EP1785585B1 - Method for manufacturing a steam turbine shaft - Google Patents
Method for manufacturing a steam turbine shaft Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1785585B1 EP1785585B1 EP20050024432 EP05024432A EP1785585B1 EP 1785585 B1 EP1785585 B1 EP 1785585B1 EP 20050024432 EP20050024432 EP 20050024432 EP 05024432 A EP05024432 A EP 05024432A EP 1785585 B1 EP1785585 B1 EP 1785585B1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- shaft
- shaft portion
- heat
- steel
- turbine
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/02—Blade-carrying members, e.g. rotors
- F01D5/06—Rotors for more than one axial stage, e.g. of drum or multiple disc type; Details thereof, e.g. shafts, shaft connections
- F01D5/063—Welded rotors
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2201/00—Metals
- F05C2201/04—Heavy metals
- F05C2201/0433—Iron group; Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel
- F05C2201/0466—Nickel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2230/00—Manufacture
- F05D2230/20—Manufacture essentially without removing material
- F05D2230/23—Manufacture essentially without removing material by permanently joining parts together
- F05D2230/232—Manufacture essentially without removing material by permanently joining parts together by welding
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
- F05D2300/10—Metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds
- F05D2300/13—Refractory metals, i.e. Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W
- F05D2300/132—Chromium
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing a steam turbine shaft having at least two shaft sections designed for different steam conditions, comprising the steps of providing a first shaft section made of CrMo steel with a first tempering temperature T A set for a specific tempering duration for adjusting to a first steam state mechanical properties, as well as a second shaft section made of a NiCrMoV steel with a second tempering temperature T B with respect to the determined tempering time for adjusting at a lower vapor state relative to the first vapor state adapted mechanical properties, and a welding of the two shaft sections.
- the above-mentioned steam turbine shafts may include, for example, combined medium pressure (MD) low pressure (ND) steam turbine shafts (E-waves) and possible series in the form of high pressure medium pressure low pressure shafts.
- the live steam is introduced at these waves in a first section of the wave, relaxes in the sequence and cools down at the same time.
- heat-resistant properties are required for, for example, T> 400 ° C (HD, MD turbine or combined HD MD parts), while the second cooler section focuses on cold-tough properties.
- Steam turbine shafts known in the state of the art are designed, for example, as monobloc shafts, which combine the two necessary properties (heat resistance and cold toughness) with certain restrictions.
- these steam turbine shafts do not have optimum mechanical properties in the region of the higher steam turbine section and the lower steam section of the turbine.
- the concept encounters the strength / toughness limits in the shaft portion adapted to the lower vapor pressure.
- the document DE 100 52 176 A1 discloses a steam turbine rotor formed of metal materials of different chemical composition and welded together by welding.
- This object is also achieved with a generic method for producing a steam turbine shaft in which the welding comprises only one welding operation, wherein the method further comprises the step of a targeted post-heat treatment in at least the connecting region of the two shaft sections, wherein the targeted heat aftertreatment at least to the second shaft section is specifically limited to the heat-affected zone of the welding process.
- the targeted after-heat treatment in the temperature in particular comprises setting targeted gradients in the temperature to avoid inadmissible heat input, at least in the region of the second shaft section adjacent to the heat-affected zone of the welding process.
- the achieved post-heat treatment in the connection region of the two shaft sections can be done in particular by the use of heating mats or by built around the parts to be heated stoves.
- the mechanical properties of the second shaft section are already being adapted to the requirements of the lower steam state at the forging manufacturer. This can be done in particular by a heat pretreatment with the tempering temperature T B over the period of the specific tempering period.
- the targeted thermal after-treatment of the connection region according to the invention does not change the mechanical properties of the second shaft section.
- connection region of the two shaft sections results in a lowering of the hardness values in the weld seam, which results in a reduction of the metallurgical notch effect. This in turn becomes the fracture toughness, the fatigue strength and the deformation properties of the connecting region of the two shaft sections improved.
- the combined welded shafts thus show optimum properties in the welded joints in terms of hardness, toughness, strength and notch behavior.
- the properties of the second shaft section adjoining the weld seam are not adversely affected in terms of its strength and toughness behavior.
- the post-heat treatment is also limited to the first wave section in a targeted manner to the heat-affected zone of the welding process. This is also done here in particular by setting targeted gradients to avoid inadmissible heat input in the adjacent to the heat-affected zone of the welding process region of the first shaft portion.
- the first shaft portion is provided with mechanical properties adapted by heat pretreatment to the first vapor state. This already takes place at the forge-piece manufacturer, in particular by heat pretreatment with the first tempering temperature T A over the specific tempering time. This annealing time is typically in the range of 20 to 100 hours.
- the postheat treatment is carried out at a temperature T WB which is smaller than the first tempering temperature T A and can reach or exceed the value of the second tempering temperature T B.
- T WB the temperature of the post-heat treatment temperature
- the heat post-treatment further lowers the hardness values in the region of the heat-affected zone of the welding operation extending into the second shaft section. In the first shaft section, the hardness values and stresses are also optimally lowered. This results in a further reduction of the metallurgical notch effect on both sides.
- the first shaft section is provided with a reduced tempering temperature T A * which is achieved by heat pretreatment at a temperature lower than the first tempering temperature T A , the postheating being carried out at a temperature T WB which is greater than the reduced tempering temperature T A *. is and has at most the value of the first tempering temperature T A.
- the reduced tempering temperature T A * is preferably at least 10% below the first tempering temperature T A.
- the postheat treatment also includes the first shaft section.
- the heat resistance properties of the first shaft portion can be achieved in one step with the postheat treatment of the connection area.
- the mechanical properties of the first shaft section can be flexibly adjusted.
- This embodiment is particularly suitable for turbines of the so-called "straight flow” type.
- the steam is passed directly through the two shaft sections without diversion.
- the heat-resistant properties are required in addition to the first shaft section and in the regions of the second shaft section adjacent thereto.
- the temperature T WB of the post heat treatment is less than a transition temperature A C1, B , above that in the material of the second shaft portion a conversion from a cubic body centered crystal structure to a cubic face centered crystal structure takes place.
- a transition temperature A C1, B above that in the material of the second shaft portion a conversion from a cubic body centered crystal structure to a cubic face centered crystal structure takes place.
- the live steam flows into the turbine in a transition region between a higher steam pressure turbine region and a lower steam pressure turbine region, such as a transition region between an MD and an ND region , Thereafter, the live steam in the turbine section exposed to the higher steam pressure flows to one end of the turbine shaft, whereupon the steam is then reintroduced into the transition zone. The steam then flows in the opposite direction along the lower steam pressure turbine section.
- a high temperature occurs due to the inflow occurring in the inflow region between the different pressure ranges of the shaft.
- a section of the low-pressure turbine region adjoining the inflow region must also be made of the heat-resistant material of the first shaft section.
- the weld is therefore displaced in the low pressure direction.
- the weld is located at the junction to the last two stages of the low pressure turbine.
- the first waveband 1CrMoNiV- such as 30CrMoNiV5-11, 2CrMoNiWV, such as 23CrMoNiWV8-8, 10-12% CrMoV-, such as X22CrMoV12-1, X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1 or X12CrMoVNbN10-1, and / or 8-11% CrMoCoB steel on.
- the second shaft portion advantageously comprises 2-3.5NiCr steel, especially 2-3.5NiCrMoV steel, such as 26NiCrMoV8-5, 26NiCrMoV14-5, 22CrNiMoV9-9 steel.
- the materials each contain 75 to 80% iron. All percentages are by weight.
- 2% Ni charge and / or 2.25 CrMoV charge are used as welding consumables during the welding of the two shaft sections.
- a first shaft section 30 containing the intermediate-pressure turbine section 16 consists of one of the following materials: 1CrMoNiV-, 2CrMoNiWV-, 10-12% CrMoV and 8-11% CrMoCoB steel.
- An adjoining second shaft section 32 containing the low-pressure turbine section 18 consists of 2-3.5NiCrMoV steel.
- both the mid-pressure turbine section 16 and the low-pressure turbine section 18 are to be adjusted by the forging-piece manufacturer the respective mechanical target properties over a heat treated.
- the first shaft section 30 is heated to a tempering temperature T A for adjusting the heat-resistant properties required for the medium-pressure turbine area.
- the second shaft section 32 is heated to a tempering temperature T B to adjust the cold-tough properties required for the low-pressure turbine section 18.
- the first shaft portion 30 and the second shaft portion are then welded by means of TIG narrow gap welding or UP welding with the addition of welding consumables such as 2% Ni batch with special chemistry, 2.25CrMoV batch with special chemistry or other additives.
- the post heat treatment temperature T WB is less than a transition temperature A C1, B , above which takes place in the material of the low-pressure turbine section 18, a conversion of a cubic body-centered crystal structure into a cubic face-centered crystal structure.
- turbine shaft 10 is in contrast to in Fig. 1a illustrated turbine shaft 10, the first shaft portion 30 with a reduced tempering temperature T A * heat-treated.
- the reduced tempering temperature T A * is below the tempering temperature T A intended for setting the mechanical properties aimed at for the medium-pressure turbine section 16.
- the second shaft portion 32 becomes as in the embodiment according to FIG Fig. 1a heat treated with the tempering temperature T B.
- the welding of the two shaft sections 30 and 32 is carried out as above with respect to the turbine shaft 10 after Fig. 1a executed.
- a heat post-treatment is also carried out, wherein the region of the post-heat treatment extends both over the first shaft section 30, the weld 24 and an adjoining part of the second shaft section 32.
- the heat treatment region 26c extends over a front portion 18a of the low-pressure turbine region 18.
- the adjoining end portion 18b has the last two turbine stages of the low-pressure turbine region.
- the in the Fig. 1b and 2 B shown turbine shafts 12 are of the "reverse flow" type.
- the live steam inflow is in a transition region between the mid-pressure turbine section 16 and the low-pressure turbine section 18.
- the steam first flows to the left according to the figures after inflow. Thereafter, the steam is returned to the right in the transition region between the mid-pressure turbine section 16 and the low-pressure turbine section 18 and introduced into the turbine. Thereafter, the steam flows to the right in the low-pressure turbine section 18 along. Due to the central live steam inflow 28b taking place in this type of turbine and the associated heat input in this area, it is necessary to move the weld 24 further to the right.
- the first shaft section 30 thus comprises not only the central-pressure turbine section 18 but also the front section 18a of the low-pressure turbine section 18 with the front turbine stages.
- the second shaft section 32 correspondingly includes the remaining end section 18b of the low-pressure turbine section 18 including the last two turbine stages.
- the "reverse flow type" are elements corresponding to elements already used in the embodiments according to FIGS Fig. 1A and 2A are indicated for simplicity with the same reference numerals.
- the turbine shaft 12 according to the Fig. 1b is analogous to the turbine shaft 10 according to the Fig. 1a manufactured. That is, the first and the second shaft portion 30 and 32 are thermally treated analogously to the temperatures T A and T B. In the embodiment according to the Fig. 2b the first shaft section 30 is pretreated with the reduced tempering temperature T A *. The welding takes place in both cases as explained above on the opposite to the embodiments of Fig. 1a and 2a The heat post-treatment, in turn, takes place in the embodiment according to FIG Fig. 1b in a locally narrow heat post-treatment area 26b, in the embodiment according to the Fig. 2b in an extended post-heat treatment area 26c.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Dampfturbinenwelle mit mindestens zwei auf unterschiedliche Dampfzustände ausgelegten Wellenabschnitten mit den Schritten eines Bereitstellens eines ersten Wellenabschnitts aus einem CrMo-Stahl mit einer in Bezug auf eine bestimmte Anlassdauer ersten Anlasstemperatur TA zum Einstellen von an einen ersten Dampfzustand angepassten mechanischen Eigenschaften, sowie eines zweiten Wellenabschnitts aus einem NiCrMoV-Stahl mit einer in Bezug auf die bestimmte Anlassdauer zweiten Anlasstemperatur TB zum Einstellen von an einem gegenüber dem ersten Dampfzustand niedrigeren Dampfzustand angepassten mechanischen Eigenschaften, sowie eines Verschweißens der beiden Wellenabschnitte.The invention relates to a method for producing a steam turbine shaft having at least two shaft sections designed for different steam conditions, comprising the steps of providing a first shaft section made of CrMo steel with a first tempering temperature T A set for a specific tempering duration for adjusting to a first steam state mechanical properties, as well as a second shaft section made of a NiCrMoV steel with a second tempering temperature T B with respect to the determined tempering time for adjusting at a lower vapor state relative to the first vapor state adapted mechanical properties, and a welding of the two shaft sections.
Die oben genannten Dampfturbinenwellen können etwa kombinierte Mitteldruck(MD)-Niederdruck(ND)-Dampfturbinenwellen (E-Wellen) und mögliche Baureihen in der Form Hochdruck-Mitteldruck-Niederdruck-Wellen umfassen. Der Frischdampf wird bei diesen Wellen in einen ersten Teilabschnitt der Welle eingeleitet, entspannt sich in der Folge und kühlt dabei gleichzeitig ab. Im ersten Abschnitt werden deshalb warmfeste Eigenschaften gefordert für beispielsweise T > 400°C (HD-, MD-Turbine oder kombinierte HD-MD-Teile), im zweiten kühleren Abschnitt stehen dagegen kaltzähe Eigenschaften im Vordergrund. Im Stand der Technik bekannte Dampfturbinenwellen werden z.B. als Monoblockwellen ausgebildet, die beide notwendigen Eigenschaften (Warmfestigkeit sowie Kaltzähigkeit) mit gewissen Einschränkungen kombinieren. Allerdings weisen diese Dampfturbinenwellen im Bereich des Turbinenteils für den höheren Dampfzustand als auch dem Turbinenteil für den niedrigeren Dampfzustand nicht optimale mechanische Eigenschaften auf. Insbesondere stößt das Konzept an die Festigkeits/Zähigkeitsgrenzen im an den niedrigeren Dampfdruck angepassten Wellenabschnitt.The above-mentioned steam turbine shafts may include, for example, combined medium pressure (MD) low pressure (ND) steam turbine shafts (E-waves) and possible series in the form of high pressure medium pressure low pressure shafts. The live steam is introduced at these waves in a first section of the wave, relaxes in the sequence and cools down at the same time. In the first section, therefore, heat-resistant properties are required for, for example, T> 400 ° C (HD, MD turbine or combined HD MD parts), while the second cooler section focuses on cold-tough properties. Steam turbine shafts known in the state of the art are designed, for example, as monobloc shafts, which combine the two necessary properties (heat resistance and cold toughness) with certain restrictions. However, these steam turbine shafts do not have optimum mechanical properties in the region of the higher steam turbine section and the lower steam section of the turbine. In particular, the concept encounters the strength / toughness limits in the shaft portion adapted to the lower vapor pressure.
Bei einem im Stand der Technik bekannten Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art wird bei Turbinenwellen der "Straight Flow"-Bauart, bei denen der Dampf durchgängig in einer Richtung durch die verschiedenen Druckbereiche strömt, auf eine geschweißte Bauart zurückgegriffen. Dabei wird auf den auf einen höheren Dampfzustand ausgelegten ersten Wellenabschnitt eine Pufferschweißung aufgetragen, die daraufhin mit einer Temperatur T1 (T1<TA) geglüht wird. Bei der Pufferschweißung wird passendes Material mit hoher Warmfestigkeit aufgeschweißt. Danach folgt die Verbindung der beiden Wellenabschnitte über das Material der Pufferschweißung durch Schweißen und abschließende Glühung mit einer gegenüber der Temperatur T1 geringeren Temperatur (T2<TB<TA). Bei diesem vorbekannten Verfahren müssen hohe Härten und Eigenspannungen in den Wärmeeinflusszonen durch höchstmögliche Anlasstemperaturen in den relevanten Bereichen der Schweißung vermieden werden, ohne das Eigenschaftsprofil der bereits gefertigten Wellenabschnitte nachteilig zu beeinflussen.In a method known in the prior art of the type mentioned above is used in turbine shafts of the "straight flow" type, in which the steam flows continuously in one direction through the various pressure ranges, based on a welded design. In this case, a buffer weld is applied to the first shaft section designed for a higher steam state, which is subsequently annealed at a temperature T 1 (T 1 <T A ). During buffer welding, suitable material with high heat resistance is welded on. Thereafter, the connection of the two shaft sections on the material of the buffer welding by welding and final annealing follows with a relation to the temperature T 1 lower temperature (T 2 <T B <T A ). In this prior art method, high hardnesses and residual stresses in the heat affected zones must be avoided by highest possible tempering temperatures in the relevant areas of the weld, without adversely affecting the property profile of the already manufactured shaft sections.
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Eine der Erfindung zugrunde liegende Aufgabe besteht darin, ein Verfahren der vorstehend genannten Art dahingehend zu verbessern, dass eine Absenkung der Härtewerte sowie eine Reduzierung der Restspannungen in der Schweißnaht ohne Verringerung der Festigkeit des zweiten Wellenabschnitts in den konstruktiv höher beanspruchten Bereichen auf unaufwendige Weise realisiert werden kann.An object underlying the invention is to improve a method of the type mentioned above in such a way that a lowering of the hardness values and a reduction of the residual stresses in the weld without reducing the strength of the second shaft portion in the structurally higher stressed areas can be realized in a costly manner can.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß mit einem Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 1 gelöst.This object is achieved by a method according to
Diese Aufgabe ist ebenso mit einem gattungsgemäßen Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Dampfturbinenwelle gelöst, bei dem das Verschweißen lediglich einen Schweißvorgang umfasst, wobei das Verfahren weiterhin den Schritt eines gezielten Wärmenachbehandelns in zumindest dem Verbindungsbereich der beiden Wellenabschnitte umfasst, bei dem das gezielte Wärmenachbehandeln zumindest zum zweiten Wellenabschnitt hin gezielt auf die Wärmeinflusszone des Schweißvorgangs beschränkt ist.This object is also achieved with a generic method for producing a steam turbine shaft in which the welding comprises only one welding operation, wherein the method further comprises the step of a targeted post-heat treatment in at least the connecting region of the two shaft sections, wherein the targeted heat aftertreatment at least to the second shaft section is specifically limited to the heat-affected zone of the welding process.
Die gezielte Wärmenachbehandlung in der Temperatur umfasst insbesondere eine Einstellung gezielter Gradienten in der Temperatur zur Vermeidung unzulässigen Wärmeeintrags zumindest in den an die Wärmeeinflusszone des Schweißvorgangs angrenzenden Bereich des zweiten Wellenabschnitts. Die erzielte Wärmenachbehandlung in dem Verbindungsbereich der beiden Wellenabschnitte kann insbesondere durch die Anwendung von Heizmatten oder mittels um die zu erwärmenden Teilstücke gebauten Öfen erfolgen.The targeted after-heat treatment in the temperature in particular comprises setting targeted gradients in the temperature to avoid inadmissible heat input, at least in the region of the second shaft section adjacent to the heat-affected zone of the welding process. The achieved post-heat treatment in the connection region of the two shaft sections can be done in particular by the use of heating mats or by built around the parts to be heated stoves.
Die mechanischen Eigenschaften des zweiten Wellenabschnitts werden bereits beim Schmiedestückhersteller an die Anforderungen des niedrigeren Dampfzustands angepasst. Dies kann insbesondere durch eine Wärmevorbehandlung mit der Anlasstemperatur TB über den Zeitraum der bestimmten Anlassdauer erfolgen. Durch die erfindungsgemäße gezielte Wärmenachbehandlung des Verbindungsbereichs werden die mechanischen Eigenschaften des zweiten Wellenabschnitts nicht mehr verändert.The mechanical properties of the second shaft section are already being adapted to the requirements of the lower steam state at the forging manufacturer. This can be done in particular by a heat pretreatment with the tempering temperature T B over the period of the specific tempering period. The targeted thermal after-treatment of the connection region according to the invention does not change the mechanical properties of the second shaft section.
Durch die gezielte Beeinflussung des Verbindungsbereichs der beiden Wellenabschnitte ergibt sich eine Absenkung der Härtewerte in der Schweißnaht, was eine Verringerung der metallurgischen Kerbwirkung zur Folge hat. Damit werden wiederum die Bruchzähigkeit, die Schwingfestigkeit und die Verformungseigenschaften des Verbindungsbereichs der beiden Wellenabschnitte verbessert. Die kombinierten geschweißten Wellen zeigen damit optimale Eigenschaften in den Schweißverbindungen hinsichtlich Härte, Zähigkeit, Festigkeit und Kerbverhalten auf. Die Eigenschaften des sich an die Schweißnaht anschließenden zweiten Wellenabschnitts werden hinsichtlich seines Festigkeits- und Zähigkeitsverhalten nicht nachteilig beeinflusst.The targeted influencing of the connection region of the two shaft sections results in a lowering of the hardness values in the weld seam, which results in a reduction of the metallurgical notch effect. This in turn becomes the fracture toughness, the fatigue strength and the deformation properties of the connecting region of the two shaft sections improved. The combined welded shafts thus show optimum properties in the welded joints in terms of hardness, toughness, strength and notch behavior. The properties of the second shaft section adjoining the weld seam are not adversely affected in terms of its strength and toughness behavior.
Das Verfahren umfasst lediglich einen Schweißvorgang und weist insbesondere beim Verschweißen nicht den Schritt einer zusätzlichen Pufferschweißung auf, d.h., die beiden Wellenabschnitte werden direkt verschweißt. Damit wird auch keine zusätzliche Zwischenglühung benötigt. Das Herstellungsverfahren ist damit unaufwändiger und somit kosteneffizienter. Vorteilhafterweise umfasst das Verschweißen lediglich einen Schweißvorgang. Der erfindungsgemäße Schweißvorgang beinhaltet ein Verschweißen der beiden Wellenabschnitte mittels Wolfram-Inertgas-Engspaltschweißen (WIG-Engspaltschweißen) und/oder Unterpulver-Lichtbogenschweißen (UP-Schweißen).The method comprises only one welding operation and, in particular during welding, does not comprise the step of additional buffer welding, i.e. the two shaft sections are directly welded. Thus, no additional intermediate annealing is needed. The manufacturing process is thus less expensive and thus more cost-efficient. Advantageously, the welding comprises only one welding operation. The welding process according to the invention involves welding of the two shaft sections by means of tungsten-inert gas narrow gap welding (TIG narrow gap welding) and / or submerged arc welding (UP welding).
In zweckmäßiger Ausführungsform ist die Wärmenachbehandlung auch zum ersten Wellenabschnitt hin gezielt auf die Wärmeeinflusszone des Schweißvorgangs beschränkt. Dies geschieht auch hier insbesondere durch Einstellung gezielter Gradienten zur Vermeidung unzulässigen Wärmeeintrags in den an die Wärmeeinflusszone des Schweißvorgangs angrenzenden Bereich des ersten Wellenabschnitts.In an expedient embodiment, the post-heat treatment is also limited to the first wave section in a targeted manner to the heat-affected zone of the welding process. This is also done here in particular by setting targeted gradients to avoid inadmissible heat input in the adjacent to the heat-affected zone of the welding process region of the first shaft portion.
Vorzugsweise wird der erste Wellenabschnitt mit durch Wärmevorbehandlung an den ersten Dampfzustand angepassten mechanischen Eigenschaften bereitgestellt. Dies erfolgt bereits beim Schmiedestückhersteller, insbesondere durch Wärmevorbehandlung mit der ersten Anlasstemperatur TA über die bestimmte Anlassdauer. Diese Anlassdauer liegt typischerweise im Bereich von 20 bis 100 Stunden.Preferably, the first shaft portion is provided with mechanical properties adapted by heat pretreatment to the first vapor state. This already takes place at the forge-piece manufacturer, in particular by heat pretreatment with the first tempering temperature T A over the specific tempering time. This annealing time is typically in the range of 20 to 100 hours.
Zweckmäßigerweise erfolgt die Wärmenachbehandlung mit einer Temperatur TWB, die kleiner als die erste Anlasstemperatur TA ist und den Wert der zweiten Anlasstemperatur TB erreichen oder übertreffen kann. Damit ist sichergestellt, dass durch die Wärmenachbehandlung die Festigkeitseigenschaften des ersten Wellenabschnitts nicht verändert werden. Lediglich eine Erwärmung oberhalb der vorherigen Anlasstemperatur bewirkt nämlich eine Verringerung der Festigkeit eines gegebenen wärmebehandelten Werkstoffs. Dadurch, dass die Wärmenachbehandlungstemperatur TWB den Wert der zweiten Anlasstemperatur TB erreichen oder übertreffen kann, werden durch die Wärmenachbehandlung die Härtewerte in dem sich in den zweiten Wellenabschnitt hinein erstreckenden Bereich der Wärmeeinflusszone des Schweißvorgangs weiter abgesenkt. Im ersten Wellenabschnitt werden die Härtewerte und Spannungen ebenfalls optimiert abgesenkt. Dies ergibt eine weitere Verringerung der metallurgischen Kerbwirkung auf beiden Seiten.Expediently, the postheat treatment is carried out at a temperature T WB which is smaller than the first tempering temperature T A and can reach or exceed the value of the second tempering temperature T B. This ensures that the heat properties of the first shaft section are not changed by the postheat treatment. Namely, only a heating above the previous tempering temperature causes a reduction in the strength of a given heat-treated material. By virtue of the fact that the post-heat treatment temperature T WB can reach or exceed the value of the second tempering temperature T B , the heat post-treatment further lowers the hardness values in the region of the heat-affected zone of the welding operation extending into the second shaft section. In the first shaft section, the hardness values and stresses are also optimally lowered. This results in a further reduction of the metallurgical notch effect on both sides.
In der erfindungsgemäßen Lösung gemäß Anspruch 1 wird der erste Wellenabschnitt mit einer durch Wärmevorbehandlung mit einer unterhalb der ersten Anlasstemperatur TA liegenden reduzierten Anlasstemperatur TA* bereitgestellt, wobei die Wärmenachbehandlung mit einer Temperatur TWB erfolgt, die größer als die reduzierte Anlasstemperatur TA* ist und höchstens den Wert der ersten Anlasstemperatur TA aufweist. Die reduzierte Anlasstemperatur TA* liegt vorzugsweise mindestens 10% unter der ersten Anlasstemperatur TA. Durch die Wärmevorbehandlung des ersten Wellenabschnitts mit der reduzierten Anlasstemperatur TA* wird der Werkstoff des ersten Wellenabschnitts bereits auf eine für den Schweißvorgang günstige Ausgangshärte konditioniert. Durch die Wärmevorbehandlung wird also die Festigkeit des Werkstoffs höher als gefordert eingestellt, wodurch die Güte der Schweißverbindung nach der anschließenden Wärmebehandlung verbessert wird. Darüber hinaus kann durch die Wärmevorbehandlung mit der reduzierten Anlasstemperatur TA* die bei der Wärmenachbehandlung zur Einstellung der gewünschten mechanischen Eigenschaften des ersten Wellenabschnitts benötigte Anlassdauer reduziert werden.In the solution according to the invention according to
Insbesondere beträgt dabei die Anlassdauer, über die die Wärmenachbehandlung ausgeführt werden muss, weniger als 20 Stunden. Die reduzierte Anlassdauer ist damit auf eine Weise reduziert, dass die Schweißnaht während der Wärmenachbehandlung nicht zu viel Festigkeit verliert. Die Schweißverbindung erhält damit eine angemessene Verbindungsfestigkeit.In particular, the tempering time over which the heat post-treatment has to be carried out is less than 20 hours. The reduced annealing time is thus reduced in such a way that the weld does not lose too much strength during post-heat treatment. The welded joint thus obtains an adequate connection strength.
Zweckmäßigerweise sind darüber hinaus die mechanischen Eigenschaften des zweiten Wellenabschnitts bereits vor dem Verschweißen der beiden Wellenabschnitte an den zweiten Dampfzustand durch Wärmevorbehandlung angepasst.In addition, the mechanical properties of the second shaft section are expediently adapted to the second vapor state by heat pretreatment before the two shaft sections are welded together.
In einer weiteren zweckmäßigen Ausführungsform umfasst die Wärmenachbehandlung auch den ersten Wellenabschnitt. Damit können die Wärmefestigkeitseigenschaften des ersten Wellenabschnitts in einem Arbeitsschritt mit der Wärmenachbehandlung des Verbindungsbereichs erreicht werden. Gleichzeitig können aber die mechanischen Eigenschaften des ersten Wellenabschnitts flexibel eingestellt werden.In a further expedient embodiment, the postheat treatment also includes the first shaft section. Thus, the heat resistance properties of the first shaft portion can be achieved in one step with the postheat treatment of the connection area. At the same time, however, the mechanical properties of the first shaft section can be flexibly adjusted.
Zweckmäßigerweise umfasst die Wärmenachbehandlung auch einen Teil des zweiten Wellenabschnitts, der sich insbesondere über einen vorderen Abschnitt eines Niederdruckturbinenbereichs der Turbinenwelle erstreckt. Ein verbleibender Endabschnitt des Niederdruckturbinenbereichs umfasst insbesondere eine letzte und insbesondere eine vorletzte Turbinenstufe des Niederdruckturbinenbereichs.Expediently, the postheat treatment also comprises a part of the second shaft section, which extends in particular over a front section of a low-pressure turbine section of the turbine shaft. A remaining end section of the low-pressure turbine section comprises in particular a last and in particular a penultimate turbine stage of the low-pressure turbine section.
Diese Ausführungsform ist besonders bei Turbinen der so genannten "Straight Flow"-Bauart geeignet. Bei dieser Bauart wird der Dampf durch die beiden Wellenabschnitte ohne Richtungsumleitung direkt hindurchgeführt. Die warmfesten Eigenschaften werden bei dieser Turbinenbauart jedoch neben dem ersten Wellenabschnitt auch in den daran angrenzenden Bereichen des zweiten Wellenabschnitts benötigt. Durch die Wärmenachbehandlung des gesamten Wellenstrangs mit Ausnahme der letzten und vorletzten Turbinenstufe des Niederdruckturbinenbereichs wird eine optimale Absenkung der Härtewerte in den Wärmeeinflusszonen der Schweißnaht sowie der Restspannungen auf Werte von kleiner als 100 MPa erreicht. Weiterhin wird die Einstellung der Wärmefestigkeitseigenschaften des ersten Wellenabschnitts in einem Arbeitsschritt mit der Wärmenachbehandlung der Schweißnaht ermöglicht.This embodiment is particularly suitable for turbines of the so-called "straight flow" type. In this design, the steam is passed directly through the two shaft sections without diversion. However, in this type of turbine, the heat-resistant properties are required in addition to the first shaft section and in the regions of the second shaft section adjacent thereto. Through the heat post-treatment of the entire shaft train with the exception of the last and penultimate turbine stage of the low-pressure turbine section, an optimum lowering of the hardness values in the heat-affected zones of the weld seam and the residual stresses to values of less than 100 MPa is achieved. Furthermore, the adjustment of the heat resistance properties of the first shaft portion is made possible in one step with the heat post-treatment of the weld.
Um sicherzustellen, dass das Material des zweiten Wellenabschnitts nicht versprödet, ist vorteilhafterweise die Temperatur TWB der Wärmenachbehandlung kleiner als eine Umwandlungstemperatur AC1,B, oberhalb der im Material des zweiten Wellenabschnitts eine Umwandlung von einer kubisch-raumzentrierten Kristallstruktur in eine kubisch-flächenzentrierte Kristallstruktur stattfindet. Bei eisenhaltigen Materialien spricht man bei der Umwandlungstemperatur AC1 auch von einer Grenztemperatur für die Umwandlung von α- in γ-Eisen.Advantageously, to ensure that the material of the second shaft portion does not become brittle, the temperature T WB of the post heat treatment is less than a transition temperature A C1, B , above that in the material of the second shaft portion a conversion from a cubic body centered crystal structure to a cubic face centered crystal structure takes place. For ferrous materials At the transition temperature A C1, one also speaks of a limit temperature for the conversion of α- into γ-iron.
Zweckmäßigerweise umfasst das Verfahren lediglich einen Schweißvorgang. Insbesondere werden die beiden Wellenabschnitte direkt ohne zusätzliche Pufferung verschweißt.Conveniently, the method comprises only one welding operation. In particular, the two shaft sections are welded directly without additional buffering.
In vorteilhafter Ausführungsform umfasst der erste Wellenabschnitt einen Mitteldruck- und/oder einen vorderen Abschnitt eines Niederdruckturbinenbereichs, und der zweite Wellenabschnitt umfasst einen Niederdruckturbinenbereich, insbesondere einen Endabschnitt des Niederdruckturbinenbereichs. Bei einer Turbinenwelle der "Reverse Flow"-Bauart umfasst der Endabschnitt vorzugsweise die letzte und die vorletzte Turbinenstufe des Niederdruckturbinenbereichs, welche gewöhnlicherweise mit LA-0 und LA-1 bezeichnet werden.In an advantageous embodiment, the first shaft section comprises a medium-pressure and / or a front section of a low-pressure turbine section, and the second shaft section comprises a low-pressure turbine section, in particular an end section of the low-pressure turbine section. In a turbine shaft of the "reverse flow" type, the end section preferably includes the last and penultimate turbine stages of the low-pressure turbine section, which are commonly referred to as LA-0 and LA-1.
Bei einer Turbinenwelle der "Reverse Flow-Bauart" strömt der Frischdampf in einem Übergangsbereich zwischen einem auf einen höheren Dampfdruck ausgelegten Turbinenbereich und einem auf einen niedrigeren Dampfdruck ausgelegten Turbinenbereich, wie etwa einem Übergangsbereich zwischen einem MD- und einem ND-Bereich in die Turbine ein. Daraufhin strömt der Frischdampf in dem auf den höheren Dampfdruck ausgelegten Turbinenbereich bis zu einem Ende der Turbinenwelle entlang, woraufhin der Dampf dann wieder in den Übergangsbereich eingeführt wird. Daraufhin strömt der Dampf dann in die entgegengesetzte Richtung in dem auf den niedrigeren Dampfdruck ausgelegten Turbinenbereich entlang. Bei dieser Turbinenbauart tritt aufgrund der zwischen den unterschiedlichen Druckbereichen der Welle erfolgenden Einströmung im Einströmbereich eine hohe Temperatur auf. Damit muss auch ein an den Einströmbereich angrenzende Abschnitt des Niederdruckturbinenbereichs aus dem warmfesten Material des ersten Wellenabschnitts gefertigt sein. Die Schweißstelle wird daher in Niederdruckrichtung verschoben angeordnet. Damit besteht auch nicht die Gefahr, dass die hohen Einströmtemperaturen die Festigkeit der Schweißnaht beeinträchtigen. Vorteilhafterweise ist die Schweißnaht, wie vorstehend ausgeführt, an dem Übergang zu den letzten beiden Stufen der Niederdruckturbine angeordnet.In a "reverse flow type" turbine shaft, the live steam flows into the turbine in a transition region between a higher steam pressure turbine region and a lower steam pressure turbine region, such as a transition region between an MD and an ND region , Thereafter, the live steam in the turbine section exposed to the higher steam pressure flows to one end of the turbine shaft, whereupon the steam is then reintroduced into the transition zone. The steam then flows in the opposite direction along the lower steam pressure turbine section. In this type of turbine, a high temperature occurs due to the inflow occurring in the inflow region between the different pressure ranges of the shaft. As a result, a section of the low-pressure turbine region adjoining the inflow region must also be made of the heat-resistant material of the first shaft section. The weld is therefore displaced in the low pressure direction. Thus, there is no danger that the high inflow temperatures affect the strength of the weld. advantageously, As noted above, the weld is located at the junction to the last two stages of the low pressure turbine.
In vorteilhafter Ausführungsform weist der erste Wellenabschnitt 1CrMoNiV-, wie etwa 30CrMoNiV5-11, 2CrMoNiWV, wie etwa 23CrMoNiWV8-8, 10-12%CrMoV-, wie etwa X22CrMoV12-1, X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1 oder X12CrMoVNbN10-1, und/oder 8-11% CrMoCoB-Stahl auf. Weiterhin weist der zweite Wellenabschnitt vorteilhafterweise 2-3,5NiCr-Stahl, insbesondere 2-3,5NiCrMoV-Stahl, wie etwa 26NiCrMoV8-5, 26NiCrMoV14-5, 22CrNiMoV9-9-Stahl auf. Vorzugsweise enthalten die Werkstoffe jeweils 75 bis 80% Eisen. Alle prozentualen Anteilsangaben beziehen sich auf Gewichtsprozent. Um die Güte der Schweißverbindung weiter zu erhöhen, ist es zweckmäßig, wenn beim Verschweißen der beiden Wellenabschnitte 2% Ni-Charge und/oder 2,25 CrMoV-Charge als Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe verwendet werden.In an advantageous embodiment, the first waveband 1CrMoNiV-, such as 30CrMoNiV5-11, 2CrMoNiWV, such as 23CrMoNiWV8-8, 10-12% CrMoV-, such as X22CrMoV12-1, X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1 or X12CrMoVNbN10-1, and / or 8-11% CrMoCoB steel on. Further, the second shaft portion advantageously comprises 2-3.5NiCr steel, especially 2-3.5NiCrMoV steel, such as 26NiCrMoV8-5, 26NiCrMoV14-5, 22CrNiMoV9-9 steel. Preferably, the materials each contain 75 to 80% iron. All percentages are by weight. In order to further increase the quality of the welded joint, it is expedient if 2% Ni charge and / or 2.25 CrMoV charge are used as welding consumables during the welding of the two shaft sections.
Nachfolgend werden Ausführungsbeispiele des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens anhand der beigefügten schematischen Zeichnungen näher erläutert. Es zeigt:
- Fig. 1a
- eine Längsschnittansicht einer kombinierten Turbinenwelle der "Straight Flow"-Bauart mit einer lokalen Wärmenachbehandlung im Bereich der Schweißnaht,
- Fig. 1b
- eine Längsschnittansicht einer kombinierten Turbinenwelle der "Reverse Flow"-Bauart mit einer lokalen Wärmenachbehandlung im Bereich der Schweißnaht,
- Fig. 2a
- eine Längsschnittansicht einer kombinierten Turbinenwelle der "Straight Flow"-Bauart, mit einer einen Großteil der Turbinenwelle umfassenden Wärmenachbehandlung, sowie
- Fig. 2b
- eine Längsschnittansicht einer kombinierten Turbinenwelle der "Reverse Flow"-Bauart, mit einer einen Großteil der Turbinenwelle umfassenden Wärmenachbehandlung.
- Fig. 1a
- 3 is a longitudinal sectional view of a combined turbine shaft of the "straight flow" type with a local postheat treatment in the region of the weld,
- Fig. 1b
- 3 a longitudinal sectional view of a combined turbine shaft of the "reverse flow" type with a local postheat treatment in the region of the weld,
- Fig. 2a
- a longitudinal sectional view of a combined turbine shaft of the "Straight Flow" type, with a much of the turbine shaft comprehensive heat post-treatment, and
- Fig. 2b
- a longitudinal sectional view of a combined turbine shaft of the "reverse flow" type, with a much of the turbine shaft comprehensive heat post-treatment.
Die
In den in den
Vor Herstellung der Turbinenwelle 10 gemäß
Daraufhin wird ein sich lokal im Bereich der Engspaltschweißung ohne Einbeziehung der Turbinenstufenregionen des Mitteldruckturbinenbereichs 16 und des Niederdruckturbinenbereichs 18 erstreckender Wärmenachbehandlungsbereich 26a der Turbinenwelle 10 gemäß
Bei der in
Die in den
Die Turbinenwelle 12 gemäß der
Durch die lokale Wärmenachbehandlung in dem engen Wärmenachbehandlungsbereich 26a und 26b gemäß den Ausführungsformen nach den
Claims (9)
- Process for manufacturing a steam turbine shaft with at least two shaft portions designed for different steam states,
comprising the following steps:- providing a first shaft portion made of a CrMo steel with a first tempering temperature TA, in relation to a specific tempering duration, for setting mechanical properties matched to a first steam state,- and also a second shaft portion made of an NiCrMoV steel with a second tempering temperature TB, in relation to the specific tempering duration, for setting mechanical properties matched to a steam state which is lower than the first steam state, and also- welding the two shaft portions (30, 32),characterized in that
the first shaft portion (30) is provided by heat pretreatment at a reduced tempering temperature TA* below the first tempering temperature TA, and also heat post-treatment takes place in at least the connection region (24) of the two shaft portions (30, 32) and also the first shaft portion (30) at a temperature TWB which is higher than the reduced tempering temperature TA* and is at most equal to the first tempering temperature TA. - Process according to Claim 1,
characterized in that
the mechanical properties of the second shaft portion (32) are matched to the second steam state by heat pretreatment before the two shaft portions (30, 32) are welded. - Process according to Claim 1 or 2,
characterized in that
the heat post-treatment also includes the second shaft portion (32). - Process according to one of Claims 1 to 3,
characterized in that
the heat post-treatment also includes part of the second shaft portion
which extends, in particular, over a front portion (18a) of a low-pressure turbine region (18) of the turbine shaft (10). - Process according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that
the temperature TWB of the heat post-treatment is lower than a transformation temperature AC1,B above which, in the material of the second shaft portion (32), the crystal structure is transformed from a body-centred cubic crystal structure to a face-centred cubic crystal structure. - Process according to one of Claims 1 to 5,
characterized in that
the welding comprises only one welding step. - Process according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that
the first shaft portion (30) comprises a high-pressure portion, an intermediate-pressure portion (16) and/or a front portion (18a) of a low-pressure turbine region (18), and the second shaft portion (32) comprises a low-pressure turbine region (18), in particular an end portion (18b) of the low-pressure turbine region (18). - Process according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that
the first shaft portion (30) comprises 1CrMoNiV steel, 2CrMoNiWV steel, 10-12% CrMoV steel and/or 8-11% CrMoCoB steel and the second shaft portion (32) comprises 2-3.5NiCr steel, in particular 2-3,5NiCrMoV steel. - Process according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that
the weld fillers used during the welding of the two shaft portions (30, 32) are 2% Ni charge and/or 2.25CrMoV.
Priority Applications (2)
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DE200550006834 DE502005006834D1 (en) | 2005-11-09 | 2005-11-09 | Method for producing a steam turbine shaft |
EP20050024432 EP1785585B1 (en) | 2005-11-09 | 2005-11-09 | Method for manufacturing a steam turbine shaft |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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EP20050024432 EP1785585B1 (en) | 2005-11-09 | 2005-11-09 | Method for manufacturing a steam turbine shaft |
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EP1785585A1 EP1785585A1 (en) | 2007-05-16 |
EP1785585B1 true EP1785585B1 (en) | 2009-03-11 |
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EP20050024432 Not-in-force EP1785585B1 (en) | 2005-11-09 | 2005-11-09 | Method for manufacturing a steam turbine shaft |
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DE102012002285B4 (en) * | 2012-02-06 | 2020-06-04 | Audi Ag | Method of manufacturing a turbine rotor |
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FR2701272B1 (en) * | 1993-02-05 | 1995-03-31 | Alsthom Gec | Heat treatment process after welding of two alloy steel parts of different grades. |
FR2800124B1 (en) * | 1999-10-21 | 2004-03-19 | Toshiba Kk | ROTOR COMBINED STEAM TURBINE |
US6454531B1 (en) * | 2000-12-27 | 2002-09-24 | General Electric Company | Fabricating turbine rotors composed of separate components |
AU2003292993A1 (en) * | 2002-12-05 | 2004-06-23 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Turbine shaft and production of a turbine shaft |
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