EP1780293A2 - Procedure for manufacturing of steel starting material by warm deforming - Google Patents
Procedure for manufacturing of steel starting material by warm deforming Download PDFInfo
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- EP1780293A2 EP1780293A2 EP06022284A EP06022284A EP1780293A2 EP 1780293 A2 EP1780293 A2 EP 1780293A2 EP 06022284 A EP06022284 A EP 06022284A EP 06022284 A EP06022284 A EP 06022284A EP 1780293 A2 EP1780293 A2 EP 1780293A2
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- Prior art keywords
- steel
- titanium
- starting material
- manganese
- boron
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
- C21D1/19—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering by interrupted quenching
- C21D1/20—Isothermal quenching, e.g. bainitic hardening
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/46—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method of producing a starting material from steel, for example for producing wire rod and bar steel with high strength and toughness by hot working.
- the prior art knows a number of methods for producing steel components with high strength and high toughness. Starting from wire rod or bar steel cold forming and thermoforming processes are known.
- the mechanical properties are set by cold work hardening during forming. To achieve high strength, high degrees of deformation are required. This is at the expense of toughness, so that the cold forming reaches its limits where the toughness of the component as a result of work hardening is no longer sufficient and thus results in an unfavorable strength-toughness ratio.
- tempered steels according to DIN EN 10083 are used, in which, depending on the thickness of the component, it is possible, via the heat treatment, to set strengths of more than 1000 MPa for fracture constrictions of more than 45%.
- the ratio of yield strength to strength can be at least 0.8.
- manganese / silicon dual-phase steels are used to produce cold-formed components of high strength from rolled material State of the art.
- these steels are not suitable for use with required strengths greater than 1000 MPa and high yield ratio above 0.8; They also require to set a certain initial strength and toughness in the starting material, a thermomechanical hot rolling and a parked on this initial strength cold work or strain hardening, so as to set a microstructure of a ferrite matrix with embedded Martensit and Perlitinseln.
- High-strength steel components can be produced, starting from hot-rolled starting material, for example wire rod or bar steel, by cold forming and, if appropriate, tempering, also by hot forming.
- thermoforming parts can be used after forming a heat treatment to adjust the mechanical properties. This is the classic application of tempered steels. However, since they require additional heat treatment, the already mentioned high cost and environmental impact arise. To avoid this heat treatment, hardening from forging heat is known. It eliminates heating to austenitizing temperature and quenching. However, low alloyed steels require a final tempering to provide the required performance properties, especially the necessary toughness.
- Another material variant associated with forging heat is the so-called direct-hardening soft-martensitic steels with carbon contents of up to 0.1% and matched chromium, boron and manganese contents, which do not require tempering. These steels contain 0.05% carbon or even 0.10% carbon in the absence of chromium.
- a disadvantage of these steels is that a high cooling rate is required for adjusting the martensitic microstructure. This requires additional facilities on the Umformaggregat for oil or water quenching, which eat up a part of the cost savings. Furthermore, the high cooling rate causes complex parts or those with large differences in wall thickness tend to delay and the structure and the mechanical properties can be inhomogeneous over the cross section.
- AFP steels i. precipitation-hardening ferritic-pearlitic steels developed (for example according to DIN EN 10267). These obtain their mechanical properties through a controlled cooling from the thermoforming temperature and the excretion of carbonitrides of the elements titanium, vanadium and niobium. These steels are less prone to distortion than the blacksmiths site or bainite. Compared to tempered steels, however, they have a lower yield strength and lower toughness. At strengths of 800 to 1000 MPa only yield strengths of up to 600 MPa are achieved. For applications in the high load range, which require strengths around 1000 MPa at yield strengths above 750 MPa, the conventional AFP steels are therefore unsuitable.
- European Patent Application 1 408 131 A1 a low carbon precipitation hardening ferritic-perlitic steel having 0.12 to 0.45% carbon, 0.10 to 1.00% silicon, 0.50 to 1.95% manganese, 0.005 to 0.060% sulfur, 0.004 to 0.050% aluminum, 0.004 to 0.050% titanium, to 0.60% chromium, to 0.60% niobium, 0.10 to 0.40% vanadium, and 0.015 to 0.040% nitrogen, balance including iron due to melting.
- This steel needs to develop its mechanical properties only from its forming temperature of 950 to 1250 ° C with a cooling rate of at least 0.2 ° C / s, for example, to be cooled in still air.
- the analysis specifications and defined parameters during heating to the forming temperature and during cooling must be strictly adhered to.
- the invention is directed to a method with which a high strength and high toughness and a high ratio of yield strength to strength can be achieved without a heat treatment.
- According to the invention can be in a steel with 0.08 to 0.25% carbon, up to 1% silicon, 0.5 to 2.5% manganese, up to 0.035% phosphorus, to 0.055% sulfur, 0.1 to 1.5 % Chromium, 0.1 to 0.5% molybdenum, 0.2 to 1.5% nickel, to 0.06% aluminum, 0.0010 to 0.006% boron, each to 0.04% vanadium, niobium and titanium, up to 0.5% copper and up to 0.010% nitrogen, the remainder being iron, including any impurities caused by melting, by adjusting a martensitic-bainitic structure by mere hot working and controlled cooling.
- the said elements, preferably titanium, are required for the setting of nitrogen. This is necessary for the boron hardenability enhancing effect.
- the alloy composition and the cooling rate adjust the mechanical properties.
- a bainitic-martensitic mixed structure On cooling from the deformation temperature of about 1000 to 1300 ° C, a bainitic-martensitic mixed structure, the proportion of ferrite and perlite should not exceed 10% in total. Cooling from the forming heat with gas, water or oil is possible but not required; In order to adjust the bainitic-martensitic microstructure, cooling on or with air is sufficient. A cooling with moving air is to be preferred, as this ensures the preferred minimum cooling rate of 0.3 ° C / s.
- the use of static or moving air is preferable to other refrigerants, since the environment is then not contaminated by vapors, no additional auxiliaries such as oil or gas and no disposal units such as filters, tanks and catch basins are required.
- the cooling rate should be at least 0.3 ° C / s in the temperature range between about 1000 and 610 ° C.
- the steel then has not only high toughness after cooling from the final temperature of hot working to room temperature, but also high strength. The ratio of yield strength to strength is also high.
- the inventively cooled from the deformation heat starting material is readily suitable for cold forming.
- strain hardening tensile strengths of more than 1200 MPa can be achieved at yield strengths above 1050 MPa.
- the ratio of yield strength to strength is above 0.85.
- the high toughness is evident in fracture necking values of above 40% and elongations at break above 12%.
- the mechanical properties are therefore better than those of conventional steels or dual-phase steels.
- the inventively cooled from the deformation heat starting material is also suitable in turn as a starting material for hot forming.
- a starting material for hot forming In such - second - hot working again arise the original mechanical properties without the need for quenching in water or oil when the cooling conditions of the invention are met.
- the tendency to warp is lower because of the milder deterrent conditions.
- higher strengths and, in particular, significantly higher yield strengths result.
- precipitation hardening by carbonitrides is not strength-determining for the primary material according to the invention, a larger window results in the setting of the analysis and in particular in the conditions of thermoforming in comparison to newer AFP steels.
- a steel which contains at least 0.10% carbon, 0.3% silicon, 1% manganese, 0.2% chromium, 0.2% nickel, 0.2% molybdenum, 0.0015% is particularly suitable. Boron, 0.014% titanium, single or side by side.
- the steel individually or next to each other - also in each case at most 0.24% carbon, 2% manganese, 0.020% phosphorus, 0.045% sulfur, 1.4% chromium, 1.4% nickel, 0.4% molybdenum, 0 , 05% aluminum, 0.038% titanium, 0.02% vanadium, 0.02% niobium, 0.3% copper, 0.005% boron and 0.010% nitrogen.
- a steel refined by the LD process was hot rolled into 15 mm diameter wire, cooled from the rolling heat of accelerated air, and then cold drawn to a final diameter of 14 mm.
- the steel was made 0.205% carbon 0.56% silicon 1.62% manganese 0.011% phosphorus 0.01% sulfur 0.54% chrome 0.32% molybdenum 0.22% nickel 0.03% aluminum 0.0038% boron 0.036% titanium 0.002% vanadium 0.002% niobium 0.0044% Nitrogen, rest iron including contaminants due to melting.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Strip Materials And Filament Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zum Herstellen von Vormaterial aus Stahl, beispielsweise zum Herstellen von Walzdraht und Stabstahl mit hoher Festigkeit und Zähigkeit durch Warmumformen.The invention relates to a method of producing a starting material from steel, for example for producing wire rod and bar steel with high strength and toughness by hot working.
Der Stand der Technik kennt eine Reihe von Verfahren zum Herstellen von Bauteilen aus Stahl mit hoher Festigkeit und hoher Zähigkeit. Ausgehend von Walzdraht oder Stabstahl sind kaltformgebende und warmformgebende Verfahren bekannt.The prior art knows a number of methods for producing steel components with high strength and high toughness. Starting from wire rod or bar steel cold forming and thermoforming processes are known.
Bei der Kaltformgebung werden die mechanischen Eigenschaften über eine Kaltverfestigung beim Umformen eingestellt. Um hohe Festigkeiten zu erzielen, sind hohe Umformgrade erforderlich. Dies geht stark zu Lasten der Zähigkeit, so daß die Kaltformgebung dort an Grenzen stößt, wo die Zähigkeit des Bauteils als Folge der Kaltverfestigung nicht mehr ausreichend ist und sich demgemäß ein ungünstiges Festigkeits-Zähigkeitsverhältnis ergibt.In the cold forming, the mechanical properties are set by cold work hardening during forming. To achieve high strength, high degrees of deformation are required. This is at the expense of toughness, so that the cold forming reaches its limits where the toughness of the component as a result of work hardening is no longer sufficient and thus results in an unfavorable strength-toughness ratio.
Um hohe Festigkeiten und hohe Zähigkeiten zu erzielen, schließt sich der Kaltformgebung daher häufig eine Vergütung, d.h. ein Erwärmen, Abschrecken und Anlassen an. Zum Einsatz kommen hier sogenannte Vergütungsstähle gemäß DIN EN 10083, bei denen sich über die Wärmebehandlung je nach Bauteildicke Festigkeiten über 1000 MPa bei Brucheinschnürungen über 45% einstellen lassen. Das Verhältnis von Streckgrenze zu Festigkeit kann dabei mindestens 0,8 betragen. Nachteilig an dieser Verfahrensweise sind die hohen Kosten für die Wärmebehandlung sowie die Belastung der Umwelt durch den Verbrauch von Energie und Hilfsstoffen.Thus, in order to achieve high strengths and high toughness, cold forming often involves compensation, i. heating, quenching and tempering. Here, so-called tempered steels according to DIN EN 10083 are used, in which, depending on the thickness of the component, it is possible, via the heat treatment, to set strengths of more than 1000 MPa for fracture constrictions of more than 45%. The ratio of yield strength to strength can be at least 0.8. A disadvantage of this procedure, the high cost of heat treatment and the burden on the environment through the consumption of energy and excipients.
Alternativ zu den Vergütungsstählen sind Dualphasenstähle auf der Basis Mangan/Silizium zur Erzeugung kaltverformter Bauteile hoher Festigkeit aus Walzmaterial Stand der Technik. Diese Stähle sind allerdings für einen Einsatz bei geforderten Festigkeiten größer 1000 MPa und hohem Streckgrenzenverhältnis über 0,8 nicht geeignet; sie erfordern zudem zum Einstellen einer bestimmten Ausgangsfestigkeit und Zähigkeit im Vormaterial ein thermomechanisches Warmwalzen und eine auf diese Ausgangsfestigkeit abgestellte Kaltverformung bzw. Kaltverfestigung, um so ein Gefüge aus einer Ferritmatrix mit eingelagerten Martensit- und Perlitinseln einzustellen.As an alternative to the tempered steels, manganese / silicon dual-phase steels are used to produce cold-formed components of high strength from rolled material State of the art. However, these steels are not suitable for use with required strengths greater than 1000 MPa and high yield ratio above 0.8; They also require to set a certain initial strength and toughness in the starting material, a thermomechanical hot rolling and a parked on this initial strength cold work or strain hardening, so as to set a microstructure of a ferrite matrix with embedded Martensit and Perlitinseln.
Hochfeste Bauteile aus Stahl lassen sich, ausgehend von warmgewalztem Vormaterial, beispielsweise Walzdraht oder Stabstahl, außer durch Kaltumformen und gegebenenfalls Vergüten, auch durch Warmformgebung herstellen.High-strength steel components can be produced, starting from hot-rolled starting material, for example wire rod or bar steel, by cold forming and, if appropriate, tempering, also by hot forming.
Auch warmformgebend hergestellte Teile können nach dem Umformen einer Wärmebehandlung zum Einstellen der mechanischen Eigenschaften. Dies ist das klassische Einsatzgebiet von Vergütungsstählen. Da sie jedoch eine zusätzliche Wärmebehandlung erfordern, ergeben sich die bereits angesprochenen hohen Kosten und die Umweltbelastung. Um diese Wärmebehandlung zu vermeiden, ist das Härten aus der Schmiedehitze bekannt. Es erspart das Erwärmen auf Austenitisierungstemperatur und Abschrecken. Niedrig legierte Stähle erfordern aber ein abschließendes Anlassen, um die geforderten Fertigkeits-Eigenschaften, insbesondere die notwendige Zähigkeit zu gewährleisten.Also thermoforming parts can be used after forming a heat treatment to adjust the mechanical properties. This is the classic application of tempered steels. However, since they require additional heat treatment, the already mentioned high cost and environmental impact arise. To avoid this heat treatment, hardening from forging heat is known. It eliminates heating to austenitizing temperature and quenching. However, low alloyed steels require a final tempering to provide the required performance properties, especially the necessary toughness.
Eine andere Werkstoffvariante, die mit einem Härten aus der Schmiedehitze einhergeht, sind die sogenannten direkthärtenden weichmartensitischen Stähle mit Kohlenstoffgehalten bis 0,1% und angepaßten Gehalten an Chrom, Bor und Mangan, die ohne ein Anlassen auskommen. Diese Stähle enthalten 0,05% Kohlenstoff oder auch in Abwesenheit von Chrom 0,10% Kohlenstoff. Nachteilig an diesen Stählen ist, daß zum Einstellen des martensitischen Gefüges eine hohe Abkühlungsgeschwindigkeit erforderlich ist. Dies erfordert zusätzliche Einrichtungen am Umformaggregat zum Öl- oder Wasserabschrecken, die einen Teil der Kostenersparnis aufzehren. Weiterhin führt die hohe Abkühlungsgeschwindigkeit dazu, daß komplexe Teile oder solche mit großen Wanddicken-Unterschieden zum Verzug neigen und das Gefüge sowie die mechanischen Eigenschaften über den Querschnitt inhomogen sein können.Another material variant associated with forging heat is the so-called direct-hardening soft-martensitic steels with carbon contents of up to 0.1% and matched chromium, boron and manganese contents, which do not require tempering. These steels contain 0.05% carbon or even 0.10% carbon in the absence of chromium. A disadvantage of these steels is that a high cooling rate is required for adjusting the martensitic microstructure. This requires additional facilities on the Umformaggregat for oil or water quenching, which eat up a part of the cost savings. Furthermore, the high cooling rate causes complex parts or those with large differences in wall thickness tend to delay and the structure and the mechanical properties can be inhomogeneous over the cross section.
Eine ähnliche Entwicklung ging in der Vergangenheit dahin, auch Bauteile mit bainitischem Gefüge direkt aus der Schmiedehitze herzustellen. Das bainitische Gefüge soll die Gefahr von Verzug und Härteunterschieden wie beim Einstellen eines weichmartensitischen Gefüges vermeiden, da für ein bainitisches Gefüge geringere Abkühlungsgeschwindigkeiten ausreichen. So beschreibt die
Um die Vergütungsstähle und die damit verbundene Wärmebehandlung zu ersetzen, wurden die sogenannten AFP-Stähle, d.h. ausscheidungshärtenden ferritisch-perlitischen Stähle entwickelt (beispielsweise nach DIN EN 10267). Diese erhalten ihre mechanischen Eigenschaften durch ein geregeltes Abkühlen aus der Warmformtemperatur und die Ausscheidung von Karbonitriden der Elemente Titan, Vanadium und Niob. Diese Stähle neigen weniger zu Verzug als die Schmiedemartensite oder -bainite. Im Vergleich zu den Vergütungsstählen besitzen sie aber eine niedrigere Streckgrenze und geringere Zähigkeit. Bei Festigkeiten von 800 bis 1000 MPa werden lediglich Streckgrenzen von maximal 600 MPa erreicht. Für die Anwendung im Bereich hoher Belastungen, die Festigkeiten um 1000 MPa bei Streckgrenzen über 750 MPa erfordern, sind die konventionellen AFP-Stähle daher ungeeignet.In order to replace the tempered steels and associated heat treatment, the so-called AFP steels, i. precipitation-hardening ferritic-pearlitic steels developed (for example according to DIN EN 10267). These obtain their mechanical properties through a controlled cooling from the thermoforming temperature and the excretion of carbonitrides of the elements titanium, vanadium and niobium. These steels are less prone to distortion than the blacksmiths site or bainite. Compared to tempered steels, however, they have a lower yield strength and lower toughness. At strengths of 800 to 1000 MPa only yield strengths of up to 600 MPa are achieved. For applications in the high load range, which require strengths around 1000 MPa at yield strengths above 750 MPa, the conventional AFP steels are therefore unsuitable.
Eine Weiterentwicklung der AFP-Stähle geht in Richtung Vergütungsstähle mit höherer Festigkeit und höherer Streckgrenze bei guter Zähigkeit. Aktuell sind heute verbesserte Legierungskonzepte im Hinblick auf eine optimale Ausscheidung von Karbonitriden nach Größe und Zusammensetzung.A further development of the AFP steels is in the direction of tempered steels with higher strength and higher yield strength with good toughness. Today, improved alloying concepts are currently in view of optimum precipitation of carbonitrides by size and composition.
So beschreibt die
Die Erfindung ist auf ein Verfahren gerichtet, mit dem sich ohne eine Wärmebehandlung eine hohe Festigkeit bei gleichzeitig hoher Zähigkeit sowie ein hohes Verhältnis von Streckgrenze zu Festigkeit erreichen läßt.The invention is directed to a method with which a high strength and high toughness and a high ratio of yield strength to strength can be achieved without a heat treatment.
Erfindungsgemäß läßt sich das bei einem Stahl mit 0,08 bis 0,25% Kohlenstoff, bis 1% Silizium, 0,5 bis 2,5% Mangan, bis 0,035% Phosphor, bis 0,055% Schwefel, 0,1 bis 1,5% Chrom, 0,1 bis 0,5% Molybdän, 0,2 bis 1,5% Nickel, bis 0,06% Aluminium, 0,0010 bis 0,006% Bor, jeweils bis 0,04% Vanadium, Niob und Titan, bis 0,5% Kupfer und bis 0,010% Stickstoff, Rest Eisen einschließlich erschmelzungsbedingter Verunreinigungen durch Einstellen eines martensitisch-bainitischen Gefüges durch bloßes Warmverformen und gesteuerte Abkühlung erreichen.According to the invention can be in a steel with 0.08 to 0.25% carbon, up to 1% silicon, 0.5 to 2.5% manganese, up to 0.035% phosphorus, to 0.055% sulfur, 0.1 to 1.5 % Chromium, 0.1 to 0.5% molybdenum, 0.2 to 1.5% nickel, to 0.06% aluminum, 0.0010 to 0.006% boron, each to 0.04% vanadium, niobium and titanium, up to 0.5% copper and up to 0.010% nitrogen, the remainder being iron, including any impurities caused by melting, by adjusting a martensitic-bainitic structure by mere hot working and controlled cooling.
Dabei sollten die Gehalte an Titan, Vanadium und Niob der Bedingung
genügen. Die genannten Elemente, vorzugsweise Titan, werden zum Abbinden von Stickstoff genötigt. Dies ist erforderlich, damit das Bor härtbarkeitssteigernd wirksam ist.The contents of titanium, vanadium and niobium should be the condition
suffice. The said elements, preferably titanium, are required for the setting of nitrogen. This is necessary for the boron hardenability enhancing effect.
Durch die Legierungszusammensetzung und die Abkühlungsgeschwindigkeit werden die mechanischen Eigenschaften eingestellt. Beim Abkühlen von der Verformungstemperatur von etwa 1000 bis 1300°C stellt sich ein bainitisch-martensitisches Mischgefüge, dessen Anteil an Ferrit und Perlit insgesamt 10% nicht übersteigen sollte. Ein Abkühlen aus der Umformhitze mit Gas, Wasser oder Öl ist möglich, aber nicht erforderlich; um das bainitisch-martensitische Gefüge einzustellen, genügt ein Abkühlen an bzw. mit Luft. Einer Abkühlung mit bewegter Luft ist dabei der Vorzug zu geben, da dies die bevorzugte Mindestabkühlgeschwindigkeit von 0,3°C/s gewährleistet. Die Verwendung von ruhender oder bewegter Luft ist anderen Kühlmitteln vorzuziehen, da die Umwelt dann nicht durch Dämpfe belastet wird, keine zusätzlichen Hilfsstoffe wie Öl oder Gas und keine Entsorgungsaggregate wie Filter, Tanks und Auffangbecken erforderlich sind. Die Abkühlungsgeschwindigkeit sollte im Temperaturbereich zwischen etwa 1000 und 610°C mindestens 0,3°C/s betragen. Der Stahl besitzt dann nach dem Abkühlen von der Endtemperatur des Warmverformens auf Raumtemperatur nicht nur eine hohe Zähigkeit, sondern auch eine hohe Festigkeit. Das Verhältnis von Streckgrenze zu Festigkeit ist ebenfalls hoch.The alloy composition and the cooling rate adjust the mechanical properties. On cooling from the deformation temperature of about 1000 to 1300 ° C, a bainitic-martensitic mixed structure, the proportion of ferrite and perlite should not exceed 10% in total. Cooling from the forming heat with gas, water or oil is possible but not required; In order to adjust the bainitic-martensitic microstructure, cooling on or with air is sufficient. A cooling with moving air is to be preferred, as this ensures the preferred minimum cooling rate of 0.3 ° C / s. The use of static or moving air is preferable to other refrigerants, since the environment is then not contaminated by vapors, no additional auxiliaries such as oil or gas and no disposal units such as filters, tanks and catch basins are required. The cooling rate should be at least 0.3 ° C / s in the temperature range between about 1000 and 610 ° C. The steel then has not only high toughness after cooling from the final temperature of hot working to room temperature, but also high strength. The ratio of yield strength to strength is also high.
Das erfindungsgemäß aus der Verformungshitze abgekühlte Vormaterial ist ohne weiteres für eine Kaltformgebung geeignet. Durch Kaltverfestigung lassen sich Zugfestigkeiten über 1200 MPa bei Streckgrenzen über 1050 MPa erreichen. Das Verhältnis von Streckgrenze zu Festigkeit liegt über 0,85. Die hohe Zähigkeit zeigt sich in Brucheinschnürungswerten von Ober 40% und Bruchdehnungen über 12%. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften sind also besser als die aus üblichen Stählen oder Dualphasenstählen.The inventively cooled from the deformation heat starting material is readily suitable for cold forming. By strain hardening, tensile strengths of more than 1200 MPa can be achieved at yield strengths above 1050 MPa. The ratio of yield strength to strength is above 0.85. The high toughness is evident in fracture necking values of above 40% and elongations at break above 12%. The mechanical properties are therefore better than those of conventional steels or dual-phase steels.
So ergeben sich nahezu die Eigenschaften der Vergütungsstähle, ohne die Notwendigkeit einer kostenintensiven Wärmebehandlung.This results in almost the properties of tempered steels, without the need for costly heat treatment.
Das erfindungsgemäß aus der Verformungshitze abgekühlte Vormaterial ist auch wiederum als Vormaterial für eine Warmformgebung geeignet. Bei einem solchen - zweiten - Warmverformen ergeben sich wiederum die originären mechanischen Eigenschaften ohne die Notwendigkeit eines Abschreckens in Wasser oder Öl, wenn die erfindungsgemäßen Abkühlungsbedingungen eingehalten werden. Im Vergleich zu den Schmiedemartensiten ist die Neigung zum Verzug wegen der milderen Abschreckungsbedingungen geringer. Im Vergleich zu den bainitischen Stählen und den üblichen AFP-Stählen ergeben sich höhere Festigkeiten und insbesondere wesentlich höhere Streckgrenzen. Da dem erfindungsgemäßen Vormaterial eine Ausscheidungshärtung durch Karbonitride nicht festigkeitsbestimmend ist, ergibt sich ein größeres Fenster bei der Einstellung der Analyse und insbesondere bei den Bedingungen der Warmformgebung im Vergleich zu neueren AFP-Stählen.The inventively cooled from the deformation heat starting material is also suitable in turn as a starting material for hot forming. In such - second - hot working again arise the original mechanical properties without the need for quenching in water or oil when the cooling conditions of the invention are met. Compared to forged martensite, the tendency to warp is lower because of the milder deterrent conditions. In comparison to the bainitic steels and the usual AFP steels, higher strengths and, in particular, significantly higher yield strengths result. Since precipitation hardening by carbonitrides is not strength-determining for the primary material according to the invention, a larger window results in the setting of the analysis and in particular in the conditions of thermoforming in comparison to newer AFP steels.
Für das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren eignet sich besonders ein Stahl, der mindestens 0,10% Kohlenstoff, 0,3% Silizium, 1% Mangan, 0,2% Chrom, 0,2% Nickel, 0,2% Molybdän, 0,0015% Bor, 0,014% Titan einzeln oder nebeneinander enthält.For the method according to the invention, a steel which contains at least 0.10% carbon, 0.3% silicon, 1% manganese, 0.2% chromium, 0.2% nickel, 0.2% molybdenum, 0.0015% is particularly suitable. Boron, 0.014% titanium, single or side by side.
Des weiteren kann der Stahl - einzeln oder nebeneinander - auch jeweils höchstens 0,24% Kohlenstoff, 2% Mangan, 0,020% Phosphor, 0,045% Schwefel, 1,4% Chrom, 1,4% Nickel, 0,4% Molybdän, 0,05% Aluminium, 0,038% Titan, 0,02% Vanadium, 0,02% Niob, 0,3% Kupfer, 0,005% Bor und 0,010% Stickstoff enthalten.Furthermore, the steel - individually or next to each other - also in each case at most 0.24% carbon, 2% manganese, 0.020% phosphorus, 0.045% sulfur, 1.4% chromium, 1.4% nickel, 0.4% molybdenum, 0 , 05% aluminum, 0.038% titanium, 0.02% vanadium, 0.02% niobium, 0.3% copper, 0.005% boron and 0.010% nitrogen.
Im Rahmen eines Ausführungsbeispiels wurde ein nach dem LD-Verfahren gefrischter Stahl zu Draht mit einem Durchmesser von 15 mm warmgewalzt, aus der Walzhitze an beschleunigter Luft abgekühlt und anschließend auf einen Enddurchmesser von 14 mm kaltgezogen.In one embodiment, a steel refined by the LD process was hot rolled into 15 mm diameter wire, cooled from the rolling heat of accelerated air, and then cold drawn to a final diameter of 14 mm.
Der Stahl bestand aus
Das Gefüge und die mechanischen Eigenschaften des Drahts nach dem Abkühlen aus der Walzhitze mit einer Abkühlungsgeschwindigkeit von 2°C/s unter Verwendung von beschleunigter Luft sowie nach dem Kaltziehen ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Tabelle.
Die vorstehenden Daten zeigen, daß das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ein Material ergibt, das sich sowohl im warmverformten als auch im kaltverformten Zustand durch eine hohe Festigkeit und Zähigkeit sowie ein hohes Streckgrenzenverhältnis auszeichnet und sich wegen des Wegfalls einer Wärmebehandlung kostengünstig und umweltfreundlich herstellen läßt.The above data show that the inventive method results in a material that is characterized both in hot-formed and cold-worked state by a high strength and toughness and a high yield ratio and can be produced inexpensively and environmentally friendly because of the elimination of a heat treatment.
Claims (9)
genügen.Method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the contents of the steel of titanium, vanadium and niobium of the condition
suffice.
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EP1780293A3 EP1780293A3 (en) | 2007-05-30 |
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Cited By (7)
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WO2009026881A1 (en) | 2007-08-27 | 2009-03-05 | Georgsmarienhütte Gmbh | Steel for producing machine components formed from solid stock |
EP2199422A1 (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2010-06-23 | Swiss Steel AG | Low-carbon precipitation-strengthened steel for cold heading applications |
EP3168312A1 (en) * | 2015-11-16 | 2017-05-17 | Deutsche Edelstahlwerke GmbH | Engineering steel with bainitic structure, forged part produced therefrom and method for making a forged part |
CN112553530A (en) * | 2020-12-04 | 2021-03-26 | 安阳钢铁股份有限公司 | Low-yield-ratio 700MPa high-strength bridge steel and manufacturing method thereof |
WO2022253912A1 (en) | 2021-06-02 | 2022-12-08 | Ascometal France Holding Sas | Hot-formed steel part and manufacturing method |
WO2023014332A1 (en) * | 2021-08-04 | 2023-02-09 | Ti̇rsan Kardan Sanayi̇ Ve Ti̇caret Anoni̇m Şi̇rketi̇ | High-strength micro-alloyed steel |
EP4296393A1 (en) * | 2022-06-23 | 2023-12-27 | Saarstahl Aktiengesellschaft | Boron-containing steel, in particular heat-treatable steel |
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EP3168312A1 (en) * | 2015-11-16 | 2017-05-17 | Deutsche Edelstahlwerke GmbH | Engineering steel with bainitic structure, forged part produced therefrom and method for making a forged part |
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CN112553530A (en) * | 2020-12-04 | 2021-03-26 | 安阳钢铁股份有限公司 | Low-yield-ratio 700MPa high-strength bridge steel and manufacturing method thereof |
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WO2022253912A1 (en) | 2021-06-02 | 2022-12-08 | Ascometal France Holding Sas | Hot-formed steel part and manufacturing method |
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WO2023014332A1 (en) * | 2021-08-04 | 2023-02-09 | Ti̇rsan Kardan Sanayi̇ Ve Ti̇caret Anoni̇m Şi̇rketi̇ | High-strength micro-alloyed steel |
EP4296393A1 (en) * | 2022-06-23 | 2023-12-27 | Saarstahl Aktiengesellschaft | Boron-containing steel, in particular heat-treatable steel |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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PL1780293T3 (en) | 2014-03-31 |
EP1780293A3 (en) | 2007-05-30 |
EP1780293B1 (en) | 2013-09-18 |
EP1780293B2 (en) | 2017-11-08 |
DE102005052069B4 (en) | 2015-07-09 |
DE102005052069A1 (en) | 2007-05-03 |
ES2439900T3 (en) | 2014-01-27 |
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