetem Fair Queuing besteht.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 29, wobei
T i,t,j (308) = verbrauchte_Übertragungszeit / Paketgröße, für j = 1, 2, ..., und i = 1, ..., n; und
das vorgegebene Gewichtanpassungsschema die folgenden Schritte umfasst:i. Erlangen einer Sequenz T i,j (308) für j = 1, ... k über das Fenster t; undii. Ermitteln (310), ob die erlangte Sequenz auf einer fenster-gemittelten Basis um mehr als einen vorgegebenen Schwellenwert zunimmt; undiii. wenn die Zunahme den Schwellenwert überschreitet, Anpassen (309) des Warteschlangengewichts umgekehrt proportional zu der Zunahme. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 30, wobei das vorgegebene Gewichtanpassungsschema weiterhin die folgenden Schritte umfasst:Anpassen (309) der Wiederholungsgrenze; undErmitteln (309) einer minimalen PHY-Rate unter der angepassten Wiederholungsgrenze.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 32, wobei das vorgegebene Gewichtanpassungsschema weiterhin den Schritt des Einstellens von TXOP (309) auf eine vorgegebene zulässige Airtime umfasst.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 32, wobei der Schritt des Anpassens der Wiederholungsgrenze (309) das Auswählen einer Anpassung aus einer Gruppe umfasst, die aus dem Verringern der Wiederholungsgrenze (309) um einen vorgegebenen Verringerungsbetrag und aus dem Einstellen der Wiederholungsgrenze auf 0 besteht.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 34, wobei das vorgegebene Gewichtanpassungsschema weiterhin den Schritt des Einstellens von TXOP (309) auf eine vorgegebene zulässige Airtime umfasst.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US63008904P | 2004-11-22 | 2004-11-22 | |
PCT/IB2005/053791 WO2006054256A2 (en) | 2004-11-22 | 2005-11-16 | Air-time fair transmission regulation without explicit traffic specifications for wireless networks |
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EP1817878A2 EP1817878A2 (de) | 2007-08-15 |
EP1817878B1 true EP1817878B1 (de) | 2009-07-22 |
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EP05811352A Active EP1817878B1 (de) | 2004-11-22 | 2005-11-16 | Airtimegerechte übertragungsregulierung ohne explizite verkehrsspezifikationen für drahtlose netzwerke |
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US (2) | US9215621B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1817878B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP4907545B2 (de) |
CN (1) | CN101061681B (de) |
AT (1) | ATE437506T1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE602005015614D1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2006054256A2 (de) |
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US8514700B2 (en) * | 2010-10-29 | 2013-08-20 | Alcatel Lucent | MLPPP occupancy based round robin |
CN102368742B (zh) * | 2011-12-11 | 2014-08-06 | 湖南科技大学 | 一种公平性好效率高的多链路数据传输方法 |
EP2645801A1 (de) * | 2012-03-29 | 2013-10-02 | British Telecommunications Public Limited Company | Dynamisches Festlegen von Übertragunszeit in einem wettbewerb-basierten Funksystem |
CN106603433B (zh) * | 2015-10-14 | 2019-10-25 | 瑞昱半导体股份有限公司 | 数据输出调度装置与方法 |
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Cited By (2)
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TWI572168B (zh) * | 2014-12-19 | 2017-02-21 | 聯發科技股份有限公司 | 無線設備和設置封包佇列設備的封包解除佇列排程的方法 |
US9756651B2 (en) | 2014-12-19 | 2017-09-05 | Mediatek Inc. | Wireless device and method for setting packet de-queue scheduling of packet queue device based on airtime quota allocation |
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US20150350113A1 (en) | 2015-12-03 |
US10405237B2 (en) | 2019-09-03 |
WO2006054256A2 (en) | 2006-05-26 |
WO2006054256A3 (en) | 2006-10-05 |
US9215621B2 (en) | 2015-12-15 |
CN101061681A (zh) | 2007-10-24 |
JP4907545B2 (ja) | 2012-03-28 |
EP1817878A2 (de) | 2007-08-15 |
JP2008521323A (ja) | 2008-06-19 |
DE602005015614D1 (de) | 2009-09-03 |
ATE437506T1 (de) | 2009-08-15 |
US20090147765A1 (en) | 2009-06-11 |
CN101061681B (zh) | 2011-06-08 |
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