EP1801187A2 - Mineral oils containing detergent additives with improved cold flowability - Google Patents
Mineral oils containing detergent additives with improved cold flowability Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1801187A2 EP1801187A2 EP20060025303 EP06025303A EP1801187A2 EP 1801187 A2 EP1801187 A2 EP 1801187A2 EP 20060025303 EP20060025303 EP 20060025303 EP 06025303 A EP06025303 A EP 06025303A EP 1801187 A2 EP1801187 A2 EP 1801187A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- alkyl
- oil
- alkenyl
- soluble
- ppm
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 118
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 83
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- -1 polyoxy Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 113
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229920005628 alkoxylated polyol Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 74
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 claims description 46
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 28
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 28
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 28
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 27
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 26
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 25
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde Substances O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910017464 nitrogen compound Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002830 nitrogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 9
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 7
- GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperazine Chemical compound C1CNCCN1 GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000005840 aryl radicals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000896 monocarboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000005395 methacrylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940014800 succinic anhydride Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 abstract description 44
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 abstract 4
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 37
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 17
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 16
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N butene Natural products CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- LSHROXHEILXKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n'-[2-[2-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]ethylamino]ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine Chemical compound NCCNCCNCCNCCNCCN LSHROXHEILXKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229920001038 ethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 14
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 description 13
- FAGUFWYHJQFNRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylenepentamine Chemical compound NCCNCCNCCNCCN FAGUFWYHJQFNRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- HIXDQWDOVZUNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxychromen-4-one Chemical compound C=1C(OC)=CC(O)=C(C(C=2)=O)C=1OC=2C1=CC=C(OC)C(OC)=C1 HIXDQWDOVZUNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical compound CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 10
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propene Chemical compound CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- WGLLSSPDPJPLOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene Chemical compound CC(C)=C(C)C WGLLSSPDPJPLOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 8
- YAXXOCZAXKLLCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-dodecyloxolane-2,5-dione Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCC1CC(=O)OC1=O YAXXOCZAXKLLCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 7
- BKOOMYPCSUNDGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbut-2-ene Chemical compound CC=C(C)C BKOOMYPCSUNDGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UKMSUNONTOPOIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Behenic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O UKMSUNONTOPOIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N (2r,3r,4s)-2-[(1r)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 5
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- WSSSPWUEQFSQQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-1-pentene Chemical compound CC(C)CC=C WSSSPWUEQFSQQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- XNMQEEKYCVKGBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylacetylene Natural products CC#CC XNMQEEKYCVKGBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-decene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC=C AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 4
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002551 biofuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001728 carbonyl compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentyl glycol Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)CO SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 4
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ARCGXLSVLAOJQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimellitic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C(C(O)=O)=C1 ARCGXLSVLAOJQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 4
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FWAVAVCRVWBJRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)oxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound CC(C)=CC1CC(=O)OC1=O FWAVAVCRVWBJRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/146—Macromolecular compounds according to different macromolecular groups, mixtures thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
- C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/14—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving low temperature properties
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
- C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/1641—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds from compounds containing aliphatic monomers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
- C10L1/1981—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
- C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
- C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
- C10L1/2225—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates hydroxy containing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
- C10L1/224—Amides; Imides carboxylic acid amides, imides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the use of polyoxyalkylene compounds for improving the cold flowability of mineral oil distillates containing detergent additives, as well as to the additive mineral oil distillates.
- paraffin-rich crude oils are extracted and processed, which consequently also lead to paraffin-rich fuel oils.
- the paraffins contained in particular in middle distillates can crystallize on lowering the temperature of the oil and partially agglomerate with the inclusion of oil. This crystallization and agglomeration can cause blockages of the filters in engines and firing systems, especially in winter, which prevents safe metering of the fuels and may possibly lead to a complete interruption of the fuel supply.
- the paraffin problem is further exacerbated by the environmental reasons to reduce the sulfur content to be carried out hydrogenating desulfurization of fuel oils, which leads to an increased proportion of cold-critical paraffins in the fuel oil.
- middle distillates are often added chemical additives, so-called cold flow improvers or flow improvers, modify the crystal structure and Agglomerationsne noticed the precipitated paraffins, so that the so-additive oils still pump or use at temperatures, often more than 20 ° C. lower than non-additized oils.
- cold flow improver oil-soluble copolymers of ethylene and unsaturated esters, oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds and / or comb polymers are usually used.
- more specific additives have been proposed.
- WO 03/042 336 discloses additives for low sulfur mineral oil distillates comprising an ester of an alkoxylated polyol and a polar nitrogen containing paraffin dispersant. The additives can be used together with detergent additives.
- WO 03/042 337 discloses low sulfur mineral oil distillates having improved cold properties, comprising an ester of an alkoxylated polyol and a copolymer of ethylene and unsaturated esters.
- the mineral oil distillates may further contain detergent additives.
- WO 03/042 338 discloses combinations of polyoxyalkylene compounds and alkylphenol resins as cold additives for middle distillates having a sulfur content of less than 0.05% by weight.
- the additives can be used together with detergent additives.
- EP-A-0 973 848 discloses mixtures of esters of C 10 -C 40 carboxylic acids and alkoxylated monohydric alcohols having more than 10 C atoms with at least one further cold flow improver. These blends are used to improve the cold flow properties of fuel oils.
- the additives may also contain unspecified detergent additives.
- US 5 522 906 discloses gasoline containing a nitrogen-containing detergent additive, a carrier oil based on alkylene oxide adducts of alcohols and esters of polyhydric alcohols or their alkylene oxide adducts.
- WO 03/078 553 discloses detergent additives for gasoline containing a nitrogen-containing detergent and optionally a polyether as a solvent.
- WO 96/23855 discloses additive mixtures of ashless dispersant additives and carboxylic acids or their esters for improving the lubricity of low-sulfur middle distillates. There is no indication of the common use with flow improvers this font.
- detergent additives are being developed with ever increasing effectiveness. In addition, they are often used in very high dosage rates. It is reported that this reduces, for example, in diesel fuels, the specific consumption and the performance of the engines is increased.
- these additives often have negative effects on the cold flowability of middle distillates and in particular on the efficacy of known cold flow improvers. Especially with middle distillates with low boiling point and simultaneously low aromatic content, it is often difficult or even impossible to adjust in the presence of modern detergent additives using conventional flow improvers a satisfactory cold flow behavior.
- the paraffin dispersion set by paraffin dispersants is often impaired, without being able to be reconstituted by increased dosage of paraffin dispersant.
- the CFPP measured filterability with cold flow improvers additive oils is significantly reduced in the cold and can be compensated only by greatly increased dosage of the flow improver.
- those detergent additives which are derived from higher polyamines and have, for example, very high molecular weights due to multiple alkylation and / or acylation of these polyamines are particularly problematical.
- Often problems in the cold additization are also caused by the presence of nitrogen-containing detergent additives derived either from higher polyamines or carrying on their hydrophobic moiety several polyamine groups and thus carrying a comparatively large polar headgroup.
- the invention thus relates to the use of at least one oil-soluble polyoxyalkylene compound, wherein this polyoxyalkylene compound is an oil-soluble ester, ether or ether / ester of alkoxylated polyols having at least three, derived from alkylene oxides having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, repetitive alkoxy per OH group of the polyol, the at least two aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 12 to 30 Bears C atoms, for improving the response of mineral oil flow improvers in middle distillates containing at least one ashless, nitrogen-containing detergent additive, which is an oil-soluble, amphiphilic compound comprising at least one alkyl or alkenyl radical attached to a polar group, wherein the alkyl or alkenyl radical comprises 10 to 500 carbon atoms and the polar group comprises 2 or more nitrogen atoms.
- this polyoxyalkylene compound is an oil-soluble ester, ether or ether / ester of alkoxylated polyols having at least
- Another object of the invention is a process for improving the response of mineral oil flow improvers in middle distillates containing ashless nitrogen-containing detergent additives.
- the ashless nitrogen-containing detergent additives are oil-soluble, amphiphilic compounds comprising at least one alkyl or alkenyl radical attached to a polar group is bonded, where the alkyl or alkenyl radical comprises 10 to 500 C atoms and the polar group comprises 2 or more nitrogen atoms, by adding to the oil at least one polyoxyalkylene compound which is an oil-soluble ester, ether or ether / ester of alkoxylated polyols having at least three repetitive alkoxy units derived from alkylene oxides having 2 to 5 carbon atoms per OH group of the polyol which is at least carries two aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 12 to 30 carbon atoms.
- Especially affected is the response of flow improvers in middle distillates containing more than 10 ppm of a nitrogen containing detergent additive, especially more than 20 ppm and especially more than 40 ppm such as 50 to 2000 ppm of nitrogen containing detergent additive.
- the additives of the invention contain from 0.01 to 10 parts by weight, and especially from 0.1 to 5 parts by weight, for example 0.3 to 3 parts by weight of the oil-soluble polyoxyalkylene compound, relative to one part by weight of the nitrogen-containing detergent additive.
- Ashless means that the additives in question essentially consist only of elements which form gaseous reaction products during combustion.
- the additives consist essentially only of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
- ashless additives are substantially free of metals and metal salts.
- middle distillates 10 to 10,000 ppm and in particular 100 to 3000 ppm of the nitrogen-containing detergent additives are added.
- the alkyl or alkenyl group imparts oil-solubility to the detergent additives.
- alkyl radical has 15 to 500 carbon atoms and in particular 20 to 350 carbon atoms, for example 50 to 200 carbon atoms.
- This alkyl radical can be linear or branched, in particular it is branched.
- the alkyl radical is derived from oligomers of lower olefins having 3 to 6 C atoms such as propene, butene, pentene or hexene and mixtures thereof.
- Preferred isomers of these olefins are isobutene, 2-butene, 1-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, 1-pentene, 2-pentene and iso-pentene and mixtures thereof. Particular preference is given to propene, isobutene, 2-butene, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene and mixtures thereof.
- Preferred mixtures of polyolefins contain more than 50 mol%, in particular more than 70%, for example more than 90 mol% of isobutene.
- Particularly suitable for the preparation of such detergent additives are highly reactive low molecular weight polyolefins having a proportion of terminal double bonds of at least 75%, especially at least 85% and in particular at least 90% such as at least 95%.
- Particularly preferred low molecular weight polyolefins are poly (isobutylene), poly (2-butene), poly (2-methyl-2-butene), poly (2,3-dimethyl-2-butene), poly (ethylene-co-isobutylene) and atactic poly (propylene).
- the molecular weight of particularly preferred polyolefins is between 500 and 3000 g / mol.
- Such oligomers of lower olefins are accessible for example by polymerization by means of Lewis acids such as BF 3 and AlCl 3 , by means of Ziegler catalysts and in particular by means of metallocene catalysts.
- the polar component of the detergent additives which are particularly problematic for the response of known cold additives is derived from polyamines having 2 to 20 N atoms.
- polyamines correspond for example to the formula (R 9 ) 2 N- [AN (R 9 )] q - (R 9 ) wherein each R 9 is independently hydrogen, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical of up to 24 carbon atoms, a polyoxyalkylene radical - (AO) r - or polyiminoalkylene radical - [AN (R 9 )] s - (R 9 ) but wherein at least one R 9 is hydrogen, q is an integer from 1 to 19, A is an alkylene radical having 1 to 6 C atoms, r and s independently of one another are from 1 to 50.
- polyamines usually these are mixtures of polyamines and in particular mixtures of poly (ethylene amines) and / or poly (propyleneamines).
- DETA dimethylaminopropylamine
- TETA triethylenetetramine
- TEPA tetraethylenepentamine
- PEHA pentaethylenehexamine
- PEHA pentapropylenehexamine
- heavy polyamines ethylenediamine, 1,2-propylenediamine, dimethylaminopropylamine, diethylenetriamine (DETA), dipropy
- Heavy polyamines are generally understood as meaning mixtures of polyalkylenepolyamines which, in addition to small amounts of TEPA and PEHA, mainly contain oligomers having 7 or more nitrogen atoms, of which two or more are in the form of primary amino groups. These polyamines often also contain branched structural elements via tertiary amino groups.
- Suitable amines include those which comprise cyclic structural units derived from piperazine.
- the piperazine units may preferably carry hydrogen at one or both nitrogen atoms, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical having up to 24 carbon atoms or a polyiminoalkylene radical - [AN (R 9 )] s - (R 9 ), where A, R 9 and s have the meanings given above.
- Suitable amines include alicyclic diamines such as 1,4-di (aminomethyl) cyclohexane and heterocyclic nitrogen compounds such as imidazolines and N-aminoalkylpiperazines such as N- (2-aminoethyl) piperazine.
- detergent additives whose polar portion is derived from hydroxyl-bearing polyamines, heterocycle-substituted polyamines, and aromatic polyamines are problematic. Examples which may be mentioned are: N- (2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine, N, N 1 -bis- (2-hydroxyethyl) ethylene diamine, N- (3-hydroxybutyl) tetra (methylene) diamine, N-2-aminoethylpiperazine, N-2- and N-3-aminopropylmorpholine, N-3- (dimethylamino) propylpiperazine, 2-heptyl-3- (2-aminopropyl) imidazoline, 1,4-bis (2-aminoethyl) piperazine, 1- (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine, various isomers of phenylenediamine and naphthalenediamine and mixtures of these amines.
- detergent additives based on heavy polyamines in which in the above formula R 9 is hydrogen and q has values of at least 3, in particular at least 4 such as 5, 6, 7 or higher.
- Particularly problematic are mixtures of polyamines containing at least 40 wt .-% and in particular at least 60 wt .-%, such as at least 80 wt .-% of higher polyamines having 5 or more nitrogen atoms.
- the refrigeration but particularly problematic heavy polyamines are generally understood mixtures of polyalkylenepolyamines which in addition to TEPA and PEHA larger amounts, ie at least 10 wt .-% and in particular at least 30 wt .-%, especially at least 50 wt .-% such as more than 70 wt .-% of oligomers having 7 or more nitrogen atoms.
- oil-soluble alkyl moiety and the polar head group of the detergent additives may be linked together either directly via a C-N or through an ester, amide or imide bond.
- preferred detergent additives are alkylpolyamines, Mannich reaction products, hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid amides and imides, and mixtures of these classes of substances.
- the detergent additives linked via C-N bonds are preferably alkylpoly (amines) which are obtainable, for example, by reacting polyisobutylenes with polyamines, for example by hydroformylation and subsequent reductive amination with the abovementioned polyamines.
- alkylpoly amines
- one or more alkyl radicals may be bound to the polyamine.
- Detergent additives based on higher polyamines having more than 4 N atoms, for example those having 5, 6, 7 or more N atoms, are particularly critical for the cold addition.
- Detergent additives containing amide or imide bonds are obtainable, for example, by reaction of alkenylsuccinic anhydrides with polyamines.
- Alkenylsuccinic anhydride and polyamine are preferably reacted in a molar ratio of about 1: 0.5 to about 1: 1.
- the preparation of the underlying Alkenylbernsteinklaanhydride is usually carried out by addition of ethylenically unsaturated polyolefins or chlorinated polyolefins to ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids.
- alkenyl succinic anhydrides can be prepared by reaction of chlorinated polyolefins with maleic anhydride.
- the preparation also succeeds by thermal addition of polyolefins to maleic anhydride in an "ene reaction".
- highly reactive olefins with a high content of, for example, more than 75% and especially more than 85 mol%, based on the total number of polyolefin molecules, of isomers having a terminal double bond are particularly suitable.
- the molar ratio of the two reactants in the reaction between maleic anhydride and polyolefin can vary within wide limits. Preferably, it may be between 10: 1 and 1: 5, with molar ratios of 6: 1 to 1: 1 being particularly preferred.
- Maleic anhydride is preferably used in stoichiometric excess, for example 1.1 to 3 moles of maleic anhydride per mole of polyolefin. Excess maleic anhydride can be removed from the reaction by, for example, distillation.
- alkenyl succinic anhydrides with polyamines leads to products which can carry one or more amide and / or imide bonds per polyamine and depending on the Maleinleitersgrad one or two polyamines per alkyl radical.
- Alkenylsuccinic anhydride per mole of polyamine is preferably used for the reaction of 1.0 to 1.7 and in particular 1.1 to 1.5, so that free primary amino groups remain in the product.
- alkenyl succinic anhydride and polyamine are reacted equimolarly.
- Typical and particularly preferred acylated nitrogen compounds are obtained by reacting poly (isobutylene), poly (2-butenyl), poly (2-methyl-2-butenyl) -, poly (2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl) - or Poly (propenyl) succinic anhydrides having an average of about 1.2 to 1.5 anhydride groups per alkyl radical whose alkylene radicals carry between 50 and 400 carbon atoms, with a mixture of poly (ethylene amines) having at least 3 and preferably about 4 to 12 such as for example, 5 to 7 nitrogen atoms and at least 2 and preferably about 3 to 11 such as 4 to 6 ethylene units available.
- Mannich bases of this kind are prepared by known processes, for example by alkylating phenol and / or salicylic acid with the polyolefins described above, such as, for example, poly (isobutylene), poly (2-butene), poly (2-methyl-2-butene), poly ( 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene) or atactic poly (propylene) and subsequent condensation of the alkylphenol with aldehydes having 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as formaldehyde or its reactive equivalents such as formalin or paraformaldehyde and the above-described polyamines such as TEPA, PEHA or heavy polyamines produced.
- the average molecular weight determined by means of vapor pressure osmometry is particularly efficient, but at the same time for the cold additization of middle distillates of particularly critical detergent additives is above 800 g / mol and especially between 2,000 and 20,000 g / mol such as between 3,000 and 15,000 g / mol (measured by GPC against poly (styrene) standards in THF).
- the average molecular weight of the above-described detergent additives can also be increased via crosslinking reagents and adapted to the intended use.
- Suitable crosslinking reagents are, for example, dialdehydes such as glutaric dialdehyde, bisepoxides derived, for example, from bisphenol A, dicarboxylic acids and their reactive derivatives such as maleic anhydride and alkenylsuccinic anhydrides, and higher polybasic carboxylic acids and their derivatives such as trimellitic acid, trimellitic anhydride and pyromellitic dianhydride.
- dialdehydes such as glutaric dialdehyde
- bisepoxides derived, for example, from bisphenol A
- dicarboxylic acids and their reactive derivatives such as maleic anhydride and alkenylsuccinic anhydrides
- higher polybasic carboxylic acids and their derivatives such as trimellitic acid, trimellitic anhydride and pyromellitic dianhydride.
- the oil-soluble polyoxyalkylene compounds have at least 3, such as 4, 5 or more aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals.
- these radicals independently of one another have 16 to 26 C atoms, for example 17 to 24 C atoms.
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals can be linear or branched, preferably they are linear. Further preferably, they are largely saturated; in particular, these are alkyl radicals. Esters are especially preferred.
- Particularly suitable polyols according to the invention are polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, polybutylene glycols and their copolymers having a molecular weight of about 100 to about 5,000 g / mol, preferably 200 to 2,000 g / mol.
- the oil-soluble polyoxyalkylene compounds are derived from polyols having 3 or more OH groups, preferably from polyols having 3 to about 50 OH groups, for example 4 to 10 OH groups, in particular neopentyl glycol, glycerol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane , Sorbitan, pentaerythritol, and the oligomers having from 2 to 10 monomer units, such as polyglycerol, obtainable therefrom by condensation.
- polyols such as sorbitol, sucrose, glucose, fructose and their oligomers such as cyclodextrin are suitable as polyols, provided that their esterified or etherified alkoxylates at least in application-relevant Quantities are oil-soluble.
- Preferred polyoxyalkylene compounds thus have a branched polyoxyalkylene core to which are attached multiple alkyl-solubilizing alkyl radicals.
- the polyols are generally reacted with from 3 to 70 mol of alkylene oxide, preferably from 4 to 50, in particular from 5 to 20, mol of alkylene oxide per hydroxyl group of the polyol.
- Preferred alkylene oxides are ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide.
- the alkoxylation is carried out by known methods.
- the fatty acids which are suitable for the esterification of the alkoxylated polyols preferably have 12 to 30 and in particular 16 to 26 C atoms.
- the alkyl radicals of the fatty acids may be branched or linear; preferred fatty acids carry linear alkyl radicals.
- Suitable fatty acids are, for example, lauric, tridecane, myristic, pentadecane, palmitic, margarine, stearic, isostearic, arachic and behenic, oleic and erucic acid, palmitoleic, myristoleic, ricinoleic acid and natural fats and oils derived fatty acid mixtures.
- Preferred fatty acid mixtures contain more than 50 mol% of fatty acids having at least 20 carbon atoms.
- Esterification may also be carried out starting from reactive derivatives of the fatty acids such as esters with lower alcohols (e.g., methyl or ethyl esters) or anhydrides.
- the term "iodine value" of the fatty acid or of the fatty alcohol used is understood to be largely saturated by up to 5 g of I per 100 g of fatty acid or fatty alcohol.
- fatty acids For the esterification of the alkoxylated polyols, it is also possible to use mixtures of fatty acids with fat-soluble, polybasic carboxylic acids.
- suitable polybasic carboxylic acids are dimer fatty acids, alkenylsuccinic acids and aromatic polycarboxylic acids and derivatives thereof such as anhydrides and C 1 - to C 5 -esters.
- Alkenylsuccinic acid and its derivatives with alkyl radicals having 8 to 200, in particular 10 to 50, carbon atoms are preferred. Examples are dodecenyl, octadecenyl and poly (isobutenyl) succinic anhydride.
- the polybasic carboxylic acids are preferably used here to lower levels of up to 30 mol%, preferably 1 to 20 mol%, in particular 2 to 10 mol%.
- Ester and fatty acid are used for the esterification based on the content of hydroxyl groups on the one hand and carboxyl groups on the other hand in the ratio of 1.5: 1 to 1: 1.5, preferably in the ratio of 1.1: 1 to 1: 1.1 and in particular equimolar.
- the terminal hydroxyl groups are converted, for example, by oxidation or by reaction with dicarboxylic acids into terminal carboxyl groups.
- fatty alcohols having 8 to 50, in particular 12 to 30, especially 16 to 26 carbon atoms polyoxyalkylene esters according to the invention are likewise obtained.
- Preferred fatty alcohols or fatty alcohol mixtures contain more than 50 mol% of fatty alcohols having at least 20 carbon atoms.
- less than 50 mol% of the fatty alcohols used for the esterification contain double bonds, in particular less than 10 mol%; specifically, they are largely saturated.
- esters of alkoxylated fatty alcohols with fatty acids which contain the abovementioned proportions of poly (alkylene oxides) and whose fatty alcohol and fatty acid have the abovementioned alkyl chain lengths and degrees of saturation are suitable according to the invention.
- the esterification is carried out by conventional methods.
- the separation of the water of reaction can be carried out by distillation by direct condensation or preferably by azeotropic distillation in the presence of organic solvents, in particular aromatic solvents such as toluene, xylene or higher boiling mixtures such as ® Shellsol A, ® Shellsol B, ® Shellsol AB or Solvent Naphtha.
- the esterification is preferably carried out essentially completely, ie for the esterification 1.0 to 1.5 moles of fatty acid per mole of hydroxyl groups are used.
- the acid number of the esters is generally below 15 mg KOH / g, preferably below 10 mg KOH / g, especially below 5 mg KOH / g.
- the OH number of the esters is preferably below 20 mg KOH / g and especially below 10 mg KOH / g.
- alkoxylated polyols described above can be converted by etherification with fatty alcohols having 8 to 50, in particular 12 to 30, especially 16 to 26 C-atoms in accordance with the invention suitable polyoxyalkylene compounds.
- the preferred fatty alcohols are linear and largely saturated.
- the etherification takes place completely or at least largely completely.
- the etherification is carried out by known methods.
- Particularly preferred polyoxyalkylene compounds are derived from polyols having 3, 4 and 5 OH groups, which carry about 5 to 10 mol of structural units derived from ethylene oxide per hydroxyl group of the polyol and are largely completely esterified with largely saturated C 17 -C 24 fatty acids.
- Further particularly preferred polyoxyalkylene compounds are polyethylene glycols which have been esterified with largely saturated C 17 -C 24 -fatty acids and have molecular weights of about 350 to 1,000 g / mol.
- polyoxyalkylene compounds examples include stearic and especially behenic acid esterified polyethylene glycols having molecular weights between 350 and 800 g / mol; Neopentyl glycol 14-ethylene oxide distearate (neopentyl glycol alkoxylated with 14 moles of ethylene oxide and then esterified with 2 moles of stearic acid), and especially neopentyl glycol 14-ethylene oxide dibehenate; Glycerol 20-ethylene oxide tristearate, glycerol 20-ethylene oxide dibehenate, and especially glycerol 20-ethylene oxide tribehenate; Trimethylolpropane tribehenate 22-ethylene oxide; Sorbitan 25-ethylene oxide tristearate, sorbitan 25-ethylene oxide tetrastearate, sorbitan 25-ethylene oxide tribehenate, and especially sorbitan 25-ethylene oxide tetrabehenate; Pentaerythritol-30-ethylene oxide tribehenate, pentaerythri
- the quantitative ratio between the detergent additive and the polyoxyalkylene compound in the additized oil can vary within wide limits.
- Suitable flow improvers used in the middle distillates according to the invention are, in particular, one or more of the following substance classes III to VII, preference being given to using ethylene copolymers (constituent III) or mixtures thereof with one or more of constituents IV to VII.
- Mixtures of ethylene copolymers (constituent III) with constituents IV and V or constituents IV and VI have proven particularly suitable for the paraffin dispersion.
- Preferred cold flow improvers as constituent III are copolymers of ethylene and olefinically unsaturated compounds.
- Suitable ethylene copolymers are, in particular, those which contain, in addition to ethylene, from 8 to 21 mol%, in particular from 10 to 18 mol%, of olefinically unsaturated comonomer compounds.
- the olefinically unsaturated compounds are preferably vinyl esters, acrylic esters, methacrylic esters, alkyl vinyl ethers and / or alkenes, it being possible for the abovementioned compounds to be substituted by hydroxyl groups.
- One or more comonomers may be included in the polymer.
- said alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups.
- R 1 is a branched alkyl radical or a neoalkyl radical having 7 to 11 carbon atoms, in particular having 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms.
- Particularly preferred vinyl esters are derived from secondary and especially tertiary carboxylic acids whose branching is in the alpha position to the carbonyl group.
- Suitable vinyl esters include vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl isobutyrate, vinyl hexanoate, vinyl heptanoate, vinyl octanoate, vinyl pivalate, vinyl 2-ethylhexanoate, vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate and versatic acid esters such as vinyl neononanoate, vinyl neodecanoate, vinyl neoundecanoate.
- these ethylene copolymers contain vinyl acetate and at least one further vinyl ester of the formula 1 in which R 1 is C 4 to C 30 -alkyl, preferably C 4 to C 16 -alkyl, especially C 6 - to C 12 -alkyl ,
- Suitable acrylic esters include, for example, methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, propyl (meth) acrylate, n- and isobutyl (meth) acrylate, hexyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl , Hexadecyl, octadecyl (meth) acrylate and mixtures of these comonomers.
- said alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups.
- An example of such an acrylic ester is hydroxyethyl methacrylate.
- the alkenes are preferably simple unsaturated hydrocarbons having 3 to 30 carbon atoms, especially 4 to 16 carbon atoms and especially 5 to 12 carbon atoms.
- Suitable alkenes include propene, butene, isobutylene, pentene, hexene, 4-methylpentene, octene, diisobutylene and norbornene and its derivatives such as methylnorbornene and vinylnorbornene.
- said alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups.
- terpolymers which, apart from ethylene, have from 3.5 to 20 mol%, in particular from 8 to 15 mol% of vinyl acetate and from 0.1 to 12 mol%, in particular from 0.2 to 5 mol%, of at least one longer-chain and preferably branched one Vinyl esters such as vinyl 2-ethylhexanoate, vinyl neononanoate or vinyl neodecanoate, wherein the total comonomer content of the terpolymers is preferably between 8 and 21 mol%, in particular between 12 and 18 mol%.
- copolymers contain, in addition to ethylene and 8 to 18 mol% of vinyl esters of C 2 to C 12 carboxylic acids, from 0.5 to 10 mol% of olefins such as propene, butene, isobutylene, hexene, 4-methylpentene, octene, diisobutylene and / or norbornene.
- olefins such as propene, butene, isobutylene, hexene, 4-methylpentene, octene, diisobutylene and / or norbornene.
- These ethylene copolymers and terpolymers preferably have melt viscosities at 140 ° C. of from 20 to 10,000 mPas, in particular from 30 to 5,000 mPas, especially from 50 to 2,000 mPas.
- the means of 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, certain degrees of branching are preferably between 1 and 9 CH 3/100 CH 2 groups, especially between 2 and 6 CH 3/100 CH 2 groups, which do not stem from the comonomers.
- the polymers underlying the mixtures differ in at least one characteristic.
- they may contain different comonomers, have different comonomer contents, molecular weights and / or degrees of branching.
- the mixing ratio between the additives according to the invention and ethylene copolymers as constituent III can vary within wide limits depending on the application, with the ethylene copolymers III often representing the greater proportion.
- Such additive and oil mixtures preferably contain 0.1 to 25, preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by weight of ethylene copolymers per part by weight of the additive combination according to the invention.
- cold flow improvers which are suitable are oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds (constituent IV). These are preferably reaction products of fatty amines with compounds containing an acyl group.
- the preferred amines are compounds of the formula NR 6 R 7 R 8 , in which R 6 , R 7 and R 8 may be identical or different, and at least one of these groups is C 8 -C 36 -alkyl, C 6 - C 36 -cycloalkyl, C 8 -C 36 -alkenyl, in particular C 12 -C 24 -alkyl, C 12 -C 24 -alkenyl or cyclohexyl, and the other groups are either hydrogen, C 1 -C 36 -alkyl, C 2 -C 36 alkenyl, cyclohexyl, or a group of the formulas - (AO) x -E or - (CH 2 ) n -NYZ, where A is an ethyl or propyl group,
- the alkyl and alkenyl radicals can be linear or branched and contain up to two double bonds. They are preferably linear and substantially saturated, ie they have iodine numbers of less than 75 gl 2 / g, preferably less than 60 gl 2 / g and in particular between 1 and 10 gl 2 / g. Particularly preferred are secondary fatty amines in which two of the groups R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are C 8 -C 36 -alkyl, C 6 -C 36 -cycloalkyl, C 8 -C 36 -alkenyl, in particular C 12 -C 24 alkyl, C 12 -C 24 alkenyl or cyclohexyl.
- Suitable fatty amines are, for example, octylamine, decylamine, dodecylamine, tetradecylamine, hexadecylamine, octadecylamine, eicosylamine, behenylamine, didecylamine, didodecylamine, ditetradecylamine, dihexadecylamine, dioctadecylamine, dieicosylamine, dibehenylamine and mixtures thereof.
- the amines contain chain cuts based on natural raw materials such as coco fatty amine, tallow fatty amine, hydrogenated tallow fatty amine, dicocosfettamine, ditallow fatty amine and di (hydrogenated tallow fatty amine).
- Particularly preferred amine derivatives are amine salts, imides and / or amides such as, for example, amide ammonium salts of secondary fatty amines, in particular dicocosfettamine, ditallow fatty amine and distearylamine.
- Suitable carbonyl compounds for the reaction with amines are both monomeric and polymeric compounds having one or more carboxyl groups. In the case of the monomeric carbonyl compounds, preference is given to those having 2, 3 or 4 carbonyl groups. They can also contain heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.
- carboxylic acids examples include maleic, fumaric, crotonic, ltaconic, succinic, C 1 -C 40 -alkenylsuccinic, adipic, glutaric, sebacic, and malonic acids and benzoic, phthalic, trimellitic and pyromellitic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid , Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and their reactive derivatives such as esters, anhydrides and acid halides.
- Copolymers of ethylenically unsaturated acids such as, for example, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid and itaconic acid, have proven particularly suitable as polymeric carbonyl compounds, particular preference is given to copolymers of maleic anhydride.
- Suitable comonomers are those which impart oil solubility to the copolymer. Oil-soluble means here that the copolymer dissolves without residue in the middle distillate to be additive after reaction with the fatty amine in practice-relevant metering rates.
- Suitable comonomers are, for example, olefins, alkyl esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, alkyl vinyl esters and alkyl vinyl ethers having 2 to 75, preferably 4 to 40 and in particular 8 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical.
- the carbon number refers to the alkyl radical attached to the double bond.
- the molecular weights of the polymeric carbonyl compounds are preferably between 400 and 20,000, more preferably between 500 and 10,000, for example between 1,000 and 5,000.
- Oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds which have been obtained by reaction of aliphatic or aromatic amines, preferably long-chain aliphatic amines, with aliphatic or aromatic mono-, di-, tri- or tetracarboxylic acids or their anhydrides have proven particularly suitable (cf. US 4 211 534 ).
- amides and ammonium salts of aminoalkylene polycarboxylic acids such as nitrilotriacetic acid or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid with secondary amines are suitable as oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds (cf. EP 0 398 101 ).
- Oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds are copolymers of maleic anhydride with ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated compounds which can optionally be reacted with primary monoalkylamines and / or aliphatic alcohols (cf. EP-A-0 154 177 . EP 0 777 712 ), the reaction products of Alkenylspirobislactonen with amines (see. EP-A-0 413 279 B1) and after EP-A-0 606 055 A2 reaction products of terpolymers based on ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydrides, ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated compounds and polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower unsaturated alcohols.
- the mixing ratio between the inventive ethylene copolymers III and oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds as constituent IV may vary depending on the application.
- Such additive mixtures preferably contain 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, preferably 0.2 to 5 parts by weight, based on the active compounds, of at least one oil-soluble polar nitrogen compound per part by weight of the additive combination according to the invention.
- alkylphenol-aldehyde resins as constituent V. These are, in particular, those alkylphenol-aldehyde resins which are derived from alkylphenols having one or two alkyl radicals in ortho and / or para position to the OH group. Particularly preferred as starting materials are alkylphenols which carry at least two hydrogen atoms capable of condensation with aldehydes on the aromatic and in particular monoalkylated phenols. Particularly preferably, the alkyl radical is in the para position to the phenolic OH group.
- alkyl radicals (which are generally understood to mean hydrocarbon radicals as defined below for the constituent V) may be identical or different in the alkylphenol-aldehyde resins which can be used in the process according to the invention, they may be saturated or unsaturated and have 1 to 200, preferably 1 to 20, in particular 4-16, such as 6-12 carbon atoms; it is preferably n-, iso- and tert-butyl, n- and isoPentyl-, n- and iso-hexyl, n- and iso-octyl, n- and iso-nonyl, n- and iso-decyl, n- and iso-dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, tripropenyl, tetrapropenyl, poly (propenyl) - and poly (isobutenyl) radicals.
- mixtures of alkylphenols having different alkyl radicals are used for the preparation of the alkylphenol resins.
- resins are on Basis of butyphenol on the one hand and octyl, nonyl and / or dodecylphenol in a molar ratio of 1:10 to 10: 1 on the other hand particularly proven.
- Suitable alkylphenol resins may also contain or consist of structural units of other phenol analogs such as salicylic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid and derivatives thereof such as esters, amides and salts.
- Suitable aldehydes for the alkylphenol-aldehyde resins are those having 1 to 12 carbon atoms and preferably those having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, 2-ethylhexanal, benzaldehyde, glyoxalic acid and their reactive equivalents such as paraformaldehyde and trioxane.
- Particularly preferred is formaldehyde in the form of paraformaldehyde and especially formalin.
- the molecular weight of the alkylphenol-aldehyde resins measured by gel permeation chromatography against poly (styrene) standards in THF is preferably 500-25,000 g / mol, more preferably 800-10,000 g / mol and especially 1,000-5,000 g / mol such as 1500-3,000 g / mol.
- the prerequisite here is that the alkylphenol-aldehyde resins, at least in application-relevant concentrations of 0.001 to 1 wt .-% are oil-soluble.
- these are alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins, the oligo- or polymers having a repetitive structural unit of the formula wherein R 11 is C 1 -C 200 alkyl or alkenyl, OR 10 or OC (O) -R 10 , R 10 is C 1 -C 200 alkyl or alkenyl and n is a number from 2 to 100, contain.
- R 10 stands preferably C 1 -C 20 -alkyl or -alkenyl and in particular C 4 -C 16 -alkyl or -alkenyl, for example C 6 -C 12 -alkyl or -alkenyl.
- R 11 is C 1 -C 20 -alkyl or -alkenyl and in particular C 4 -C 16 -alkyl or -alkenyl, for example C 6 -C 12 -alkyl or -alkenyl.
- n is a number from 2 to 50 and especially a number from 3 to 25, such as a number from 5 to 15.
- alkylphenol-aldehyde resins are accessible by known methods, for example by condensation of the corresponding alkylphenols with formaldehyde, ie with 0.5 to 1.5 moles, preferably 0.8 to 1.2 moles of formaldehyde per mole of alkylphenol.
- the condensation can be carried out solvent-free, but preferably it is carried out in the presence of an inert or only partially water-miscible inert organic solvent such as mineral oils, alcohols, ethers and the like. Particularly preferred are solvents which can form azeotropes with water.
- solvents in particular aromatics such as toluene, xylene diethylbenzene and higher-boiling commercial solvent mixtures such as ® Shellsol AB, and solvent naphtha are used.
- fatty acids and their derivatives such as esters with lower alcohols having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as ethanol and especially methanol are suitable as solvents.
- the condensation is preferably carried out between 70 and 200 ° C such as between 90 and 160 ° C. It is usually catalysed by 0.05 to 5 wt .-% bases or preferably by 0.05 to 5 wt .-% acids.
- acidic catalysts in addition to carboxylic acids such as acetic acid and oxalic acid in particular strong mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid and sulfonic acids are common catalysts.
- Particularly suitable catalysts are sulfonic acids which contain at least one sulfonic acid group and at least one saturated or unsaturated, linear, branched and / or cyclic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 40 C atoms and preferably having 3 to 24 C atoms.
- aromatic sulfonic acids especially alkylaromatic mono-sulfonic acids having one or more C 1 -C 28 -alkyl radicals and in particular those having C 3 -C 22 -alkyl radicals.
- Suitable examples are methanesulfonic acid, butanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, xylenesulfonic acid, 2-mesitylenesulfonic acid, 4-ethylbenzenesulfonic acid, isopropylbenzenesulfonic acid, 4-butylbenzenesulfonic acid, 4-octylbenzenesulfonic acid; Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, didodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid.
- Suitable comb polymers are, for example, copolymers of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids such as maleic or fumaric acid with other ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as olefins or vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate.
- Particularly suitable olefins are ⁇ -olefins having 10 to 24 carbon atoms, for example 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-octadecene and mixtures thereof.
- longer-chain olefins based on oligomerized C 2 -C 6 -olefins such as poly (isobutylene) with a high proportion of terminal double bonds are suitable as comonomers.
- these copolymers are at least 50% esterified with alcohols having 10 to 22 carbon atoms.
- Suitable alcohols include n-decan-1-ol, n-dodecan-1-ol, n-tetradecan-1-ol, n-hexadecan-1-ol, n-octadecan-1-ol, n-eicosan-1-ol and their mixtures.
- comb polymers are poly (alkyl acrylates), poly (alkyl methacrylates) and poly (alkyl vinyl ethers) derived from alcohols having 12 to 20 carbon atoms and poly (vinyl esters) derived from fatty acids having 12 to 20 carbon atoms ,
- Also suitable as flow improvers are homo- and copolymers of olefins having 2 to 30 carbon atoms (constituent VII). These can be derived directly from monoethylenically unsaturated monomers or can be prepared indirectly by hydrogenation of polymers derived from polyunsaturated monomers such as isoprene or butadiene. In addition to ethylene, preferred copolymers contain structural units which are derived from ⁇ -olefins having 3 to 24 carbon atoms and have molecular weights of up to 120,000 g / mol.
- Preferred ⁇ -olefins are propylene, butene, isobutene, n-hexene, isohexene, n-octene, isooctene, n-decene, isodecene.
- the comonomer content of olefins is preferably between 15 and 50 mol%, more preferably between 20 and 35 mol% and especially between 30 and 45 mol%.
- These copolymers can also be minor amounts, e.g. up to 10 mol% of other comonomers such as e.g. contain non-terminal olefins or non-conjugated olefins.
- Particularly preferred are ethylene-propylene copolymers.
- copolymers of various olefins having 5 to 30 carbon atoms such as poly (hexene-co-decene).
- the olefin homo- and copolymers can be prepared by known methods, e.g. by Ziegler or metallocene catalysts.
- olefin copolymers are block copolymers containing blocks of olefinically unsaturated aromatic monomers A and blocks of hydrogenated polyolefins B.
- Particularly suitable are block copolymers of the structure (AB) nA and (AB) m, where n is a number between 1 and 10 and m is a number between 2 and 10.
- the mixing ratio between the additives according to the invention and the further constituents V, VI and VII is generally in each case between 1:10 and 10: 1, preferably between 1: 5 and 5: 1.
- the additives according to the invention are preferably used as concentrates which contain from 10 to 95% by weight and preferably from 20 to 80% by weight, for example from 25 to 60% by weight, of solvent.
- Preferred solvents are higher-boiling, low-viscosity aliphatic, aromatic and alkylaromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ethers and mixtures thereof.
- Such concentrates preferably contain from 0.01 to 10 parts by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 5 parts by weight, for example from 0.3 to 3 parts by weight of the polyoxyalkylene compound per part by weight of detergent additive.
- the polyoxyalkylene compounds of the present invention improve the response of detergent-containing middle distillates such as kerosene, jet-fuel, diesel, and fuel oil to conventional flow improvers for lowering pour point and CFPP and improving paraffin dispersion.
- detergent-containing middle distillates such as kerosene, jet-fuel, diesel, and fuel oil
- Particularly preferred mineral oil distillates are middle distillates.
- the middle distillate is in particular those mineral oils which are obtained by distillation of crude oil, boiling in the range of about 150 to 450 ° C and in particular in the range of about 170 to 390 ° C, for example kerosene, jet fuel, diesel and fuel oil.
- middle distillates contain about 5 to 50 wt .-%, such as about 10 to 35 wt .-% n-paraffins, of which the longer-chain crystallize on cooling and can affect the flowability of the middle distillate.
- Particularly advantageous are the compositions of the invention in middle aromatics with low aromatic content of less than 21 wt .-%, such as less than 19 wt .-%.
- compositions according to the invention are furthermore particularly advantageous in low boiling end middle distillates, ie in middle distillates which have 90% distillation points below 360 ° C., in particular 350 ° C. and in special cases below 340 ° C. and further in such middle distillates, the boiling ranges between 20 and 90%.
- Distillation volume of less than 120 ° C and in particular less than 110 ° C have.
- aromatic compounds is meant the sum of mono-, di- and polycyclic aromatic compounds as determinable by HPLC according to DIN EN 12916 (2001 edition).
- the middle distillates may also contain minor amounts, for example up to 40% by volume, preferably 1 to 20% by volume, especially 2 to 15, for example 3 to 10% by volume of the oils of animal and / or vegetable origin described in more detail below such as fatty acid methyl esters.
- compositions according to the invention are also suitable for improving the cold properties of detergent additives containing fuels based on renewable raw materials (biofuels).
- biofuels oils obtained from animal and preferably vegetable material or both, and derivatives thereof, which can be used as fuel and especially as diesel or fuel oil.
- biofuels oils obtained from animal and preferably vegetable material or both, and derivatives thereof, which can be used as fuel and especially as diesel or fuel oil.
- biofuels examples include rapeseed oil, coriander oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, castor oil, olive oil, peanut oil, corn oil, almond oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, mustard seed oil, beef tallow, bone oil, fish oils and used edible oils.
- Other examples include oils derived from wheat, jute, sesame, shea nut, arachis oil and linseed oil.
- the fatty acid alkyl esters, also referred to as biodiesel can be derived from these oils by methods known in the art.
- Rapeseed oil which is a mixture of glycerol esterified fatty acids, is preferred because it is available in large quantities and is readily available by squeezing rapeseed.
- sunflower, palm and soybeans and their mixtures with rapeseed oil are preferred.
- Particularly suitable as biofuels are lower alkyl esters of fatty acids.
- commercially available mixtures of the ethyl, propyl, butyl and especially methyl esters of fatty acids having 14 to 22 carbon atoms for example of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, Stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, petroselinic acid, ricinoleic acid, elaeostearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eicosanoic acid, gadoleic acid, docosanoic acid or erucic acid into consideration.
- Preferred esters have an iodine value of from 50 to 150 and in particular from 90 to 125.
- Mixtures with particularly advantageous properties are those which contain mainly, ie at least 50% by weight of methyl esters of fatty acids having 16 to 22 carbon atoms and 1, 2 or 3 double bonds contain.
- the preferred lower alkyl esters of fatty acids are the methyl esters of oleic, linoleic, linolenic and erucic acids.
- the additives can be used alone or together with other additives, eg with other pour point depressants or dewaxing aids, with other detergents, with antioxidants, cetane number improvers, dehazers, demulsifiers, dispersing agents, defoamers, colorants, corrosion inhibitors, lubricity additives, sludge inhibitors, odorants and / or additions to the cloud point.
- other additives eg with other pour point depressants or dewaxing aids, with other detergents, with antioxidants, cetane number improvers, dehazers, demulsifiers, dispersing agents, defoamers, colorants, corrosion inhibitors, lubricity additives, sludge inhibitors, odorants and / or additions to the cloud point.
- detergent additives (A) having various polyoxyalkylene compounds (B) and ethylene copolymers (C) and paraffin dispersants (D) having the characteristics given below were used.
- detergent additives A various reaction products of alkenyl succinic anhydrides listed in Table 2 (degree of maleation about 1.2 to 1.3) based on highly reactive polyolefins (molecular weight see Table 2, proportion of terminal double bonds> 90%) with polyamines were used. Alkenyl succinic anhydride and polyamine were reacted thereto in a molar ratio of 1.0 to 1.5 moles of acid anhydride groups (SA) per mole of polyamine (see Table 2). For better meterability, the detergent additives were used as 33% solutions in higher boiling aromatic solvent; in the However, Tables 2 to 4 for the detergent additives indicated dosage rates refer to the active ingredient used.
- SA acid anhydride groups
- Example B1 the numbers -20-, -28- and -30- indicate the number of moles of alkylene oxide per mole of glycerol.
- Example B4 the number -600- indicates the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol used for the esterification.
- test oil 1 was carried out after addition of the oil with 200 ppm C2 and 150 ppm D1.
- Table 2 Cold flow improvement in test oil 1 example Detergent additive (DA) CFPP in test oil 1 / ° C polyolefin Mw polyolefin polyamine mol of SA / mol of polyamine Dosing rate DA / ppm without DA with DA with DA +50 ppm B1 1 PIB 700 TEPA 1.0 150 -29 -25 -28 2 PIB 700 TEPA 1.4 150 -29 -26 -28 3 PIB 1000 PEHA 1.0 150 -29 -22 -29 4 PIB 1000 PEHA 1.5 150 -29 -21 -28 5 PIB 1000 PAM 1.0 150 -29 -18 -30 6 PIB 1000 PAM 1.3 150 -29 -15 -28 7 APP 1150 TEPA 1.0 150 -29 -25 -28 8th APP 1150 TEPA 1.5 150 -29
- detergent additive A1 the reaction product of poly (isobutenyl) succinic anhydride and pentaethylenehexamine according to Table 2, Example 3, as detergent additive A2, the reaction product of poly (isobutenyl) succinic anhydride and pentaethylenehexamine according to Table 2, Example 4 and used as detergent additive A3, the reaction product of poly (butenyl) succinic anhydride and heavy polyamines according to Table 2, Example 18.
- Table 3 Cold Flow Improvement in Test Oil 2 example additives Test oil 2 A B C D CFPP [° C] 19 (See) - - 75 ppm C2 - -14 20 (Cf.) - - 100 ppm C2 - -19 21 (Cf.) - - 150 ppm C1 - -20 22 (See) - - 75 ppm C1 150 D1 -21 23 (Cf.) - - 100 ppm C1 150 D1 -29 24 (Cf.) - - 150 ppm C1 150 D1 -31 25 (Cf.) 50 A1 - 75 ppm C1 150 D1 -14 26 (Cf.) 50 A1 - 100 ppm C1 150 D1 -19 27 (Cf.) 50 A1 - 150 ppm C1 150 D1 -20 28 (Cf.) 50 A1 - 150 ppm C1 250 D1 -20 29 50 A1 25 B1 75 ppm C1 150 D1 -
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Abstract
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft die Verwendung von Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen zur Verbesserung der Kaltfließfähigkeit von Detergenzadditive enthaltenden Mineralöldestillaten, sowie die additivierten Mineralöldestillate.The present invention relates to the use of polyoxyalkylene compounds for improving the cold flowability of mineral oil distillates containing detergent additives, as well as to the additive mineral oil distillates.
Immer schärfer werdende Umweltschutzgesetze erfordern eine immer anspruchsvoller werdende Motorentechnologie zur Einhaltung der festgelegten Emissionsgrenzwerte. Eine Belegung von Motorenteilen wie beispielsweise der Ventile mit Verbrennungsrückständen verändert jedoch die Charakteristika des Motors und führt zu erhöhten Emissionen wie auch zu erhöhtem Verbrauch. Daher werden Motorkraftstoffen Detergenzadditive zugesetzt, die derartige Ablagerungen entfernen bzw. ihre Bildung verhindern. Dabei handelt es sich im Allgemeinen um öllösliche Amphiphile, die neben einem öllöslichen, temperaturstabilen hydrophoben Rest eine polare Kopfgruppe enthalten.Increasingly stringent environmental legislation requires ever more sophisticated engine technology to comply with established emission limits. However, occupying engine parts such as the combustion residue valves changes the characteristics of the engine and results in increased emissions as well as increased consumption. Therefore, motor fuels are added to detergent additives which remove such deposits or prevent their formation. These are generally oil-soluble amphiphiles which contain a polar head group in addition to an oil-soluble, temperature-stable hydrophobic radical.
Andererseits werden im Zuge abnehmender Welterdölreserven immer schwerere und damit paraffinreichere Rohöle gefördert und verarbeitet, die folglich auch zu paraffinreicheren Brennstoffölen führen. Die insbesondere in Mitteldestillaten enthaltenen Paraffine können bei Erniedrigung der Temperatur des Öls auskristallisieren und teilweise unter Einschluss von Öl agglomerieren. Durch diese Kristallisation und Agglomeration kann es vor allem im Winter zu Verstopfungen der Filter in Motoren und Feuerungsanlagen kommen, wodurch eine sichere Dosierung der Brennstoffe verhindert wird und unter Umständen eine völlige Unterbrechung der Kraftstoffzufuhr eintreten kann. Die Paraffinproblematik wird zudem durch die aus Umweltschutzgründen zwecks Absenkung des Schwefelgehalts vorzunehmende hydrierende Entschwefelung von Brennstoffölen verschärft, die zu einem erhöhten Anteil an kältekritischen Paraffinen im Brennstofföl führt.On the other hand, in the course of decreasing world oil reserves, increasingly heavier and thus paraffin-rich crude oils are extracted and processed, which consequently also lead to paraffin-rich fuel oils. The paraffins contained in particular in middle distillates can crystallize on lowering the temperature of the oil and partially agglomerate with the inclusion of oil. This crystallization and agglomeration can cause blockages of the filters in engines and firing systems, especially in winter, which prevents safe metering of the fuels and may possibly lead to a complete interruption of the fuel supply. The paraffin problem is further exacerbated by the environmental reasons to reduce the sulfur content to be carried out hydrogenating desulfurization of fuel oils, which leads to an increased proportion of cold-critical paraffins in the fuel oil.
Zur Verbesserung der Kaltfließeigenschaften werden Mitteldestillaten oftmals chemische Additive, so genannte Kaltfließverbesserer bzw. Fließverbesserer zugesetzt, die Kristallstruktur und Agglomerationsneigung der ausfallenden Paraffine modifizieren, so dass sich die so additivierten Öle noch bei Temperaturen pumpen bzw. verwenden lassen, die oft mehr als 20°C tiefer liegen als bei nicht additivierten Ölen. Als Kaltfließverbesserer werden üblicherweise öllösliche Copolymere aus Ethylen und ungesättigten Estern, öllösliche polare Stickstoffverbindungen und/oder Kammpolymere verwendet. Darüber hinaus sind aber auch speziellere Additive vorgeschlagen worden.To improve the cold flow properties middle distillates are often added chemical additives, so-called cold flow improvers or flow improvers, modify the crystal structure and Agglomerationsneigung the precipitated paraffins, so that the so-additive oils still pump or use at temperatures, often more than 20 ° C. lower than non-additized oils. As the cold flow improver, oil-soluble copolymers of ethylene and unsaturated esters, oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds and / or comb polymers are usually used. In addition, however, more specific additives have been proposed.
Im Zuge der immer anspruchsvoller werdenden Motorentechnologie sowie steigender Anforderungen an die Umweltverträglichkeit von Brennstoffölen und ihrer Verbrennungsprodukte werden Detergenzadditive mit immer höherer Wirksamkeit entwickelt. Zudem werden sie oftmals in sehr hohen Dosierraten eingesetzt. Es wird berichtet, dass dadurch zum Beispiel bei Dieselkraftstoffen der spezifische Verbrauch reduziert bzw. die Leistung der Motoren erhöht wird. Diese Additive haben jedoch häufig negative Auswirkungen auf die Kaltfließfähigkeit von Mitteldestillaten und insbesondere auf die Wirksamkeit bekannter Kaltfließverbesserer. Insbesondere bei Mitteldestillaten mit niedrigem Siedeende und gleichzeitig niedrigem Aromatengehalt ist es häufig schwer oder sogar unmöglich, in Gegenwart moderner Detergenzadditive mittels herkömmlicher Fließverbesserer ein befriedigendes Kaltfließverhalten einzustellen. So ist oftmals in Gegenwart von Detergenzadditiven die durch Paraffindispergatoren eingestellte Paraffindispergierung beeinträchtigt, ohne durch erhöhte Dosierung an Paraffindispergator wieder hergestellt werden zu können. Oftmals wird so auch die als CFPP gemessene Filtrierbarkeit mit Kaltfließverbesserern additivierter Öle in der Kälte deutlich reduziert und lässt sich nur durch stark erhöhte Dosierung des Fließverbesserers ausgleichen.As engine technology becomes ever more demanding, as well as increasing demands on the environmental performance of fuel oils and their combustion products, detergent additives are being developed with ever increasing effectiveness. In addition, they are often used in very high dosage rates. It is reported that this reduces, for example, in diesel fuels, the specific consumption and the performance of the engines is increased. However, these additives often have negative effects on the cold flowability of middle distillates and in particular on the efficacy of known cold flow improvers. Especially with middle distillates with low boiling point and simultaneously low aromatic content, it is often difficult or even impossible to adjust in the presence of modern detergent additives using conventional flow improvers a satisfactory cold flow behavior. Thus, in the presence of detergent additives, the paraffin dispersion set by paraffin dispersants is often impaired, without being able to be reconstituted by increased dosage of paraffin dispersant. Often the CFPP measured filterability with cold flow improvers additive oils is significantly reduced in the cold and can be compensated only by greatly increased dosage of the flow improver.
Besonders problematisch sind dabei insbesondere solche Detergenzadditive, die sich von höheren Polyaminen ableiten und zum Beispiel bedingt durch mehrfache Alkylierung und/oder Acylierung dieser Polyamine sehr hohe Molekulargewichte aufweisen. Oftmals werden Probleme bei der Kälteadditivierung auch durch Anwesenheit von stickstoffhaltigen Detergenzadditiven, die sich entweder von höheren Polyaminen ableiten oder die an ihrem hydrophoben Rest mehrere Polyamingruppen tragen und somit eine vergleichsweise große polare Kopfgruppe tragen, verursacht.In particular, those detergent additives which are derived from higher polyamines and have, for example, very high molecular weights due to multiple alkylation and / or acylation of these polyamines are particularly problematical. Often problems in the cold additization are also caused by the presence of nitrogen-containing detergent additives derived either from higher polyamines or carrying on their hydrophobic moiety several polyamine groups and thus carrying a comparatively large polar headgroup.
Aufgabe vorliegender Erfindung war es somit, das Ansprechverhalten von Kaltfließverbesserern in Detergenzadditive enthaltenden Mitteldestillaten zu verbessern. Eine weitere Aufgabe der Erfindung war es, ein gegenüber dem Stand der Technik verbessertes Detergenzadditiv bereit zu stellen, das das Ansprechverhalten von Kaltfließverbesserern nicht beeinträchtigt.It was therefore an object of the present invention to improve the response of cold flow improvers in middle distillates containing detergent additives. Another object of the invention was to provide a prior art improved detergent additive which does not interfere with the response of cold flow improvers.
Überraschenderweise wurde nun gefunden, dass bestimmte öllösliche Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen der Beeinträchtigung der Wirksamkeit üblicher Kaltfließverbesserer durch stickstoffhaltige Detergenzadditive entgegenwirken bzw. diese Beeinträchtigung aufheben.Surprisingly, it has now been found that certain oil-soluble polyoxyalkylene compounds counteract or impair this impairment of the effectiveness of conventional cold flow improvers by nitrogen-containing detergent additives.
Gegenstand der Erfindung ist somit die Verwendung mindestens einer öllöslichen Polyoxyalkylenverbindung,
wobei diese Polyoxyalkylenverbindung ein öllöslicher Ester, Ether oder Ether/Ester von alkoxylierten Polyolen mit mindestens drei, sich von Alkylenoxiden mit 2 bis 5 C-Atomen ableitenden, repetitiven Alkoxyeinheiten pro OH-Gruppe des Polyols ist, der mindestens zwei aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffreste mit 12 bis 30 C-Atomen trägt,
zur Verbesserung des Ansprechverhaltens von Mineralölkaltfließverbesserern in Mitteldestillaten, die mindestens ein aschefreies, stickstoffhaltiges Detergenzadditiv enthalten,
welches eine öllösliche, amphiphile Verbindung ist, die mindestens einen Alkyl- oder Alkenylrest umfasst, der an eine polare Gruppe gebunden ist, wobei der Alkyl- oder Alkenylrest 10 bis 500 C-Atome und die polare Gruppe 2 oder mehr Stickstoffatome umfasst.The invention thus relates to the use of at least one oil-soluble polyoxyalkylene compound,
wherein this polyoxyalkylene compound is an oil-soluble ester, ether or ether / ester of alkoxylated polyols having at least three, derived from alkylene oxides having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, repetitive alkoxy per OH group of the polyol, the at least two aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 12 to 30 Bears C atoms,
for improving the response of mineral oil flow improvers in middle distillates containing at least one ashless, nitrogen-containing detergent additive,
which is an oil-soluble, amphiphilic compound comprising at least one alkyl or alkenyl radical attached to a polar group, wherein the alkyl or alkenyl radical comprises 10 to 500 carbon atoms and the polar group comprises 2 or more nitrogen atoms.
Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung ist ein Verfahren zur Verbesserung des Ansprechverhaltens von Mineralölkaltfließverbesserern in Mitteldestillaten, die aschefreie stickstoffhaltige Detergenzadditive enthalten,
und worin die aschefreien stickstoffhaltigen Detergenzadditive öllösliche, amphiphile Verbindungen sind, die mindestens einen Alkyl- oder Alkenylrest umfassen, der an eine polare Gruppe gebunden ist, wobei der Alkyl- oder Alkenylrest 10 bis 500 C-Atome und die polare Gruppe 2 oder mehr Stickstoffatome umfasst,
indem dem Öl mindestens eine Polyoxyalkylenverbindung zugesetzt wird, welche ein öllöslicher Ester, Ether oder Ether/Ester von alkoxylierten Polyolen mit mindestens drei, sich von Alkylenoxiden mit 2 bis 5 C-Atomen ableitenden, repetitiven Alkoxyeinheiten pro OH-Gruppe des Polyols ist, der mindestens zwei aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffreste mit 12 bis 30 C-Atomen trägt.Another object of the invention is a process for improving the response of mineral oil flow improvers in middle distillates containing ashless nitrogen-containing detergent additives.
and wherein the ashless nitrogen-containing detergent additives are oil-soluble, amphiphilic compounds comprising at least one alkyl or alkenyl radical attached to a polar group is bonded, where the alkyl or alkenyl radical comprises 10 to 500 C atoms and the polar group comprises 2 or more nitrogen atoms,
by adding to the oil at least one polyoxyalkylene compound which is an oil-soluble ester, ether or ether / ester of alkoxylated polyols having at least three repetitive alkoxy units derived from alkylene oxides having 2 to 5 carbon atoms per OH group of the polyol which is at least carries two aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 12 to 30 carbon atoms.
Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung sind Additive, enthaltend
- a) mindestens ein aschefreies, stickstoffhaltiges Detergenzadditiv, welches eine öllösliche, amphiphile Verbindung ist, die mindestens einen Alkyl- oder Alkenylrest umfasst, der an eine polare Gruppe gebunden ist, wobei der Alkyl- oder Alkenylrest 10 bis 500 C-Atome und die polare Gruppe 2 oder mehr Stickstoffatome umfasst,
und - b) mindestens eine öllösliche Polyoxyalkylenverbindung, welche ein öllöslicher Ester, Ether oder Ether/Ester von alkoxylierten Polyolen mit mindestens drei, sich von Alkylenoxiden mit 2 bis 5 C-Atomen ableitenden, repetitiven Alkoxyeinheiten pro OH-Gruppe des Polyols ist, der mindestens zwei aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffreste mit 12 bis 30 C-Atomen trägt.
- a) at least one ashless nitrogen-containing detergent additive which is an oil-soluble, amphiphilic compound comprising at least one alkyl or alkenyl radical attached to a polar group, wherein the alkyl or alkenyl radical is from 10 to 500 carbon atoms and the polar group Comprises 2 or more nitrogen atoms,
and - b) at least one oil-soluble polyoxyalkylene compound, which is an oil-soluble ester, ether or ether / ester of alkoxylated polyols having at least three, derived from alkylene oxides having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, repetitive alkoxy per OH group of the polyol, the at least two aliphatic Hydrocarbon radicals having 12 to 30 carbon atoms contributes.
Die Kombination aus a) und b) wird im folgenden auch als "erfindungsgemäßes Additiv" bezeichnet.The combination of a) and b) is also referred to below as "inventive additive".
Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung sind Mitteldestillate mit einem Schwefelgehalt von weniger als 100 ppm und einem 90 %-Destillationspunkt von unter 360°C, enthaltend
- a) mindestens ein aschefreies, stickstoffhaltiges Detergenzadditiv, welches eine öllösliche, amphiphile Verbindung ist, die mindestens einen Alkyl- oder Alkenylrest umfasst, der an eine polare Gruppe gebunden ist, wobei der Alkyl- oder Alkenylrest 10 bis 500 C-Atome und die polare Gruppe 2 oder mehr Stickstoffatome umfasst,
- b) mindestens eine öllösliche Polyoxyalkylenverbindung, welche ein öllöslicher Ester, Ether oder Ether/Ester von alkoxylierten Polyolen mit mindestens drei, sich von Alkylenoxiden mit 2 bis 5 C-Atomen ableitenden, repetitiven Alkoxyeinheiten pro OH-Gruppe des Polyols ist, der mindestens zwei aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffreste mit 12 bis 30 C-Atomen trägt, sowie
- c) mindestens einen Mineralölkaltfließverbesserer.
- a) at least one ashless, nitrogen-containing detergent additive which is an oil-soluble, amphiphilic compound containing at least one alkyl or alkenyl radical which is bonded to a polar group, wherein the alkyl or alkenyl radical comprises 10 to 500 C atoms and the polar group comprises 2 or more nitrogen atoms,
- b) at least one oil-soluble polyoxyalkylene compound, which is an oil-soluble ester, ether or ether / ester of alkoxylated polyols having at least three, derived from alkylene oxides having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, repetitive alkoxy per OH group of the polyol, the at least two aliphatic Hydrocarbon radicals having 12 to 30 carbon atoms contributes, as well
- c) at least one mineral oil flow improver.
Besonders beeinträchtigt ist das Ansprechverhalten von Fließverbesserern in Mitteldestillaten, die mehr als 10 ppm eines stickstoffhaltigen Detergenzadditivs, insbesondere mehr als 20 ppm und speziell mehr als 40 ppm wie beispielsweise 50 bis 2.000 ppm stickstoffhaltiges Detergenzadditiv enthalten.Especially affected is the response of flow improvers in middle distillates containing more than 10 ppm of a nitrogen containing detergent additive, especially more than 20 ppm and especially more than 40 ppm such as 50 to 2000 ppm of nitrogen containing detergent additive.
Bevorzugt enthalten die erfindungsgemäßen Additive bezogen auf einen Gewichtsteil des stickstoffhaltigen Detergenzadditivs 0,01 bis 10 Gewichtsteile, und insbesondere 0,1 bis 5 Gewichtsteile wie beispielsweise 0,3 bis 3 Gewichtsteile der öllöslichen Polyoxyalkylenverbindung.Preferably, the additives of the invention contain from 0.01 to 10 parts by weight, and especially from 0.1 to 5 parts by weight, for example 0.3 to 3 parts by weight of the oil-soluble polyoxyalkylene compound, relative to one part by weight of the nitrogen-containing detergent additive.
Aschefrei bedeutet, dass die betreffenden Additive im Wesentlichen nur aus Elementen bestehen, die bei der Verbrennung gasförmige Reaktionsprodukte bilden. Bevorzugt bestehen die Additive im Wesentlichen nur aus den Elementen Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff, Sauerstoff und Stickstoff. Insbesondere sind aschefreie Additive im Wesentlichen frei von Metallen und Metallsalzen.Ashless means that the additives in question essentially consist only of elements which form gaseous reaction products during combustion. Preferably, the additives consist essentially only of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. In particular, ashless additives are substantially free of metals and metal salts.
Bevorzugt werden Mitteldestillaten 10 bis 10.000 ppm und insbesondere 100 bis 3.000 ppm der stickstoffhaltigen Detergenzadditive zugesetzt.Preferably, middle distillates 10 to 10,000 ppm and in particular 100 to 3000 ppm of the nitrogen-containing detergent additives are added.
Vorzugsweise verleiht der Alkyl- oder Alkenylrest den Detergenzadditiven die Öllöslichkeit. Preferably, the alkyl or alkenyl group imparts oil-solubility to the detergent additives.
Besonders problematisch sind solche Detergenzadditive, deren Alkylrest 15 bis 500 C-Atome und insbesondere 20 bis 350 C-Atome wie beispielsweise 50 bis 200 C-Atome hat. Dieser Alkylrest kann linear oder verzweigt sein, insbesondere ist er verzweigt. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform leitet sich der Alkylrest von Oligomeren niederer Olefine mit 3 bis 6 C-Atomen wie Propen, Buten, Penten bzw. Hexen und deren Mischungen ab. Bevorzugte Isomere dieser Olefine sind iso-Buten, 2-Buten, 1-Buten, 2-Methyl-2-buten, 2,3-Dimethyl-2-buten, 1-Penten, 2-Penten und iso-Penten sowie deren Mischungen. Besonders bevorzugt sind Propen, iso-Buten, 2-Buten, 2,3-Dimethyl-2-buten und deren Mischungen. Bevorzugte Mischungen von Polyolefinen enthalten mehr als 50 mol-%, insbesondere mehr als 70 % wie beispielsweise mehr als 90 mol-% iso-Buten. Besonders geeignet zur Herstellung derartiger Detergenzadditive sind hoch reaktive niedermolekulare Polyolefine mit einem Anteil endständiger Doppelbindungen von mindestens 75 %, speziell mindestens 85 % und insbesondere mindestens 90% wie beispielsweise mindestens 95 %. Besonders bevorzugte niedermolekulare Polyolefine sind Poly(isobutylen), Poly(2-buten), Poly(2-methyl-2-buten), Poly(2,3-dimethyl-2-buten), Poly(ethylen-co-isobutylen) und ataktisches Poly(propylen). Das Molekulargewicht besonders bevorzugter Polyolefine liegt zwischen 500 und 3.000 g/mol. Derartige Oligomere niederer Olefine sind beispielsweise durch Polymerisation mittels Lewis-Säuren wie BF3 und AlCl3, mittels Ziegler-Katalysatoren und insbesondere mittels Metallocen-Katalysatoren zugänglich.Particularly problematic are those detergent additives whose alkyl radical has 15 to 500 carbon atoms and in particular 20 to 350 carbon atoms, for example 50 to 200 carbon atoms. This alkyl radical can be linear or branched, in particular it is branched. In a preferred embodiment, the alkyl radical is derived from oligomers of lower olefins having 3 to 6 C atoms such as propene, butene, pentene or hexene and mixtures thereof. Preferred isomers of these olefins are isobutene, 2-butene, 1-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, 1-pentene, 2-pentene and iso-pentene and mixtures thereof. Particular preference is given to propene, isobutene, 2-butene, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene and mixtures thereof. Preferred mixtures of polyolefins contain more than 50 mol%, in particular more than 70%, for example more than 90 mol% of isobutene. Particularly suitable for the preparation of such detergent additives are highly reactive low molecular weight polyolefins having a proportion of terminal double bonds of at least 75%, especially at least 85% and in particular at least 90% such as at least 95%. Particularly preferred low molecular weight polyolefins are poly (isobutylene), poly (2-butene), poly (2-methyl-2-butene), poly (2,3-dimethyl-2-butene), poly (ethylene-co-isobutylene) and atactic poly (propylene). The molecular weight of particularly preferred polyolefins is between 500 and 3000 g / mol. Such oligomers of lower olefins are accessible for example by polymerization by means of Lewis acids such as BF 3 and AlCl 3 , by means of Ziegler catalysts and in particular by means of metallocene catalysts.
Der polare Anteil der für das Ansprechverhalten bekannter Kälteadditive besonders problematischen Detergenzadditive leitet sich von Polyaminen mit 2 bis 20 N-Atomen ab. Derartige Polyamine entsprechen beispielsweise der Formel
(R9)2N-[A-N(R9)]q-(R9)
worin jedes R9 unabhängig voneinander für Wasserstoff, einen Alkyl- oder Hydroxyalkylrest mit bis zu 24 C-Atomen, einen Polyoxyalkylenrest -(A-O)r- oder Polyiminoalkylenrest -[A-N(R9)]s-(R9) steht, wobei jedoch mindestens ein R9 für Wasserstoff steht, q für eine ganze Zahl von 1 bis 19, A für einen Alkylenrest mit 1 bis 6 C-Atomen, r und s unabhängig voneinander für 1 bis 50 stehen. Üblicherweise handelt es sich um Mischungen von Polyaminen und insbesondere um Mischungen von Poly(ethylenaminen) und/oder Poly(propylenaminen). Beispielsweise seien genannt: Ethylendiamin, 1,2-Propylendiamin, Dimethylaminopropylamin, Diethylentriamin (DETA), Dipropylentriamin, Triethylentetramin (TETA), Tripropylentetramin, Tetraethylenpentamin (TEPA), Tetrapropylenpentamin, Pentaethylenhexamin (PEHA) Pentapropylenhexamin und schwere Polyamine. Unter schweren Polyaminen werden allgemein Mischungen von Polyalkylenpolyaminen verstanden, die neben geringen Mengen TEPA und PEHA hauptsächlich Oligomere mit 7 oder mehr Stickstoffatomen, von denen zwei oder mehr in Form primärer Aminogruppen vorliegen, enthalten. Oftmals enthalten diese Polyamine auch über tertiäre Aminogruppen verzweigte Strukturelemente.The polar component of the detergent additives which are particularly problematic for the response of known cold additives is derived from polyamines having 2 to 20 N atoms. Such polyamines correspond for example to the formula
(R 9 ) 2 N- [AN (R 9 )] q - (R 9 )
wherein each R 9 is independently hydrogen, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical of up to 24 carbon atoms, a polyoxyalkylene radical - (AO) r - or polyiminoalkylene radical - [AN (R 9 )] s - (R 9 ) but wherein at least one R 9 is hydrogen, q is an integer from 1 to 19, A is an alkylene radical having 1 to 6 C atoms, r and s independently of one another are from 1 to 50. Usually these are mixtures of polyamines and in particular mixtures of poly (ethylene amines) and / or poly (propyleneamines). Examples which may be mentioned: ethylenediamine, 1,2-propylenediamine, dimethylaminopropylamine, diethylenetriamine (DETA), dipropylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine (TETA), tripropylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), tetrapropylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) pentapropylenehexamine and heavy polyamines. Heavy polyamines are generally understood as meaning mixtures of polyalkylenepolyamines which, in addition to small amounts of TEPA and PEHA, mainly contain oligomers having 7 or more nitrogen atoms, of which two or more are in the form of primary amino groups. These polyamines often also contain branched structural elements via tertiary amino groups.
Weitere geeignete Amine sind solche, die cyclische Struktureinheiten, die sich vom Piperazin ableiten, umfassen. Dabei können die Piperazineinheiten vorzugsweise an einem oder beiden Stickstoffatomen Wasserstoff, einen Alkyl- oder Hydroxyalkylrest mit bis zu 24 C-Atomen oder einen Polyiminoalkylenrest -[A-N(R9)]s-(R9) tragen, wobei A, R9 und s die oben gegebenen Bedeutungen haben.Other suitable amines include those which comprise cyclic structural units derived from piperazine. The piperazine units may preferably carry hydrogen at one or both nitrogen atoms, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical having up to 24 carbon atoms or a polyiminoalkylene radical - [AN (R 9 )] s - (R 9 ), where A, R 9 and s have the meanings given above.
Weitere geeignete Amine umfassen alicyclische Diamine wie 1,4-Di(aminomethyl)-cyclohexan und heterocyclische Stickstoffverbindungen wie Imidazoline und N-Aminoalkylpiperazine wie beispielsweise N-(2-Aminoethyl)piperazin.Other suitable amines include alicyclic diamines such as 1,4-di (aminomethyl) cyclohexane and heterocyclic nitrogen compounds such as imidazolines and N-aminoalkylpiperazines such as N- (2-aminoethyl) piperazine.
Auch Detergenzadditive, deren polarer Anteil sich von mit Hydroxylgruppen tragenden Polyaminen, von mit Heterozyklen substituierten Polyaminen sowie von aromatischen Polyaminen ableitet sind problematisch. Beispielsweise seien genannt: N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylendiamin, N,N1-bis-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylendiamin, N-(3-Hydroxybutyl)tetra(methylen)diamin, N-2-Aminoethylpiperazin, N-2- und N-3-Aminopropylmorpholin, N-3-(Dimethylamino)propylpiperazin, 2-Heptyl-3-(2-aminopropyl)imidazolin, 1,4-bis(2-Aminoethyl)piperazin, 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazin, verschiedene Isomere des Phenylendiamins und des Naphthalindiamins sowie Mischungen dieser Amine.Also, detergent additives whose polar portion is derived from hydroxyl-bearing polyamines, heterocycle-substituted polyamines, and aromatic polyamines are problematic. Examples which may be mentioned are: N- (2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine, N, N 1 -bis- (2-hydroxyethyl) ethylene diamine, N- (3-hydroxybutyl) tetra (methylene) diamine, N-2-aminoethylpiperazine, N-2- and N-3-aminopropylmorpholine, N-3- (dimethylamino) propylpiperazine, 2-heptyl-3- (2-aminopropyl) imidazoline, 1,4-bis (2-aminoethyl) piperazine, 1- (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine, various isomers of phenylenediamine and naphthalenediamine and mixtures of these amines.
Besonders kritisch für die Kälteadditivierung von Mitteldestillaten sind Detergenzadditive auf Basis schwerer Polyamine, in denen in vorstehender Formel R9 für Wasserstoff steht und q Werte von mindestens 3, insbesondere mindestens 4 wie beispielsweise 5, 6, 7 oder höher annimmt. Besonders problematisch sind dabei Mischungen von Polyaminen, die mindestens 40 Gew.-% und insbesondere mindestens 60 Gew.-% wie beispielsweise mindestens 80 Gew.-% an höheren Polyaminen mit 5 und mehr Stickstoffatomen enthalten. Unter den für das Dispergierverhalten besonderes effizienten, für die Kälteaddditivierung jedoch besonders problematischen schweren Polyaminen werden allgemein Mischungen von Polyalkylenpolyaminen verstanden, die neben TEPA und PEHA größere Mengen, das heißt mindestens 10 Gew.-% und insbesondere mindestens 30 Gew.-%, speziell mindestens 50 Gew.-% wie beispielsweise mehr als 70 Gew.-% an Oligomeren mit 7 oder mehr Stickstoffatomen enthalten.Especially critical for the cold additization of middle distillates are detergent additives based on heavy polyamines, in which in the above formula R 9 is hydrogen and q has values of at least 3, in particular at least 4 such as 5, 6, 7 or higher. Particularly problematic are mixtures of polyamines containing at least 40 wt .-% and in particular at least 60 wt .-%, such as at least 80 wt .-% of higher polyamines having 5 or more nitrogen atoms. Among the particularly effective for the dispersing behavior, for the refrigeration but particularly problematic heavy polyamines are generally understood mixtures of polyalkylenepolyamines which in addition to TEPA and PEHA larger amounts, ie at least 10 wt .-% and in particular at least 30 wt .-%, especially at least 50 wt .-% such as more than 70 wt .-% of oligomers having 7 or more nitrogen atoms.
Der öllösliche Alkylrest und die polare Kopfgruppe der Detergenzadditive können entweder direkt über eine C-N- oder über eine Ester-, Amid- oder Imidbindung miteinander verknüpft sein. Bevorzugte Detergenzadditive sind demnach Alkylpoly(amine), Mannich-Reaktionsprodukte, kohlenwasserstoffsubstituierte Bernsteinsäureamide und -imide sowie Mischungen dieser Substanzklassen.The oil-soluble alkyl moiety and the polar head group of the detergent additives may be linked together either directly via a C-N or through an ester, amide or imide bond. Accordingly, preferred detergent additives are alkylpolyamines, Mannich reaction products, hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid amides and imides, and mixtures of these classes of substances.
Bei den über C-N-Bindungen verknüpften Detergenzadditiven handelt es sich vorzugsweise um Alkylpoly(amine), die beispielsweise durch Umsetzung von Polyisobutylenen mit Polyaminen zum Beispiel durch Hydroformylierung und anschließende reduktive Aminierung mit den oben genannten Polyaminen zugänglich sind. Dabei können am Polyamin ein oder mehrere Alkylreste gebunden sein. Besonders kritisch für die Kälteadditivierung sind Detergenzadditive auf Basis höherer Polyamine mit mehr als 4 N-Atomen wie beispielsweise solche mit 5, 6, 7 oder mehr N-Atomen.The detergent additives linked via C-N bonds are preferably alkylpoly (amines) which are obtainable, for example, by reacting polyisobutylenes with polyamines, for example by hydroformylation and subsequent reductive amination with the abovementioned polyamines. In this case, one or more alkyl radicals may be bound to the polyamine. Detergent additives based on higher polyamines having more than 4 N atoms, for example those having 5, 6, 7 or more N atoms, are particularly critical for the cold addition.
Amid- bzw. Imidbindungen enthaltende Detergenzadditive sind zum Beispiel durch Umsetzung von Alkenylbernsteinsäureanhydriden mit Polyaminen zugänglich. Alkenylbernsteinsäureanhydrid und Polyamin werden dabei bevorzugt im molaren Verhältnis von etwa 1 : 0,5 bis etwa 1 : 1 umgesetzt. Die Herstellung der zu Grunde liegenden Alkenylbernsteinsäureanhydride erfolgt üblicherweise durch Addition von ethylenisch ungesättigten Polyolefinen oder chlorierten Polyolefinen an ethylenisch ungesättigte Dicarbonsäuren.Detergent additives containing amide or imide bonds are obtainable, for example, by reaction of alkenylsuccinic anhydrides with polyamines. Alkenylsuccinic anhydride and polyamine are preferably reacted in a molar ratio of about 1: 0.5 to about 1: 1. The preparation of the underlying Alkenylbernsteinsäureanhydride is usually carried out by addition of ethylenically unsaturated polyolefins or chlorinated polyolefins to ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids.
Beispielsweise können Alkenylbernsteinsäureanhydride durch Reaktion von chlorierten Polyolefinen mit Maleinsäureanhydrid hergestellt werden. Alternativ gelingt die Herstellung auch durch thermische Addition von Polyolefinen an Maleinsäureanhydrid in einer «En-Reaktion». Dabei sind hochreaktive Olefine mit hohem Anteil von beispielsweise mehr als 75 % und speziell mehr als 85 mol-%, bezogen auf die Gesamtzahl an Polyolefinmolekülen, an Isomeren mit endständiger Doppelbindung besonders geeignet. Bei den endständig angeordneten Doppelbindungen kann es sich sowohl um Vinyliden-Doppelbindungen [-CH2-C(=CH2)-CH3] als auch um Vinyldoppelbindungen [-CH=C(CH3)2] handeln.For example, alkenyl succinic anhydrides can be prepared by reaction of chlorinated polyolefins with maleic anhydride. Alternatively, the preparation also succeeds by thermal addition of polyolefins to maleic anhydride in an "ene reaction". In this case, highly reactive olefins with a high content of, for example, more than 75% and especially more than 85 mol%, based on the total number of polyolefin molecules, of isomers having a terminal double bond are particularly suitable. The terminal double bonds can be both vinylidene double bonds [-CH 2 -C (= CH 2 ) -CH 3] and vinyl double bonds [-CH = C (CH 3 ) 2] .
Für die Herstellung von Alkenylbernsteinsäureanhydriden kann das Molverhältnis der beiden Reaktanden bei der Umsetzung zwischen Maleinsäureanhydrid und Polyolefin in weiten Grenzen variieren. Vorzugsweise kann es zwischen 10:1 und 1:5 betragen, wobei Molverhältnisse von 6:1 bis 1:1 besonders bevorzugt sind. Maleinsäureanhydrid wird bevorzugt im stöchiometrischen Überschuss eingesetzt wie beispielsweise 1,1 bis 3 mol Maleinsäureanhydrid pro mol Polyolefin. Überschüssiges Maleinsäureanhydrid kann aus dem Reaktionsansatz zum Beispiel durch Destillation entfernt werden.For the preparation of alkenylsuccinic anhydrides, the molar ratio of the two reactants in the reaction between maleic anhydride and polyolefin can vary within wide limits. Preferably, it may be between 10: 1 and 1: 5, with molar ratios of 6: 1 to 1: 1 being particularly preferred. Maleic anhydride is preferably used in stoichiometric excess, for example 1.1 to 3 moles of maleic anhydride per mole of polyolefin. Excess maleic anhydride can be removed from the reaction by, for example, distillation.
Da die insbesondere durch En-Reaktion primär gebildeten Addukte wiederum eine olefinische Doppelbindung enthalten, ist bei geeigneter Reaktionsführung eine weitere Anlagerung von ungesättigten Dicarbonsäuren unter Bildung so genannter bis-Maleinate möglich. Die dabei zugänglichen Reaktionsprodukte haben bezogen auf die mit ungesättigten Carbonsäuren umgesetzten Anteile der Poly(olefine) im Mittel einen Maleinierungsgrad von mehr als 1, vorzugsweise etwa 1,01 bis 2,0 und insbesondere 1,1 bis 1,8 Dicarbonsäureeinheiten pro Alkylrest. Durch Umsetzung mit den oben genannten Aminen entstehen daraus Produkte mit deutlich gesteigerter Wirksamkeit als Detergenzadditive. Andererseits steigt mit zunehmendem Maleinierungsgrad auch die Beeinträchtigung der Wirksamkeit von Kaltfließverbesserern. Beim Einsatz solch hoch maleinierter Alkenylbernsteinsäureanhydride führen auch kürzerkettige Polyamine mit beispielsweise 3, 4 oder 5 N-Atomen zu besagten Problemen bei der Kälteadditivierung.Since the adducts which are primarily formed by the ene reaction, in turn, contain an olefinic double bond, suitable addition of unsaturated dicarboxylic acids to form so-called bis-maleinates is possible with a suitable reaction procedure. The accessible reaction products have, based on the reacted with unsaturated carboxylic acids fractions of the poly (olefins) on average a Maleinierungsgrad of more than 1, preferably about 1.01 to 2.0 and in particular 1.1 to 1.8 dicarboxylic acid per alkyl radical. Reaction with the abovementioned amines results in products with markedly increased effectiveness as detergent additives. On the other hand, as the degree of maleation increases, so does the impairment of the efficacy of cold flow improvers. When such highly maleated alkenylsuccinic anhydrides are used, shorter-chain polyamines with, for example, 3, 4 or 5 N atoms also lead to said problems in the case of cold additization.
Die Umsetzung von Alkenylbernsteinsäureanhydriden mit Polyaminen führt zu Produkten, die ein oder mehrere Amid- und/oder Imidbindungen pro Polyamin sowie in Abhängigkeit vom Maleinierungsgrad ein oder zwei Polyamine pro Alkylrest tragen können. Bevorzugt werden für die Umsetzung von 1,0 bis 1,7 und insbesondere 1,1 bis 1,5 mol Alkenylbernsteinsäureanhydrid pro mol Polyamin eingesetzt, so dass freie primäre Aminogruppen im Produkt verbleiben. In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform werden Alkenylbernsteinsäureanhydrid und Polyamin equimolar umgesetzt. Bei der Umsetzung von Polyaminen mit Alkenylbernsteinsäureanhydriden mit hohem Acylierungsgrad von 1,1 oder mehr Anhydridgruppen pro Alkylrest wie beispielsweise 1,3 oder mehr Anhydridgruppen pro Alkylrest entstehen auch Polymere, die besonders problematisch für das Ansprechverhalten von Kälteadditiven sind.The reaction of alkenyl succinic anhydrides with polyamines leads to products which can carry one or more amide and / or imide bonds per polyamine and depending on the Maleinierungsgrad one or two polyamines per alkyl radical. Alkenylsuccinic anhydride per mole of polyamine is preferably used for the reaction of 1.0 to 1.7 and in particular 1.1 to 1.5, so that free primary amino groups remain in the product. In a further preferred embodiment, alkenyl succinic anhydride and polyamine are reacted equimolarly. In the reaction of polyamines with Alkenylbernsteinsäureanhydriden with a high degree of acylation of 1.1 or more anhydride groups per alkyl radical such as 1.3 or more anhydride groups per alkyl radical also arise polymers that are particularly problematic for the response of cold additives.
Typische und besonders bevorzugte acylierte Stickstoffverbindungen sind durch Umsetzung von Poly(isobutylen)-, Poly(2-butenyl)-, Poly(2-methyl-2-butenyl)-, Poly(2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl)- bzw. Poly(propenyl)bernsteinsäureanhydriden mit im Mittel etwa 1,2 bis 1,5 Anhydridgruppen pro Alkylrest, deren Alkylenreste zwischen 50 und 400 C-Atome tragen, mit einer Mischung von Poly(ethylenaminen) mit mindestens 3 und bevorzugt etwa 4 bis 12 wie beispielsweise 5 bis 7 Stickstoffatomen und mindestens 2 und bevorzugt etwa 3 bis 11 wie beispielsweise 4 bis 6 Ethyleneinheiten erhältlich.Typical and particularly preferred acylated nitrogen compounds are obtained by reacting poly (isobutylene), poly (2-butenyl), poly (2-methyl-2-butenyl) -, poly (2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl) - or Poly (propenyl) succinic anhydrides having an average of about 1.2 to 1.5 anhydride groups per alkyl radical whose alkylene radicals carry between 50 and 400 carbon atoms, with a mixture of poly (ethylene amines) having at least 3 and preferably about 4 to 12 such as for example, 5 to 7 nitrogen atoms and at least 2 and preferably about 3 to 11 such as 4 to 6 ethylene units available.
Auch öllösliche Mannich-Reaktionsprodukte auf Basis von Polyolefin-substituierten Phenolen und Polyaminen beeinträchtigen die Wirksamkeit herkömmlicher Kaltfließverbesserer. Derartige Mannich-Basen sind nach bekannten Verfahren zum Beispiel durch Alkylierung von Phenol und/oder Salicylsäure mit den oben beschriebenen Polyolefinen wie beispielsweise Poly(isobutylen), Poly(2-buten), Poly(2-methyl-2-buten), Poly(2,3-dimethyl-2-buten) oder ataktisches Poly(propylen) und anschließende Kondensation des Alkylphenols mit Aldehyden mit 1 bis 6 C-Atomen wie beispielsweise Formaldehyd oder dessen reaktiven Equivalenten wie Formalin oder Paraformaldehyd und den oben beschriebenen Polyaminen wie beispielsweise TEPA, PEHA oder schweren Polyaminen herstellbar.Oil-soluble Mannich reaction products based on polyolefin-substituted phenols and polyamines also impair the effectiveness of conventional cold flow improvers. Mannich bases of this kind are prepared by known processes, for example by alkylating phenol and / or salicylic acid with the polyolefins described above, such as, for example, poly (isobutylene), poly (2-butene), poly (2-methyl-2-butene), poly ( 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene) or atactic poly (propylene) and subsequent condensation of the alkylphenol with aldehydes having 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as formaldehyde or its reactive equivalents such as formalin or paraformaldehyde and the above-described polyamines such as TEPA, PEHA or heavy polyamines produced.
Das mittels Dampfdruckosmometrie bestimmte mittlere Molekulargewicht besonders effizienter, gleichzeitig aber auch für die Kälteadditivierung von Mitteldestillaten besonders kritischer Detergenzadditive liegt oberhalb 800 g/mol und insbesondere zwischen 2.000 und 20.000 g/mol wie beispielsweise zwischen 3.000 und 15.000 g/mol (gemessen mittels GPC gegen Poly(styrol)-Standards in THF). Das mittlere Molekulargewicht der oben beschriebenen Detergenzadditive kann auch über Vernetzungsreagentien erhöht und dem Verwendungszweck angepasst werden. Geeignete Vernetzungsreagentien sind zum Beispiel Dialdehyde wie Glutardialdehyd, Bisepoxide zum Beispiel abgeleitet von Bisphenol A, Dicarbonsäuren und deren reaktive Derivate wie beispielsweise Maleinsäureanhydrid und Alkenylbernsteinsäureanhydride sowie höhere mehrwertige Carbonsäuren und deren Derivate wie beispielsweise Trimellitsäure, Trimellitanhydrid und Pyromellitdianhydrid.The average molecular weight determined by means of vapor pressure osmometry is particularly efficient, but at the same time for the cold additization of middle distillates of particularly critical detergent additives is above 800 g / mol and especially between 2,000 and 20,000 g / mol such as between 3,000 and 15,000 g / mol (measured by GPC against poly (styrene) standards in THF). The average molecular weight of the above-described detergent additives can also be increased via crosslinking reagents and adapted to the intended use. Suitable crosslinking reagents are, for example, dialdehydes such as glutaric dialdehyde, bisepoxides derived, for example, from bisphenol A, dicarboxylic acids and their reactive derivatives such as maleic anhydride and alkenylsuccinic anhydrides, and higher polybasic carboxylic acids and their derivatives such as trimellitic acid, trimellitic anhydride and pyromellitic dianhydride.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform besitzen die öllöslichen Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen mindestens 3, wie beispielsweise 4, 5 oder mehr aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffreste. Bevorzugt besitzen diese Reste unabhängig voneinander 16 bis 26 C-Atome wie beispielsweise 17 bis 24 C-Atome. Die aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffreste können linear oder verzweigt sein, bevorzugt sind sie linear. Weiterhin bevorzugt sind sie weitestgehend gesättigt; insbesondere handelt es sich dabei um Alkylreste. Ester sind besonders bevorzugt.In a preferred embodiment, the oil-soluble polyoxyalkylene compounds have at least 3, such as 4, 5 or more aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals. Preferably, these radicals independently of one another have 16 to 26 C atoms, for example 17 to 24 C atoms. The aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals can be linear or branched, preferably they are linear. Further preferably, they are largely saturated; in particular, these are alkyl radicals. Esters are especially preferred.
Erfindungsgemäß besonders geeignete Polyole sind Polyethylenglykole, Polypropylenglykole, Polybutylenglykole und deren Mischpolymerisate mit einem Molekulargewicht von ca. 100 bis ca. 5.000 g/mol, vorzugsweise 200 bis 2.000 g/mol. In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform leiten sich die öllöslichen Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen von Polyolen mit 3 oder mehr OH-Gruppen, bevorzugt von Polyolen mit 3 bis etwa 50 OH-Gruppen wie beispielsweise 4 bis 10 OH-Gruppen ab, insbesondere von Neopentylglykol, Glycerin, Trimethylolethan, Trimethylolpropan, Sorbitan, Pentaerythrit, sowie den daraus durch Kondensation zugänglichen Oligomeren mit 2 bis 10 Monomereinheiten wie z.B. Polyglycerin. Auch höhere Polyole wie beispielsweise Sorbitol, Saccharose, Glucose, Fructose sowie deren Oligomere wie beispielsweise Cyclodextrin sind als Polyole geeignet, sofern ihre veresterten bzw. veretherten Alkoxilate zumindest in anwendungsrelevanten Mengen öllöslich sind. Bevorzugte Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen haben somit einen verzweigten Polyoxyalkylenkern, an den mehrere Öllöslichkeit verleihende Alkylreste gebunden sind. Die Polyole sind im Allgemeinen mit 3 bis 70 mol Alkylenoxid, bevorzugt 4 bis 50, insbesondere 5 bis 20 mol Alkylenoxid pro Hydroxylgruppe des Polyols umgesetzt. Bevorzugte Alkylenoxide sind Ethylenoxid, Propylenoxid und/oder Butylenoxid. Die Alkoxylierung erfolgt nach bekannten Verfahren.Particularly suitable polyols according to the invention are polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, polybutylene glycols and their copolymers having a molecular weight of about 100 to about 5,000 g / mol, preferably 200 to 2,000 g / mol. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the oil-soluble polyoxyalkylene compounds are derived from polyols having 3 or more OH groups, preferably from polyols having 3 to about 50 OH groups, for example 4 to 10 OH groups, in particular neopentyl glycol, glycerol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane , Sorbitan, pentaerythritol, and the oligomers having from 2 to 10 monomer units, such as polyglycerol, obtainable therefrom by condensation. Even higher polyols such as sorbitol, sucrose, glucose, fructose and their oligomers such as cyclodextrin are suitable as polyols, provided that their esterified or etherified alkoxylates at least in application-relevant Quantities are oil-soluble. Preferred polyoxyalkylene compounds thus have a branched polyoxyalkylene core to which are attached multiple alkyl-solubilizing alkyl radicals. The polyols are generally reacted with from 3 to 70 mol of alkylene oxide, preferably from 4 to 50, in particular from 5 to 20, mol of alkylene oxide per hydroxyl group of the polyol. Preferred alkylene oxides are ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide. The alkoxylation is carried out by known methods.
Die für die Veresterung der alkoxilierten Polyole geeigneten Fettsäuren haben vorzugsweise 12 bis 30 und insbesondere 16 bis 26 C-Atome. Die Alkylreste der Fettsäuren können verzweigt oder linear sein; bevorzugte Fettsäuren tragen lineare Alkylreste. Geeignete Fettsäuren sind beispielsweise Laurin-, Tridecan-, Myristin-, Pentadecan-, Palmitin-, Margarin-, Stearin-, Isostearin-, Arachin- und Behensäure, Öl- und Erucasäure, Palmitolein-, Myristolein-, Ricinolsäure, sowie aus natürlichen Fetten und Ölen gewonnene Fettsäuremischungen. Bevorzugte Fettsäuremischungen enthalten mehr als 50 mol-% Fettsäuren mit mindestens 20 C-Atomen. Bevorzugt enthalten weniger als 50 mol-% der zur Veresterung verwendeten Fettsäuren Doppelbindungen, insbesondere weniger als 10 mol-%; speziell sind sie weitestgehend gesättigt. Die Veresterung kann auch ausgehend von reaktiven Derivaten der Fettsäuren wie Estern mit niederen Alkoholen (z.B. Methyl- oder Ethylester) oder Anhydriden erfolgen.The fatty acids which are suitable for the esterification of the alkoxylated polyols preferably have 12 to 30 and in particular 16 to 26 C atoms. The alkyl radicals of the fatty acids may be branched or linear; preferred fatty acids carry linear alkyl radicals. Suitable fatty acids are, for example, lauric, tridecane, myristic, pentadecane, palmitic, margarine, stearic, isostearic, arachic and behenic, oleic and erucic acid, palmitoleic, myristoleic, ricinoleic acid and natural fats and oils derived fatty acid mixtures. Preferred fatty acid mixtures contain more than 50 mol% of fatty acids having at least 20 carbon atoms. Preferably, less than 50 mol% of the fatty acids used for the esterification contain double bonds, in particular less than 10 mol%; specifically, they are largely saturated. Esterification may also be carried out starting from reactive derivatives of the fatty acids such as esters with lower alcohols (e.g., methyl or ethyl esters) or anhydrides.
Unter weitestgehend gesättigt wird im Sinne der vorliegenden Erfindung eine Iodzahl der verwendeten Fettsäure bzw. des verwendeten Fettalkohols von bis zu 5 g I pro 100 g Fettsäure bzw. Fettalkohol verstanden.For the purposes of the present invention, the term "iodine value" of the fatty acid or of the fatty alcohol used is understood to be largely saturated by up to 5 g of I per 100 g of fatty acid or fatty alcohol.
Zur Veresterung der alkoxilierten Polyole können auch Gemische obiger Fettsäuren mit fettlöslichen, mehrwertigen Carbonsäuren eingesetzt werden Beispiele für geeignete mehrwertige Carbonsäuren sind Dimerfettsäuren, Alkenylbernsteinsäuren und aromatische Polycarbonsäuren sowie deren Derivate wie Anhydride und C1- bis C5-Ester. Bevorzugt sind Alkenylbernsteinsäure und deren Derivate mit Alkylresten mit 8 bis 200, insbesondere 10 bis 50 C-Atomen. Beispiele sind Dodecenyl-, Octadecenyl- und Poly(isobutenyl)bernsteinsäureanhydrid. Bevorzugt werden die mehrwertigen Carbonsäuren dabei zu untergeordneten Anteilen von bis zu 30 mol-%, bevorzugt 1 bis 20 mol-%, insbesondere 2 bis 10 mol-% eingesetzt.For the esterification of the alkoxylated polyols, it is also possible to use mixtures of fatty acids with fat-soluble, polybasic carboxylic acids. Examples of suitable polybasic carboxylic acids are dimer fatty acids, alkenylsuccinic acids and aromatic polycarboxylic acids and derivatives thereof such as anhydrides and C 1 - to C 5 -esters. Alkenylsuccinic acid and its derivatives with alkyl radicals having 8 to 200, in particular 10 to 50, carbon atoms are preferred. Examples are dodecenyl, octadecenyl and poly (isobutenyl) succinic anhydride. The polybasic carboxylic acids are preferably used here to lower levels of up to 30 mol%, preferably 1 to 20 mol%, in particular 2 to 10 mol%.
Ester und Fettsäure werden für die Veresterung bezogen auf den Gehalt an Hydroxylgruppen einerseits und Carboxylgruppen andererseits im Verhältnis 1,5 : 1 bis 1 : 1,5 eingesetzt, bevorzugt im Verhältnis 1,1 :1 bis 1 : 1,1 und insbesondere equimolar.Ester and fatty acid are used for the esterification based on the content of hydroxyl groups on the one hand and carboxyl groups on the other hand in the ratio of 1.5: 1 to 1: 1.5, preferably in the ratio of 1.1: 1 to 1: 1.1 and in particular equimolar.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform werden nach der Alkoxylierung des Polyols die endständigen Hydroxylgruppen zum Beispiel durch Oxidation oder durch Umsetzung mit Dicarbonsäuren in endständige Carboxylgruppen überführt. Durch Umsetzung mit Fettalkoholen mit 8 bis 50, insbesondere 12 bis 30, speziell 16 bis 26 C-Atomen werden ebenfalls erfindungsgemäße Polyoxyalkylenester erhalten. Bevorzugte Fettalkohole bzw. Fettalkoholmischungen enthalten mehr als 50 mol-% Fettalkohole mit mindestens 20 C-Atomen. Bevorzugt enthalten weniger als 50 mol-% der zur Veresterung verwendeten Fettalkohole Doppelbindungen, insbesondere weniger als 10 mol-%; speziell sind sie weitestgehend gesättigt. Auch Ester alkoxilierter Fettalkohole mit Fettsäuren, die oben genannte Anteile an Poly(alkylenoxiden) enthalten und deren Fettalkohol und Fettsäure oben genannte Alkylkettenlängen und Sättigungsgrade besitzen, sind erfindungsgemäß geeignet.In a preferred embodiment, after the alkoxylation of the polyol, the terminal hydroxyl groups are converted, for example, by oxidation or by reaction with dicarboxylic acids into terminal carboxyl groups. By reaction with fatty alcohols having 8 to 50, in particular 12 to 30, especially 16 to 26 carbon atoms, polyoxyalkylene esters according to the invention are likewise obtained. Preferred fatty alcohols or fatty alcohol mixtures contain more than 50 mol% of fatty alcohols having at least 20 carbon atoms. Preferably, less than 50 mol% of the fatty alcohols used for the esterification contain double bonds, in particular less than 10 mol%; specifically, they are largely saturated. Also, esters of alkoxylated fatty alcohols with fatty acids which contain the abovementioned proportions of poly (alkylene oxides) and whose fatty alcohol and fatty acid have the abovementioned alkyl chain lengths and degrees of saturation are suitable according to the invention.
Die Veresterung wird nach üblichen Verfahren durchgeführt. Besonders bewährt hat sich die Umsetzung von Polyolalkoxylat mit Fettsäure, gegebenenfalls in Gegenwart von Katalysatoren wie z.B. para-Toluolsulfonsäure, C2- bis C50-Alkylbenzolsulfonsäuren, Methansulfonsäure oder sauren lonenaustauschern. Die Abtrennung des Reaktionswassers kann destillativ durch Direktkondensation oder bevorzugt mittels azeotroper Destillation in Anwesenheit organischer Lösemittel, insbesondere aromatischer Lösemittel wie Toluol, Xylol oder auch höher siedenden Gemischen wie ®Shellsol A, ®Shellsol B, ®Shellsol AB oder Solvent Naphtha erfolgen. Die Veresterung erfolgt bevorzugt im Wesentlichen vollständig, d.h. für die Veresterung werden 1,0 bis 1,5 mol Fettsäure pro mol Hydroxylgruppen eingesetzt. Die Säurezahl der Ester liegt im Allgemeinen unter 15 mg KOH/g, bevorzugt unter 10 mg KOH/g speziell unter 5 mg KOH/g. Die OH-Zahl der Ester liegt bevorzugt unter 20 mg KOH/g und speziell unter 10 mg KOH/g. Eine möglichst vollständige Veresterung hat sich für eine effiziente Wirksamkeit im Zusammenwirken mit Detergenzadditiven als vorteilhaft erwiesen. Weiterhin wird dadurch verhindert, dass das additivierte Mitteldestillat unerwünschte Emulsionen mit gegebenenfalls in Lagerbehältern anwesendem Wasser bildet.The esterification is carried out by conventional methods. Has proven particularly useful the reaction of polyol with fatty acid, optionally in the presence of catalysts such as para-toluenesulfonic acid, C 2 - to C 50 -alkylbenzenesulfonic acids, methanesulfonic acid or acidic ion exchangers. The separation of the water of reaction can be carried out by distillation by direct condensation or preferably by azeotropic distillation in the presence of organic solvents, in particular aromatic solvents such as toluene, xylene or higher boiling mixtures such as ® Shellsol A, ® Shellsol B, ® Shellsol AB or Solvent Naphtha. The esterification is preferably carried out essentially completely, ie for the esterification 1.0 to 1.5 moles of fatty acid per mole of hydroxyl groups are used. The acid number of the esters is generally below 15 mg KOH / g, preferably below 10 mg KOH / g, especially below 5 mg KOH / g. The OH number of the esters is preferably below 20 mg KOH / g and especially below 10 mg KOH / g. As complete esterification as possible has proven to be advantageous for efficient effectiveness in conjunction with detergent additives. Furthermore, this prevents the additized middle distillate unwanted emulsions with optionally in storage containers forms present water.
Des weiteren können die oben beschriebenen alkoxilierten Polyole durch Veretherung mit Fettalkoholen mit 8 bis 50, insbesondere 12 bis 30, speziell 16 bis 26 C-Atomen in erfindungsgemäß geeignete Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen überführt werden. Die hierfür bevorzugten Fettalkohole sind linear und weitestgehend gesättigt. Bevorzugt erfolgt die Veretherung vollständig oder zumindest weitestgehend vollständig. Die Veretherung wird nach bekannten Verfahren durchgeführt.Furthermore, the alkoxylated polyols described above can be converted by etherification with fatty alcohols having 8 to 50, in particular 12 to 30, especially 16 to 26 C-atoms in accordance with the invention suitable polyoxyalkylene compounds. The preferred fatty alcohols are linear and largely saturated. Preferably, the etherification takes place completely or at least largely completely. The etherification is carried out by known methods.
Besonders bevorzugte Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen leiten sich von Polyolen mit 3, 4 und 5 OH-Gruppen ab, die pro Hydroxylgruppe des Polyols etwa 5 bis 10 mol von Ethylenoxid abgeleitete Struktureinheiten tragen und weitestgehend vollständig mit weitestgehend gesättigten C17-C24-Fettsäuren verestert sind. Weitere besonders bevorzugte Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen sind mit weitestgehend gesättigten C17-C24-Fettsäuren veresterte Polyethylenglykole mit Molekulargewichten von etwa 350 bis 1.000 g/mol. Beispiele für besonders geeignete Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen sind mit Stearin- und insbesondere Behensäure veresterte Polyethylenglykole mit Molekulargewichten zwischen 350 und 800 g/mol; Neopentylglykol-14-ethylenoxid-distearat (mit 14 mol Ethylenoxid alkoxiliertes und anschließend mit 2 mol Stearinsäure verestertes Neopentylglykol) und insbesondere Neopentylglykol-14-ethylenoxid-dibehenat; Glycerin-20-ethylenoxid-tristearat, Glycerin-20-ethylenoxid-dibehenat und insbesondere Glycerin-20-ethylenoxid-tribehenat; Trimethylolpropan-22-ethylenoxid-tribehenat; Sorbitan-25-ethylenoxid-tristearat, Sorbitan-25-ethylenoxid-tetrastearat, Sorbitan-25-ethylenoxid-tribehenat und insbesondere Sorbitan-25-ethylenoxid-tetrabehenat; Pentaerythritol-30-ethylenoxid-tribehenat, Pentaerythritol-30-ethylenoxid-tetrastearat und insbesondere Pentaerythritol-30-ethylenoxid-tetrabehenat und Pentaerythritol-20-ethylenoxid-10-propylenoxid-tetrabehenat.Particularly preferred polyoxyalkylene compounds are derived from polyols having 3, 4 and 5 OH groups, which carry about 5 to 10 mol of structural units derived from ethylene oxide per hydroxyl group of the polyol and are largely completely esterified with largely saturated C 17 -C 24 fatty acids. Further particularly preferred polyoxyalkylene compounds are polyethylene glycols which have been esterified with largely saturated C 17 -C 24 -fatty acids and have molecular weights of about 350 to 1,000 g / mol. Examples of particularly suitable polyoxyalkylene compounds are stearic and especially behenic acid esterified polyethylene glycols having molecular weights between 350 and 800 g / mol; Neopentyl glycol 14-ethylene oxide distearate (neopentyl glycol alkoxylated with 14 moles of ethylene oxide and then esterified with 2 moles of stearic acid), and especially neopentyl glycol 14-ethylene oxide dibehenate; Glycerol 20-ethylene oxide tristearate, glycerol 20-ethylene oxide dibehenate, and especially glycerol 20-ethylene oxide tribehenate; Trimethylolpropane tribehenate 22-ethylene oxide; Sorbitan 25-ethylene oxide tristearate, sorbitan 25-ethylene oxide tetrastearate, sorbitan 25-ethylene oxide tribehenate, and especially sorbitan 25-ethylene oxide tetrabehenate; Pentaerythritol-30-ethylene oxide tribehenate, pentaerythritol-30-ethylene oxide tetrastearate, and especially pentaerythritol-30-ethylene oxide tetrabehenate and pentaerythritol-20-ethylene oxide-10-propylene oxide tetrabehenate.
Das Mengenverhältnis zwischen Detergenzadditiv und Polyoxyalkylenverbindung im additivierten Öl kann in weiten Grenzen variieren. Besonders bewährt hat sich ein Einsatz von 0,01 bis 10 Gewichtsteilen, insbesondere 0,1 bis 5 Gewichtsteilen wie beispielsweise 0,3 bis 3 Gewichtsteile an Polyoxyalkylenverbindung pro Gewichtsteil Detergenzadditiv, jeweils bezogen auf den Wirkstoff.The quantitative ratio between the detergent additive and the polyoxyalkylene compound in the additized oil can vary within wide limits. An insert of 0.01 to 10 parts by weight, in particular 0.1 to 5 parts by weight, has proven particularly useful For example, 0.3 to 3 parts by weight of polyoxyalkylene compound per part by weight of detergent additive, each based on the active ingredient.
Als Fließverbesserer, die in den erfindungsgemäßen Mitteldestillaten eingesetzt werden, kommen insbesondere eine oder mehrere der folgenden Substanzklassen III bis VII in Betracht, wobei bevorzugt Ethylen-Copolymere (Bestandteil III) oder deren Mischungen mit einem oder mehreren der Bestandteile IV bis VII eingesetzt werden. Besonders bewährt haben sich dabei Mischungen aus Ethylen-Copolymeren (Bestandteil III) und Alkylphenol-Aldehydharzen (Bestandteil V), aus Ethylen-Copolymeren (Bestandteil III) und Kammpolymeren (Bestandteil VI) sowie aus Ethylen-Copolymeren (Bestandteil III) und Olefin(co)polymeren (Bestandteil VII). Für die Paraffindispergierung haben sich insbesondere Mischungen von Ethylen-Copolymeren (Bestandteil III) mit den Bestandteilen IV und V bzw. den Bestandteilen IV und VI bewährt.Suitable flow improvers used in the middle distillates according to the invention are, in particular, one or more of the following substance classes III to VII, preference being given to using ethylene copolymers (constituent III) or mixtures thereof with one or more of constituents IV to VII. Mixtures of ethylene copolymers (constituent III) and alkylphenol-aldehyde resins (constituent V), of ethylene copolymers (constituent III) and comb polymers (constituent VI) and of ethylene copolymers (constituent III) and olefin (co ) polymers (component VII). Mixtures of ethylene copolymers (constituent III) with constituents IV and V or constituents IV and VI have proven particularly suitable for the paraffin dispersion.
Bevorzugte Kaltfließverbesserer als Bestandteil III sind Copolymere aus Ethylen und olefinisch ungesättigten Verbindungen. Als Ethylen-Copolymere eignen sich insbesondere solche, die neben Ethylen 8 bis 21 mol-%, insbesondere 10 bis 18 mol-% olefinisch ungesättigte Verbindungen als Comonomere enthalten.Preferred cold flow improvers as constituent III are copolymers of ethylene and olefinically unsaturated compounds. Suitable ethylene copolymers are, in particular, those which contain, in addition to ethylene, from 8 to 21 mol%, in particular from 10 to 18 mol%, of olefinically unsaturated comonomer compounds.
Bei den olefinisch ungesättigten Verbindungen handelt es sich vorzugsweise um Vinylester, Acrylester, Methacrylester, Alkylvinylether und/oder Alkene, wobei die genannten Verbindungen mit Hydroxylgruppen substituiert sein können. Es können ein oder mehrere Comonomere im Polymer enthalten sein.The olefinically unsaturated compounds are preferably vinyl esters, acrylic esters, methacrylic esters, alkyl vinyl ethers and / or alkenes, it being possible for the abovementioned compounds to be substituted by hydroxyl groups. One or more comonomers may be included in the polymer.
Bei den Vinylestern handelt es sich vorzugsweise um solche der Formel 1
CH2=CH-OCOR1 (1)
worin R1 C1 bis C30-Alkyl, vorzugsweise C4 bis C16-Alkyl, speziell C6- bis C12-Alkyl bedeutet. In einer weiteren Ausführungsform können die genannten Alkylgruppen mit einer oder mehreren Hydroxylgruppen substituiert sein.The vinyl esters are preferably those of the formula 1
CH 2 = CH-OCOR 1 (1)
wherein R 1 is C 1 to C 30 alkyl, preferably C 4 to C 16 alkyl, especially C 6 to C 12 alkyl. In a further embodiment, said alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform steht R1 für einen verzweigten Alkylrest oder einen Neoalkylrest mit 7 bis 11 Kohlenstoffatomen, insbesondere mit 8, 9 oder 10 Kohlenstoffatomen. Besonders bevorzugte Vinylester leiten sich von sekundären und insbesondere tertiären Carbonsäuren ab, deren Verzweigung sich in alpha-Position zur Carbonylgruppe befindet. Geeignete Vinylester umfassen Vinylacetat, Vinylpropionat, Vinylbutyrat, Vinylisobutyrat, Vinylhexanoat, Vinylheptanoat, Vinyloctanoat, Pivalinsäurevinylester, 2-Ethylhexansäurevinylester, Vinyllaurat, Vinylstearat sowie Versaticsäureester wie Neononansäurevinylester, Neodecansäurevinylester, Neoundecansäurevinylester.In a further preferred embodiment, R 1 is a branched alkyl radical or a neoalkyl radical having 7 to 11 carbon atoms, in particular having 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred vinyl esters are derived from secondary and especially tertiary carboxylic acids whose branching is in the alpha position to the carbonyl group. Suitable vinyl esters include vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl isobutyrate, vinyl hexanoate, vinyl heptanoate, vinyl octanoate, vinyl pivalate, vinyl 2-ethylhexanoate, vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate and versatic acid esters such as vinyl neononanoate, vinyl neodecanoate, vinyl neoundecanoate.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform enthalten diese Ethylen-Copolymere Vinylacetat und mindestens einen weiteren Vinylester der Formel 1 worin R1 für C4 bis C30-Alkyl, vorzugsweise C4 bis C16-Alkyl, speziell C6- bis C12-Alkyl steht.In a further preferred embodiment, these ethylene copolymers contain vinyl acetate and at least one further vinyl ester of the formula 1 in which R 1 is C 4 to C 30 -alkyl, preferably C 4 to C 16 -alkyl, especially C 6 - to C 12 -alkyl ,
Bei den Acrylestern handelt es sich vorzugsweise um solche der Formel 2
CH2=CR2-COOR3 (2)
worin R2 Wasserstoff oder Methyl und R3 C1- bis C30-Alkyl, vorzugsweise C4- bis C16-Alkyl, speziell C6- bis C12-Alkyl bedeutet. Geeignete Acrylester umfassen z.B. Methyl(meth)acrylat, Ethyl(meth)acrylat, Propyl(meth)acrylat, n- und isoButyl(meth)acrylat, Hexyl-, Octyl-, 2-Ethylhexyl-, Decyl-, Dodecyl-, Tetradecyl-, Hexadecyl-, Octadecyl(meth)acrylat sowie Mischungen dieser Comonomere. In einer weiteren Ausführungsform können die genannten Alkylgruppen mit einer oder mehreren Hydroxylgruppen substituiert sein. Ein Beispiel für einen solchen Acrylester ist Hydroxyethylmethacrylat.The acrylic esters are preferably those of the formula 2
CH 2 = CR 2 -COOR 3 (2)
wherein R 2 is hydrogen or methyl and R 3 is C 1 - to C 30 -alkyl, preferably C 4 - to C 16 -alkyl, especially C 6 - to C 12 -alkyl. Suitable acrylic esters include, for example, methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, propyl (meth) acrylate, n- and isobutyl (meth) acrylate, hexyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl , Hexadecyl, octadecyl (meth) acrylate and mixtures of these comonomers. In a further embodiment, said alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups. An example of such an acrylic ester is hydroxyethyl methacrylate.
Bei den Alkylvinylethern handelt es sich vorzugsweise um Verbindungen der Formel 3
CH2=CH-OR4 (3)
worin R4 C1- bis C30-Alkyl, vorzugsweise C4- bis C16-Alkyl, speziell C6- bis C12-Alkyl bedeutet. Beispielsweise seien genannt Methylvinylether, Ethylvinylether, isoButylvinylether. In einer weiteren Ausführungsform können die genannten Alkylgruppen mit einer oder mehreren Hydroxylgruppen substituiert sein.The alkyl vinyl ethers are preferably compounds of the formula 3
CH 2 = CH-OR 4 (3)
wherein R 4 is C 1 - to C 30 -alkyl, preferably C 4 - to C 16 -alkyl, especially C 6 - to C 12 -alkyl. Examples which may be mentioned are methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, isobutyl vinyl ether. In a further embodiment, said alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups.
Bei den Alkenen handelt es sich vorzugsweise um einfache ungesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe mit 3 bis 30 Kohlenstoffatomen, insbesondere 4 bis 16 Kohlenstoffatomen und speziell 5 bis 12 Kohlenstoffatomen. Geeignete Alkene umfassen Propen, Buten, Isobutylen, Penten, Hexen, 4-Methylpenten, Octen, Diisobutylen sowie Norbornen und seine Derivate wie Methylnorbornen und Vinylnorbornen. In einer weiteren Ausführungsform können die genannten Alkylgruppen mit einer oder mehreren Hydroxylgruppen substituiert sein.The alkenes are preferably simple unsaturated hydrocarbons having 3 to 30 carbon atoms, especially 4 to 16 carbon atoms and especially 5 to 12 carbon atoms. Suitable alkenes include propene, butene, isobutylene, pentene, hexene, 4-methylpentene, octene, diisobutylene and norbornene and its derivatives such as methylnorbornene and vinylnorbornene. In a further embodiment, said alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups.
Besonders bevorzugt sind Terpolymerisate, die außer Ethylen 3,5 bis 20 mol-%, insbesondere 8 bis 15 mol-% Vinylacetat und 0,1 bis 12 mol-%, insbesondere 0,2 bis 5 mol-% mindestens eines längerkettigen und bevorzugt verzweigten Vinylesters wie beispielsweise 2-Ethylhexansäurevinylester, Neononansäurevinylester oder Neodecansäurevinylester enthalten, wobei der gesamte Comonomergehalt der Terpolymerisate vorzugsweise zwischen 8 und 21 mol-%, insbesondere zwischen 12 und 18 mol-% liegt. Weitere besonders bevorzugte Copolymere enthalten neben Ethylen und 8 bis 18 mol-% Vinylestern von C2- bis C12-Carbonsäuren noch 0,5 bis 10 mol-% Olefine wie Propen, Buten, Isobutylen, Hexen, 4-Methylpenten, Octen, Diisobutylen und/oder Norbornen.Particular preference is given to terpolymers which, apart from ethylene, have from 3.5 to 20 mol%, in particular from 8 to 15 mol% of vinyl acetate and from 0.1 to 12 mol%, in particular from 0.2 to 5 mol%, of at least one longer-chain and preferably branched one Vinyl esters such as vinyl 2-ethylhexanoate, vinyl neononanoate or vinyl neodecanoate, wherein the total comonomer content of the terpolymers is preferably between 8 and 21 mol%, in particular between 12 and 18 mol%. Further particularly preferred copolymers contain, in addition to ethylene and 8 to 18 mol% of vinyl esters of C 2 to C 12 carboxylic acids, from 0.5 to 10 mol% of olefins such as propene, butene, isobutylene, hexene, 4-methylpentene, octene, diisobutylene and / or norbornene.
Vorzugsweise haben diese Ethylen-Co- und Terpolymere Schmelzviskositäten bei 140°C von 20 bis 10.000 mPas, insbesondere von 30 bis 5.000 mPas, speziell von 50 bis 2.000 mPas. Die Mittels 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie bestimmten Verzweigungsgrade liegen bevorzugt zwischen 1 und 9 CH3/100 CH2-Gruppen, insbesondere zwischen 2 und 6 CH3/100 CH2-Gruppen, die nicht aus den Comonomeren stammen.These ethylene copolymers and terpolymers preferably have melt viscosities at 140 ° C. of from 20 to 10,000 mPas, in particular from 30 to 5,000 mPas, especially from 50 to 2,000 mPas. The means of 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, certain degrees of branching are preferably between 1 and 9 CH 3/100 CH 2 groups, especially between 2 and 6 CH 3/100 CH 2 groups, which do not stem from the comonomers.
Bevorzugt werden Mischungen aus zwei oder mehr der oben genannten Ethylen-Copolymere eingesetzt. Besonders bevorzugt unterscheiden sich die den Mischungen zu Grunde liegenden Polymere in mindestens einem Charakteristikum. Beispielsweise können sie unterschiedliche Comonomere enthalten, unterschiedliche Comonomergehalte, Molekulargewichte und/oder Verzweigungsgrade aufweisen.Preference is given to using mixtures of two or more of the abovementioned ethylene copolymers. Particularly preferably, the polymers underlying the mixtures differ in at least one characteristic. For example, they may contain different comonomers, have different comonomer contents, molecular weights and / or degrees of branching.
Das Mischungsverhältnis zwischen den erfindungsgemäßen Additiven und Ethylencopolymeren als Bestandteil III kann je nach Anwendungsfall in weiten Grenzen variieren, wobei die Ethylencopolymere III oftmals den größeren Anteil darstellen. Bevorzugt enthalten derartige Additiv- und Ölmischungen 0,1 bis 25, bevorzugt 0,5 bis 10 Gewichtsteile Ethylencopolymere pro Gewichtsteil der erfindungsgemäßen Additivkombination.The mixing ratio between the additives according to the invention and ethylene copolymers as constituent III can vary within wide limits depending on the application, with the ethylene copolymers III often representing the greater proportion. Such additive and oil mixtures preferably contain 0.1 to 25, preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by weight of ethylene copolymers per part by weight of the additive combination according to the invention.
Als weitere Kaltfließverbesserer sind öllösliche polare Stickstoffverbindungen (Bestandteil IV) geeignet. Hierbei handelt es sich vorzugsweise um Umsetzungsprodukte von Fettaminen mit Verbindungen, die eine Acylgruppe enthalten. Bei den bevorzugten Aminen handelt es sich um Verbindungen der Formel NR6R7R8, worin R6, R7und R8 gleich oder verschieden sein können, und wenigstens eine dieser Gruppen für C8-C36-Alkyl, C6-C36-Cycloalkyl, C8-C36-Alkenyl, insbesondere C12-C24-Alkyl, C12-C24-Alkenyl oder Cyclohexyl steht, und die übrigen Gruppen entweder Wasserstoff, C1-C36-Alkyl, C2-C36-Alkenyl, Cyclohexyl, oder eine Gruppe der Formeln -(A-O)x-E oder -(CH2)n-NYZ bedeuten, worin A für eine Ethyl- oder Propylgruppe steht, x eine Zahl von 1 bis 50, E = H, C1-C30-Alkyl, C5-C12-Cycloalkyl oder C6-C30-Aryl, und n = 2, 3 oder 4 bedeuten, und Y und Z unabhängig voneinander H, C1-C30-Alkyl oder -(A-O)x bedeuten. Die Alkyl- und Alkenylreste können linear oder verzweigt sein und bis zu zwei Doppelbindungen enthalten. Bevorzugt sind sie linear und weitgehend gesättigt, das heißt sie haben Jodzahlen von weniger als 75 gl2/g, bevorzugt weniger als 60 gl2/g und insbesondere zwischen 1 und 10 gl2/g. Besonders bevorzugt sind sekundäre Fettamine, in denen zwei der Gruppen R6, R7 und R8 für C8-C36-Alkyl, C6-C36-Cycloalkyl, C8-C36-Alkenyl, insbesondere für C12-C24-Alkyl, C12-C24-Alkenyl oder Cyclohexyl stehen. Geeignete Fettamine sind beispielsweise Octylamin, Decylamin, Dodecylamin, Tetradecylamin, Hexadecylamin, Octadecylamin, Eicosylamin, Behenylamin, Didecylamin, Didodecylamin, Ditetradecylamin, Dihexadecylamin, Dioctadecylamin, Dieicosylamin, Dibehenylamin sowie deren Mischungen. Speziell enthalten die Amine Kettenschnitte auf Basis natürlicher Rohstoffe wie z.B. Cocosfettamin, Talgfettamin, hydriertes Talgfettamin, Dicocosfettamin, Ditalgfettamin und Di(hydriertes Talgfettamin). Besonders bevorzugte Aminderivate sind Aminsalze, Imide und/oder Amide wie beispielsweise Amid-Ammoniumsalze sekundärer Fettamine, insbesondere von Dicocosfettamin, Ditalgfettamin und Distearylamin.Other cold flow improvers which are suitable are oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds (constituent IV). These are preferably reaction products of fatty amines with compounds containing an acyl group. The preferred amines are compounds of the formula NR 6 R 7 R 8 , in which R 6 , R 7 and R 8 may be identical or different, and at least one of these groups is C 8 -C 36 -alkyl, C 6 - C 36 -cycloalkyl, C 8 -C 36 -alkenyl, in particular C 12 -C 24 -alkyl, C 12 -C 24 -alkenyl or cyclohexyl, and the other groups are either hydrogen, C 1 -C 36 -alkyl, C 2 -C 36 alkenyl, cyclohexyl, or a group of the formulas - (AO) x -E or - (CH 2 ) n -NYZ, where A is an ethyl or propyl group, x is a number from 1 to 50, E = H, C 1 -C 30 -alkyl, C 5 -C 12 -cycloalkyl or C 6 -C 30 -aryl, and n = 2, 3 or 4, and Y and Z independently of one another are H, C 1 -C 30 Alkyl or - (AO) x . The alkyl and alkenyl radicals can be linear or branched and contain up to two double bonds. They are preferably linear and substantially saturated, ie they have iodine numbers of less than 75 gl 2 / g, preferably less than 60 gl 2 / g and in particular between 1 and 10 gl 2 / g. Particularly preferred are secondary fatty amines in which two of the groups R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are C 8 -C 36 -alkyl, C 6 -C 36 -cycloalkyl, C 8 -C 36 -alkenyl, in particular C 12 -C 24 alkyl, C 12 -C 24 alkenyl or cyclohexyl. Suitable fatty amines are, for example, octylamine, decylamine, dodecylamine, tetradecylamine, hexadecylamine, octadecylamine, eicosylamine, behenylamine, didecylamine, didodecylamine, ditetradecylamine, dihexadecylamine, dioctadecylamine, dieicosylamine, dibehenylamine and mixtures thereof. Specifically, the amines contain chain cuts based on natural raw materials such as coco fatty amine, tallow fatty amine, hydrogenated tallow fatty amine, dicocosfettamine, ditallow fatty amine and di (hydrogenated tallow fatty amine). Particularly preferred amine derivatives are amine salts, imides and / or amides such as, for example, amide ammonium salts of secondary fatty amines, in particular dicocosfettamine, ditallow fatty amine and distearylamine.
Unter Acylgruppe wird hier eine funktionelle Gruppe folgender Formel verstanden:
> C = O
By acyl group is meant here a functional group of the following formula:
> C = O
Für die Umsetzung mit Aminen geeignete Carbonylverbindungen sind sowohl monomere wie auch polymere Verbindungen mit einer oder mehreren Carboxylgruppen. Bei den monomeren Carbonylverbindungen werden solche mit 2, 3 oder 4 Carbonylgruppen bevorzugt. Sie können auch Heteroatome wie Sauerstoff, Schwefel und Stickstoff enthalten. Geeignete Carbonsäuren sind beispielsweise Malein-, Fumar-, Croton-, ltacon-, Bernsteinsäure, C1-C40-Alkenylbernsteinsäure, Adipin-, Glutar-, Sebacin-, und Malonsäure sowie Benzoe-, Phthal-, Trimellit- und Pyromellitsäure, Nitrilotriessigsäure, Ethylendiamintetra-essigsäure und deren reaktive Derivate wie beispielsweise Ester, Anhydride und Säurehalogenide. Als polymere Carbonylverbindungen haben sich insbesondere Copolymere ethylenisch ungesättigter Säuren wie beispielsweise Acrylsäure, Methacrylsäure, Maleinsäure, Fumarsäure und Itaconsäure erwiesen, besonders bevorzugt sind Copolymere des Maleinsäureanhydrids. Als Comonomere sind solche geeignet, die dem Copolymer Öllöslichkeit verleihen. Unter öllöslich wird hier verstanden, dass sich das Copolymer nach Umsetzung mit dem Fettamin in praxisrelevanten Dosierraten rückstandsfrei im zu additivierenden Mitteldestillat löst. Geeignete Comonomere sind beispielsweise Olefine, Alkylester der Acrylsäure und Methacrylsäure, Alkylvinylester und Alkylvinylether mit 2 bis 75, bevorzugt 4 bis 40 und insbesondere 8 bis 20 Kohlenstoffatomen im Alkylrest. Bei Olefinen bezieht sich die Kohlenstoffzahl auf den an die Doppelbindung gebundenen Alkylrest. Die Molekulargewichte der polymeren Carbonylverbindungen liegen bevorzugt zwischen 400 und 20.000, besonders bevorzugt zwischen 500 und 10.000 wie beispielsweise zwischen 1.000 und 5.000.Suitable carbonyl compounds for the reaction with amines are both monomeric and polymeric compounds having one or more carboxyl groups. In the case of the monomeric carbonyl compounds, preference is given to those having 2, 3 or 4 carbonyl groups. They can also contain heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. Examples of suitable carboxylic acids are maleic, fumaric, crotonic, ltaconic, succinic, C 1 -C 40 -alkenylsuccinic, adipic, glutaric, sebacic, and malonic acids and benzoic, phthalic, trimellitic and pyromellitic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid , Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and their reactive derivatives such as esters, anhydrides and acid halides. Copolymers of ethylenically unsaturated acids, such as, for example, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid and itaconic acid, have proven particularly suitable as polymeric carbonyl compounds, particular preference is given to copolymers of maleic anhydride. Suitable comonomers are those which impart oil solubility to the copolymer. Oil-soluble means here that the copolymer dissolves without residue in the middle distillate to be additive after reaction with the fatty amine in practice-relevant metering rates. Suitable comonomers are, for example, olefins, alkyl esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, alkyl vinyl esters and alkyl vinyl ethers having 2 to 75, preferably 4 to 40 and in particular 8 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical. In the case of olefins, the carbon number refers to the alkyl radical attached to the double bond. The molecular weights of the polymeric carbonyl compounds are preferably between 400 and 20,000, more preferably between 500 and 10,000, for example between 1,000 and 5,000.
Besonders bewährt haben sich öllösliche polare Stickstoffverbindungen, die durch Reaktion aliphatischer oder aromatischer Amine, vorzugsweise langkettiger aliphatischer Amine, mit aliphatischen oder aromatischen Mono-, Di-, Tri- oder Tetracarbonsäuren oder deren Anhydriden erhalten werden (vgl.
Das Mischungsverhältnis zwischen den erfindungsgemäßen Ethylen-Copolymeren III und öllöslichen polaren Stickstoffverbindungen als Bestandteil IV kann je nach Anwendungsfall variieren. Bevorzugt enthalten derartige Additivmischungen bezogen auf die Wirkstoffe 0,1 bis 10 Gewichtsteile, bevorzugt 0,2 bis 5 Gewichtsteile mindestens einer öllöslichen polaren Stickstoffverbindung pro Gewichtsanteil der erfindungsgemäßen Additivkombination.Oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds which have been obtained by reaction of aliphatic or aromatic amines, preferably long-chain aliphatic amines, with aliphatic or aromatic mono-, di-, tri- or tetracarboxylic acids or their anhydrides have proven particularly suitable (cf.
The mixing ratio between the inventive ethylene copolymers III and oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds as constituent IV may vary depending on the application. Such additive mixtures preferably contain 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, preferably 0.2 to 5 parts by weight, based on the active compounds, of at least one oil-soluble polar nitrogen compound per part by weight of the additive combination according to the invention.
Weiterhin als Fließverbesserer geeignet sind Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze als Bestandteil V. Dies sind insbesondere solche Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze, die sich von Alkylphenolen mit ein oder zwei Alkylresten in ortho- und/oder para-Position zur OH-Gruppe ableiten. Besonders bevorzugt als Ausgangsmaterialien sind Alkylphenole, die am Aromaten mindestens zwei zur Kondensation mit Aldehyden befähigte Wasserstoffatome tragen und insbesondere monoalkylierte Phenole. Besonders bevorzugt befindet sich der Alkylrest in der para-Stellung zur phenolischen OH-Gruppe. Die Alkylreste (darunter werden für den Bestandteil V generell Kohlenwasserstoffreste gemäß nachstehender Definition verstanden) können bei den im erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren einsetzbaren Alkylphenol-Aldehyd-Harzen gleich oder verschieden sein, sie können gesättigt oder ungesättigt sein und besitzen 1 - 200, vorzugsweise 1 - 20, insbesondere 4 - 16 wie beispielsweise 6-12 Kohlenstoffatome; bevorzugt handelt es sich um n-, iso- und tert.-Butyl-, n- und isoPentyl-, n- und iso-Hexyl-, n- und iso-Octyl-, n- und iso-Nonyl-, n- und iso-Decyl-, n-und iso-Dodecyl-, Tetradecyl-, Hexadecyl-, Octadecyl-, Tripropenyl-, Tetrapropenyl-, Poly(propenyl)- und Poly(isobutenyl)reste. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform werden zur Herstellung der Alkylphenolharze Mischungen von Alkylphenolen mit unterschiedlichen Alkylresten eingesetzt. So haben sich beispielsweise Harze auf Basis von Butyphenol einerseits und Octyl-, Nonyl- und/oder Dodecylphenol im molaren Verhältnis von 1:10 bis 10:1 andererseits besonders bewährt.Also suitable as flow improvers are alkylphenol-aldehyde resins as constituent V. These are, in particular, those alkylphenol-aldehyde resins which are derived from alkylphenols having one or two alkyl radicals in ortho and / or para position to the OH group. Particularly preferred as starting materials are alkylphenols which carry at least two hydrogen atoms capable of condensation with aldehydes on the aromatic and in particular monoalkylated phenols. Particularly preferably, the alkyl radical is in the para position to the phenolic OH group. The alkyl radicals (which are generally understood to mean hydrocarbon radicals as defined below for the constituent V) may be identical or different in the alkylphenol-aldehyde resins which can be used in the process according to the invention, they may be saturated or unsaturated and have 1 to 200, preferably 1 to 20, in particular 4-16, such as 6-12 carbon atoms; it is preferably n-, iso- and tert-butyl, n- and isoPentyl-, n- and iso-hexyl, n- and iso-octyl, n- and iso-nonyl, n- and iso-decyl, n- and iso-dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, tripropenyl, tetrapropenyl, poly (propenyl) - and poly (isobutenyl) radicals. In a preferred embodiment, mixtures of alkylphenols having different alkyl radicals are used for the preparation of the alkylphenol resins. For example, resins are on Basis of butyphenol on the one hand and octyl, nonyl and / or dodecylphenol in a molar ratio of 1:10 to 10: 1 on the other hand particularly proven.
Geeignete Alkylphenolharze können auch Struktureinheiten weiterer Phenolanaloga wie Salicylsäure, Hydroxybenzoesäure sowie deren Derivate wie Ester, Amide und Salze enthalten oder aus ihnen bestehen.Suitable alkylphenol resins may also contain or consist of structural units of other phenol analogs such as salicylic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid and derivatives thereof such as esters, amides and salts.
Geeignete Aldehyde für die Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze sind solche mit 1 bis 12 Kohlenstoffatomen und vorzugsweise solche mit 1 bis 4 Kohlenstoffatomen wie beispielsweise Formaldehyd, Acetaldehyd, Propionaldehyd, Butyraldehyd, 2-Ethylhexanal, Benzaldehyd, Glyoxalsäure sowie deren reaktive Equivalente wie Paraformaldehyd und Trioxan. Besonders bevorzugt ist Formaldehyd in Form von Paraformaldehyd und insbesondere Formalin.Suitable aldehydes for the alkylphenol-aldehyde resins are those having 1 to 12 carbon atoms and preferably those having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, 2-ethylhexanal, benzaldehyde, glyoxalic acid and their reactive equivalents such as paraformaldehyde and trioxane. Particularly preferred is formaldehyde in the form of paraformaldehyde and especially formalin.
Das mittels Gelpermeationschromatographie gegen Poly(styrol)-Standards in THF gemessenes Molekulargewicht der Alkylphenol-Aldehyd-Harze beträgt bevorzugt 500 - 25.000 g/mol, besonders bevorzugt 800 - 10.000 g/mol und speziell 1.000 - 5.000 g/mol wie beispielsweise 1500 - 3.000 g/mol. Voraussetzung ist hierbei, dass die Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze zumindest in anwendungsrelevanten Konzentrationen von 0,001 bis 1 Gew.-% öllöslich sind.The molecular weight of the alkylphenol-aldehyde resins measured by gel permeation chromatography against poly (styrene) standards in THF is preferably 500-25,000 g / mol, more preferably 800-10,000 g / mol and especially 1,000-5,000 g / mol such as 1500-3,000 g / mol. The prerequisite here is that the alkylphenol-aldehyde resins, at least in application-relevant concentrations of 0.001 to 1 wt .-% are oil-soluble.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung handelt es sich dabei um Alkylphenol-Formaldehydharze, die Oligo- oder Polymere mit einer repetitiven Struktureinheit der Formel
Diese Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze sind nach bekannten Verfahren zugänglich, z.B. durch Kondensation der entsprechenden Alkylphenole mit Formaldehyd, d.h. mit 0,5 bis 1,5 Mol, bevorzugt 0,8 bis 1,2 Mol Formaldehyd pro Mol Alkylphenol. Die Kondensation kann lösemittelfrei erfolgen, bevorzugt erfolgt sie jedoch in Gegenwart eines nicht oder nur teilweise wassermischbaren inerten organischen Lösemittels wie Mineralöle, Alkohole, Ether und ähnliches. Besonders bevorzugt sind Lösemittel, die mit Wasser Azeotrope bilden können. Als derartige Lösemittel werden insbesondere Aromaten wie Toluol, Xylol Diethylbenzol und höher siedende kommerzielle Lösemittelgemische wie ®Shellsol AB, und Solvent Naphtha eingesetzt. Auch Fettsäuren und deren Derivate wie beispielsweise Ester mit niederen Alkoholen mit 1 bis 5 C-Atomen wie beispielsweise Ethanol und insbesondere Methanol sind als Lösemittel geeignet. Die Kondensation erfolgt bevorzugt zwischen 70 und 200°C wie beispielsweise zwischen 90 und 160°C. Sie wird üblicherweise durch 0,05 bis 5 Gew.-% Basen oder vorzugsweise durch 0,05 bis 5 Gew.-% Säuren katalysiert. Als saure Katalysatoren sind neben Carbonsäuren wie Essigsäure und Oxalsäure insbesondere starke Mineralsäuren wie Salzsäure, Phosphorsäure und Schwefelsäure sowie Sulfonsäuren gebräuchliche Katalysatoren. Besonders geeignete Katalysatoren sind Sulfonsäuren, die mindestens eine Sulfonsäuregruppe und mindestens einen gesättigten oder ungesättigten, linearen, verzweigten und/oder cyclischen Kohlenwasserstoffrest mit 1 bis 40 C-Atomen und bevorzugt mit 3 bis 24 C-Atomen enthalten. Besonders bevorzugt sind aromatische Sulfonsäuren, speziell alkylaromatische Mono-Sulfonsäuren mit einem oder mehreren C1-C28-Alkylresten und insbesondere solche mit C3-C22-Alkylresten. Geeignete Beispiele sind Methansulfonsäure, Butansulfonsäure, Benzolsulfonsäure, p-Toluolsulfonsäure, Xylolsulfonsäure, 2-Mesitylensulfonsäure, 4-Ethylbenzolsulfonsäure, Isopropylbenzolsulfonsäure, 4-Butylbenzolsulfonsäure, 4-Octylbenzolsulfonsäure; Dodecylbenzolsulfonsäure, Didodecylbenzolsulfonsäure, Naphthalinsulfonsäure.These alkylphenol-aldehyde resins are accessible by known methods, for example by condensation of the corresponding alkylphenols with formaldehyde, ie with 0.5 to 1.5 moles, preferably 0.8 to 1.2 moles of formaldehyde per mole of alkylphenol. The condensation can be carried out solvent-free, but preferably it is carried out in the presence of an inert or only partially water-miscible inert organic solvent such as mineral oils, alcohols, ethers and the like. Particularly preferred are solvents which can form azeotropes with water. As such solvents in particular aromatics such as toluene, xylene diethylbenzene and higher-boiling commercial solvent mixtures such as ® Shellsol AB, and solvent naphtha are used. Also, fatty acids and their derivatives such as esters with lower alcohols having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as ethanol and especially methanol are suitable as solvents. The condensation is preferably carried out between 70 and 200 ° C such as between 90 and 160 ° C. It is usually catalysed by 0.05 to 5 wt .-% bases or preferably by 0.05 to 5 wt .-% acids. As acidic catalysts in addition to carboxylic acids such as acetic acid and oxalic acid in particular strong mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid and sulfonic acids are common catalysts. Particularly suitable catalysts are sulfonic acids which contain at least one sulfonic acid group and at least one saturated or unsaturated, linear, branched and / or cyclic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 40 C atoms and preferably having 3 to 24 C atoms. Particularly preferred are aromatic sulfonic acids, especially alkylaromatic mono-sulfonic acids having one or more C 1 -C 28 -alkyl radicals and in particular those having C 3 -C 22 -alkyl radicals. Suitable examples are methanesulfonic acid, butanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, xylenesulfonic acid, 2-mesitylenesulfonic acid, 4-ethylbenzenesulfonic acid, isopropylbenzenesulfonic acid, 4-butylbenzenesulfonic acid, 4-octylbenzenesulfonic acid; Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, didodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid.
Auch Mischungen dieser Sulfonsäuren sind geeignet. Üblicherweise verbleiben diese nach Beendigung der Reaktion als solche oder in neutralisierter Form im Produkt. Bevorzugt werden zur Neutralisation Amine und/oder aromatische Basen eingesetzt, da sie im Produkt verbleiben können; Metallionen enthaltende und damit Asche bildende Salze werden üblicherweise abgetrennt.Mixtures of these sulfonic acids are suitable. Usually, these remain after completion of the reaction as such or in neutralized form in the product. For neutralization, amines and / or aromatic bases are preferably used, since they can remain in the product; Metal ions containing and thus ash-forming salts are usually separated.
Ebenfalls als Fließverbesserer geeignete Kammpolymere (Bestandteil VI) können beispielsweise durch die Formel
- A
- R', COOR', OCOR', R"-COOR', OR';
- D
- H, CH3, A oder R";
- E
- H, A;
- G
- H, R", R"-COOR', einen Arylrest oder einen heterocyclischen Rest;
- M
- H, COOR", OCOR", OR", COOH;
- N
- H, R", COOR", OCOR, einen Arylrest;
- R'
- eine Kohlenwasserstoffkette mit 8 bis 50 Kohlenstoffatomen;
- R"
- eine Kohlenwasserstoffkette mit 1 bis 10 Kohlenstoffatomen;
- m
- eine Zahl zwischen 0,4 und 1,0; und
- n
- eine Zahl zwischen 0 und 0,6.
- A
- R ', COOR', OCOR ', R "-COOR', OR ';
- D
- H, CH 3, A or R ";
- e
- H, A;
- G
- H, R ", R" -COOR ', an aryl radical or a heterocyclic radical;
- M
- H, COOR ", OCOR", OR ", COOH;
- N
- H, R ", COOR", OCOR, an aryl radical;
- R '
- a hydrocarbon chain of 8 to 50 carbon atoms;
- R "
- a hydrocarbon chain of 1 to 10 carbon atoms;
- m
- a number between 0.4 and 1.0; and
- n
- a number between 0 and 0.6.
Geeignete Kammpolymere sind beispielsweise Copolymere ethylenisch ungesättigter Dicarbonsäuren wie Malein- oder Fumarsäure mit anderen ethylenisch ungesättigten Monomeren wie Olefinen oder Vinylestern wie beispielsweise Vinylacetat. Besonders geeignete Olefine sind dabei a-Olefine mit 10 bis 24 C-Atomen wie beispielsweise 1-Decen, 1-Dodecen, 1-Tetradecen, 1-Hexadecen, 1-Octadecen und deren Mischungen. Auch längerkettige Olefine auf Basis oligomerisierter C2-C6-Olefine wie beispielsweise Poly(isobutylen) mit hohem Anteil endständiger Doppelbindungen sind als Comonomere geeignet. Üblicherweise werden diese Copolymere zu mindestens 50 % mit Alkoholen mit 10 bis 22 C-Atomen verestert. Geeignete Alkohole umfassen n-Decan-1-ol, n-Dodecan-1-ol, n-Tetradecan-1-ol, n-Hexadecan-1-ol, n-Octadecan-1-ol, n-Eicosan-1-ol und deren Mischungen. Besonders bevorzugt sind Mischungen aus n-Tetradecan-1-ol und n-Hexadecan-1-ol. Als Kammpolymere ebenfalls geeignet sind Poly(alkylacrylate), Poly(alkylmethacrylate) und Poly(alkylvinylether), die sich von Alkoholen mit 12 bis 20 C-Atomen ableiten sowie Poly(vinylester), die sich von Fettsäuren mit 12 bis 20 C-Atomen ableiten.Suitable comb polymers are, for example, copolymers of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids such as maleic or fumaric acid with other ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as olefins or vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate. Particularly suitable olefins are α-olefins having 10 to 24 carbon atoms, for example 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-octadecene and mixtures thereof. Also, longer-chain olefins based on oligomerized C 2 -C 6 -olefins such as poly (isobutylene) with a high proportion of terminal double bonds are suitable as comonomers. Usually, these copolymers are at least 50% esterified with alcohols having 10 to 22 carbon atoms. Suitable alcohols include n-decan-1-ol, n-dodecan-1-ol, n-tetradecan-1-ol, n-hexadecan-1-ol, n-octadecan-1-ol, n-eicosan-1-ol and their mixtures. Particular preference is given to mixtures of n-tetradecan-1-ol and n-hexadecan-1-ol. Also suitable as comb polymers are poly (alkyl acrylates), poly (alkyl methacrylates) and poly (alkyl vinyl ethers) derived from alcohols having 12 to 20 carbon atoms and poly (vinyl esters) derived from fatty acids having 12 to 20 carbon atoms ,
Weiterhin als Fließverbesserer geeignet sind Homo- und Copolymere von Olefinen mit 2 bis 30 C-Atomen (Bestandteil VII). Diese können sich direkt von monoethylenisch ungesättigten Monomeren ableiten oder indirekt durch Hydrierung von Polymeren, die sich von mehrfach ungesättigten Monomeren wie Isopren oder Butadien ableiten, hergestellt werden. Bevorzugte Copolymere enthalten neben Ethylen Struktureinheiten, die sich von α-Olefinen mit 3 bis 24 C-Atomen ableiten und Molekulargewichte von bis zu 120.000 g/mol aufweisen. Bevorzugte α-Olefine sind Propylen, Buten, Isobuten, n-Hexen, Isohexen, n-Octen, Isoocten, n-Decen, Isodecen. Der Comonomergehalt an Olefinen liegt bevorzugt zwischen 15 und 50 mol-%, besonders bevorzugt zwischen 20 und 35 mol-% und speziell zwischen 30 und 45 mol-%. Diese Copolymeren können auch geringe Mengen, z.B. bis zu 10 mol-% weiterer Comonomere wie z.B. nicht endständige Olefine oder nicht konjugierte Olefine enthalten. Besonders bevorzugt sind Ethylen-Propylen-Copolymere. Weiterhin bevorzugt sind Copolymere verschiedener Olefine mit 5 bis 30 C-Atomen wie beispielsweise Poly(hexen-co-decen). Die Olefinhomo- und Copolymere können nach bekannten Methoden hergestellt werden, z.B. mittels Ziegler- oder Metallocen-Katalysatoren.Also suitable as flow improvers are homo- and copolymers of olefins having 2 to 30 carbon atoms (constituent VII). These can be derived directly from monoethylenically unsaturated monomers or can be prepared indirectly by hydrogenation of polymers derived from polyunsaturated monomers such as isoprene or butadiene. In addition to ethylene, preferred copolymers contain structural units which are derived from α-olefins having 3 to 24 carbon atoms and have molecular weights of up to 120,000 g / mol. Preferred α-olefins are propylene, butene, isobutene, n-hexene, isohexene, n-octene, isooctene, n-decene, isodecene. The comonomer content of olefins is preferably between 15 and 50 mol%, more preferably between 20 and 35 mol% and especially between 30 and 45 mol%. These copolymers can also be minor amounts, e.g. up to 10 mol% of other comonomers such as e.g. contain non-terminal olefins or non-conjugated olefins. Particularly preferred are ethylene-propylene copolymers. Further preferred are copolymers of various olefins having 5 to 30 carbon atoms such as poly (hexene-co-decene). The olefin homo- and copolymers can be prepared by known methods, e.g. by Ziegler or metallocene catalysts.
Weitere geeignete Olefincopolymere sind Blockcopolymere, die Blöcke aus olefinisch ungesättigten, aromatischen Monomeren A und Blöcke aus hydrierten Polyolefinen B enthalten. Besonders geeignet sind Blockcopolymere der Struktur (AB)nA und (AB)m, wobei n eine Zahl zwischen 1 und 10 und m eine Zahl zwischen 2 und 10 ist.Other suitable olefin copolymers are block copolymers containing blocks of olefinically unsaturated aromatic monomers A and blocks of hydrogenated polyolefins B. Particularly suitable are block copolymers of the structure (AB) nA and (AB) m, where n is a number between 1 and 10 and m is a number between 2 and 10.
Das Mischungsverhältnis zwischen den erfindungsgemäßen Additiven und den weiteren Bestandteilen V, VI und VII ist im allgemeinen jeweils zwischen 1:10 und 10:1, bevorzugt zwischen 1: 5 und 5:1.The mixing ratio between the additives according to the invention and the further constituents V, VI and VII is generally in each case between 1:10 and 10: 1, preferably between 1: 5 and 5: 1.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Additive werden zwecks einfacherer Handhabung bevorzugt als Konzentrate eingesetzt, die 10 bis 95 Gew.-% und bevorzugt 20 bis 80 Gew.-% wie beispielsweise 25 bis 60 Gew.-% an Lösemittel enthalten. Bevorzugte Lösemittel sind höher siedende, niedrig viskose aliphatische, aromatische und alkylaromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe, Alkohole, Ester, Ether sowie deren Gemische. Bevorzugt enthalten derartige Konzentrate 0,01 bis 10 Gewichtsteile, bevorzugt 0,1 bis 5 Gewichtsteile wie beispielsweise 0,3 bis 3 Gewichtsteile der Polyoxyalkylenverbindung pro Gewichtsteil Detergenzadditiv.For ease of handling, the additives according to the invention are preferably used as concentrates which contain from 10 to 95% by weight and preferably from 20 to 80% by weight, for example from 25 to 60% by weight, of solvent. Preferred solvents are higher-boiling, low-viscosity aliphatic, aromatic and alkylaromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ethers and mixtures thereof. Such concentrates preferably contain from 0.01 to 10 parts by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 5 parts by weight, for example from 0.3 to 3 parts by weight of the polyoxyalkylene compound per part by weight of detergent additive.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen verbessern das Ansprechverhalten von Detergenzadditiv enthaltenden Mitteldestillaten wie Kerosin, Jet-Fuel, Diesel und Heizöl für herkömmliche Fließverbesserer hinsichtlich der Absenkung von Pour Point und CFPP-Wert sowie der Verbesserung der Paraffindispergierung.The polyoxyalkylene compounds of the present invention improve the response of detergent-containing middle distillates such as kerosene, jet-fuel, diesel, and fuel oil to conventional flow improvers for lowering pour point and CFPP and improving paraffin dispersion.
Besonders bevorzugte Mineralöldestillate sind Mitteldestillate. Als Mitteldestillat bezeichnet man insbesondere solche Mineralöle, die durch Destillation von Rohöl gewonnen werden, im Bereich von etwa 150 bis 450°C und insbesondere im Bereich von etwa 170 bis 390°C sieden, beispielsweise Kerosin, Jet-Fuel, Diesel und Heizöl. Üblicherweise enthalten Mitteldestillate etwa 5 bis 50 Gew.-% wie beispielsweise etwa 10 bis 35 Gew.-% n-Paraffine, von denen die längerkettigen bei Abkühlung auskristallisieren und die Fließfähigkeit des Mitteldestillats beeinträchtigen können. Besonders vorteilhaft sind die erfindungsgemäßen Zusammensetzungen in Mitteldestillaten mit niedrigem Aromatengehalt von weniger als 21 Gew.-%, wie beispielsweise weniger als 19 Gew.-%. Besonders vorteilhaft sind die erfindungsgemäßen Zusammensetzungen weiterhin in Mitteldestillaten mit niedrigem Siedeende, das heißt in solchen Mitteldestillaten, die 90 %-Destillationspunkte unter 360°C, insbesondere 350°C und in Spezialfällen unter 340°C aufweisen und des weiteren in solchen Mitteldestillaten, die Siedebreiten zwischen 20 und 90 % . Destillationsvolumen von weniger als 120°C und insbesondere von weniger als 110°C aufweisen. Unter aromatischen Verbindungen wird die Summe aus mono-, di- und polyzyklischen aromatischen Verbindungen verstanden, wie sie mittels HPLC gemäß DIN EN 12916 (Ausgabe 2001) bestimmbar ist. Die Mitteldestillate können auch untergeordnete Mengen wie beispielsweise bis zu 40 Vol.-%, bevorzugt 1 bis 20 Vol.-%, speziell 2 bis 15 wie beispielsweise 3 bis 10 Vol.-% der weiter unten näher beschriebenen Öle tierischen und/oder pflanzlichen Ursprungs wie beispielsweise Fettsäuremethylester enthalten.Particularly preferred mineral oil distillates are middle distillates. The middle distillate is in particular those mineral oils which are obtained by distillation of crude oil, boiling in the range of about 150 to 450 ° C and in particular in the range of about 170 to 390 ° C, for example kerosene, jet fuel, diesel and fuel oil. Typically, middle distillates contain about 5 to 50 wt .-%, such as about 10 to 35 wt .-% n-paraffins, of which the longer-chain crystallize on cooling and can affect the flowability of the middle distillate. Particularly advantageous are the compositions of the invention in middle aromatics with low aromatic content of less than 21 wt .-%, such as less than 19 wt .-%. The compositions according to the invention are furthermore particularly advantageous in low boiling end middle distillates, ie in middle distillates which have 90% distillation points below 360 ° C., in particular 350 ° C. and in special cases below 340 ° C. and further in such middle distillates, the boiling ranges between 20 and 90%. Distillation volume of less than 120 ° C and in particular less than 110 ° C have. By aromatic compounds is meant the sum of mono-, di- and polycyclic aromatic compounds as determinable by HPLC according to DIN EN 12916 (2001 edition). The middle distillates may also contain minor amounts, for example up to 40% by volume, preferably 1 to 20% by volume, especially 2 to 15, for example 3 to 10% by volume of the oils of animal and / or vegetable origin described in more detail below such as fatty acid methyl esters.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Zusammensetzungen sind ebenfalls zur Verbesserung der Kälteeigenschaften von Detergenzadditive enthaltenden Kraftstoffen auf Basis nachwachsender Rohstoffe (Biokraftstoffe) geeignet. Unter Biokraftstoffen werden Öle verstanden, die aus tierischem und bevorzugt aus pflanzlichem Material oder beidem erhalten werden sowie Derivate derselben, welche als Kraftstoff und insbesondere als Diesel oder Heizöl verwendet werden können. Dabei handelt es sich insbesondere um Triglyceride von Fettsäuren mit 10 bis 24 C-Atomen sowie die aus ihnen durch Umesterung zugänglichen Fettsäureester niederer Alkohole wie Methanol oder Ethanol.The compositions according to the invention are also suitable for improving the cold properties of detergent additives containing fuels based on renewable raw materials (biofuels). By biofuels is meant oils obtained from animal and preferably vegetable material or both, and derivatives thereof, which can be used as fuel and especially as diesel or fuel oil. These are, in particular, triglycerides of fatty acids having 10 to 24 carbon atoms and the fatty acid esters of lower alcohols, such as methanol or ethanol, which are obtainable by transesterification.
Beispiele für geeignete Biokraftstoffe sind Rapsöl, Korianderöl, Sojaöl, Bäumwollsamenöl, Sonnenblumenöl, Ricinusöl, Olivenöl, Erdnussöl, Maisöl, Mandelöl, Palmkernöl, Kokosnussöl, Senfsamenöl, Rindertalg, Knochenöl, Fischöle und gebrauchte Speiseöle. Weitere Beispiele schließen Öle ein, die sich von Weizen, Jute, Sesam, Scheabaumnuß, Arachisöl und Leinöl ableiten. Die auch als Biodiesel bezeichneten Fettsäurealkylester können aus diesen Ölen nach im Stand der Technik bekannten Verfahren abgeleitet werden. Rapsöl, das eine Mischung von mit Glycerin veresterten Fettsäuren ist, ist bevorzugt, da es in großen Mengen erhältlich ist und in einfacher Weise durch Auspressen von Rapssamen erhältlich ist. Des Weiteren sind die ebenfalls weit verbreiteten Öle von Sonnenblumen, Palmen und Soja sowie deren Mischungen mit Rapsöl bevorzugt.Examples of suitable biofuels are rapeseed oil, coriander oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, castor oil, olive oil, peanut oil, corn oil, almond oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, mustard seed oil, beef tallow, bone oil, fish oils and used edible oils. Other examples include oils derived from wheat, jute, sesame, shea nut, arachis oil and linseed oil. The fatty acid alkyl esters, also referred to as biodiesel, can be derived from these oils by methods known in the art. Rapeseed oil, which is a mixture of glycerol esterified fatty acids, is preferred because it is available in large quantities and is readily available by squeezing rapeseed. Furthermore, the also widespread oils of sunflower, palm and soybeans and their mixtures with rapeseed oil are preferred.
Besonders geeignet als Biokraftstoffe sind niedrige Alkylester von Fettsäuren. Hier kommen beispielsweise handelsübliche Mischungen der Ethyl-, Propyl-, Butyl- und insbesondere Methylester von Fettsäuren mit 14 bis 22 Kohlenstoffatomen, beispielsweise von Laurinsäure, Myristinsäure, Palmitinsäure, Palmitolsäure, Stearinsäure, Ölsäure, Elaidinsäure, Petroselinsäure, Ricinolsäure, Elaeostearinsäure, Linolsäure, Linolensäure, Eicosansäure, Gadoleinsäure, Docosansäure oder Erucasäure in Betracht. Bevorzugte Ester haben eine Iodzahl von 50 bis 150 und insbesondere von 90 bis 125. Mischungen mit besonders vorteilhaften Eigenschaften sind solche, die hauptsächlich, d. h. zu mindestens 50 Gew.-% Methylester von Fettsäuren mit 16 bis 22 Kohlenstoffatomen und 1, 2 oder 3 Doppelbindungen enthalten. Die bevorzugten niedrigeren Alkylester von Fettsäuren sind die Methylester von Ölsäure, Linolsäure, Linolensäure und Erucasäure.Particularly suitable as biofuels are lower alkyl esters of fatty acids. For example, commercially available mixtures of the ethyl, propyl, butyl and especially methyl esters of fatty acids having 14 to 22 carbon atoms, for example of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, Stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, petroselinic acid, ricinoleic acid, elaeostearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eicosanoic acid, gadoleic acid, docosanoic acid or erucic acid into consideration. Preferred esters have an iodine value of from 50 to 150 and in particular from 90 to 125. Mixtures with particularly advantageous properties are those which contain mainly, ie at least 50% by weight of methyl esters of fatty acids having 16 to 22 carbon atoms and 1, 2 or 3 double bonds contain. The preferred lower alkyl esters of fatty acids are the methyl esters of oleic, linoleic, linolenic and erucic acids.
Die Additive können allein oder auch zusammen mit anderen Additiven verwendet werden, z.B. mit anderen Stockpunkterniedrigern oder Entwachsungshilfsmitteln, mit anderen Detergenzien, mit Antioxidantien, Cetanzahlverbesserern, Dehazern, Demulgatoren, , Dispergatoren, Entschäumern, Farbstoffen, Korrosionsinhibitoren, Lubricity-Additiven, Schlamminhibitoren, Odorantien und/oder Zusätzen zur Erniedrigung des Cloud-Points.The additives can be used alone or together with other additives, eg with other pour point depressants or dewaxing aids, with other detergents, with antioxidants, cetane number improvers, dehazers, demulsifiers, dispersing agents, defoamers, colorants, corrosion inhibitors, lubricity additives, sludge inhibitors, odorants and / or additions to the cloud point.
Zur Beurteilung des Effekts der erfindungsgemäßen Additive auf die Kaltfließeigenschaften von Mitteldestillaten wurden Detergenzadditive (A) mit verschiedenen Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen (B) sowie Ethylen-Copolymeren (C) und Paraffindispergatoren (D) mit den unten angegebenen Charakteristika eingesetzt.To evaluate the effect of the additives of the present invention on the cold flow properties of middle distillates, detergent additives (A) having various polyoxyalkylene compounds (B) and ethylene copolymers (C) and paraffin dispersants (D) having the characteristics given below were used.
Die Unterdrückung des negativen Effekts der Detergenzadditive auf bekannte Kaltfließverbesserer für Mineralöle und Mineralöldestillate durch Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen wird zum einen an Hand des CFPP-Tests (Cold Filter Plugging Test nach EN 116) beschrieben.The suppression of the negative effect of the detergent additives on known cold flow improvers for mineral oils and mineral oil distillates by polyoxyalkylene compounds is firstly described by means of the CFPP test (Cold Filter Plugging Test according to EN 116).
Des Weiteren wird die Paraffindispergierung in Mitteldestillaten wie folgt im Kurzsedimenttest bestimmt:
- 150 ml der mit den in der Tabelle angegebenen Additivkomponenten versetzten Mitteldestillate wurden in 200 ml-Messzylindern in einem Kälteschrank mit -2°C/Stunde auf-13°C abgekühlt und 16 Stunden bei dieser Temperatur gelagert. Anschließend werden visuell Volumen und Aussehen sowohl der sedimentierten Paraffinphase wie auch der darüber stehenden Ölphase bestimmt und beurteilt. Eine geringe Sedimentmenge und eine trübe Ölphase zeigen eine gute Paraffindispergierung.
- 150 ml of the middle distillates added with the additive components indicated in the table were cooled to -13 ° C. in a cold cabinet at -2 ° C./hour in 200 ml graduated cylinders and stored at this temperature for 16 hours. Subsequently, the volume and appearance of both the sedimented paraffin phase and the oil phase above are visually determined and assessed. A small amount of sediment and a cloudy oil phase show a good paraffin dispersion.
Zusätzlich werden direkt nach der Kaltlagerung die unteren 20 Vol.-% isoliert und der Cloud Point gemäß IP 3015 bestimmt. Eine nur geringe Abweichung des Cloud Points der unteren Phase (CPKS) vom Blindwert des Öls zeigt eine gute Paraffindispergierung.
Als Detergenzadditive A wurden verschiedene in Tabelle 2 aufgeführte Umsetzungsprodukte aus Alkenylbernsteinsäureanhydriden (Maleinierungsgrad etwa 1,2 bis 1,3) auf Basis hochreaktiver Polyolefine (Molekulargewicht siehe Tabelle 2; Anteil der endständigen Doppelbindungen > 90 %) mit Polyaminen eingesetzt. Alkenylbernsteinsäureanhydrid und Polyamin wurden dazu im molaren Verhältnis von 1,0 bis 1,5 Mol Säureanhydridgruppen (SA) pro Mol Polyamin umgesetzt (siehe Tabelle 2). Zur besseren Dosierbarkeit wurden die Detergenzadditive als 33 %ige Lösungen in höhersiedendem aromatischem Lösemittel verwendet; die in den Tabellen 2 bis 4 für die Detergenzadditive angegebenen Dosierraten beziehen sich jedoch auf den eingesetzten Wirkstoff.As detergent additives A, various reaction products of alkenyl succinic anhydrides listed in Table 2 (degree of maleation about 1.2 to 1.3) based on highly reactive polyolefins (molecular weight see Table 2, proportion of terminal double bonds> 90%) with polyamines were used. Alkenyl succinic anhydride and polyamine were reacted thereto in a molar ratio of 1.0 to 1.5 moles of acid anhydride groups (SA) per mole of polyamine (see Table 2). For better meterability, the detergent additives were used as 33% solutions in higher boiling aromatic solvent; in the However, Tables 2 to 4 for the detergent additives indicated dosage rates refer to the active ingredient used.
- B1) Glycerin-20-ethylenoxid-tribehenat, 50 %ig in Solvent Naphtha.B1) Glycerol 20-ethylene oxide tribehenate, 50% in solvent naphtha.
- B2) Glycerin-28-ethylenoxid-tristearat, 50 %ig in Solvent NaphthaB2) Glycerol-28-ethylene oxide tristearate, 50% in solvent naphtha
- B3) Pentaerythritol-30-ethylenoxid-tetrabehenat, 50 %ig in Solvent NaphthaB3) Pentaerythritol 30-ethylene oxide tetrabehenate, 50% in Solvent Naphtha
- B4) Polyethylenglykol-600-Dibehenat, 50 %ig in Solvent NaphthaB4) Polyethylene glycol 600 dibehenate, 50% in solvent naphtha
In den Beispielen B1) bis B3) geben die Zahlen -20-, -28- und -30- die Anzahl der Mole Alkylenoxid pro mol Glycerin an. In Beispiel B4) gibt die Zahl -600- das Molekulargewicht des zur Veresterung eingesetzten Polyethylenglykols an.In Examples B1) to B3), the numbers -20-, -28- and -30- indicate the number of moles of alkylene oxide per mole of glycerol. In Example B4), the number -600- indicates the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol used for the esterification.
- C1) Terpolymer aus Ethylen, 30 Gew.-% Vinylacetat und 8 Gew.-% Neodecansäurevinylester mit einer bei 140°C gemessenen Schmelzviskosität V140 von 95 mPas, 65 %ig in KerosinC1) Terpolymer of ethylene, 30% by weight of vinyl acetate and 8% by weight of vinyl neodecanoate with a melt viscosity V 140 of 95 mPas, measured at 140 ° C., 65% in kerosene
- C2) Mischung gleicher Teile von C1) und einem Copolymer aus Ethylen und 32 Gew.-% Vinylacetat mit einer bei 140°C gemessenen Schmelzviskosität V140 von 125 mPas, 56 %ig in Kerosin.C2) mixture of identical parts of C1) and a copolymer of ethylene and 32 wt .-% vinyl acetate with a measured at 140 ° C melt viscosity V 140 of 125 mPas, 56% in kerosene.
- D1) Mischung aus 2 Teilen Umsetzungsprodukt eines Copolymers aus C14/C16-α-Olefin und Maleinsäureanhydrid mit 2 Equivalenten hydriertem Ditalgfettamin mit einem Teil Nonylphenol-Formaldehydharz, 50 %ig in Solvent Naphtha.D1) Mixture of 2 parts of reaction product of a copolymer of C 14 / C 16 -α-olefin and maleic anhydride with 2 equivalents of hydrogenated Ditalgfettamin with one part of nonylphenol-formaldehyde resin, 50% in Solvent Naphtha.
-
D2) Umsetzungsprodukt aus Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure mit 4 Equivalenten Ditalgfettamin zum Amid-Ammoniumsalz, hergestellt gemäß
EP 0 398 101 EP 0 398 101 - D3) Mischung gleicher Teile eines Umsetzungsprodukts aus Phthalsäureanhydrid und 2 Equivalenten Di(hydriertem Talgfett)amin mit einem Copolymer aus Fumarsäure-ditetradecylester, 50 %ig in Solvent Naphtha.D3) Mixture of equal parts of a reaction product of phthalic anhydride and 2 equivalents of di (hydrogenated tallow fat) amine with a copolymer of fumaric acid ditetradecylester, 50% in Solvent Naphtha.
Die Bestimmung der CFPP-Werte in Testöl 1 erfolgte nach Additivierung des Öls mit 200 ppm C2 und 150 ppm D1.
In den Beispielen der folgenden Tabellen 3 bis 5 wurden als Detergenzadditiv A1 das Umsetzungsprodukt aus Poly(isobutenyl)bernsteinsäureanhydrid und Pentaethylenhexamin gemäß Tabelle 2, Beispiel 3, als Detergenzadditiv A2 das Umsetzungsprodukt aus Poly(isobutenyl)bernsteinsäureanhydrid und Pentaethylenhexamin gemäß Tabelle 2, Beispiel 4 und als Detergenzadditiv A3 das Umsetzungsprodukt aus Poly(butenyl)bernsteinsäureanhydrid und schweren Polyaminen gemäß Tabelle 2, Beispiel 18 verwendet.
Die Versuche zeigen, dass die Beeinträchtigung Kaltfließeigenschaften wie zum Beispiel des CFPP-Werts und der Paraffindispergierung von mit Fließverbesserer additivierten Mitteldestillaten nur durch Zugabe der erfindungsgemäßen Polyoxyalkylenverbindungen ausgeglichen werden kann. Durch höhere Dosierung des Fließverbesserers alleine kann dieses Ergebnis nicht erzielt werden.The experiments show that the impairment of cold flow properties such as, for example, the CFPP value and the paraffin dispersion of middle distillates additized with flow improvers can only be compensated by adding the polyoxyalkylene compounds according to the invention. By higher dosage of the flow improver alone, this result can not be achieved.
Claims (33)
wobei diese Polyoxyalkylenverbindung ein öllöslicher Ester, Ether oder Ether/Ester von alkoxylierten Polyolen mit mindestens drei, sich von Alkylenoxiden mit 2 bis 5 C-Atomen ableitenden, repetitiven Alkoxyeinheiten pro OH-Gruppe des_ Polyols ist, der mindestens zwei aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffreste mit 12 bis 30 C-Atomen trägt,
zur Verbesserung des Ansprechverhaltens von Mineralölkaltfließverbesserern in Mitteldestillaten, die mindestens ein aschefreies, stickstoffhaltiges Detergenzadditiv enthalten,
welches eine öllösliche, amphiphile Verbindung ist, die mindestens einen Alkyl- oder Alkenylrest umfasst, der an eine polare Gruppe gebunden ist, wobei der Alkyl- oder Alkenylrest 10 bis 500 C-Atome und die polare Gruppe 2 oder mehr Stickstoffatome umfasst.Use of at least one oil-soluble polyoxyalkylene compound,
wherein this polyoxyalkylene compound is an oil-soluble ester, ether or ether / ester of alkoxylated polyols having at least three, derived from alkylene oxides having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, repetitive alkoxy per OH group des_ polyol, the at least two aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 12 to 30 Bears C atoms,
for improving the response of mineral oil flow improvers in middle distillates containing at least one ashless, nitrogen-containing detergent additive,
which is an oil-soluble, amphiphilic compound comprising at least one alkyl or alkenyl radical attached to a polar group, wherein the alkyl or alkenyl radical comprises 10 to 500 carbon atoms and the polar group comprises 2 or more nitrogen atoms.
(R9)2N-[A-N(R9)]q-(R9)
abgeleitet ist, worin jedes R9 unabhängig voneinander für Wasserstoff, einen Alkyl- oder Hydroxyalkylrest mit bis zu 24 C-Atomen, einen Polyoxyalkylenrest -(A-O)r- oder Polyiminoalkylenrest -[A-N(R9)]s-(R9) steht, wobei jedoch mindestens ein R9 für Wasserstoff steht, q für eine ganze Zahl von 1 bis 19, A für einen Alkylenrest mit 1 bis 6 C-Atomen, r und s unabhängig voneinander für eine ganze Zahl von 1 bis 50 stehen.Use according to one or more of claims 1 to 6, wherein the polar group of the detergent additives of polyamines of the formula
(R 9 ) 2 N- [AN (R 9 )] q - (R 9 )
wherein each R 9 independently of one another represents hydrogen, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical having up to 24 C atoms, a polyoxyalkylene radical - (AO) r - or polyiminoalkylene radical - [AN (R 9 )] s - (R 9 ) but wherein at least one R 9 is hydrogen, q is an integer from 1 to 19, A is an alkylene radical having 1 to 6 C atoms, r and s independently of one another are an integer from 1 to 50.
und
and
(R9)2N-[A-N(R9)]q-(R9)
abgeleitet ist, worin jedes R9 unabhängig voneinander für Wasserstoff, einen Alkyl- oder Hydroxyalkylrest mit bis zu 24 C-Atomen, einen Polyoxyalkylenrest -(A-O)r- oder Polyiminoalkylenrest -[A-N(R9)]s-(R9) steht, wobei jedoch mindestens ein R9 für Wasserstoff steht, q für eine ganze Zahl von 1 bis 19, A für einen Alkylenrest mit 1 bis 6 C-Atomen, r und s unabhängig voneinander für eine ganze Zahl von 1 bis 50 stehen.Compositions according to one or more of claims 20 to 26, wherein the polar group of the detergent additives of polyamines of the formula
(R 9 ) 2 N- [AN (R 9 )] q - (R 9 )
wherein each R 9 independently of one another represents hydrogen, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical having up to 24 C atoms, a polyoxyalkylene radical - (AO) r - or polyiminoalkylene radical - [AN (R 9 )] s - (R 9 ) but wherein at least one R 9 is hydrogen, q is an integer from 1 to 19, A is an alkylene radical having 1 to 6 C atoms, r and s independently of one another are an integer from 1 to 50.
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EP2007858B2 (en) † | 2006-04-18 | 2022-03-16 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Fuel compositions |
EP2007858B1 (en) | 2006-04-18 | 2019-05-22 | Shell International Research Maatschappij B.V. | Fuel compositions |
US8187345B2 (en) | 2006-06-22 | 2012-05-29 | Basf Se | Mixture from polar oil-soluble nitrogen compounds and acid amides as paraffin dispersant for fuels |
WO2007147753A3 (en) * | 2006-06-22 | 2008-04-17 | Basf Ag | Mixture from polar oil-soluble nitrogen compounds and acid amides as paraffin dispersant for fuels |
WO2007147753A2 (en) * | 2006-06-22 | 2007-12-27 | Basf Se | Mixture from polar oil-soluble nitrogen compounds and acid amides as paraffin dispersant for fuels |
WO2008155090A1 (en) * | 2007-06-20 | 2008-12-24 | Clariant Finance (Bvi) Limited | Detergent additive-containing mineral oils having improved cold flow properties |
US8628590B2 (en) | 2007-06-20 | 2014-01-14 | Clariant Finance (Bvi) Limited | Detergent additive-containing mineral oils having improved cold flow properties |
US8628591B2 (en) | 2007-06-20 | 2014-01-14 | Clariant Finance (Bvi) Limited | Detergent additive-containing mineral oils having improved cold flow properties |
US8734542B2 (en) | 2007-06-20 | 2014-05-27 | Clariant Finance (Bvi) Limited | Detergent additive-containing mineral oils having improved cold flow properties |
WO2008155089A1 (en) * | 2007-06-20 | 2008-12-24 | Clariant Finance (Bvi) Limited | Detergent additive-containing mineral oils having improved cold flow properties |
WO2008155091A1 (en) * | 2007-06-20 | 2008-12-24 | Clariant Finance (Bvi) Limited | Detergent additive-containing mineral oils having improved cold flow properties |
CN100595265C (en) * | 2007-08-27 | 2010-03-24 | 吕秋玲 | Air accumulator seal oil modifier |
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WO2010115766A1 (en) * | 2009-04-07 | 2010-10-14 | Basf Se | Mixture of polar oil-soluble nitrogen compounds and oil-soluble aliphatic compounds for reducing the cloud point in middle distillate fuels |
US8313541B2 (en) | 2009-04-07 | 2012-11-20 | Basf Se | Mixture of polar oil-soluble nitrogen compounds and oil-soluble aliphatic compounds for lowering the cloud point in middle distillate fuels |
EP2883944A1 (en) * | 2013-12-13 | 2015-06-17 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | New uses |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2572166C (en) | 2014-01-14 |
HUE028316T2 (en) | 2016-12-28 |
EP1801187A3 (en) | 2008-07-02 |
EP1801187B1 (en) | 2015-10-21 |
JP2007169648A (en) | 2007-07-05 |
EP1801187B2 (en) | 2022-03-23 |
KR20070066987A (en) | 2007-06-27 |
ES2554978T3 (en) | 2015-12-28 |
JP5590759B2 (en) | 2014-09-17 |
PL1801187T3 (en) | 2016-04-29 |
US8153567B2 (en) | 2012-04-10 |
CA2572166A1 (en) | 2007-06-22 |
KR101385485B1 (en) | 2014-04-24 |
US20070149417A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 |
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